malondialdehyde profile

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a highly reactive aldehyde that is produced as a byproduct of lipid peroxidation. It is formed when polyunsaturated fatty acids are oxidized in the presence of reactive oxygen species. MDA can react with DNA, proteins, and other biomolecules, leading to cell damage and disease. It is a marker of oxidative stress and is associated with a number of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. MDA is also used as a biomarker for oxidative damage in food products. Its synthesis occurs through a complex series of reactions involving free radical formation and chain propagation. The effects of MDA are diverse and depend on the target molecule and the concentration of MDA. At low concentrations, MDA may act as a signaling molecule. However, at high concentrations, it can cause significant damage to cells and tissues. MDA is studied to better understand the mechanisms of oxidative stress and disease. It is also being investigated as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases.'

Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	10964
CHEMBL ID	446036
CHEBI ID	566274
MeSH ID	M0012949

Synonym
MDD ,
malonaldehyde
1,3-propanedione
hsdb 4353
propanedial
1,3-propanedialdehyde
ccris 5168
brn 1209262
nci-c54842
1,3-propanedial
malonyldialdehyde
malonic aldehyde
malondialdehyde
malonic dialdehyde
DB03057
malonodialdehyde
542-78-9
CHEBI:566274 ,
CHEMBL446036
C19440
4y8f71g49q ,
4-01-00-03634 (beilstein handbook reference)
unii-4y8f71g49q
EPITOPE ID:140943
beta-ketopropionaldehyde
WSMYVTOQOOLQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
malonaldehyde [hsdb]
malondialdehyde [mi]
malonaldehyde [iarc]
bis(2-hydroxy-3-carboxyphenyl)methane
DTXSID90202556
Q418661
FT-0778237
EN300-7316484

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an oxidative stress marker that determines the impact of oxidation on MDA levels in patients with epilepsy (PWE) and healthy controls."	( Circulating malondialdehyde level in patients with epilepsy: A meta-analysis. Cheng, Y; Jiang, T; Jin, Q; Li, J; Li, Z; Liu, J; Maimaiti, B; Meng, H; Meng, Q; Mijiti, S; Sun, H; Wang, J; Zhao, W, 2022)	2.54
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a key byproduct of oxidative reaction and has been identified as an effective marker of oxidative stress."	( Plasmonic optical fiber biosensor development for point-of-care detection of malondialdehyde as a biomarker of oxidative stress. Annunziata, M; Arcadio, F; Bencivenga, D; Borriello, A; Cennamo, N; Della Ragione, F; Guida, L; Piccirillo, A; Zeni, L, 2023)	1.86
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a compound that is derived from the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. "	( Malondialdehyde as a Potential Oxidative Stress Marker for Allergy-Oriented Diseases: An Update. Cordiano, R; Di Gioacchino, M; Gangemi, S; Mangifesta, R; Minciullo, PL; Panzera, C, 2023)	3.8
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a reliable marker of lipid peroxidation and is elevated in patients with OSA."	( The impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on circulating levels of malondialdehyde: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ahmadi, R; Fadaei, R; Khazaie, H; Koushki, M; Moradi, N; Rostampour, M; Sharafkhaneh, A, 2020)	1.5
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a candidate general marker of oxidative stress (OS). "	( Lower blood malondialdehyde is associated with past pesticide exposure: findings in Gulf War illness and healthy controls. Devaraj, S; Golomb, BA; Han, JH; Koslik, HJ; Messner, AK; Yik, B, 2021)	2.44
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a final product of lipid peroxidation, and it has been extensively used to evaluate metal-induced OS."	( Association of lead, cadmium and mercury with paraoxonase 1 activity and malondialdehyde in a general population in Southern Brazil. Almeida Lopes, ACB; Cabrera, MAS; Camargo, AEI; Carvalho, MFH; Michelin, AP; Oliveira-Paula, GH; Paoliello, MMB; Peixe, TS; Souza-Nogueira, A; Urbano, MR, 2017)	1.41
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) that is a final end product of LP."	( Evaluation of Salivary Lipid Peroxidation End Product Level in Dental Caries. Ahmadi-Motamayel, F; Goodarzi, MT; Hendi, SS, 2020)	1.28
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a reliable marker of lipid peroxidation where paraoxonase and arylesterase are two enzymes against it. "	( Lipid peroxidation markers in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: new findings for oxidative stress. Bez, Y; Bulut, M; Celik, H; Cemal Kaya, M; Gunes, M; Karababa, F; Savas, HA; Selek, S, 2013)	1.83
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a biomarker for lipid peroxidation, and studies of sensitive and selective analytical methods for it are very important for pathological research. "	( Determination of malondialdehyde in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography using rhodamine B hydrazide as the derivatization reagent. Cao, Y; Deng, Y; Ding, G; Li, D; Li, P; Punyapitak, D, 2013)	2.17
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a marker of lipid peroxidation."	( Malondialdehyde adduct to hemoglobin: a new marker of oxidative stress suitable for full-term and preterm neonates. Cipierre, C; Haÿs, S; Maucort-Boulch, D; Picaud, JC; Steghens, JP, 2013)	2.55
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a biomarker of lipid peroxidation and is present in foods and biological samples such as plasma. "	( A fast and validated method for the determination of malondialdehyde in fish liver using high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector. Bayram, B; Esatbeyoglu, T; Faizan, M; Rimbach, G, 2014)	2.09
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a measurement of lipid oxidation; vitamin C and E are important components of antioxidants."	( Serum levels of malondialdehyde, vitamin C and E in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a meta-analysis. Huang, S; Mao, S; Zhang, A, 2014)	1.47
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an end-product formed during oxidative stress, concretely lipid peroxidation."	( Association between serum malondialdehyde levels and mortality in patients with severe brain trauma injury. Abreu-González, P; Argueso, M; Cáceres, JJ; Jiménez, A; Lorente, L; Lorenzo, JM; Martín, MM; Molina, I; Ramos, L; Solé-Violán, J, 2015)	1.44
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation. "	( Relationship of MDA plasma concentrations to long-term survival of breast cancer patients. Bublevic, J; Didziapetriene, J; Kasiulevicius, V; Kazbariene, B; Smailyte, G; Stukas, R, )	1.57
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an end-product formed during lipid peroxidation, due to degradation of cellular membrane phospholipids. "	( Serum malondialdehyde levels in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction are associated with mortality. Abreu-González, P; Argueso, M; Jiménez, A; Lorente, L; Martín, MM; Ramos, L; Riaño-Ruiz, M; Solé-Violán, J, 2015)	2.34
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a naturally occurring product of lipid peroxidation and the level of MDA in plant is often used as a parameter to evaluate the damage to plants' cells due to stress. "	( A major locus controlling malondialdehyde content under water stress is associated with Fusarium crown rot resistance in wheat. Du, G; Guo, J; Li, X; Ma, J; Zhang, C, 2015)	2.16
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a significant biomarker of oxidative stress. "	( Toward a biomarker of oxidative stress: a fluorescent probe for exogenous and endogenous malondialdehyde in living cells. Chen, J; Li, S; Liu, Z; Qiu, G; Wu, S; Xia, T; Yan, T; Zeng, L, 2015)	2.08
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a highly reactive endogenous product of thromboxane synthesis in the prostagland and lipid peroxidation by reactive oxygen species. "	( The Advanced Lipoxidation end Product Precursor Malondialdehyde Induces IL-17E Expression and Skews Lymphocytes to the th17 Subset. Mathialagan, GD; Natarajan, K; Raghavan, S; Shanmugam, N, 2015)	2.12
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a reliable marker of lipid peroxidation, and paraoxonase is a known antioxidant enzyme."	( Altered lipid peroxidation markers are related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and not trauma itself in earthquake survivors. Atli, A; Bez, Y; Bulut, M; Kaplan, İ; Özdemir, PG; Selçuk, H; Sir, A; Uysal, C, 2016)	1.16
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a marker of lipid peroxidation which is elevated in schizophrenia."	( Relationship between matrix metalloproteinase-9 and oxidative stress in drug-free male schizophrenia: a case control study. Devanarayanan, S; Kattimani, S; Nandeesha, H; Sarkar, S, 2016)	1.16
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a major byproduct of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) peroxidation."	( Malondialdehyde induces autophagy dysfunction and VEGF secretion in the retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration. Hayashi, Y; Hwang, SJ; Kaneko, H; Kimoto, R; Kondo, T; Matsuura, T; Nagasaka, Y; Nishizawa, Y; Takayama, K; Terasaki, H; Tsunekawa, T; Yasukawa, T; Ye, F, 2016)	2.6
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product of oxidative damage to lipids, amino acids and DNA, and accumulates with aging and diseases. "	( Neuronal mitochondrial toxicity of malondialdehyde: inhibitory effects on respiratory function and enzyme activities in rat brain mitochondria. Gao, H; Liu, C; Liu, J; Long, J; Sun, L, 2009)	2.07
"Malondialdehyde is an indicator of lipid peroxidation, whereas vitamins A and E have antioxidant properties."	( Genistein supplementation to the quail: effects on egg production and egg yolk genistein, daidzein, and lipid peroxidation levels. Akdemir, F; Sahin, K, 2009)	1.07
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a mutagenic compound that has been widely used as a biomarker of oxidative stress. "	( New hypotheses on the pathways of formation of malondialdehyde and isofurans. Baba, N; Onyango, AN, 2010)	2.06
"Malondialdehyde is an electrophilic dicarbonyl-species derived from membrane lipid peroxidation."	( The malondialdehyde-derived fluorophore DHP-lysine is a potent sensitizer of UVA-induced photooxidative stress in human skin cells. Anglin, BL; Azimian, S; Cabello, CM; Horn, D; Lamore, SD; Uchida, K; Wondrak, GT, 2010)	1.64
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a biomarker of lipid peroxidation that has been widely associated with food rancidity as well as many human diseases. "	( Ultrasensitive detection of malondialdehyde with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Ansar, SM; De Silva, HI; Haputhanthri, R; Pittman, CU; Saebo, S; Sygula, A; Vangala, K; Zhang, D, 2010)	2.1
"Malondialdehyde is a carcinogenic and mutagenic electrophile that is endogenously produced during peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids."	( Measurement of a malondialdehyde-DNA adduct. Marnett, LJ; Plastaras, JP, 2001)	1.37
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a lipid peroxidation biomarker and its elevated level in various diseases is related to free radical damage."	( Effects of captopril on the cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer in the rat. Jouyban, A; Karimi, I; Saghaei, F; Samini, M, 2012)	1.1
"Malondialdehyde is a naturally occurring product of lipid peroxidation that is mutagenic and carcinogenic."	( Correlation of Ochratoxin A exposure to urinary levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde in a Turkish population. Akdemir, C; Ates, I; Karakaya, A; Ulker, OC, 2011)	1.31
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a common lipid peroxidation product that accumulates in many pathophysiological processes, including AMD."	( Complement factor H binds malondialdehyde epitopes and protects from oxidative stress. Bennett, KL; Binder, CJ; Brandstätter, H; Cano, M; Charbel Issa, P; Handa, JT; Hartvigsen, K; Lauer, N; Scholl, HP; Skerka, C; Superti-Furga, G; Tsimikas, S; Weismann, D; Witztum, JL; Zipfel, PF, 2011)	1.39
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a natural and widespread genotoxin. "	( Inducible malondialdehyde pools in zones of cell proliferation and developing tissues in Arabidopsis. Farmer, EE; Loscos, J; Schmid-Siegert, E, 2012)	2.22
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an intermediate metabolite of lipid peroxidation resulting from IR-induced reactive oxygen species."	( Propofol attenuates ischemic reperfusion-induced formation of lipid peroxides in liver transplant recipients. Lee, WC; Lin, CC; Tsai, YF; Yu, HP, 2012)	1.1
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an oxidative stress marker, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) is an anti-oxidant capacity marker."	( Protective mechanisms against oxidative stress and angiopathy in young patients with diabetes type 1 (DM1). Dettoraki, A; Gil, AP; Karvela, A; Kostopoulou, E; Koutroumani, N; Lamari, F; Partsalaki, I; Spiliotis, BE, 2013)	1.11
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an end product in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction and is frequently used as a marker for free oxygen radical production."	( No increase of plasma malondialdehyde after primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Harnek, J; Ohlin, AK; Ohlin, H; Olsson, KA; Pavlidis, N; Thorvinger, B, 2002)	1.35
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product derived from peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and related esters."	( Malondialdehyde in benign prostate hypertrophy: a useful marker? Di Pasquale, G; Fraccica, G; Gangemi, S; Merendino, RA; Minciullo, PL; Saija, A; Salvo, F; Tomaino, A, 2003)	2.48
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an endogenous genotoxic product of enzymatic and oxygen radical-induced lipid peroxidation whose adducts are known to exist in DNA isolated from healthy human beings. "	( Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, is mutagenic in human cells. Daniels, JS; Greene, RE; Marnett, LJ; Niedernhofer, LJ; Rouzer, CA, 2003)	3.2
"Malondialdehyde is a toxic metabolite of lipid peroxidation used as a marker of free radical damage."	( Free radicals and antioxidants in primary fibromyalgia: an oxidative stress disorder? Bagis, S; Bilgin, R; Ercan, B; Erdogan, C; Guler, H; Sahin, G; Tamer, L, 2005)	1.05
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a mutagenic product of lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin biosynthesis. "	( A novel synthesis of malondialdehyde adducts of deoxyguanosine, deoxyadenosine, and deoxycytidine. Harris, TM; Marnett, LJ; Rizzo, CJ; Wang, H, 2004)	2.09
"Malondialdehyde is a marker that shows free radical damage."	( Changes in antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde level in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Ateş, NA; Atik, U; Ercan, B; Kanik, A; Muşlu, N; Tamer, L; Yildirim, O, )	1.12
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a naturally occurring product of lipid peroxidation, capable of interacting with DNA to form exocyclic MDA-DNA adducts."	( Exocyclic malondialdehyde and aromatic DNA adducts in larynx tissues. Amasio, ME; Munnia, A; Peluso, M, 2004)	1.45
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product of lipid peroxidation, which can partly be removed by HD due to its low molecular weight and water solubility."	( Comparison between hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde as markers of acute oxidative injury during hemodialysis. Albertazzi, A; Bergamini, S; Ferrari, F; Gatti, V; Iannone, A; Lucchi, L; Perrone, S; Stipo, L; Tomasi, A; Uggeri, S, 2005)	1.32
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a widely used marker of oxidative lipid injury whose concentration varies in response to biotic and abiotic stress. "	( High-throughput determination of malondialdehyde in plant tissues. Davey, MW; Keulemans, J; Panis, B; Stals, E; Swennen, RL, 2005)	2.05
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an indicator of lipid peroxidation."	( Evaluation of the effects of cadmium on rat liver. Bayram, DS; Gokcimen, A; Kocak, A; Koyu, A; Ozguner, F, 2006)	1.06
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a natural product of lipid peroxidation in all mammalian cells."	( Examination of free radical metabolism and antioxidant defence system elements in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Bakir, S; Dogan, O; Erdal Ersan, E; Ersan, S, 2006)	1.06
"Malondialdehyde is a carbonyl compound formed during lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin biosynthesis, which combines with DNA to form a number of adducts."	( Oxidative stress in humans following the Pringle manoeuvre. Berry, D; Dennison, A; Garcea, G; Gescher, A; Steward, W, 2006)	1.06
