octenidine profile

Octenidine dihydrochloride is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antiseptic with a long history of use in various medical applications, including wound care, skin disinfection, and oral hygiene. Its effectiveness stems from its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell death. Octenidine is characterized by its potent bactericidal activity against a wide range of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. It is notable for its low toxicity profile, making it suitable for topical application and use in sensitive areas. Octenidine's mechanism of action involves binding to the cell membrane of bacteria, leading to disruption of the membrane's integrity and ultimately cell death. It is noteworthy that octenidine is a relatively new antiseptic, and its effectiveness against emerging antibiotic-resistant strains is an ongoing area of research. The compound's long-term effects and potential for environmental impact are also subjects of investigation. Octenidine's broad-spectrum activity, low toxicity, and proven efficacy have made it a valuable antiseptic in a variety of medical settings. Its continued research and development focus on optimizing its application, exploring its potential against antibiotic-resistant strains, and assessing its long-term effects.'

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	51167
CHEMBL ID	1199480
CHEBI ID	135826
SCHEMBL ID	124821
MeSH ID	M0105602

Synonyms (34)

Synonym
octenidine
octenidine [inn:ban]
octenidina [inn-spanish]
1-octanamine, n,n'-(1,10-decanediyldi-1(4h)-pyridinyl-4-ylidene)bis-
1,1'-decamethylebis-(1,4-dihydro-4-(octaimino)pyridin) (iupac)
octenidinum [inn-latin]
CHEBI:135826
71251-02-0
D08289
octenidine (inn)
n-octyl-1-[10-(4-octyliminopyridin-1-yl)decyl]pyridin-4-imine
CHEMBL1199480
unii-oze0372s5a
octenidina
octenidinum
oze0372s5a ,
FT-0630803
AKOS015900152
octenidine [who-dd]
octenidine [mi]
octenidine [inn]
las-41003 component octenidine
SCHEMBL124821
DTXSID70221427
n,n'-(1,1'-(decane-1,10-diyl)bis(pyridin-1(1h)-yl-4(1h)-ylidene))bis(octan-1-amine)
octenidin
A914602
DB12624
n,n'-(1,1'-(decane-1,10-diyl)bis(pyridin-1(1h)-yl-4(1h)-ylidene))dioctan-1-amine
win41464;win-41464;win 41464
Q27285931
CS-0020931
HY-B2170
n-(1-{10-[4-(octylimino)-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl]decyl}-1,4-dihydropyridin-4-ylidene)octan-1-amine

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Octenidine/carbenicillin is a novel group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS) with inherent in vitro antibacterial activity that comes from its parent antiseptic and antibacterial ions, octenidine and carbenicillin, respectively."	( Octenidine/carbenicillin GUMBOS as potential treatment for oropharyngeal gonorrhoea. Hobden, JA; Lopez, KM; Warner, IM, 2020)	2.72
"Octenidine (OCT) is a widely used antiseptic molecule with an antimicrobial spectrum covering a broad range of bacteria and fungi. "	( Octenidine: Novel insights into the detailed killing mechanism of Gram-negative bacteria at a cellular and molecular level. Lohner, K; Malanovic, N; Ön, A; Pabst, G; Zellner, A, 2020)	3.44
"Octenidine is a promising alternative agent which could be more effective against Gram-negative organisms."	( EFFECT of daily antiseptic body wash with octenidine on nosocomial primary bacteraemia and nosocomial multidrug-resistant organisms in intensive care units: design of a multicentre, cluster-randomised, double-blind, cross-over study. Brosteanu, O; Chaberny, IF; Hasenclever, D; Meißner, A, 2017)	1.44

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Octenidine (OCT) has become a widely used antiseptic in professional wound care, but its influence on several components of the wound healing process remains unclear."	( The Antiseptic Octenidine Inhibits Langerhans Cell Activation and Modulates Cytokine Expression upon Superficial Wounding with Tape Stripping. Elbe-Bürger, A; Kienzl, P; Matiasek, J; Nikolić, N; Tajpara, P; Vierhapper, M, 2019)	1.59

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Octenidine treatments reduced the proportions of motile forms in samples of subgingival plaque and also restricted its ability to produce H2S."	( Effects of octenidine on dental plaque and gingivitis in monkeys. Kennedy, JB; Little, WA; Mirth, DB; Shern, RJ, 1987)	1.38