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a small, ubiquitous, and potentially toxic aldehyde that is produced in vivo by lipid oxidation and that is able to affect gene expression. "	( Genetic removal of tri-unsaturated fatty acids suppresses developmental and molecular phenotypes of an Arabidopsis tocopherol-deficient mutant. Whole-body mapping of malondialdehyde pools in a complex eukaryote. Davoine, C; Farmer, EE; Majcherczyk, P; Mène-Saffrané, L; Stolz, S, 2007)	1.98
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a marker of lipid peroxidation. "	( Serum malondialdehyde, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase levels in women with early spontaneous abortions accompanied by vaginal bleeding. Kaya, H; Ozkaya, O; Sezik, M, 2008)	2.27
"Malondialdehyde was found to be a potent inhibitor of the enzyme."	( Inhibition of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase by malondialdehyde. Grubbs, JH; Hjelle, JJ; Petersen, DR, 1982)	1.23
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a stable product of arachidonic acid metabolism, catalyzed by the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase. "	( Arachidonic acid-induced malondialdehyde formation in rat platelets. Kinetic aspects and inhibition by acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin. de Gaetano, G; Livio, M; Merino, J; Rajtar, G, 1980)	2.01
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a stable produce of arachidonic acid metabolism, catalyzed by the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase. "	( Malondialdehyde formation in rat platelet-rich plasma. I.A kinetic approach. de Gaetano, G; Livio, M; Merino, J; Rajtar, G, 1980)	3.15
"Malondialdehyde is an indicator of lipid peroxidation."	( [Lipoperoxides and their clinical importance]. Hladovec, J; Písaríková, A; Sommerová, Z, 1995)	1.01
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a stable product of lipid peroxidation of membrane lipids. "	( Malondialdehyde levels in patients with duodenal ulcer. Murty, JS; Pratap, B; Prathibha, N; Venkateshwari, A; Vidyasagar, A, 1995)	3.18
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an end product of lipid peroxidation and is a frequently measured index of these processes. "	( Malondialdehyde measurement in urine. Berger, M; Cavadini, C; Crozier, G; Guichardant, M; Valette-Talbi, L, 1994)	3.17
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a highly reactive aldehyde generally formed as a consequence of lipid peroxidation. "	( Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibits a yAP-1-mediated adaptive response to malondialdehyde. Dawes, IW; Grant, CM; Turton, HE, 1997)	1.97
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a deleterious end-product of lipid peroxidation. "	( Protective effects of carnosine against malondialdehyde-induced toxicity towards cultured rat brain endothelial cells. Abbot, NJ; Himswoth, DT; Hipkiss, AR; Preston, JE; Worthington, VC, 1997)	2.01
"Malondialdehyde is a major oxidation product of lipids which is capable of cross-linking the collagen of the cardiovascular system. "	( Formation of a dihydropyridine derivative as a potential cross-link derived from malondialdehyde in physiological systems. Bailey, AJ; Murray, M; Slatter, DA, 1998)	1.97
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product of lipid peroxidation (LPO). "	( Synergistic DNA damaging effects of malondialdehyde/Cu(II) in PM2 DNA and in human fibroblasts. Becker, TW; Jacobi, H; Krieger, G; Vöhringer, ML; Witte, I, 1998)	2.02
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a major lipid peroxidation product that is mutagenic and tumorigenic. "	( An improved 32P-postlabeling/high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of the malondialdehye-derived 1, N2-propanodeoxyguanosine DNA adduct in animal and human tissues. Doerge, DR; Fu, PP; Sun, X; Yi, P, 1998)	1.74
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product of lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin biosynthesis. "	( Determination of malondialdehyde-induced DNA damage in human tissues using an immunoslot blot assay. Farmer, PB; Lagneau, C; Leuratti, C; Marnett, LJ; Plastaras, JP; Shuker, DE; Singh, R, 1998)	2.08
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an oxidative product of unsaturated fatty acids and is also present in atherosclerotic lesions."	( Association of malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) adducted proteins with atherosclerotic-induced vascular inflammatory injury. Baxter, BT; Duryee, MJ; Hill, GE; Klassen, LW; Miller, JA; Thiele, GM; Tuma, DJ, 1998)	1.37
"Malondialdehyde is a naturally occurring product of lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin biosynthesis that is mutagenic and carcinogenic. "	( Lipid peroxidation-DNA damage by malondialdehyde. Marnett, LJ, 1999)	2.03
"Malondialdehyde is a product of fatty acid oxidation (e.g. "	( Reactions of lipid-derived malondialdehyde with collagen. Bailey, AJ; Murray, M; Paul, RG; Slatter, DA, 1999)	2.04
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a lipid peroxidation marker, and low plasma levels of MDA are associated with advanced stages of breast cancer."	( Nitric oxide biosynthesis and malondialdehyde levels in advanced breast cancer. Alagöl, H; Bugdayci, G; Camlibel, M; Erdem, E; Sancak, B; Turkmen, G, 1999)	1.31
"Malondialdehyde is a naturally occurring product of lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin biosynthesis which is mutagenic and carcinogenic. "	( Chemistry and biology of DNA damage by malondialdehyde. Marnett, LJ, 1999)	2.02
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a highly toxic by-product formed in part by lipid oxidation derived free radicals. "	( The importance of lipid-derived malondialdehyde in diabetes mellitus. Bailey, AJ; Bolton, CH; Slatter, DA, 2000)	2.03
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a major breakdown product split off from lipid peroxides."	( Selenium and malondialdehyde content and glutathione peroxidase activity in maternal and umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid. Cvetković, M; Jovanović, I; Kosanović, M; Ljubić, A; Mihailović, M; Nedeljković, S; Pesut, O, 2000)	1.4
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a mutagen produced by spontaneous and enzymatic breakdown of PGH(2)."	( Cyclooxygenase-2, malondialdehyde and pyrimidopurinone adducts of deoxyguanosine in human colon cells. Gallacher-Horley, B; Gescher, A; Leuratti, C; Marnett, LJ; Offord, E; Plastaras, JP; Plummer, SM; Sharma, RA; Singh, R; Steward, WP, 2001)	1.37
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a major lipid peroxidation product that is mutagenic and tumorigenic. "	( Immunohistochemical detection of malondialdehyde-DNA adducts in human oral mucosa cells. Chen, SY; Hsu, T; Santella, RM; Zhang, Y, 2002)	2.04
"Malondialdehyde is a ubiquitous product of lipid peroxidation that reacts with DNA to form premutagenic lesions. "	( Reaction of malondialdehyde-DNA adducts with hydrazines-development of a facile assay for quantification of malondialdehyde equivalents in DNA. Marnett, LJ; Otteneder, M; Plastaras, JP, 2002)	2.14
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product of lipid peroxidation in vivo. "	( Free malondialdehyde determination by HPLC applied to microsomal studies. Carbonneau, MA; Clerc, M; Maviel, MJ; Melin, AM; Perromat, A, 1990)	2.24
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product of free-radical reaction with lipids and has been implicated in a variety of pathological processes including inflammation and carcinogenesis. "	( Mineral fiber-induced malondialdehyde formation and effects of oxidant scavengers in phagocytic cells. Yano, E, 1988)	2.03
"Malondialdehyde is a marker for the oxidation of membrane unsaturated fatty acids. "	( [Study of lipid peroxidation by the assay of malondialdehyde in human and experimental atheroma]. Emerit, J; Fechner, J; Goy, J; Jeny, C; Loeper, J, 1986)	1.97

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Malondialdehyde has been thought to have cytotoxic and damaging effects."	( Determination of seminal plasma malondialdehyde by high-performance liquid chromatography in smokers and non-smokers. Kandar, R; Stramova, X, 2015)	1.42
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) has been implicated in the development of many acute inflammatory, autoimmune diseases as well as chronic inflammatory metabolic disorders."	( Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and Malondialdehyde as Potential Predictors of Vascular Risk Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cross-Sectional Case Control Study in Saudi Arabia. Elbasmy, AA; Gaber, HA; Ismail, MM; Morsi, HK, 2016)	1.42
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) has been proposed as a useful biomarker of lipoperoxidation in biological samples, and more developed analytical methods are necessary. "	( Determination of malondialdehyde in human blood by headspace-solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after derivatization with 2,2,2-trifluoroethylhydrazine. Shin, HS, 2009)	2.14
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) has become a well-established biomarker for oxidative stress. "	( Mild and selective labeling of malondialdehyde with 2-aminoacridone: assessment of urinary malondialdehyde levels. Deelder, AM; Giera, M; Kloos, DP; Lingeman, H; Mayboroda, OA; Niessen, WM; Raaphorst, A, 2011)	2.1
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) has been reported to play a possible role in the genesis of glycated proteins."	( Possible modulation of glycated protein levels in prehypertension by lipid peroxides. Agrawal, A; Hanumanthappa, N; Nadaradjan, RD; Nambiar, S; Viswanathan, S; Zachariah, B, 2012)	1.1
"Malondialdehyde level has been used as the oxidation index in many biological systems."	( Novel antioxidant peptides from fermented mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. He, H; Sun, J; Xie, BJ, 2004)	1.04
"Malondialdehyde has two carbonyl groups which could react with primary amino groups, forming Schiff-base conjugates and covalently cross-link proteins."	( The reaction of malondialdehyde with lens proteins and the protective effect of aspirin. Harding, JJ; Riley, ML, 1993)	1.35
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) has been widely used as an index of lipoperoxidation in biological and medical sciences as well as in the food industry. "	( Solid-phase extraction in malondialdehyde analysis. Cermák, J; Dyr, JE; Suttnar, J, 1997)	2.04
"Malondialdehyde has been shown to react several orders of magnitude faster with the pre-existing collagen enzymic cross-links than the amino acid side-chains."	( The importance of lipid-derived malondialdehyde in diabetes mellitus. Bailey, AJ; Bolton, CH; Slatter, DA, 2000)	1.31

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) may increase influenced by free radicals due to lipid oxidation. "	( Malondialdehyde (MDA) Production in Atherosclerosis Supplemented with Steamed Tomato. Dafip, M; Purwantoyo, E; Sri Iswari, R, 2021)	3.51
"Malondialdehyde was also lower in the fentanyl group than in the thiopental group (P = 0.001)."	( Protective effects of intravenous anesthetics on kidney tissue in obstructive jaundice. Berhuni, MS; Bulbuloglu, E; Ciralik, H; Coskuner, I; Hatipoglu, F; Hatipoglu, S; Kurutas, EB; Yildiz, H, 2014)	1.12
"Malondialdehyde was found lower peroperatively in Group P compared to Group D (p<0.05). "	( Oxidant and antioxidant activities of different anesthetic techniques. Propofol versus desflurane. Ceylan, BG; Eroglu, F; Gulmen, S; Vural, H; Yavuz, L; Yilmaz, F, 2009)	1.8
"Malondialdehyde levels were lower in group 2 and higher in group 3 than those seen in group 1."	( Protective effect of zinc aspartate on long-term ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat skeletal muscle. Alici, T; Atahan, E; Ergün, Y; Kurutaş, EB, 2010)	1.08
"Malondialdehyde (MDA) plays a major role in low-density lipoprotein modification."	( Type 2 diabetes mellitus duration: an independent predictor of serum malondialdehyde levels. Asgarani, F; Esteghamati, A; Khalilzadeh, O; Nakhjavani, M; Nowroozi, S; Rashidi, A, 2010)	1.32
"Malondialdehyde was lower in the L-arginine group, 0.28 ± 0.12 vs 0.48 ± 0.32 (5 minutes) and 0.31 ± 0.14 vs 0.38 ± 0.15 nmol.ml(-1) (15 minutes) (P=0.0004)."	( L-arginine cardioplegia reduces oxidative stress and preserves diastolic function in patients with low ejection fraction undergoing coronary artery surgery. Andrews, DT; Dawson, P; Royse, AG; Royse, C; Sutherland, J, 2012)	1.1
"Malondialdehyde levels increase with age."	( Lipid peroxidation, occupational stress and aging in workers of a prehospital emergency service. Casado, A; De Lucas, N; Jimenez, JA; López-Fernández, E; Sánchez, A, 2006)	1.06
"Malondialdehyde was found to inhibit the low Km ALDH irreversibly."	( Inhibition of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase by malondialdehyde. Grubbs, JH; Hjelle, JJ; Petersen, DR, 1982)	1.23
"The malondialdehyde-induced increase in collagen synthesis was paralleled by a rise in type I procollagen mRNA."	( Malondialdehyde stimulates collagen production by hepatic lipocytes only upon activation in primary culture. Giménez, A; Maher, JJ; Tzagarakis, C, 1994)	2.21
"Malondialdehyde did not increase perioperatively, but was significantly higher in acute surgery than in elective surgery intraoperatively."	( Allopurinol dosage and effect on ischemia-reperfusion damage in elective and acute aortic surgery. Berger, HM; Camps, J; Dulfer, FT; Hermans, J; Kievit, J; Smeets, HJ; Van Bockel, JH; van Milligen de Wit, AW, )	0.85
"Malondialdehyde were lower in the antiinflammation group at 5 and 90 minutes after the clamp was removed (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively)."	( Pulmonary artery perfusion with protective solution reduces lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass. Li, Y; Liu, D; Liu, Y; Pan, S; Ruan, Y; Wang, Q; Zhu, X, 2000)	1.03

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Malondialdehyde treatment of LDL leads to a reduction of the typical B-100 band and to the appearance of two heavier peptides that can be designated as B-126 and B-151 according to the centile nomenclature."	( Changes of apolipoprotein B molecular weight and immunoreactivity in malondialdehyde-modified low density lipoproteins. Avogaro, P; Bittolo Bon, G; Cazzolato, G, 1983)	1.22
"Malondialdehyde treatment of (125)I-native-LDL produced a product ((125)I-MDA-LDL) with a molecular weight not appreciably different from that of the original lipoprotein."	( Malondialdehyde alteration of low density lipoproteins leads to cholesteryl ester accumulation in human monocyte-macrophages. Child, JS; Edwards, PA; Fogelman, AM; Hokom, M; Seager, J; Shechter, I, 1980)	2.43
"Malondialdehyde treatment of HCEC cells resulted in a doubling of M(1)G levels."	( Cyclooxygenase-2, malondialdehyde and pyrimidopurinone adducts of deoxyguanosine in human colon cells. Gallacher-Horley, B; Gescher, A; Leuratti, C; Marnett, LJ; Offord, E; Plastaras, JP; Plummer, SM; Sharma, RA; Singh, R; Steward, WP, 2001)	1.37
"Malondialdehyde treatment induced an increase in the cellular levels of col1a1 mRNA that was abrogated by pretreating cells with cycloheximide, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and mithramycin."	( Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors mediate malondialdehyde-induced collagen alpha 1(I) gene expression in cultured hepatic stellate cells. de la Torre, P; Díaz, T; Esteban, E; Fernández, I; García-Ruiz, I; Muñoz-Yagüe, T; Solís-Herruzo, JA, 2002)	1.3

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Because redox cycling requires reducing equivalents, we investigated whether ethanol, which generates NADH via alcohol dehydrogenase, would increase hepatotoxicity due to concentrations of adriamycin which by themselves were not toxic in perfused rat liver."	( Potentiation of adriamycin toxicity by ethanol in perfused rat liver. Liu, Y; Thurman, RG, 1992)	0.28
" These compounds produced toxic effects on hepatocytes as evidenced by malondialdehyde production and lactate dehydrogenase leakage in a dose-dependent manner up to the concentration of 2 mM, dichlorvos being more toxic than trichlorfon."	( Hepatotoxicity of trichlorfon and dichlorvos in isolated rat hepatocytes. Morita, S; Yamano, T, 1992)	0.52
" HN2 was much less toxic to hepatocytes under nitrogen and caused much less lipid peroxidation than under aerobic conditions."	( Hepatocyte toxicity of mechlorethamine and other alkylating anticancer drugs. Role of lipid peroxidation. Khan, S; O'Brien, PJ; Ramwani, JJ, 1992)	0.28
" The data indicate that betamethasone exacerbates the toxic effects of paraquat."	( Betamethasone effects on paraquat lung toxicity. Boveris, A; Giulivi, C; Lavagno, C, 1991)	0.28
" The results showed that the peroxide was more toxic than HNE and much more than MDA."	( Cytotoxicity of linoleic acid peroxide, malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal towards human fibroblasts. Michiels, C; Remacle, J, 1991)	0.55
" CBDCA-induced MDA production was lower, compared to CDDP, which showed marked toxic effects on TEA and PAH accumulation, gluconeogenesis and glucose-6-phosphatase activity."	( Nephrotoxicity of cisplatin, carboplatin and transplatin. A comparative in vitro study. Baumann, K; Hannemann, J, 1990)	0.28
" We conclude that lipid peroxidation may not be the mechanism by which copper is toxic to isolated hepatocytes but that the site of injury may be thiol-rich cellular proteins."	( Copper toxicity and lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes: effect of vitamin E. Devereaux, MW; Shikes, RH; Sokol, RJ; Traber, MG, 1989)	0.28
" The diet containing the dry protein mixture was found to produce no adverse effect on the body status."	( [Safety of a new food product--a dry protein mixture]. Andrianova, OF; Iatskovskaia, NIa; Maĭstruk, PN; Solomko, GI; Trunov, VI, )	0.13
"The results of this study indicate that when human VLDL or LDL is prepared under conditions allowing oxidation, such oxidation renders the molecular complexes highly toxic to human skin fibroblasts growing in culture."	( Lipoprotein oxidation and lipoprotein-induced cytotoxicity. Chisolm, GM; Hessler, JR; Lewis, LJ; Morel, DW, )	0.13
" The toxic effects on the myocytes were evaluated by studying morphological changes, trypan blue exclusion and cell membrane permeability to NADH, as determined by LDH-activity."	( Toxic effects of free and DNA-linked daunorubicin on isolated rat cardiac myocytes. Anundi, I; Högberg, J; Paul, C; Peterson, C; Rajs, J; Tomingas, A, 1982)	0.26
" The bidentate chelators CP20 and CP94 (150 microM) appeared to be as effective as the hexadentate chelator desferrioxamine (50 microM) in the protection of rat and human hepatocytes against the toxic effect of iron load achieved by culturing the cells for 1 day in the presence of 50 microM iron citrate."	( Inhibition of iron toxicity in rat and human hepatocyte cultures by the hydroxypyridin-4-ones CP20 and CP94. Brissot, P; Chenoufi, N; Cillard, J; Hubert, N; Lescoat, G; Loréal, O; Morel, I; Pasdeloup, N, 1995)	0.29
"Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that the administration of alpha-tocopheryl hemisuccinate (TS), but not unesterified alpha-tocopherol (T), protects hepatocytes from a variety of toxic insults including chemicals, drugs, metals, and oxidative stress."	( Role of cellular energy status in tocopheryl hemisuccinate cytoprotection against ethyl methanesulfonate-induced toxicity. Fariss, MW; Ray, SD, 1994)	0.29
"Distinct alterations in the metabolism of lipids and phospholipids as well as activation of lipid peroxidation in liver tissue were detected in mice after administration of a new antitumoral drug cisplatin at a dose of LD50 (13."	( [The role of disruption of lipid metabolism in mechanisms of the hepatotoxic effects of cisplatin]. Dubskaia, TIu; Vetoshkina, TV, )	0.13
" MLO was found to be toxic only after intravenous administration."	( Toxicity of methyl linoleate ozonide in the rat. de Vries, J; Dellevoet, SM; Hempenius, RA; Koeman, JH; Marsman, G, 1993)	0.29
" This system was employed for toxicity screening of five algal species of Indian origin on the basis of the EC50 for LDH leakage (dose of cyanobacteria resulting in leakage of 50% of enzyme) of a known toxic cyanobacterial strain Microcystis aeruginosa (PCC 7820)."	( Liver slice culture for assessing hepatotoxicity of freshwater cyanobacteria. Bhaskar, AS; Bhattacharya, R; Dube, SN; Pant, SC; Rao, PV, 1996)	0.29
" At lower concentrations (25 mu M), the toxic effect on dopaminergic endings was maintained without increasing malondialdehyde concentrations or inhibiting glutamine synthetase activity."	( MPP+ toxicity in rat striatal slices: relationship between non-selective effects and free radical production. Ambrosio, S; Bartrons, R; Cutillas, B; Espino, A, 1996)	0.51
" Paraquat at a dose of 79 mg/kg was lethal for 50% of animals within 24 hr; when administered together with melatonin, the LD50 for paraquat increased to 251 mg/kg."	( Paraquat toxicity and oxidative damage. Reduction by melatonin. Chen, L; Hara, M; Melchiorri, D; Nisticò, G; Reiter, RJ; Sewerynek, E, 1996)	0.29
"The toxic effects exerted by the combination of iron overload and chronic ethanol feeding on rat liver are dependent on a pool of chelatable iron."	( Hepatotoxicity induced by iron overload and alcohol. Studies on the role of chelatable iron, cytochrome P450 2E1 and lipid peroxidation. Hagen, K; Hultcrantz, R; Ingelman-Sundberg, M; Johansson, I; Stål, P, 1996)	0.29
"The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by toxic chemicals has been implicated in acute and chronic disease states, including cancer."	( Role of oxidative stress in the mechanism of dieldrin's hepatotoxicity. Bachowski, S; Ketcham, CA; Klaunig, JE; Kolaja, KL; Stevenson, DE; Walborg, EF; Xu, Y, )	0.13
" These results indicate that melatonin protects cells from Cr(VI)-induced DNA strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and lipid peroxidation, possibly through its ability to increase cellular levels of vitamins E and C as well as catalase activity and/or to directly scavenge toxic hydroxyl radicals in cells."	( Potent protective effect of melatonin on chromium(VI)-induced DNA single-strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Furukawa, Y; Sugiyama, M; Susa, N; Ueda, J; Ueno, S, 1997)	0.3
" The exact toxic mechanism of PQ is still unclear but it is assumed to involve redox cycling and formation of reactive oxygen species."	( The cytotoxic effect of paraquat to isolated renal proximal tubular segments from rabbits. Friis, C; Mølck, AM, 1997)	0.3
" The toxic actions of CS in the isolated rat liver were not influenced (a) by the feeding status of the rats (fed or fasted before surgery) or (b) by addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD, 20 mg/l) and catalase (20 mg/l) to the perfusate 30 min before CS."	( Reevaluation of cyclosporine induced hepatotoxicity in the isolated perfused rat liver. Deters, M; Strubelt, O; Younes, M, 1997)	0.3
" In summary, holotransferrin, but not albumin, is toxic to rat proximal tubule cells, a pH-dependent effect involving its uptake into tubule cells, its iron moiety, and its lipid peroxidation."	( Toxicity of holotransferrin but not albumin in proximal tubule cells in primary culture. Boadle, RA; Chen, L; Harris, DC, 1998)	0.3
" The tested compound seems to be less toxic than cisplatin alone, and has no effect on blood platelet activation."	( Comparative cytotoxicity of cisplatin, sodium selenite and selenium-cisplatin conjugate [(NH3)2Pt(SeO3)]; changes of blood platelet activation. Olas, B; Wachowicz, B, 1997)	0.3
" LoaOOH is toxic to wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a very low concentration (0."	( Toxicity of linoleic acid hydroperoxide to Saccharomyces cerevisiae: involvement of a respiration-related process for maximal sensitivity and adaptive response. Dawes, IW; Evans, MV; Grant, CM; Turton, HE, 1998)	0.3
" Incubation of the cells with CP (2 mM and 10 mM) drastically attenuated the GSH and cysteine depletion caused by toxic concentrations of paracetamol (1 mM and 5 mM)."	( 2-Methyl-thiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid protects against paracetamol induced toxicity in human liver derived HepG2 cells. Rommelspacher, H; Włodek, L, 1997)	0.3
" It indicated that taurine might play a role in reducing the toxic effect of copper in rats."	( Effect of taurine on toxicity of copper in rats. Cheng, HM; Hwang, DF; Wang, LC, 1998)	0.3
" Results suggested the lipid peroxidative property of the copper salt which was associated with the toxic nature of the heavy metal, although, this effect was not as potent as that of CCl4."	( Potential protective effect of calcium carbonate as liming agent against copper toxicity in the African tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. de Vera, MP; Pocsidio, GN, 1998)	0.3
" Vit E minimized the adverse effects of CsA on kidney function and the glomerular synthesis of these compounds."	( Cyclosporine increases local glomerular synthesis of reactive oxygen species in rats: effect of vitamin E on cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Arribas, I; Cantero, M; Carballo, F; Conejo, JR; de Arriba, G; Parra, T; Rodríguez-Puyol, D; Rodríguez-Puyol, M, 1998)	0.3
" Since melatonin, the main secretory product of the pineal gland, has been shown to protect against a number of toxic agents, it was given 30 min before 2-NP to test its protective effect against 2-NP toxicity."	( 2-Nitropropane-induced lipid peroxidation: antitoxic effects of melatonin. El-Sokkary, GH; Kim, SJ; Qi, W; Reiter, RJ; Rouvier Garay, MV; Tan, DX, 1998)	0.3
"Our earlier studies with aniline suggested the involvement of oxidative stress as an early toxic event in the spleen."	( Oxidative modification of lipids and proteins in aniline-induced splenic toxicity. Ansari, GA; Boor, PJ; Khan, MF; Wu, X, 1999)	0.3
"It is known that Adriamycin, which is widely used in the treatment of various neoplastic conditions, exerts toxic effects in several organs."	( Effect of vitamin E on adriamycin- induced nephrotoxicity at the ultrastructural level in guinea pigs. Abban, G; Elbeg, S; Erdogan, D; Görgün, M; Türközkan, N, 1999)	0.3
" The present study was therefore carried out to determine the mechanism and the exact sequence of events that lead to molecular toxic injury."	( Atractyloside nephrotoxicity: in vitro studies with suspensions of rat renal fragments and precision-cut cortical slices. Bach, PH; Obatomi, DK, 2000)	0.31
" These findings clearly demonstrate that even non toxic doses of Li may significantly exacerbate CSA induced nephrotoxicity in rats."	( Effect of lithium on cyclosporin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Al Khader, A; Al Sulaiman, M; Morais, C; Sobki, S; Tariq, M, 2000)	0.31
" Toxic doses of DCLF can cause nephrotoxicity in humans and experimental animals."	( Diclofenac induced in vivo nephrotoxicity may involve oxidative stress-mediated massive genomic DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. Gross, SM; Hickey, EJ; Raje, RR; Ray, SD; Reid, VE, 2001)	0.31
" It can thus be concluded that toxic effects of chelating agents, including metal redistribution and hepatotoxicity, might be playing a crucial role in the metallothionein induction."	( Possible role of metal redistribution, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in chelating agents induced hepatic and renal metallothionein in rats. Flora, SJ; Mehta, A, 2001)	0.31
" These findings indicate that 2A45CP is directly toxic to renal cortical slices and that cytotoxicity is at least partially mediated by a reactive intermediate."	( Characterization of 2-amino-4,5-dichlorophenol (2A45CP) in vitro toxicity in renal cortical slices from male Fischer 344 rats. Ball, JG; Rankin, GO; Sun, H; Valentovic, MA, 2002)	0.31
"Although a tourniquet is frequently used in penile surgery there is still no consensus on safe application time."	( Tourniquet application and epinephrine injection to penile skin: is it safe? Bozdogan, O; Caglayan, F; Caglayan, O; Cakmak, M; Kisa, U; Saray, A, 2002)	0.31
" NDEA was administered ip as a single dose to rats in LD50 or in lower amounts and the animals were sacrificed after 0-48 hr of treatment."	( Hepatic and renal oxidative stress in acute toxicity of N-nitrosodiethylamine in rats. Bansal, AK; Bhatnagar, D; Soni, GL; Trivedi, R, 2000)	0.31
"CyclosporinA (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug which induces severe adverse effects such as cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity."	( Hydrocortisone has a protective effect on CyclosporinA-induced cardiotoxicity. Ciarcia, R; Crispino, L; D'Andrilli, G; Florio, S; Kumar, C; Pagnini, U; Ruocco, A; Russo, F, 2003)	0.32
" Therefore, we suggest that ROS may not involve in the toxic effects of the pesticidal use of phosalone in low concentrations."	( Role of reactive oxygen species in organophosphate insecticide phosalone toxicity in erythrocytes in vitro. Altuntas, I; Delibas, N; Doguc, DK; Gultekin, F; Ozmen, S, 2003)	0.32
"Chlorophenols, mainly used as biocides, are compounds with a wide spectrum of toxic effects, including teratogenic and carcinogenic actions."	( Involvement of oxidative sress in the toxicity of 4-monochlorophenol in Hep G2 cells in culture. Colein, P; Garçon, G; Grave-Descampiaux, B; Hannothiaux, MH; Shirali, P; Truffin, D, )	0.13
" Maximum toxic effects of CP were observed 5 days after its injection, while it started after day 1 in the biochemical parameters, such as glutathione depletion in the kidney tissue with concomitant increases in lipid peroxides and platinum content."	( Effect of oral administration of Arabic gum on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Abd-Allah, AR; Al-Majed, AA; Al-Rikabi, AC; Al-Shabanah, OA; Mostafa, AM, 2003)	0.32
"Studies suggest that some lead-induced toxic effects may occur through free radical production and oxidative stress."	( Biochemical and ultrastructural evidences for toxicity of lead through free radicals in rat brain. Abdollahi, M; Azizi, E; Hosseini, R; Kebriaeezadeh, A; Minaiee, B; Ostad, SN; Soltaninejad, K, 2003)	0.32
" The protection offered by arabic gum does not appear to be caused by a decrease in the formation of toxic acetaminophen metabolites, which consumes glutathione, because arabic gum did not alter acetaminophen-induced hepatic glutathione depletion."	( Protective effect of arabic gum against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Al-Bekairi, AM; Al-Shabanah, OA; Gamal el-din, AM; Mostafa, AM; Nagi, MN, 2003)	0.32
"Herceptin alone had little toxic effects on rat cardiomocytes, but Herceptin combined with doxorubicin can aggravate rat cardiotoxicity."	( [Effect of herceptin combined with Doxorubicin on rat cardiotoxicity]. Fu, Q; He, B; Wang, YJ; Xu, Y, 2004)	0.32
"Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of various fungi commonly found in feed and foodstuff and can cause very serious health problems in animals as well as in humans."	( Cytotoxicity, inhibition of DNA and protein syntheses and oxidative damage in cultured cells exposed to zearalenone. Abid-Essefi, S; Bacha, H; Baudrimont, I; Creppy, E; Hassen, W; Ouanes, Z, 2004)	0.32
" Alfacypermethrin a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and oral LD50 was investigated after administering orally different doses in rats and was determined as 145 mg/kg."	( Repeated dose toxicity of alfa-cypermethrin in rats. Bhattacharyya, D; Das, S; Mandal, TK; Manna, S, 2004)	0.32
" The cardiotoxic side effect of doxorubicin used as a chemotherapeutic agent and was probably developed as a result of suppression of the antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation."	( Effect of melatonin on the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. Balli, E; Kaya, M; Mete, UO; Tap, O; Tuli, A, 2004)	0.32
"This work evaluates the (cor-)relations between selected biochemical responses to toxic Cd and the degree of Cd sensitivity in a set of pea genotypes."	( Genotypic variation of the response to cadmium toxicity in Pisum sativum L. Belimov, AA; Dietz, KJ; Metwally, A; Safronova, VI, 2005)	0.33
" The combination could also prevent the side-effect of CDDP in bone marrow inhibition."	( [Effect of combination of Ginkgo leaf extract and deferoxamine in preventing and treating ototoxicity of cisplatin]. Li, PQ; Lu, H; Lu, Z; Xu, O; Zhang, X, 2004)	0.32
" Our results indicated that CAPE acts in the kidney as a potent scavenger of free radicals to prevent the toxic effects of GEN both at the biochemical and histological level."	( Protective role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape) on gentamicin-induced acute renal toxicity in rats. Acet, A; Bay-Karabulut, A; Parlakpinar, H; Polat, A; Tasdemir, S; Ucar, M; Vardi, N, 2005)	0.33
" In comparative effects based on cell viability and rhodamine 123 retention, an index of mitochondrial membrane potential, fenfluramine was less toxic than N-nitrosofenfluramine."	( N-Nitrosofenfluramine induces cytotoxicity via mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in isolated rat hepatocytes. Kamimura, H; Nagai, F; Nakagawa, Y; Suzuki, T, 2005)	0.33
"Previous studies have demonstrated that realgar nanoparticles might provide a less toxic agent for antineoplasia by suppressing angiogenesis."	( Membrane toxicity accounts for apoptosis induced by realgar nanoparticles in promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Gan, L; Xu, HB; Yang, XL; Ye, HQ, 2005)	0.33
" Although opioids are reported to be effective in pain management, their toxic effects should be kept in mind during chronic usage."	( Liver and kidney toxicity in chronic use of opioids: an experimental long term treatment model. Atici, S; Cinel, I; Cinel, L; Doruk, N; Eskandari, G; Oral, U, 2005)	0.33
"The efficacy of methotrexate (MTX), a widely used cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent, is often limited by severe side effects and toxic sequelae."	( Taurine protects against methotrexate-induced toxicity and inhibits leukocyte death. Akpulat, S; Cetiner, M; Ekşioğlu-Demiralp, E; Ercan, F; Gedik, N; Sehirli, AO; Sener, G; Sirvanci, S; Tecimer, T; Yeğen, BC, 2005)	0.33