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Octenisept seems to have a toxic effect in non-distinguished tissue."	( [Severe side effects after Octenisept irrigation of penetrating wounds in children]. Habenicht, R; Hülsemann, W, 2009)	0.35
" However, little is known about their potential toxic properties."	( [A comparative in vitro study of cell toxicity of clinically used antiseptics]. Goertz, O; Hirsch, T; Jacobsen, F; Niederbichler, A; Rittig, A; Seipp, HM; Steinau, HU; Steinstraesser, L, 2009)	0.35
"Lavasept showed only slight to moderate toxic effects on cellular vitality and proliferation."	( [A comparative in vitro study of cell toxicity of clinically used antiseptics]. Goertz, O; Hirsch, T; Jacobsen, F; Niederbichler, A; Rittig, A; Seipp, HM; Steinau, HU; Steinstraesser, L, 2009)	0.35
" Furthermore, antimicrobial efficacy and toxic properties must be included in the clinical decision process for optimal therapy of chronic wounds."	( [A comparative in vitro study of cell toxicity of clinically used antiseptics]. Goertz, O; Hirsch, T; Jacobsen, F; Niederbichler, A; Rittig, A; Seipp, HM; Steinau, HU; Steinstraesser, L, 2009)	0.35
"The degree of toxicity varied between octenidine dihydrochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate, with chlorhexidine gluconate being less toxic than octenidine dihydrochloride at the same concentration."	( Cytotoxic effects of different mouthwash solutions on primary human articular chondrocytes and normal human articular cartilage - an in vitro study. Cai, X; Cucchiarini, M; Hannig, M; Madry, H; Reda, B; Schmitt, G; Venkatesan, JK, 2023)	1.18

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The study confirms that MRSA can be eradicated by means of washing with an antiseptic combined with mupirocin treatment."	( Eradication of MRSA from carriers by means of whole-body washing with an antiseptic in combination with mupirocin nasal ointment. Höffler, U; Siebert, J; Sloot, N, 1999)	0.3
" Decolonization was performed by intranasal application of mupirocin, combined with an octenidine dihydrochloride bodywash over a period of five days."	( Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus whole-body decolonization among hospitalized patients with variable site colonization by using mupirocin in combination with octenidine dihydrochloride. Gatermann, S; Mueller, C; Muhr, G; Rohr, U; Wilhelm, M, 2003)	0.74
" The aim of this study is to find new options for preventing infection by using alternative adjuvants in combination with PMMA."	( Octenidine in combination with polymethylmethacrylate: a new option for preventing infection? Bischoff, M; Braunwarth, H; Gebhard, F; Goroncy-Bermes, P; Möricke, A; Weckbach, S, 2012)	1.82

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"For 2-phenoxyethanol the systemic impact of the high absorption rate and a potential toxicological risk have to be investigated in further studies."	( The percutaneous permeation of a combination of 0.1% octenidine dihydrochloride and 2% 2-phenoxyethanol (octenisept®) through skin of different species in vitro. Braun, M; Kietzmann, M; Siebert, J; Stahl, J, 2011)	0.62

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" A systemic effect cannot be observed upon oral application within large of dosage scales."	( [Octenidine dihydrochloride, properties of a new antimicrobial agent]. Harke, HP, 1989)	1.19
" The potential benefits of new chemical devices for periodontal therapy, include improved patient compliance, an easier access to periodontal pocket and a lower dosage of antimicrobial agent."	( Zinc plus octenidine: a new formulation for treating periodontal pathogens. A single blind study. Bignozzi, CA; Candotto, V; Carinci, F; Cura, F; Lauritano, D; Pazzi, D; Tagliabue, A; Tettamanti, L, )	0.53
" Therefore, dosing for the antimicrobial mouthwash ingredients administration would ideally be determined to remain below IC50."	( Cytotoxic effects of different mouthwash solutions on primary human articular chondrocytes and normal human articular cartilage - an in vitro study. Cai, X; Cucchiarini, M; Hannig, M; Madry, H; Reda, B; Schmitt, G; Venkatesan, JK, 2023)	0.91