" Single Cd stress produced strong toxic effects, as indicated by decreases of growth parameters, high level of lipid peroxidation in leaf and overproduction of PCs in root."	( Effects of exogenous organic chelators on phytochelatins production and its relationship with cadmium toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under cadmium stress. Ding, SM; Sun, Q; Wang, XR; Yuan, XF, 2005)	0.33
" Fusarium toxins such as, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) have been shown to cause diverse toxic effects in animals and also suspected of disease causation in humans."	( Comparative study of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by deoxynivalenol, zearalenone or fumonisin B1 in human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Baudrimont, I; Creppy, EE; Dano, SD; Kouadio, JH; Mobio, TA; Moukha, S, 2005)	0.33
"Complex toxic effects of Cd2+, Zn2+, and acid rain on growth of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) were studied in a pot experiment by measurement of fresh weights of the plants, determination of surperoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the plant organs, and observation of injury symptoms."	( Complex toxic effects of Cd2+, Zn2+, and acid rain on growth of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Liao, BH; Liu, HY; Probst, A; Probst, JL; Yu, PZ; Zeng, QR, 2005)	0.33
" Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a component of honeybee propolis, protects tissues from reactive oxygene species mediated oxidative stress in ischemia-reperfusion and toxic injuries."	( Lithium-induced renal toxicity in rats: protection by a novel antioxidant caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Akturk, O; Altuntas, I; Oktem, F; Olgar, S; Ozguner, F; Sulak, O; Yilmaz, HR, 2005)	0.33
" The toxic effects and mechanism of microcystins on animals have been well studied both in vivo and in vitro."	( Responses of antioxidant system in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells to the toxicity of microcystin-RR. Huang, J; Huang, W; Li, D; Liu, Y; Yin, L, 2005)	0.33
" We decided to evaluate the tissue-protective effect of melatonin against myocardial toxic effects of doxorubicin in six groups of rats."	( Prevention of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by melatonin. Düzgün, E; Erbaş, D; Oz, E; Sürücü, HS, 2006)	0.33
" It was reported that these toxic effects of AAP are due to oxidative reactions that take place during its metabolism."	( Protective effects of ginkgo biloba against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in mice. Ercan, F; Gedik, N; Omurtag, GZ; Sehirli, O; Sener, G; Tozan, A; Yüksel, M, 2006)	0.33
"The protective effect of ebselen, with documented glutathione peroxidase-like activity and antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, on the cytotoxicity induced by oxysterol was investigated in ECV-304 cells with cholestane-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol (3-triol), one of the most toxic oxysterols."	( Protective effect of ebselen on cytotoxicity induced by cholestane-3 beta, 5 alpha, 6 beta-triol in ECV-304 cells. Huang, K; Wu, Q, 2006)	0.33
" Application of these drugs in chemotherapy is limited because of their toxic effects."	( Effects of melatonin in reducing the toxic effects of doxorubicin. Ilhan, MN; Oz, E, 2006)	0.33
" These data suggest that ethanol withdrawal can be created in HT22 cells in a manner that is more toxic than ethanol exposure and that ZYC26 is a more potent cytoprotectant than 17beta-estradiol against cell death and oxidative damage induced by ethanol withdrawal."	( A nonfeminizing estrogen analog protects against ethanol withdrawal toxicity in immortalized hippocampal cells. Jung, ME; Simpkins, JW; Wilson, AM, 2006)	0.33
"The aim of this work was to study the transference of hexachlorobenzene from a green alga (Chlorella kessleri) to an estuary crab (Chasmagnathus granulatus), and to analyze the toxic effects that the xenobiotic has on the latter."	( Toxicity of hexachlorobenzene and its transference from microalgae (Chlorella kessleri) to crabs (Chasmagnathus granulatus). Basack, S; Chaufan, G; Genovese, G; Ithuralde, E; Juárez, A; Kesten, E; Oneto, ML; Ríos de Molina, Mdel C; Sabatini, SE, 2006)	0.33
" All the extracts were non-toxic and the LD50 was more than 5 g/kg."	( Protective effect of ethanolic and water extracts of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) against the toxic effects of mustard gas. Chaurasia, OP; Gautam, A; Kaushik, MP; Kumar, HT; Kumar, O; Nivsarkar, M; Pant, SC; Prasad, GB; Sawhney, RC; Sharma, M; Singh, AK; Singh, S; Vijayaraghavan, R, 2006)	0.33
"With the fast development of nanotechnology, the nanomaterials start to cause people's attention for potential toxic effect."	( Toxicity of cerium oxide nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells. Huang, YW; Lin, W; Ma, Y; Zhou, XD, )	0.13
" Thus, ascorbic acid blocks both the adverse effects of arsenic on male reproductive functions and the arsenic-induced testicular oxidative changes."	( Arsenic-induced toxicity and the protective role of ascorbic acid in mouse testis. Chang, SI; Jin, B; Park, C; Park, JD; Ryu, DY; Youn, P, 2007)	0.34
" This suggests that chrysotile is not toxic by acting simply as a carrier of iron into the cell, but rather that the redox activity of iron is potentiated when organized at the fibers surface into specific crystallographic sites having coordination states able to activate free radical generation."	( Iron-loaded synthetic chrysotile: a new model solid for studying the role of iron in asbestos toxicity. Aldieri, E; Foresti, E; Fubini, B; Gazzano, E; Ghigo, D; Lesci, IG; Putzu, MG; Riganti, C; Romano, C; Roveri, N; Silvagno, F; Tomatis, M; Turci, F, 2007)	0.34
" However, administration of L-carnitine could ameliorate these adverse toxic effects of tilmicosin in mice."	( The possible protective effect of L-carnitine on tilmicosin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Citil, M; Karapehlivan, M; Kart, A; Yapar, K, 2007)	0.34
"Cadmium is an environmental toxic metal implicated in human diseases."	( Protective role of selenium against renal toxicity induced by cadmium in rats. Badreldeen, MM; El-Sharaky, AS; Eweda, SM; Newairy, AA; Sheweita, SA, 2007)	0.34
" Selenium also elicits pro-oxidant effects at toxic levels."	( Elemental selenium at nano size possesses lower toxicity without compromising the fundamental effect on selenoenzymes: comparison with selenomethionine in mice. Wang, H; Yu, H; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.34
" In conclusion, CsA induced liver injury and NAC treatment prevented the toxic side effects induced by CsA administration through the antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of NAC."	( The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against cyclosporine A-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Durgut, R; Duru, M; Kaya, H; Koc, A; Sogut, S; Uz, E; Yilmaz, HR, 2008)	0.35
" Amiodarone led to a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability with an LD50 of 50 micromol/L and increased production of superoxide anion and lipid peroxidation."	( Combining ursodeoxycholic acid or its NO-releasing derivative NCX-1000 with lipophilic antioxidants better protects mouse hepatocytes against amiodarone toxicity. Chabli, A; Colin, P; Elimadi, A; Haddad, PS; Ouazzani-Chahdi, A; Spénard, J, 2007)	0.34
"009) and it has been ascribed to a lower incorporation of the toxic metal and/or to possible intracellular interaction between selenium and cadmium."	( The protective effect of selenium inorganic forms against cadmium and silver toxicity in mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus. Gutierrez Corona, JF; Serafín Muñoz, AH; Wrobel, K, 2007)	0.34
" salivarius CECT5713 to mice had no adverse effects on mouse body weight or food intake."	( Safety assessment of the human milk-isolated probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius CECT5713. Díaz-Ropero, MP; Lara-Villoslada, F; Olivares, M; Sierra, S; Xaus, J, 2007)	0.34
" The use of antioxidants reduces the adverse effects of CsA."	( The protective effect of erdosteine against cyclosporine A-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Akcay, A; Bayrak, R; Karanfil, A; Kaya, A; Ozkara, A; Sahin, S; Selcoki, Y; Uz, B; Uz, E, 2007)	0.34
"Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element with a narrow margin between beneficial and toxic effects."	( Elemental selenium at nano size (Nano-Se) as a potential chemopreventive agent with reduced risk of selenium toxicity: comparison with se-methylselenocysteine in mice. Wang, X; Xu, T; Zhang, J, 2008)	0.35
" Erythropoietin seems to act as an anti-oxidant, diminishing the toxic oxidative effects of VCM on renal tissues."	( Novel evidence suggesting an anti-oxidant property for erythropoietin on vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat model. Aslan, C; Cetin, H; Ciris, M; Oktem, F; Olgar, S; Ozguner, F; Uz, E, 2007)	0.34
" Finally, three thresholds of Cu and Pb concentrations resulting in increasing toxicity against plants were proposed, splitting the ranges of the non toxic presence of these metals into soil (Cu<100 ppm, Pb<30 ppm), full tolerance (Cu 100-220 ppm, Pb 30-70 ppm), limited tolerance (Cu 220-650 ppm, Pb 70-200 ppm) and breakdown of tolerance (Cu>650 ppm, Pb>200 ppm)."	( Thresholds of heavy-metal toxicity in cuttings of European black poplar (Populus nigra L.) determined according to antioxidant status of fine roots and morphometrical disorders. Lorenc-Plucińska, G; Stobrawa, K, 2008)	0.35
" The results indicated that simulated solar UV radiation not only enhanced the toxicity of the different PAHs to this alga, but also changed their relative toxic strengths."	( Photo-induced toxicity of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, singly and in combination, to the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Meng, W; Wang, L; Zheng, B, 2008)	0.35
" ginseng might play a role in reducing the toxic effect of cadmium and its antioxidant properties seem to mediate such a protective effect."	( The effects of Panax ginseng and Spirulina platensis on hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium in rats. Cemek, M; Karadeniz, A; Simsek, N, 2009)	0.35
" However, it is undetectable in cultured hepatocyte monolayers in vitro at the equivalent toxic concentration in vivo."	( Investigation of rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rat hepatocytes maintained in gel entrapment culture. Cheng, X; Li, D; Meng, Q; Shen, C, 2009)	0.35
"This study examined the toxic effects of microcystins on mitochondria of liver and heart of rabbit in vivo."	( In vivo studies on the toxic effects of microcystins on mitochondrial electron transport chain and ion regulation in liver and heart of rabbit. Li, D; Li, L; Tang, R; Xie, P; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Erdosteine prevented APAP-induced liver injury and toxic side effects probably through the antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of erdosteine."	( Effects of erdosteine on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Duru, M; Helvaci, R; Kaya, H; Koc, A; Kozlu, T; Kuvandik, G; Nacar, A; Sogüt, S; Yonden, Z, 2008)	0.35
" Moreover, the role of particle properties in the toxic reaction remains to be fully understood."	( Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: the role of particle size, shape and composition. Liu, C; Xi, Z; Yang, D; Yang, H; Zhang, H, 2009)	0.35
" However, the clinical use of these drugs is limited by several adverse effects, mainly idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity."	( Involvement of oxidative stress in the hepatotoxicity induced by aromatic antiepileptic drugs. Curti, C; Martins, NM; Medina, WS; Rodrigues, MA; Santos, AC; Santos, NA, 2008)	0.35
" On the other hand, UV exposure had an adverse effect on courtship of flies."	( Phototoxic effect of UVR on wild type, ebony and yellow mutants of Drosophila melanogaster: life span, fertility, courtship and biochemical aspects. Deng, X; Du, L; Liu, R; Wang, A; Wang, Z, 2008)	0.35
" The mechanism of such adverse effects is (1) the attachment around erythrocyte change the surface native properties and ultimately lead to hemoagglutination; (2) the content leak to the outside of erythrocyte through the breakage induced by both the nano-TiO(2) trans-membrane and the oxidative stress under nano-TiO(2)."	( Nanotoxicity of TiO(2) nanoparticles to erythrocyte in vitro. Li, SQ; Sun, XY; Wang, SL; Xue, M; Yao, SD; Zhu, H; Zhu, RR, 2008)	0.35
" TCDD exposure causes a variety of adverse health effects in humans including immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenesis."	( 2,3,7,8-TCDD neurotoxicity in neuroblastoma cells is caused by increased oxidative stress, intracellular calcium levels, and tau phosphorylation. Cho, EK; Hwang, KW; Jung, WW; Kim, HS; Lee, M; Park, SY; Sul, D, 2009)	0.35
" Herein, we investigated the neuronal mitochondrial toxic effects of MDA on mitochondrial respiration and activities of enzymes (mitochondrial complexes I-V, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)), in isolated rat brain mitochondria."	( Neuronal mitochondrial toxicity of malondialdehyde: inhibitory effects on respiratory function and enzyme activities in rat brain mitochondria. Gao, H; Liu, C; Liu, J; Long, J; Sun, L, 2009)	0.63
" These results suggest that the expression of these enzymes, which are involved in the antioxidant system, may not be altered after AAP toxicity, although classical toxic changes such as depletion of GSH, hepatocellular necrosis, and increased immunostaining for iNOS and nitrotyrosine were detected."	( The effects of acute acetaminophen toxicity on hepatic mRNA expression of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and levels of peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde in rabbit. Adiguzel, K; Akgoz, M; Cigremis, Y; Karaman, M; Kart, A; Ozen, H; Turel, H, 2009)	0.55
" The present data indicate that high dose MTBE may exert a direct toxic effect on Sertoli cells."	( Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress study in cultured rat Sertoli cells with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) exposure. Gong, Y; Han, X; Huang, Y; Li, D; Liu, Q, 2009)	0.35
" Pretreatment with the lipistat significantly protected myocardium from the toxic effects of doxorubicin by reducing the elevated level of biomarker enzymes like LDH and CPK to the normal and serum lipids such as total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL back to normal."	( Cardioprotective effect of lipistat against doxorubicin induced myocardial toxicity in albino rats. Koti, BC; Thippeswamy, AH; Vishwanathswamy, AH; Wagawade, J, 2009)	0.35
" Histopathological results also suggested the hepatoprotective activity of ononitol monohydrate with no adverse effect."	( Potential hepatoprotective activity of ononitol monohydrate isolated from Cassia tora L. on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats. Agastian, P; Dhanasekaran, M; Ignacimuthu, S, 2009)	0.35
" Its toxicity has been associated with the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity, leading to the interference with the transmission of nerve impulse, accumulation of acetylcholine at synaptic junctions, and subsequent induction of adverse health effects including headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, bradycardia, and miosis."	( Malathion-induced oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Moore, PD; Tchounwou, PB; Yedjou, CG, 2010)	0.36
" Following exposure to the toxic metal, the MTT assay was performed to assess the cytotoxicity, the thiobarbituric acid test to evaluate the degree of lipid peroxidation as an indicator of oxidative stress and the alkaline comet assay was used to assess DNA damage to study genotoxicity."	( Potassium dichromate induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Barnes, C; Hackett, D; Patlolla, AK; Tchounwou, PB, 2009)	0.35
" The extract alone, rich in many antioxidant compounds, was safe and succeeded in counteracting the oxidative stress and protect against the toxicity resulting from ZEN."	( Raphanus sativus extract protects against Zearalenone induced reproductive toxicity, oxidative stress and mutagenic alterations in male Balb/c mice. Abbès, S; Abdel-Wahhab, MA; Ben Salah-Abbès, J; Oueslati, R, 2009)	0.35
" Our study provided evidence that the anorectic effect, with concurrent significant increase in relative liver mass was the most spectacular symptom of the toxic effect of hexachloronaphthalene in the rats after its single (250mg/kg) and repeated (1 and 10mg/kg) administration."	( Toxicity of hexachloronaphthalene (HxCN) and induction of CYP 1A in rats. Kilanowicz, A; Skrzypinska-Gawrysiak, M, 2010)	0.36
" Moreover, the administration of MK-801 to rats as a pretreatment resulted in a complete prevention of the QUIN-induced NAD(P)H activation, suggesting that this toxic event is completely dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor overactivation."	( NAD(P)H oxidase contributes to neurotoxicity in an excitotoxic/prooxidant model of Huntington's disease in rats: protective role of apocynin. Galván-Arzate, S; Maldonado, PD; Molina-Jijón, E; Pedraza-Chaverrí, J; Santamaría, A; Villeda-Hernández, J, 2010)	0.36
"Intraperitoneal injection of cannabis extract at low doses (total doses ranging from 40 mg to 60 mg per mouse) induced adverse effect on testes and oxidative stress."	( Testicular toxicity in cannabis extract treated mice: association with oxidative stress and role of antioxidant enzyme systems. Das, NS; Mandal, TK, 2010)	0.36
"The toxic effects of diazinon and its irradiated solutions were investigated using cultivated human blood cells (lymphocytes and erythrocytes) and skin fibroblasts."	( Toxic effects of diazinon and its photodegradation products. Colović, M; Franko, M; Joksić, G; Krstić, D; Leskovac, A; Petrović, S; Savić, J; Trebse, P; Vasić, V, 2010)	0.36
"Some evidence suggests that fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)), a worldwide toxic contaminant of grains produced by Fusarium verticillioides, exhibits an oxidative stress mediated genotoxicity."	( Subchronic mycotoxicoses in Wistar rats: assessment of the in vivo and in vitro genotoxicity induced by fumonisins and aflatoxin B(1), and oxidative stress biomarkers status. Cánepa, MC; Dambolena, JS; López, AG; Mary, VS; Rubinstein, HR; Theumer, MG, 2010)	0.36
"The clinical use of cisplatin, a potent antineoplastic agent, is limited by its severe adverse effects."	( Resveratrol protects against Cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity by alleviating oxidative damage. Han, Y; He, D; Jin, S; Qi, F; Wang, J; Zhang, Q, 2009)	0.35
"Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that induces genotoxic damage in the body."	( Royal jelly (honey bee) is a potential antioxidant against cadmium-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in albino mice. Cavuşoğlu, K; Yalçin, E; Yapar, K, 2009)	0.35
"Lead is a common environmental occupational toxic metal, known to have indirect oxidative effects."	( The effect of oral administration of Allium sativum extracts on lead nitrate induced toxicity in male mice. Kansal, L; Sharma, A; Sharma, V, 2010)	0.36
" Results showed that naphthalene was less toxic under N,P-starved condition."	( The toxicity of naphthalene to marine Chlorella vulgaris under different nutrient conditions. Kong, Q; Shen, X; Zhu, L, 2010)	0.36
" According to the detected ethanol toxic response marked by reduced cell viability, 3D cultured hepatocytes in gel entrapment were suggested to be better than 2D hepatocyte in monolayer, but the cultures in either William's Medium E or DMEM exhibited comparable sensitivity to ethanol toxicity."	( Establishment of a methodology for investigating protectants against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Meng, Q; Ruan, X; Shen, C, 2010)	0.36
"Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants, which when occurs in excess in the growth medium, becomes toxic to plants."	( Boron toxicity is alleviated by hydrogen sulfide in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings. Li, YX; Shi, L; Wang, BL; Zhang, WH, 2010)	0.36
"In this study, the toxic effect of cyclophosphamide (CP) on sperm morphology, testicular histology and blood oxidant-antioxidant balance, and protective roles of lycopene (LC) and ellagic acid (EA) were investigated."	( Toxic effect of cyclophosphamide on sperm morphology, testicular histology and blood oxidant-antioxidant balance, and protective roles of lycopene and ellagic acid. Ateşşahin, A; Ceribaşi, AO; Sakin, F; Sönmez, M; Türk, G, 2010)	0.36
" Exogenous application of proline (50 µM) resulted in substantiation of its endogenous levels that antagonised the toxic effects of Se by improving the growth of seedlings."	( Exogenous proline application reduces phytotoxic effects of selenium by minimising oxidative stress and improves growth in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings. Aggarwal, M; Bhandhari, K; Kaur, N; Kaur, R; Kaushal, N; Nayyar, H; Pathania, D; Sharma, S; Singh, K; Srivastava, A, 2011)	0.37
"Chromium, a major environmental pollutant, is known for its wide toxic manifestations."	( Effects of selenium on chromium (VI)-induced hepatotoxicity in adult rats. Ben Amara, I; Boudawara, T; Sefi, M; Soudani, N; Zeghal, N, 2011)	0.37
"A growing body of experimental evidence suggests that an intracerebral hematoma is toxic to neighboring cells."	( Accelerated hemolysis and neurotoxicity in neuron-glia-blood clot co-cultures. Chen, L; Chen-Roetling, J; Jaremko, KM; Regan, RF, 2010)	0.36
" Oxidation of the NADH-dependent substrates of respiratory Complex I is significantly more sensitive to the toxic action of TAA than oxidation of the flavoprotein-dependent substrate of Complex II."	( The toxic effect of thioacetamide on rat liver in vitro. Cervinková, Z; Endlicher, R; Kučera, O; Lotková, H; Roušar, T; Staňková, P, 2010)	0.36
"Cylophosphamide (CYCL) is a strong anticancer and immunosuppressive agent but its urotoxicity presents one of the major toxic effects that limit its wide usage particularly in high dose regimens."	( Acacia Senegal gum exudate offers protection against cyclophosphamide-induced urinary bladder cytotoxicity. Abd-Allah, AR; Al-Majed, AA; Al-Shabanah, OA; Al-Yahya, AA; Daba, MH; Gado, AM, )	0.13
"To assess the toxic effect of Cr on energy metabolism, heterotrophic Euglena gracilis was grown in a medium that prompts high yield biomass and in the presence of different Cr(VI) or Cr(III) concentrations."	( Toxic effects of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) on energy metabolism of heterotrophic Euglena gracilis. Gallardo-Pérez, JC; García, N; Jasso-Chávez, R; Lira-Silva, E; Moreno-Sánchez, R; Pacheco-Rosales, A, 2010)	0.36
" There is a paucity of information regarding toxic effect of TiO(2) nanoparticles in plants and to certain extent in humans."	( Genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles at two trophic levels: plant and human lymphocytes. Bandyopadhyay, M; Ghosh, M; Mukherjee, A, 2010)	0.36
" The use of antioxidants reduces the adverse effects of CsA."	( Effects of erdosteine on cyclosporine-A-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Bayrak, R; Delibasi, T; Ekiz, F; Erarslan, E; Koca, C; Turkcu, UO; Uz, B, 2011)	0.37
" Cardiotoxicity is a major side effect of these drugs and limit their use."	( Efficacy of melatonin, mercaptoethylguanidine and 1400W in doxorubicin- and trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity. Acikel, C; Arpaci, F; Ataergin, S; Demirbas, S; Ersoz, N; Korkmaz, A; Kurt, B; Kurt, YG; Kuzhan, O; Oter, S; Ozet, A; Ozler, M; Oztas, Y; Ozturk, B; Ozturk, M; Topal, T; Uysal, B; Yasar, M, 2011)	0.37
" There were no significant adverse effects experienced by cases in any group."	( A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a polyherbal formulation in geriatric age group: a phase IV clinical report. Banerjee, P; Das, T; Maity, S; Mazumder, S, 2011)	0.37
" This formulation is safe and compliance to the treatment was good."	( A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a polyherbal formulation in geriatric age group: a phase IV clinical report. Banerjee, P; Das, T; Maity, S; Mazumder, S, 2011)	0.37
" Interestingly, the latter changes reflected the intensity of toxic damage in whole hearts as well as in individual cells."	( Proteomic insights into chronic anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Adamcová, M; Brčáková, E; Fučíková, A; Geršl, V; Jirkovský, E; Lenčo, J; Mazurová, Y; Mičuda, S; Popelová, O; Simůnek, T; Stěrba, M; Stulík, J, 2011)	0.37
"Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that is widely distributed in the environment."	( Protective effect of quercetin on cadmium-induced oxidative toxicity on germ cells in male mice. Bu, T; Mi, Y; Zeng, W; Zhang, C, 2011)	0.37
" Previous studies have showed that short-term, high-dose FA exposure is toxic to male reproduction of mammals."	( Assessment of the potential reproductive toxicity of long-term exposure of adult male rats to low-dose formaldehyde. Wang, H; Zhang, J; Zhou, D, 2011)	0.37
" Taken collectively, these results indicate that (a) mitochondria are target organelles for fullerenols, which elicit cytotoxicity through mitochondrial failure related to the induction of the MPT, mitochondrial depolarization, and inhibition of ATP synthesis in the early stage and subsequently oxidation of GSH and protein thiols, and lipid peroxidation through oxidative stress at a later stage; and (b) the toxic effects of fullerenols may depend on the number of hydroxyl groups participating in fullerene in rat hepatocytes."	( Cytotoxic effects of hydroxylated fullerenes on isolated rat hepatocytes via mitochondrial dysfunction. Ishii, H; Nakae, D; Nakagawa, Y; Ogata, A; Suzuki, T, 2011)	0.37
" The toxic effects of Cr in terms of reduced growth, lowered contents of chlorophyll (Chl), protein, proline; increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and elevated metal uptake were ameliorated by applications of 28-HBL."	( Effect of 28-homobrassinolide on antioxidant defence system in Raphanus sativus L. under chromium toxicity. Bhardwaj, R; Pati, PK; Sharma, I, 2011)	0.58
" Reports from the literature indicate that LA is not toxic to yeast cells."	( Cell density-dependent linoleic acid toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Campos, EG; de Moraes, LM; Ferreira, TC, 2011)	0.37
" These findings suggest to the conclusion that flaxseed oil significantly decreased the adverse harmful effects of lead acetate exposure on the brain as well as Pb(+2)-induced oxidative stress."	( Effects of flaxseed oil on lead acetate-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Abdel Moneim, AE; Al-Quraishy, S; Dkhil, MA, 2011)	0.37
" Increases in liver/body weight ratios and pathological changes in mouse liver showed adverse effects at the organ level."	( Toxicity of cyanobacterial bloom extracts from Taihu Lake on mouse, Mus musculus. Cui, Y; Fang, H; Kong, Z; Li, D; Li, M; Li, W; Liu, Z, 2011)	0.37
" Many recently published studies have indicated that human exposure to OPI may be associated with neurologic, hematopoietic, cardiovascular, and reproductive adverse effects."	( Involvement of oxidative stress in methyl parathion and parathion-induced toxicity and genotoxicity to human liver carcinoma (HepG₂) cells. Edwards, FL; Tchounwou, PB; Yedjou, CG, 2013)	0.39
"Cisplatin (CDDP), one of the most active cytotoxic agents against cancer, has adverse side effects, such as nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity."	( Pomegranate seed extract attenuates chemotherapy-induced acute nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. Akkoyun, HT; Cayır, K; Kara, A; Karadeniz, A; Karakuş, E; Sengül, E; Simşek, N; Yıldırım, S, 2011)	0.37
" The aim was to assess whether non-alcoholic steatosis sensitizes rat liver to acute toxic effect of acetaminophen."	( Susceptibility of rat non-alcoholic fatty liver to the acute toxic effect of acetaminophen. Cervinková, Z; Haňáčková, L; Kučera, O; Lotková, H; Podhola, M; Roušar, T; Staňková, P, 2012)	0.38
"Liver from rats fed HFGD is more susceptible to acute toxic effect of acetaminophen, compared to non-steatotic liver."	( Susceptibility of rat non-alcoholic fatty liver to the acute toxic effect of acetaminophen. Cervinková, Z; Haňáčková, L; Kučera, O; Lotková, H; Podhola, M; Roušar, T; Staňková, P, 2012)	0.38
" The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the toxic effects on acute liver injury in mice of the two kaurene glycosides (atractyloside and carbxyatractyloside), which are main toxic constituents isolated from Fructus Xanthii on acute liver injury in mice."	( Hepatotoxicity of kaurene glycosides from Xanthium strumarium L. fruits in mice. Han, P; Han, T; Huang, BK; Ming, QL; Peng, W; Qin, LP; Wang, Y; Xue, LM; Zhang, H; Zhang, QY, 2011)	0.37
" These results indicate that the carnitine and copper combination may prevent the possible adverse effects of high dietary copper on performance and lipid peroxidation in hens."	( Carnitine supplementation modulates high dietary copper-induced oxidative toxicity and reduced performance in laying hens. Çakır, L; Çetin, E; Güçlü, BK; Kanbur, M; Kara, K, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of the present work was to clarify the involvement of free radicals, cytochrome P450 toxic metabolites, and deregulation of calcium homeostasis in the mechanism of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) hepatotoxicity."	( The protective effects of ascorbic acid, cimetidine, and nifedipine on diethyldithiocarbamate-induced hepatic toxicity in albino rats. Badawy, MM; Gaafa, KM; Hamza, AA, 2011)	0.37
" DMF exposure may induce adverse effects on liver, but few studies showed damage to heart after exposure to DMF."	( Liver and heart toxicity due to 90-day oral exposure of ICR mice to N,N-dimethylformamide. Daojun, C; Rui, D; Yongjian, Y, 2011)	0.37
"Because of the widespread use of pesticides for domestic and industrial applications, the evaluation of their toxic effects is of major concern to public health."	( Genotoxicity associated with oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of mice exposed to dimethoate subchronic intoxication. Ayed-Boussema, I; Bacha, H; Mnasri, N; Moussa, A; Rjiba, K, 2012)	0.38
" To further investigate the toxic effects of cypermethrin on fish, acridine orange (AO) staining was performed at 400 μg L⁻¹ cypermethrin and the result showed notable signs of apoptosis mainly in the nervous system."	( Developmental toxicity of cypermethrin in embryo-larval stages of zebrafish. Di, J; Gu, A; Hu, F; Ji, G; Jin, J; Li, Y; Long, Y; Lu, C; Shi, X; Song, L; Wang, S; Wang, X; Xia, Y, 2011)	0.37
"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) constituents, such as phenanthrene (PH) and anthracene (AN), are considered toxic for marine organisms, including bivalve mollusks."	( Generation of free radicals in haemocytes of mussels after exposure to low molecular weight PAH components: immune activation, oxidative and genotoxic effects. Dailianis, S; Giannapas, M; Karnis, L, 2012)	0.38
"Nephrotoxicity is an important side-effect of treatment with Methotrexate (MTX)."	( Protective effect of pentoxyfilline in renal toxicity after methotrexate administration. Asl, NA; Asvadi, A; Asvadi, I; Hajipour, B; Khodadadi, A; Roshangar, L, 2011)	0.37
" Toxic minerals such as arsenic and lead are the two most important components of BDSJS."	( [Attenuation effects of compatible medicines on arsenical and lead toxicity of badu shengji san]. Gao, J; He, R; Li, J; Lu, Y; Peng, B, 2011)	0.37
"As a highly toxic environmental pollutant, methylmercury (MeHg) can cause neurotoxicity in animals and humans."	( Effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts on methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Deng, Y; Liu, W; Wei, Y; Xu, B; Xu, Z; Yang, H, 2012)	0.38
" In addition, the pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, antioxidant enzyme activities catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined to evaluate the different toxic effects."	( Enantioselective toxic effects and biodegradation of benalaxyl in Scenedesmus obliquus. Diao, J; Huang, L; Lu, D; Zhou, Z, 2012)	0.58
" Disruption of pro- and antioxidant balance should be considered as a potential mechanism of the observed Pb adverse effects, leading to the impaired learning ability caused by Pb exposure in children."	( Disrupted pro- and antioxidative balance as a mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by perinatal exposure to lead. Baranowska-Bosiacka, I; Chlubek, D; Dziedziejko, V; Gutowska, I; Kolasa, A; Kurzawski, M; Marchetti, C; Marchlewicz, M; Nowacki, P; Olszewska, M; Rybicka, M; Safranow, K; Wiszniewska, B, 2012)	0.38
" Furthermore, this research indicated that TP pretreatment significantly mitigated the toxic effects of MeHg."	( Excitotoxicity and oxidative damages induced by methylmercury in rat cerebral cortex and the protective effects of tea polyphenols. Deng, Y; Feng, S; Liu, W; Wei, Y; Xu, B; Xu, Z; Yang, H, 2014)	0.4
" However, these toxic effects of zinc were significantly reduced when the rats fed diet with supplement of taurine."	( Dietary taurine reduces zinc-induced toxicity in male Wistar rats. Hsieh, YL; Hwang, DF; Lee, YT; Yeh, YH, 2011)	0.37
" Overall, the present study shows that the administration of ME ameliorates the antioxidant status as well as protects against the toxic effects of ethanol in rats, thereby suggesting its use as an effective botanical supplement for hepatoprotection."	( Amelioration of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats by Acorus calamus. Ilaiyaraja, N; Khanum, F, 2011)	0.37
" Dangfei Liganning capsules potentially decrease this toxic susceptibility and alleviate liver injury in non-alcoholic fatty liver."	( Dangfei liganning capsules attenuate the susceptibility of rat nonalcoholic fatty liver to carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Ge, YL; Ji, G; Li, DF; Liu, P; Liu, T; Mao, ZM; Song, HY; Yang, LL; Zhang, L; Zhang, XQ; Zheng, PY, 2011)	0.37