Class	Description
dihydropyridine
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (5)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID210413	Chlorohexidine coefficient for Streptococcus sobrinus 6715-13	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 31, Issue:10	The in vitro dental plaque inhibitory properties of a series of N-[1-alkyl-4(1H)-pyridinylidene]alkylamines.
AID9436	Plaque bactericidal index against Actinomyces viscosus M-100 measured as chlorohexidine coefficient	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 31, Issue:10	The in vitro dental plaque inhibitory properties of a series of N-[1-alkyl-4(1H)-pyridinylidene]alkylamines.
AID9431	Chlorohexidine coefficient for Actinomyces viscosus M-100	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 31, Issue:10	The in vitro dental plaque inhibitory properties of a series of N-[1-alkyl-4(1H)-pyridinylidene]alkylamines.
AID210414	Minimal bactericidal concentration against Streptococcus sobrinus 6715-13	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 31, Issue:10	The in vitro dental plaque inhibitory properties of a series of N-[1-alkyl-4(1H)-pyridinylidene]alkylamines.
AID210417	Plaque bactericidal index against Streptococcus sobrinus 6715-13 measured as chlorohexidine coefficient	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 31, Issue:10	The in vitro dental plaque inhibitory properties of a series of N-[1-alkyl-4(1H)-pyridinylidene]alkylamines.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	12 (4.63)	18.7374
1990's	12 (4.63)	18.2507
2000's	33 (12.74)	29.6817
2010's	141 (54.44)	24.3611
2020's	61 (23.55)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	40 (14.65%)	5.53%
Reviews	8 (2.93%)	6.00%
Case Studies	35 (12.82%)	4.05%
Observational	2 (0.73%)	0.25%
Other	188 (68.86%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Phase IIa, Two-center, Randomized, Double Blind Study With Parallel Groups to Evaluate the Anti-mycotic and Anti-inflammatory Efficacy of Topical Combinational Product LAS 41003 Versus Corresponding Mono-substances in Patients With Inflammatory Tinea Pedi [NCT01096472]	Phase 2	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Completed
A Randomized Single Center Blinded Clinical Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effectiveness of an Antimicrobial Cloth Compared to Vehicle and 0.9% Saline [NCT03229759]	Phase 2	99 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-21	Completed
Phase II Study to Assess Bacterial Count Reduction of Three Octenidine Mouthwash Concentrations in Comparison to a Placebo in Patients With Mild Gingivitis [NCT02138552]	Phase 2	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-31	Completed
Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group, Double-blind, Multi-center Phase III Study to Assess the Inhibition of Plaque Formation of 0.1% Octenidine Mouthwash vs Placebo in Subjects With a Gingival Index ≤1.5 [NCT03322124]	Phase 3	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-22	Completed
Phase IIa, Two-centre, Randomized, Double Blind Study to Evaluate the Anti-mycotic and Anti-inflammatory Efficacy of Topical Combinational Product LAS41003 Versus Corresponding Mono-substances in Patients With Candida Infections in Intertriginous Areas at [NCT01102387]	Phase 2	137 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Completed
Comparison of Resin Salve and Conventional Octenidine in Patients With Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers - a Prospective, Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02169167]		35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Completed
Explorative, Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled Multi-center Phase II Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Topically Applied LAS41003 Once Daily Versus LAS189962 and LAS189961 in the Treatment of Superficial Infected Eczema [NCT01020994]	Phase 2	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Antiseptic-coated Intermittent Urinary Catheter: Efficacy and Feasibility of Neurogenic Bladder Management and Prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections in Children [NCT02697162]	Phase 2/Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to Withdrawal of research institution from participating)
Randomized, Double-blind, Single-center, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Octenisept® in Patients With Chronic Wounds [NCT01434914]	Phase 4	9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Terminated(stopped due to early termination due to poor recruitment)
Skin Disinfection With Octenidine Dihydrochloride for the Prevention of Catheter-Associated Infections - A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT00515151]	Phase 4	400 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-05-31	Completed
The Significance of the Skin Microbiome in the Pathophysiology of Polymorphic Light Eruption [NCT04985526]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-07	Recruiting
Clinical Relevance of the Antimicrobial Resistance Testing in the Treatment of Chronic Wounds With Antiseptics [NCT04172363]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-07-22	Withdrawn(stopped due to PI left site)
Open, Blindly Evaluated, Prospective, Controlled, Randomized, Multicenter Phase III Clinical Trial to Compare Intra-individually the Efficacy and Tolerance of Oleogel-S10 Versus Standard of Care in Accelerating the Healing of Grade 2a Partial-Thickness Bu [NCT01657292]	Phase 3	61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Completed
Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group, Double-blind, Multi-center Phase III Study to Assess the Inhibition of Plaque Formation of 0.1% Octenidine Mouthwash vs Placebo in Subjects With a Gingival Index ≤1.5 [NCT03378401]	Phase 3	114 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-11	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT01657292 (1) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With Earlier Healing of the Wound Half Treated With Oleogel-S10 Compared to the Wound Half Receiving Standard of Care
NCT03229759 (1) [back to overview]	Bacterial Count at 10 Minutes Post Application

Percentage of Patients With Earlier Healing of the Wound Half Treated With Oleogel-S10 Compared to the Wound Half Receiving Standard of Care

Photo-based evaluation by independent experts blinded to the treatment regime. (NCT01657292)
Timeframe: 2 to 3 weeks

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
Entire Study Population	85.7

[back to top]