" In the present study, the toxic effects of PCDPSs were assessed after acute and subacute exposure in mice."	( Acute and subacute oral toxicity of polychlorinated diphenyl sulfides in mice: determining LD50 and assessing the status of hepatic oxidative stress. Chen, B; Li, Y; Liu, F; Wang, Z; Zhang, X, 2012)	0.38
"Formesafen is a diphenyl ether herbicide that has adverse effects on non-target animals."	( Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the earthworm Eisenia fetida induced by low doses of fomesafen. Han, Y; Wang, J; Xie, H; Yang, J; Zhang, Q; Zhu, L, 2013)	0.39
" While inhalation of nanoparticles causes pulmonary damage, nano-SiO(2) can be transported into the blood and deposit in target organs where they exert potential toxic effects."	( Implication of oxidative stress in size-dependent toxicity of silica nanoparticles in kidney cells. L'azou, B; Morille, M; Passagne, I; Pujalté, I; Rousset, M, 2012)	0.38
" In particular, our results indicate that Penta- and Hexa-CDPSs may act as highly toxic contaminants that exhibit striking enzymatic inhibitory activity."	( Hepatic antioxidative responses to PCDPSs and estimated short-term biotoxicity in freshwater fish. Li, M; Li, Y; Shi, J; Wang, Z; Yang, X, 2012)	0.38
" We investigated the hypothesis that BPA, below the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), can induce hepatic damage and mitochondrial dysfunction by increasing oxidative stress in the liver."	( Bisphenol A impairs mitochondrial function in the liver at doses below the no observed adverse effect level. Ann, HY; Cho, BJ; Jang, HC; Jung, IK; Kim, MJ; Kim, SH; Koo, YD; Lee, KJ; Moon, MK; Park, KS; Park, YJ; Yoon, YC, 2012)	0.38
" In the present study, 48-h paper contact and 28-day spiked soil tests were conducted to examine the toxic effects of TCS on the antioxidative and genetic indices of earthworms (Eisenia fetida)."	( Biochemical and genotoxic effect of triclosan on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) using contact and soil tests. Lin, D; Liu, Y; Xie, X; Zhou, Q, 2012)	0.38
" However, severe toxicity limits their application and the toxic mechanism is still unclear."	( Oxidative stress in di-n-butyl-di-(4-chlorobenzohydroxamato)tin (IV)-induced hepatotoxicity determined by proteomic profiles. Ge, R; Li, QS; Li, YL; Tang, L, 2012)	0.38
"The authors investigated the toxic effects of simazine on mice spleen immune cells and the underlying mechanisms."	( Oral exposure to the herbicide simazine induces mouse spleen immunotoxicity and immune cell apoptosis. Ren, R; Sun, DJ; Wu, YP; Yan, H; Zhang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Edaravone effectively protected against CNS-OT and the adverse effects of PFC."	( Perfluorocarbon-facilitated CNS oxygen toxicity in rats: reversal by edaravone. Cai, Z; Li, R; Liu, S; Ni, X; Quock, RM; Sun, X; Xu, W; Zhang, R, 2012)	0.38
" (MO) extracts and its curative role in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced toxic liver injury in rats caused by oxidative damage."	( Moringa oleifera hydroethanolic extracts effectively alleviate acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats through their antioxidant nature. Arulselvan, P; Fakurazi, S; Sharifudin, SA, 2012)	0.38
"Cyclosporine (CsA), an important agent used in organ transplantation to prevent rejection, displays nephrotoxicity as the most important side effect limiting usage."	( Cilostazol and diltiazem attenuate cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Altınoren, O; Bulbuloglu, E; Coskuner, I; Gokce, M; Kale, IT; Kutlucan, M; Oksuz, H; Silay, E; Yormaz, S; Yuzbasioglu, MF, )	0.13
" An important side-effect of CDDP is nephrotoxicity."	( Protective effect of cactus cladode extract against cisplatin induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity and apoptosis in balb/c mice: combination with phytochemical composition. Ayed, Y; Bacha, H; Bouaziz, C; Brahmi, D; Hfaiedh, M; Mansour, HB; Zourgui, L, 2012)	0.38
" We observed that 150- and 500SiO₂-NP exerted no toxic effects on Calu-3 cells."	( Mechanisms of toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles on human lung submucosal cells in vitro: protective effects of fisetin. Corbalan, JJ; Inkielewicz-Stępniak, I; McCarthy, J; Radomski, MW, 2012)	0.38
"The present paper first time reports the role of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) in mitigating the adverse effects of Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a broad spectrum organophosphate insecticide by regulating the antioxidant defence system in an elite indica rice variety Pusa Basmati-1."	( Mitigation of adverse effects of chlorpyrifos by 24-epibrassinolide and analysis of stress markers in a rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. Bhardwaj, R; Pati, PK; Sharma, I, 2012)	0.38
"Fly ash from industrial waste incinerators has been a significant concern because of their constituent toxic heavy metals and organic compounds."	( Subacute inhalation toxicity assessment of fly ash from industrial waste incinerators. Kim, P; Oh, E; Ryu, T; Shim, I; Soh, J; Sul, D; Yang, S, 2012)	0.38
" Besides, SOD, CAT and MDA levels displayed different variation trend following the prolonged duration, implying that dye metabolism generated less toxic or more active substance."	( Toxicity assessment on three direct dyes (D-BLL, D-GLN, D-3RNL) using oxidative stress bioassay and quantum parameter calculation. Feng, MB; Li, Y; Liu, F; Qu, RJ; Shi, JQ; Wang, M; Wang, ZY, 2012)	0.38
"This study aims to demonstrate that microcystin-LR (MC-LR) has toxic effects on the reproductive system of male Rana nigromaculata in vitro."	( Toxic effects of microcystin-LR on the reproductive system of male Rana nigromaculata in vitro. Cai, C; Han, L; Jia, X; Shou, X; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wu, Y; Ye, B; Zhang, H, 2013)	0.39
"Cardiotoxicity and oxidative stress is a life-threatening side effect of doxorubicin (DOX)."	( Is short-term exercise a therapeutic tool for improvement of cardioprotection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity? An experimental controlled protocol in rats. Ashraf, J; Roshan, VD, 2012)	0.38
" NS 1 g/kg proved safe, no adverse effects; no histopathological or biological abnormalities were seen."	( A study of the effect of Nigella sativa (Black seeds) in isoniazid (INH)-induced hepatotoxicity in rabbits. Ahmed, JH; Al-Haroon, SS; Hassan, AS, )	0.13
" As a sink for lipophilic pollutants, vegetation is very important for the degradation and fate of organic contamination; however, little was known about their phytotoxicity and mechanisms of toxic effect."	( Stereoselective phytotoxicity of HCH mediated by photosynthetic and antioxidant defense systems in Arabidopsis thaliana. Liu, W; Qian, H; Zhang, Q; Zhao, M; Zhou, C, 2013)	0.39
" Meanwhile, results from both systems showed that δ-HCH was the most toxic one, while α-HCH the least in Arabidopsis thaliana."	( Stereoselective phytotoxicity of HCH mediated by photosynthetic and antioxidant defense systems in Arabidopsis thaliana. Liu, W; Qian, H; Zhang, Q; Zhao, M; Zhou, C, 2013)	0.39
" However, its clinical uses are limited due to its dose-dependent adverse effects particularly cardiac and testicular toxicities."	( Protective role of atorvastatin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and testicular toxicity in mice. Jena, GB; Kushwaha, S; Ramanjaneyulu, SV; Trivedi, PP; Vikram, A, 2013)	0.39
" However, there is little known about its adverse effects, in particular those related to its genotoxicity in humans."	( Exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, increases reactive oxygen species production and induces genotoxicity in rat peripheral blood. Fakhfakh, F; Feki, A; Fetoui, H; Gdoura, R; Kamoun, H; Salah, GB, 2015)	0.42
" The beverages were well-tolerated with no adverse effects."	( Biosafety and antioxidant effects of a beverage containing silymarin and arginine. A pilot, human intervention cross-over trial. Šimánek, V; Stuchlík, M; Ulrichová, J; Vacek, J; Valentová, K; Vidlář, A; Zatloukalová, M, 2013)	0.39
" Pre-treatment with vitamin E (600 μM) caused a significant attenuation in the toxic effect; reversing subsequent PFF-induced elevation of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, further strengthening the involvement of oxidative stress in PFF-mediated toxicity."	( Enantiomer-specific profenofos-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage mediated by oxidative stress in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Lu, X; Yu, C, 2014)	0.6
" Nevertheless, animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that nephrotoxicity is the major adverse effect limiting the prolonged CsA therapeutic use."	( Sildenafil protects against nitric oxide deficiency-related nephrotoxicity in cyclosporine A treated rats. Abdel-latif, RG; El-Moselhy, MA; Khalifa, MA; Morsy, MA, 2013)	0.39
" No adverse effects were observed."	( Clinical study to assess the efficacy and safety of a citrus polyphenolic extract of red orange, grapefruit, and orange (Sinetrol-XPur) on weight management and metabolic parameters in healthy overweight individuals. Caillard, P; Cloarec, M; Dallas, C; Elbez, Y; Gerbi, A; Zamaria, N, 2014)	0.4
" Although adverse health effects have been reported, long-term exposure to low-level VOCs mixture has not been studied."	( Oxidative damage and genotoxic effect in mice caused by sub-chronic exposure to low-dose volatile organic compounds. Jin, Y; Li, C; Liu, W; Wang, F, 2013)	0.39
" In the first part we showed that malathion exert its toxic effect on growth (biomass) via."	( Exogenous osmolytes suppresses the toxic effects of malathion on Anabaena variabilis. Bano, F; Fatma, T; Habib, K; Ningthoujam, M; Zutshi, S, 2013)	0.39
"Long-term excessive fluoride intake is known to be toxic and can damage a variety of organs and tissues in the human body."	( Fluoride-elicited developmental testicular toxicity in rats: roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory response. Chen, Y; Cui, Y; Gao, H; Guan, Z; Jiang, C; Lei, R; Liu, H; Wang, A; Wang, Z; Wu, X; Xia, T; Yang, L; Yu, L; Zeng, Q; Zhang, C; Zhang, S; Zhang, X, 2013)	0.39
" The exponential increase in the ENP containing consumer products in the last 5 years has also increased their inadvertent release in the environment and a debate towards their adverse effects to the human and environment health."	( Methods for detection of oxidative stress and genotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles. Dhawan, A; Kumar, A; Sharma, V, 2013)	0.39
" Rats in the experimental group were exposed to 100 and 500 μT ELF-MF (2 h/day, 7 days/week, for 10 months) corresponding to exposure levels that are considered safe for humans."	( Can safe and long-term exposure to extremely low frequency (50 Hz) magnetic fields affect apoptosis, reproduction, and oxidative stress? Akdag, MZ; Akşen, F; Çelik, N; Dasdag, S; Oral, AY; Ulukaya, E; Uzunlar, AK, 2013)	0.39
" However, its clinical use is associated with the toxic effects in numerous healthy tissues."	( Pretreatment hepatoprotective effect of regular aerobic training against hepatic toxicity induced by Doxorubicin in rats. Roshan, VD; Zolfagharzadeh, F, 2013)	0.39
" The toxic effects of IFOS were analyzed by oxidative parameters and caspase 3 immunohistochemical examinations of brain tissue."	( Effect of alpha lipoic acid on ifosfamide-induced central neurotoxicity in rats. Albayrak, A; Bilen, S; Fadillioglu, E; Ginis, Z; Kurt, SN; Ozturk, G, 2014)	0.4
" Histological examinations revealed that SP2 was more potent than SP1 in protecting the liver from toxic injury of CCl4 and preserving the hepatocyte ultrastructure."	( Protective effect of Spirulina platensis enriched in phenolic compounds against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4. Bayat, N; Çelik, A; Kepekçi, RA; Polat, S; Saygideger, SD, 2013)	0.39
" Mercury is a toxic heavy metal released into the environment."	( Assessment of mercury chloride-induced toxicity and the relevance of P2X7 receptor activation in zebrafish larvae. Battastini, AM; Bogo, MR; Bonan, CD; Campos, MM; Cruz, FF; Leite, CE; Morrone, FB; Pereira, TC, 2013)	0.39
" Taken collectively, these results indicate that pretreatment with NAC ameliorates (a) mitochondrial dysfunction linked to the depletion of ATP, MMP, and mitochondrial GSH level and (b) induction of oxidative stress assessed by reactive oxygen species generation, losses of intracellular GSH and protein thiol levels, and MDA formation caused by C60(OH)24, suggesting that the onset of toxic effects is at least partially attributable to a thiol redox-state imbalance as well as mitochondrial dysfunction related to oxidative phosphorylation."	( Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on target sites of hydroxylated fullerene-induced cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Inomata, A; Nakae, D; Nakagawa, Y; Nakajima, K; Ogata, A; Suzuki, T, 2014)	0.4
" NAC reduced the adverse effects of α-CYP on lung tissues and improved the histological architecture of lung since it showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects on lung tissues."	( Ameliorative effect of N-acetyl cysteine on alpha-cypermethrin-induced pulmonary toxicity in male rats. Arafa, MH; Atteia, HH; Mohamed, DA, 2015)	0.42
" However, the toxic effects of As on photosynthesis were significantly ameliorated by SNP."	( Nitric oxide alleviates arsenic-induced toxic effects in ridged Luffa seedlings. Prasad, SM; Singh, VP; Srivastava, PK, 2013)	0.39
"Thallium(I) is a highly toxic heavy metal; however, up to now, its mechanisms are poorly understood."	( Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: the role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Aslani, M; Eskandari, MR; Hosseini, MJ; Mashayekhi, V, 2015)	0.42
"The herbicide itself and the degradation products are highly toxic on biological systems."	( The effects of resveratrol against trifluralin toxicity in the urinary tract of rats. Denek, Z; Erbil, G; Micili, SC; Ozbal, S; Ozogul, C, 2016)	0.43
" Administration of melatonin reduced the toxic effects of trazodone in isolated rat hepatocytes."	( Mechanisms of trazodone-induced cytotoxicity and the protective effects of melatonin and/or taurine toward freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Eghbal, MA; Sattari, MR; Taziki, S, 2013)	0.39
" These results indicated CS/CMCS-NPs were highly efficient and safe as an oral delivery system for DOX."	( Chitosan/o-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for efficient and safe oral anticancer drug delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Chen, X; Cheng, X; Feng, C; Jiang, C; Kong, M; Li, Y; Wang, Z; Zhou, X, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of DON in chicken embryo fibroblast DF-1 cells."	( Evaluation of deoxynivalenol-induced toxic effects on DF-1 cells in vitro: cell-cycle arrest, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Deng, L; Deng, X; Fan, X; Li, D; Li, Y; Lin, S; Ma, Y; Yan, H; Ye, Y; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
"To study the toxic effects of phthalate esters on the aquatic creatures, carps were exposed to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) of six different concentrations for 96 h-LC50 measurements."	( Toxicity of phthalate esters exposure to carp (Cyprinus carpio) and antioxidant response by biomarker. Gao, Y; Qi, M; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
" It has diverse adverse effects such as cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity which restrict its wide and extensive clinical usage."	( Mitigation of 5-Fluorouracil induced renal toxicity by chrysin via targeting oxidative stress and apoptosis in wistar rats. Ali, N; Hasan, SK; Nafees, S; Rashid, S; Sultana, S, 2014)	0.4
" Evidences suggest that ROS is involved in nephrotoxicity through frequent exposure to industrial toxic agents such as thioacetamide (TAA)."	( Effect of oral administration of ethanolic extract of Vitex negundo on thioacetamide-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Abdulla, MA; Kadir, FA; Kassim, NM; Yehye, WA, 2013)	0.39
"The toxic effects of abamectin (ABM), an anthelmintic drug, on the snail, Physa Acuta, and the biochemical responses to the exposure stress were evaluated."	( Biochemical responses to the toxicity of the biocide abamectin on the freshwater snail Physa acuta. Li, X; Li, Y; Ma, J; Zhou, C, 2014)	0.4
"The use of cisplatin, the first of the platinum-containing anti-cancer drugs, is limited by the development of a myriad of adverse reactions, including nephrotoxicity."	( Evaluation of renal protective effects of inhibiting TGF-β type I receptor in a cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity model. Al-Gayyar, MM; Bayomi, HS; El-Gayar, AM; Elsherbiny, NM, )	0.13
"The anticancer drug; doxorubicin (DOX), causes testicular toxicity as an adverse effect."	( Protective mechanisms of coenzyme-Q10 may involve up-regulation of testicular P-glycoprotein in doxorubicin-induced toxicity. El-Sheikh, AA; Mahmoud, MM; Morsy, MA; Rifaai, RA, 2014)	0.4
"The toxic effects of paclitaxel (PTX) and its solubilizing agent cremophor EL (CREL) have been well established in vitro; however, the in vivo mechanisms underlying this toxicity remain unclear."	( Systemic toxicity induced by paclitaxel in vivo is associated with the solvent cremophor EL through oxidative stress-driven mechanisms. Campos, FC; Cecchini, AL; Cecchini, R; Martins-Pinge, MC; Panis, C; Victorino, VJ, 2014)	0.4
"Copper (Cu) is one of the most toxic metals in phytoplankton but the toxicity mechanisms of this metal are still not fully understood."	( Copper toxicity to Phaeodactylum tricornutum: a survey of the sensitivity of various toxicity endpoints at the physiological, biochemical, molecular and structural levels. Fu, Z; Lavoie, M; Qian, H; Wang, J; Wei, Y; Zhu, N, 2014)	0.4
" Pretreatment with MEPh was associated with significant reduction in the toxic effects of Cd as shown by reduced testicular levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and caspase-3 expression and increased glutathione content, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and testosterone were also increased."	( Effect of Physalis peruviana L. on cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Abdel Moneim, AE; Nada, A; Othman, MS; Zaki, HS, 2014)	0.61
" The malondialdehyde levels indicated that smaller γ-Al2O3 (5 nm) NPs were more toxic than larger γ-Al2O3 (0."	( Evaluation of alpha and gamma aluminum oxide nanoparticle accumulation, toxicity, and depuration in Artemia salina larvae. Arslan, Z; Ates, M; Bogatu, C; Daniels, J; Demir, V; Farah, IO, 2015)	0.93
" These results indicate that sub-lethal even non-lethal spirotetramat are potentially toxic to amphibians."	( Effects of spirotetramat on the acute toxicity, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in Chinese toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans) tadpoles. Jiang, S; Mao, C; Wu, H; Yin, X; Yu, J; Zhu, G, 2014)	0.4
"Dietary and waterborne exposure to copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) was conducted using a simplified model of an aquatic food chain consisting of zooplankton (Artemia salina) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) to determine bioaccumulation, toxic effects, and particle transport through trophic levels."	( Accumulation and toxicity of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles through waterborne and dietary exposure of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Arslan, Z; Ates, M; Daniels, J; Demir, V; Farah, IO, 2015)	0.42
"Liver is a vital organ for the detoxification of toxic substances present in the body and hepatic injury is associated with excessive exposure to toxicants."	( Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rat is reversed by treatment with riboflavin. Ahmad, SF; Al-Harbi, MM; Al-Harbi, NO; Imam, F; Iqbal, M; Nadeem, A, 2014)	0.4
" However, it is highly toxic when the dosage surpasses the detoxification capability of an exposed organism, with involvement of an already described oxidative stress pathway."	( Biochemical and standard toxic effects of acetaminophen on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba. Antunes, SC; Gonçalves, F; Martins, L; Nunes, B; Pinto, G, 2014)	0.4
" Further, a parallel increase in abnormal sperm morphology and adverse histopathological changes in testis was also associated with vanadium administration when compared to normal control."	( Protective effect of alpha glucosyl hesperidin (G-hesperidin) on chronic vanadium induced testicular toxicity and sperm nuclear DNA damage in male Sprague Dawley rats. Annapurna, A; Jaya Prakash, G; Krishna, KM; Madan, K; Rama Raju, GA; Ravi Krishna, CH; Sivanarayana, T; Vijaya Bharathi, B, 2015)	0.42
"We aimed to investigate of protective role of proanthocyanidin (PA) and vitamin E (vit E) against to toxic effect of formaldehyde (FA)."	( Investigation of the protective effects of proanthocyanidin and vitamin E against the toxic effect caused by formaldehyde on the liver tissue. Bakar, E; Cerkezkayabekir, A; Ulucam, E, 2015)	0.42
"0% CO exposure indicates the impairment of xenobiotic metabolism and possible accumulation of toxic ingredients of the seeds in liver."	( Hepatic transcriptional analysis in rats treated with Cassia occidentalis seed: involvement of oxidative stress and impairment in xenobiotic metabolism as a putative mechanism of toxicity. Ansari, KM; Chaturvedi, RK; Das, M; Panigrahi, GK; Raisuddin, S; Vashistha, VM; Yadav, A, 2014)	0.4
" However, exogenous GSH appeared to limit the toxic effects of isoproturon and seemed to overcome this stress status."	( Alleviation of isoproturon toxicity to wheat by exogenous application of glutathione. Hassan, NM; Nemat Alla, MM, 2014)	0.4
"Formaldehyde (FA) is an economically important chemical, and has been found to cause various types of toxic damage to the body."	( Inhaled formaldehyde induces bone marrow toxicity via oxidative stress in exposed mice. Liu, Y; Song, XF; Sun, ZW; Yu, GY, 2014)	0.4
"3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) cause multiple adverse effects in organisms including animals and humans."	( Developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, and related gene expression induced by dioxin-like PCB 126 in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chen, JJ; Gooneratne, R; Ju, XH; Lin, HY; Liu, H; Ma, Y; Nie, FH, 2016)	0.43
" Nevertheless, little is known about the potential adverse effects of HA NPs on normal hepatocytes and the liver."	( Hepatotoxicity and liver injury induced by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Chen, Q; Sun, J; Xue, Y, 2014)	0.4
" In behavior test it showed that there was an adverse effect on rats in the B(a)P -group."	( Adverse effect of sub-chronic exposure to benzo(a)pyrene and protective effect of butylated hydroxyanisole on learning and memory ability in male Sprague-Dawley rat. Cao, X; Cheng, S; Duan, L; Liang, X; Luo, L; Tang, Y; Tu, B, 2014)	0.4
"The liver is an important organ for its ability to transform xenobiotics, making the liver tissue a prime target for toxic substances."	( Protective effect of bixin on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Guelfi, M; Maioli, MA; Medeiros, HC; Mingatto, FE; Moreira, PR; Pereira, FT, 2014)	0.4
" Salicylic acid (SA) has been shown to ameliorate the adverse effects of environmental stress on plants."	( Salicylic acid alleviates the adverse effects of salt stress in Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii seedlings by activating photosynthesis and enhancing antioxidant systems. Du, X; Hu, Y; Li, T; Shen, C; Tang, H; Wu, J, 2014)	0.4
" Previous studies have reported an increased generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the toxic mechanism of VPA."	( Edaravone ameliorates the adverse effects of valproic acid toxicity in small intestine. Alev, B; Emekli-Alturfan, E; Koc-Ozturk, L; Oktay, S; Tunali, S; Tunali-Akbay, T; Yanardag, R; Yarat, A, 2015)	0.42
" We have shown that acute exposure to nZnO is toxic to white suckers and that ENMs have the potential to negatively impact cardiorespiratory function in adult fish."	( Cardiorespiratory toxicity of environmentally relevant zinc oxide nanoparticles in the freshwater fish Catostomus commersonii. Bessemer, RA; Butler, KM; Callaghan, NI; Currie, S; Dieni, CA; MacCormack, TJ; Rundle, A; Tunnah, L, 2015)	0.42
" chrysosporium, but also offer important informations on the development of fungal-based remediation technologies to reduce the toxic effects of lead."	( The oxidative stress of Phanerochaete chrysosporium against lead toxicity. He, X; He, Y; Huang, C; Huang, D; Lai, C; Lai, M; Li, N; Wan, J; Wei, Z; Xu, P; Zeng, G, 2015)	0.42
"This study was performed to assess the individual and combined toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) within the liver of mice."	( Hepatotoxic effects of mycotoxin combinations in mice. Krumm, CS; Lei, MY; Qi, DS; Sun, LH; Zhang, NY; Zhao, L, 2014)	0.4
" It was concluded that under experimental conditions, SAS induced obvious toxic effects but did cause any genotoxicity following intratracheal instillation and intravenous injection."	( Genotoxicity of synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles in rats following short-term exposure. Part 2: intratracheal instillation and intravenous injection. Binet, S; Darne, C; Fessard, V; Fontana, C; Gaté, L; Guichard, Y; Langlais, C; Maire, MA; Micillino, JC; Roszak, J; Sébillaud, S; Stępnik, M, 2015)	0.42
" We investigated the toxic effects of ethylbenzene on liver and explored the mechanism of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway."	( Roles of oxidative damage and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in ethylbenzene-induced hepatotoxic effects in rat. Gu, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, D; Zhang, J; Zhang, M, 2015)	0.42
" EF is a toxic drug and causes hepatotoxicity in humans."	( Toxicity of Evodiae fructus on rat liver mitochondria: the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial permeability transition. Cai, Q; Li, W; Shi, S; Wang, Q; Wei, J; Wei, R; Zhang, Y; Zhao, W, 2014)	0.4
" Studies showed that Cd, in a dose-dependent manner, induced toxic effects in IPRL models, and these effects were associated with aminotransferase activity and lipid peroxidation."	( Protective effect of magnesium and selenium on cadmium toxicity in the isolated perfused rat liver system. Ghaffarian-Bahraman, A; Ghazi-Khansari, M; Jafari, A; Shahroozian, I, 2014)	0.4
"Although primary toxic action of organophosphorous insecticides is associated with acetylcholinesterase inhibition, later studies suggest that oxidative stress may be responsible for induced organophosphates toxicity."	( In vitro evaluation of neurotoxicity potential and oxidative stress responses of diazinon and its degradation products in rat brain synaptosomes. Avramović, NS; Čolović, MB; Djurić, DM; Gajić, MM; Krstić, DZ; Vasić, VM, 2015)	0.42
"Cardiotoxicity is a well-recognized side effect induced by chemotherapeutic drugs such as anthracycline and trastuzumab through different mechanisms."	( Cardiac protective effects of dexrazoxane on animal cardiotoxicity model induced by anthracycline combined with trastuzumab is associated with upregulation of calpain-2. Liu, J; Meng, T; Zhang, J; Zhang, S; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
"Pesticide research traditionally has focused on compounds with high acute toxicity or persistence, but the adverse sublethal effects of pesticides with different properties also may have important consequences on exposed wildlife."	( Adverse effects of thiram-treated seed ingestion on the reproductive performance and the offspring immune function of the red-legged partridge. Camarero, PR; García-de Blas, E; Lopez-Antia, A; Mateo, R; Mougeot, F; Ortiz-Santaliestra, ME, 2015)	0.42
" Fish treated with selenium and/or α-toc (groups III-V) showed an amelioration of the adverse effects of lead toxicity and significant improvement in serum electrolytes (calcium, inorganic phosphate, and magnesium) and creatinine level compared with the positive control group (P ≤ 0."	( Nephroprotective and antioxidant significance of selenium and α-tocopherol on lead acetate-induced toxicity of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). El-Murr, A; Elgaml, SA; Hashish, EA; Khalil, R, 2015)	0.42
"Peripheral neurotoxicity is a frequent dose-limiting side effect of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin."	( The preventive effect of oxytocin to Cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity: an experimental rat model. Akman, L; Akman, T; Erbas, O; Ozsaran, A; Taskiran, D; Terek, MC, 2015)	0.42
" However, data on their possible combined toxic effects on aquatic organisms are still lacking."	( Evaluation of single and joint toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and copper to Carassius auratus using oxidative stress biomarkers. Feng, M; He, Q; Meng, L; Sun, P; Wang, Z; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
"Heavy metals are known to be toxic to organisms."	( Nephrotoxic effects of lead nitrate exposure in diabetic and nondiabetic rats: Involvement of oxidative stress and the protective role of sodium selenite. Baş, H; Kalender, Y, 2016)	0.43
"Cyclophosphamide (CP) has a range of adverse effects on liver tissue in humans and animals."	( Chemoprotective effect of vitamin E in cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Akoz, M; Balcı, T; Çetinkaya, S; Cuce, G; Esen, HH; Kalkan, S; Koc, T; Limandal, C, 2015)	0.42
"The individual toxic effects of aluminum and acrylamide are known but there is no data on their combined effects."	( Co-exposure to aluminum and acrylamide disturbs expression of metallothionein, proinflammatory cytokines and induces genotoxicity: Biochemical and histopathological changes in the kidney of adult rats. Boudawara, T; Ellouze Chaabouni, S; Fendri, N; Ghorbel, I; Jamoussi, K; Maktouf, S; Zeghal, N, 2016)	0.43
" Toxic effects of As(V) on photochemistry of photosystem II (PS II) were ameliorated by an exogenous application of Pro."	( Exogenous proline application ameliorates toxic effects of arsenate in Solanum melongena L. seedlings. Dubey, G; Mohan Prasad, S; Pratap Singh, V; Singh, M, 2015)	0.42
" Our study reported that at no toxic effect concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (5 mg/L), the toxicity of Cu ions to the algae Microcystis aeruginosa was significantly attenuated by TiO2 nanoparticles."	( The reduced bioavailability of copper by nano-TiO₂ attenuates the toxicity to Microcystis aeruginosa. Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Li, H; Qian, Y; Zhao, M, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, we reported that bromadiolone was toxic to earthworms at 1mg/kg soil, which is a likely concentration in the field following application of bromadiolone baits."	( Toxicity and bioaccumulation of bromadiolone to earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ji, L; Liu, J; Xiong, K; Yang, Y; Ye, X; Zhang, J, 2015)	0.42
"Arsenic (As) is a widely distributed trace element which is known to be associated with numerous adverse effects on human beings and animals."	( The Role of Oxidative Stress in Gastrointestinal Tract Tissues Induced by Arsenic Toxicity in Cocks. Guo, G; Guo, Y; Hu, Z; Tian, L; Xing, M; Zhang, K; Zhang, W; Zhao, P, 2015)	0.42
" Spm or Spd alleviated the adverse effects of Cd stress to convergent degrees."	( Modulation of cadmium toxicity and enhancing cadmium-tolerance in wheat seedlings by exogenous application of polyamines. Hemida, KA; Rady, MM, 2015)	0.42
"The toxic effects of CdSe/ZnS QDs on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at different developmental stages were investigated in this study."	( [Toxic effects of CdSe/ZnS QDs to zebrafish embryos]. Chen, MF; Huang, CZ; Jin, L; Jin, XX; Pu, DY; Yuan, KM; Zhang, YG; Zheng, CY, 2015)	0.42
" However, its toxic effects on myocardium are confirmed as major limit of utilization."	( Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α Inhibition Protects Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Mice. Baram, SM; Dehpour, AR; Rahimian, R; Rahmatollahi, M; Saeedi Saravi, SS, 2016)	0.43
" The toxic rat group received CCl4, while the treatment group received CCl4+P."	( Effects of Pistacia Atlantica Extract on Erythrocyte Membrane Rigidity, Oxidative Stress, and Hepatotoxicity Induced by CCl4 in Rats. Mirzaei, A; Tolooei, M, 2015)	0.42
"001) reduced compared with those of toxic rats."	( Effects of Pistacia Atlantica Extract on Erythrocyte Membrane Rigidity, Oxidative Stress, and Hepatotoxicity Induced by CCl4 in Rats. Mirzaei, A; Tolooei, M, 2015)	0.42
"Based on numerous studies in animals, the most prominent toxic effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) are observed in the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis, reproductive and nervous systems."	( Relationship of hepatotoxicity and the target tissue dose of decabrominated diphenyl ether in subacutely exposed Wistar rats. Antonijević, B; Antunović, M; Ćurčić, M; Djordjević, S; Janković, S; Kilibarda, V; Stanković, S; Tanasković, S; Vučnić, S, 2015)	0.42
"Nitenpyram is one of the most commonly used neonicotinoid pesticide worldwide and was found to be toxic to non-target aquatic organisms."	( Toxic effects of nitenpyram on antioxidant enzyme system and DNA in zebrafish (Danio rerio) livers. Chen, A; Wang, J; Yan, S; Zhu, L, 2015)	0.42
"To date, inadequate study has been devoted to the toxic vestibular effects caused by cisplatin."	( Assessment of D-methionine protecting cisplatin-induced otolith toxicity by vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests, ATPase activities and oxidative state in guinea pigs. Chang, CM; Chang, YL; Cheng, PW; Liao, LJ; Lo, WC; Wang, CT; Young, YH, )	0.13
" From the present findings, it can be evaluated that quercetin may protect against adverse effects resulted from multi-organophosphorous pesticides with significant high levels of uptake in man provided."	( Effect of quercetin against mixture of four organophosphate pesticides induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Cao, C; Li, S; Qi, L; Shi, H; Sun, C; Yang, S; Zhao, X, 2016)	0.43