Bacterial Count at 10 Minutes Post Application

(NCT03229759)
Timeframe: 10 minutes after application of test product

Intervention	log10 CFU/cm^2 (Mean)
	Abdomen- Baseline	Abdomen- 10 minutes	Groin- Baseline	Groin- 10 minutes
Investigational Product	3.55	1.19	5.95	2.98
Saline Control	3.61	2.64	6.07	4.90
Vehicle Control	3.66	2.56	5.89	4.25

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Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	1.99	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	3.95	3	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.08	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.31	1	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.11	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	8.55	2	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.45	1	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.31	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.57	3	2	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
taurine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethacridine Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.	7.48	2	0	acridines
alexidine alexidine: until June 1975 was mistakenly treated as synonym for chlorhexidine; RN given refers to parent cpd. alexidine : An amphipathic bisbiguanide with a structure consisting of two (2-ethylhexyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.15	1	0	biguanides	antibacterial agent
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	2.5	2	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	7.39	2	0	pyridinium ion
dequalinium Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.	2.03	1	0	quinolinium ion	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.15	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	7.31	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexetidine Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)	2.43	2	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	1.97	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	5.66	3	2	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.05	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
merbromin Merbromin: A once-popular mercury containing topical antiseptic.. merbromin : An organic sodium salt that is 2,7-dibromo-4-hydroxymercurifluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.11	1	0
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	4.4	4	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.11	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	1.97	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
triclosan [no description available]	2.66	2	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	10.83	31	3	guanidines
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	1.96	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	3.13	4	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.76	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
alizarin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	2.25	1	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.45	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.31	1	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.11	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.06	1	0	xanthene
nonoxynol Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.	2.05	1	0
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.41	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.06	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2.06	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.89	4	0
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.06	1	0	phenoxazine
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.01	1	0
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.25	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.13	1	0	carbon oxoanion
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	7.25	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
vantocil polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd	10.83	31	3
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	5.65	5	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	7.53	2	0	titanium group element atom
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	9.45	3	1	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
calcium hypochlorite calcium hypochlorite: structure	7.21	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt	bleaching agent
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	9.72	1	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.11	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
fluorides [no description available]	4.73	2	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
taurolidine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	thiadiazinane
phenoxyethanol phenoxyethanol: structure. 2-phenoxyethanol : An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	9.46	16	5	aromatic ether; glycol ether; primary alcohol	antiinfective agent; central nervous system depressant
ck 0569 a guanidino propyl piperazine: anti-plaque agent; RN given refers to dimethanesulfonate; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.31	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
pirtenidine pirtenidine: effective for the control of plaque & gingivitis; structure given in first source	2.89	4	0
miramistin miramistin: do not confuse with alkamides	2.41	1	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.06	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
listerine Listerine: hydroalcohol solution containing thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate & alcohol	3.51	1	1
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	9.24	31	1
elastin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	oligopeptide
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.06	1	0	cellotriose
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	4.96	8	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
oxazolidine oxazolidine: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	oxazolidine
anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.	2.6	1	0	anethole	flavouring agent
terbinafine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.31	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.06	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.76	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.1	1	0
thermozymocidin thermozymocidin: a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor; FTY720 is an analog	2.15	1	0	alpha-amino fatty acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sphingoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
bacteriochlorophylls Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.	2.41	1	0
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	12.75	64	10	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.06	1	0	nystatins
silver carbonate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	3.1	4	0	glycoside
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.6	1	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	7.3	15	1	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.17	1	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.51	1	1	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.13	1	0

octenidine

Cross-References

Synonyms (34)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Bioassays (5)

Research

Studies (259)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 47.31

Study Types

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Percentage of Patients With Earlier Healing of the Wound Half Treated With Oleogel-S10 Compared to the Wound Half Receiving Standard of Care

Bacterial Count at 10 Minutes Post Application

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	11.85	14	2
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.02	4	0
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	9.6	31	2
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.41	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	9.6	31	2
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	5.11	4	2
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	6.14	10	3
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	6.14	10	3
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	5.11	4	2
Bleb [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	2.31	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	8.38	25	1
Caries, Dental [description not available]	6.29	4	2
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	6.29	4	2
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	6.05	16	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.61	2	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.89	3	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	3.99	1	1
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	3.99	1	1
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	3.99	1	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.72	2	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	7.21	9	4
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	2.6	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.6	1	0
Alveolalgia [description not available]	4.04	2	1
Parodontosis [description not available]	5.19	3	1
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	5.19	3	1
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	7.6	9	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	7.6	9	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	9.44	4	1

octenidine

Cross-References

Synonyms (34)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Bioassays (5)

Research

Studies (259)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 47.31

Study Types

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Percentage of Patients With Earlier Healing of the Wound Half Treated With Oleogel-S10 Compared to the Wound Half Receiving Standard of Care

Bacterial Count at 10 Minutes Post Application

Related Drugs (88)

Related Conditions (209)