"Because of reproductive toxic effects of chemotherapy, researchers have taken some techniques to preserve fertility potential."	( Anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic roles of spermatogonial stem cells in reversing cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity. Abd El Motteleb, DM; Abd El-Haleem, MR; Hussein, YM; Mohamed, RH; Shalaby, SM, 2015)	0.42
"Trace aluminum (Al) concentrations can be toxic to marine phytoplankton, the basis of the marine food web, but the fundamental Al toxicity and detoxification mechanisms at the molecular levels are poorly understood."	( Analysis of the Proteome of the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Exposed to Aluminum Providing Insights into Aluminum Toxicity Mechanisms. Bai, X; Fan, X; Fu, Z; Lavoie, M; Lu, H; Pan, X; Qian, H; Xie, J, 2015)	0.42
" Toxic unit analysis suggested that the combined effects of the PFOS+Zn binary mixture were mostly simple addition, with 8 groups showing synergism and only one group showing antagonism."	( Evaluation of single and joint toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate and zinc to Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri: Acute toxicity, bioaccumulation and oxidative stress. Liu, J; Qu, R; Wang, L; Wang, Z; Yan, L, 2016)	0.43
"With the applications of quantum dots (QDs) expanding, many studies have described the potential adverse effects of QDs, yet little attention has been paid to potential toxicity of QDs in the liver."	( Liver Toxicity of Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots (CdTe QDs) Due to Oxidative Stress in Vitro and in Vivo. Hu, Y; Kong, L; Pu, Y; Tang, M; Wu, T; Xue, Y; Ying, J; Zhang, T, 2015)	0.42
" No adverse reactions due to ω-3 supplementation were reported."	( ω-3 fatty acids as an adjuvant therapy ameliorates methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A randomized placebo-controlled study. El-Hamamsy, M; Elbarbary, NS; Farahat, RK; Ismail, EA, 2016)	0.43
" The most toxic compound was [TBA][BF4], causing the greatest drop in fresh weight of both study plants, similar to the phytotoxic effects of [A][BF4]."	( Quaternary ammonium salts with tetrafluoroborate anion: Phytotoxicity and oxidative stress in terrestrial plants. Biczak, R, 2016)	0.43
" Selenium, a micronutrient, is essential for both humans and animals but is toxic at higher doses."	( Alleviation of selenium toxicity in Brassica juncea L.: salicylic acid-mediated modulation in toxicity indicators, stress modulators, and sulfur-related gene transcripts. Gupta, M; Gupta, S, 2016)	0.43
" Methamidophos (MET) is an OP widely used in agriculture, which is regarded as a highly toxic pesticide and it is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase."	( Methamidophos induces cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Alarcon-Romero, LD; Flores-Alfaro, E; Guzman-Guzman, IP; Huerta-Beristain, G; Moreno-Godinez, ME; Ramirez-Vargas, MA; Rojas-Garcia, AE, 2017)	0.46
"The central nervous system is emerging as an important target for adverse health effects of air pollution, where it may contribute to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders."	( Neurotoxicity of traffic-related air pollution. Chang, YC; Coburn, J; Cole, TB; Costa, LG; Dao, K; Roqué, PJ, 2017)	0.46
" The fungicide carbendazim (CBZ) is often detected in fruits and vegetables for human nutrition and has been reported to elicit toxic effects in different experimental animal models."	( 6-Gingerol-Rich Fraction from Zingiber officinale Prevents Hematotoxicity and Oxidative Damage in Kidney and Liver of Rats Exposed to Carbendazim. Adedara, IA; Ajayi, BO; Farombi, EO; Salihu, M, 2016)	0.43
" In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the potential toxic effects of copper (Cu(II)) with or without perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) under different pH values (6."	( Toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper in Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri under different pH values: Impacts of perfluorooctane sulfonate. Feng, M; Li, Y; Liu, J; Meng, L; Qu, R; Sun, C; Wang, Z; Yang, S, 2016)	0.43
" The oral administration of FMS at doses of 30 g/kg did not cause death in mice, and there were no significant biologically adverse effects in mice."	( Safety Evaluation, in Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidant Activity of the Flavonoid-Rich Extract from Maydis stigma. Pan, SX; Peng, KZ; Yang, X; Zhou, HL, 2015)	0.42
"Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is a widely used anticancer chemotherapeutic agent and its toxicity has been associated with its toxic metabolites phosphormide mustard."	( Gallic Acid Ameliorates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Neurotoxicity in Wistar Rats Through Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Improvement in Antioxidant Defense System. Akinrinde, AS; Dada, RO; Olowu, ER; Omobowale, TO; Oyagbemi, AA; Saba, AB, 2016)	0.43
" The present study focuses on its toxic effect on podocytes and rats."	( Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce renal toxicity through reactive oxygen species. Chen, X; Liu, C; Xiao, L; Yang, Z, 2016)	0.43
"CIN is one of the most important adverse effects of radiological procedures."	( A novel approach to contrast-induced nephrotoxicity: the melatonergic agent agomelatine. Alper, F; Bayraktutan, Z; Diyarbakir, B; Durur-Karakaya, A; Durur-Subasi, I; Gundogdu, C; Karaman, A; Kose, D; Özbek-Bilgin, A; Topcu, A, 2016)	0.43
" Our findings suggested that tIRI-induced spermatogenic damage may involve modulation of the SAFE pathway and could benefit from lutein treatment."	( Lutein modulates transcription dysregulation of adhesion molecules and spermatogenesis transcription factors induced by testicular ischemia reperfusion injury: it could be SAFE. Al-Maghrebi, M; Al-Somali, HF; Botras, MS; Qadhi, IN; Renno, WM, 2016)	0.43
" The combination of anti-TB drugs (4-Tabs)- isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA) and ethambutol (ETB) are effective in the management of the disease, however, their toxic effect is a major concern."	( Ameliorative Effects of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Fraction from Garcinia Kola Seed, on Hepato-renal Toxicity of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Wistar Rats. Adaramoye, OA; Adefisan, A; Adeyemi, O; Akanni, OO; Kehinde, AO; Oyinlola, I, 2016)	0.43
"These findings suggest that anti-TB drugs elicit oxidative damage in liver and kidney of rats while KV protects against the adverse effects via antioxidative mechanism."	( Ameliorative Effects of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Fraction from Garcinia Kola Seed, on Hepato-renal Toxicity of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Wistar Rats. Adaramoye, OA; Adefisan, A; Adeyemi, O; Akanni, OO; Kehinde, AO; Oyinlola, I, 2016)	0.43
" Fipronil sulfone was more toxic than fipronil."	( Fipronil sulfone induced higher cytotoxicity than fipronil in SH-SY5Y cells: Protection by antioxidants. Anadón, A; Ares, I; Castellano, V; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR; Ramos, E; Romero, A, 2016)	0.43
" The findings of this study suggest that RNP(N) possesses effective hepatoprotective properties and does not exhibit the notable adverse effects associated with NAC treatment."	( Redox Nanoparticle Therapeutics for Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. Boonruamkaew, P; Chonpathompikunlert, P; Nagasaki, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Lemna minor, a model duckweed species, can grow well in high NH4 (+) environment but to some extent can also suffer toxic effects."	( Transcriptomic and physiological analysis of common duckweed Lemna minor responses to NH4(+) toxicity. Li, R; Tang, X; Wang, W; Zhao, Q; Zhu, Q, 2016)	0.43
" Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death were studied using stained fronds under toxic levels of NH4 (+)."	( Transcriptomic and physiological analysis of common duckweed Lemna minor responses to NH4(+) toxicity. Li, R; Tang, X; Wang, W; Zhao, Q; Zhu, Q, 2016)	0.43
" Results show the adverse effects of AgNPs on the male reproductive tract, particularly spermatogenesis, and suggest that Se possesses significant potential in reducing AgNP-induced testicular toxicity."	( Sodium Selenite Protects Against Silver Nanoparticle-Induced Testicular Toxicity and Inflammation. Abudawood, M; Aleem, MM; Ansar, S; Hamed, SS, 2017)	0.46
"The toxic effects of Cu (II) on the freshwater green algae Chlorella vulgaris and its chloroplast were investigated by detecting the responses of photosynthesis and oxidant stress."	( Toxicity of Cu (II) to the green alga Chlorella vulgaris: a perspective of photosynthesis and oxidant stress. Chen, Z; Liu, H; Song, S; Wen, Y; Zou, Y, 2016)	0.43
" The hypothesis was that toxic mixture effects on plant growth are better explained by biochemical parameters than by exposure information, because the former excludes interactions among metals for root uptake."	( Mixture toxicity of copper, cadmium, and zinc to barley seedlings is not explained by antioxidant and oxidative stress biomarkers. AbdElgawad, H; Asard, H; Evers, S; Smolders, E; Versieren, L, 2017)	0.46
" The issue of toxicity was raised in vitro studies, and suggests that L-dopa can be toxic to dopaminergic neurons, but it is not yet entirely proven."	( Protective effect of two essential oils isolated from Rosa damascena Mill. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill, and two classic antioxidants against L-dopa oxidative toxicity induced in healthy mice. Gadjeva, V; Karamalakova, Y; Kovacheva, N; Nikolova, G; Stanev, S; Zheleva, A, 2016)	0.43
" Anatomical observations of leaf and root revealed that herbicide affected internal structures, while SA played a vital role in protection from toxic effects."	( Salicylic acid mediates antioxidant defense system and ABA pathway related gene expression in Oryza sativa against quinclorac toxicity. Ali, B; Gill, RA; Islam, F; Lv, M; Wang, J; Yan, G; Yang, C; Zhou, W, 2016)	0.43
"Understanding the adverse impact of nanoparticles in crop plants has emerged as one of the most interesting fields of plant research."	( Nitric oxide alleviates silver nanoparticles (AgNps)-induced phytotoxicity in Pisum sativum seedlings. Chauhan, DK; Dubey, NK; Pandey, AC; Prasad, SM; Singh, PK; Singh, S; Singh, VP; Srivastava, PK; Tripathi, DK, 2017)	0.46
" However, there is no comprehensive study on the role of NOXs in high glucose (HG)-induced toxic effect in neural tissues."	( Studying neuroprotective effect of Atorvastatin as a small molecule drug on high glucose-induced neurotoxicity in undifferentiated PC12 cells: role of NADPH oxidase. Dehpour, AR; Rayegan, S; Sharifi, AM, 2017)	0.46
"To explore toxic mechanisms of nano-ZnO on marine microalgae, algal growth inhibition test was carried out, and total Zn in the cell and total dissolved Zn in f/2 medium were determined."	( Toxic effects of nano-ZnO on marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum: Attention to the accumulation of intracellular Zn. Chen, X; Tan, L; Wang, J; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" In the present work, the toxic effects of azoxystrobin on zebrafish (Danio rerio) were investigated."	( Genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by the fungicide azoxystrobin in zebrafish (Danio rerio) livers. Han, Y; Liu, T; Wang, J; Zhang, C; Zhu, L, 2016)	0.43
"Administration of valsartan may lead to attenuation of the nephrotoxic side effect of cyclosporine via enhancing klotho and decreasing oxidative stress levels."	( Effects of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade on Soluble Klotho and Oxidative Stress in Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Argani, H; Bargahi, N; Dastmalchi, S; Ghasemi, B; Ghazizadeh, T; Ghorbanihaghjo, A; Mesgari Abbasi, M; Mota, A; Nemati, M; Raeisi, S; Rashtchizadeh, N; Vatankhah, AM, 2016)	0.43
"This study was conducted to clarify the toxic effects of sertraline (SRT) on the reproductive system of male rats and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms."	( Sertraline-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats: evaluation of possible underlying mechanisms. Atli, O; Aydogan-Kilic, G; Baysal, M; Ilgin, S; Karaduman, B; Kilic, V; Ucarcan, S, )	0.13
" Compared with PFOS exposure, the adverse effects induced by PFOS on the hatching rate of zebrafish embryos and the heart rate and body length of zebrafish larvae were reduced in the presence of MWCNTs, and mortality and malformation were also alleviated."	( The presence of MWCNTs reduces developmental toxicity of PFOS in early life stage of zebrafish. Du, J; Wang, S; Wu, C; You, H; Zhuang, C, 2017)	0.46
" Res, a natural antioxidant, and TC, an antibiotic with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, offered significant protection from severe oxidative stress and inflammation and ameliorated the general well-being of mice against the toxic outcome of PQ."	( Effect of resveratrol and tetracycline on the subacute paraquat toxicity in mice. Ambhore, PD; Pawar, PP; Puttewar, S; Satpute, RM; Sawale, SD, 2017)	0.46
"Gentamicin (GNT) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used for treatment of serious infections, and the nephrotoxic adverse effect is one of the main therapeutic limitations."	( Protective effect of apocynin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Abdelrahman, RS, 2018)	0.48
"Repeated Mn administration induces toxic effects in several rat brain structures and treatment with R and QCT may be a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate the metal neurotoxicity."	( Manganese neurotoxicity and protective effects of resveratrol and quercetin in preclinical research. Filip, M; Gawlik, M; Gawlik, MB; Smaga, I, 2017)	0.46
" To research the toxic effect of POA on cultured normal epithelial human kidney‑2 (HK‑2) cells and evaluate its clinical safety, cell survival was evaluated by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and apoptosis was evaluated by Hoechst 33258 staining, flow cytometry, caspase‑3 activity assay and western blotting."	( Toxicity study of oxalicumone A, derived from a marine-derived fungus Penicillium oxalicum, in cultured renal epithelial cells. Chen, H; Guo, K; Li, W; Min, J; Qi, S; Shi, S; Wang, X; Zhao, W, 2017)	0.46
" We hypothesized that quercetin administration would ameliorate the toxic effects of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide prior to pregnancy."	( Protective Effect of Quercetin Against Oxidative Stress-induced Toxicity Associated With Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide in Rat Kidney and Liver Tissue. Dogan, Z; Erdemli, E; Kocahan, S; Taskin, E, 2017)	0.46
"The use of dietary antioxidants to modulate the toxic side effects induced by the anticancer drugs used in chemotherapy is currently eliciting considerable interest."	( Modulatory effect of curcumin against genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by cisplatin and methotrexate in male mice. Noshy, MM; Said Salem, NI; Said, AA, 2017)	0.46
" Conclusively, treatment with exogenous PC can retrieve the adverse effect of aluminum toxicities through its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties."	( Exogenous phosphatidylcholine supplementation retrieve aluminum-induced toxicity in male albino rats. Khafaga, AF, 2017)	0.46
" These results suggest that low doses of trichlorfon could induce oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and hepatic lesions in frogs, which shows that even lower, non-lethal doses of trichlorfon are potentially toxic to amphibians."	( Oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in the frog, Rana chensinensis, when exposed to low doses of trichlorfon. Li, B; Ma, Y; Zhang, YH, 2017)	0.46
" As a result, these findings support the proposition that HPE in 100 mg/kg dose demonstrates in the kidney and liver as free radicals and scavenger to prevent the toxic effects of gentamicin in both the biochemical and histopathology parameters."	( Effect of Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum ethanol extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Aktas Senocak, E; Altun, S; Apaydin Yildirim, B; Kordali, S; Terim Kapakin, KA; Yildirim, F, 2017)	0.46
" The results also revealed that the nanogels and the magnetite nanogels seem to possess promising capability as a safe carrier in comparison of the toxic potential effect of free doxorubicin."	( Magnetic nanogels as dual triggered anticancer drug delivery: Toxicity evaluation on isolated rat liver mitochondria. Hamidi, M; Hosseini, MJ; Hosseini-Monfared, H; Rostamizadeh, K; Sadighian, S, 2017)	0.46
"Doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity constitutes the major adverse effect that limited its use."	( Liraglutide ameliorates cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in rats through the Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Abbas, NAT; Kabil, SL, 2017)	0.46
"Recently carbon nanotubes (CNTs) showed promising potentials in different biomedical applications but their safe use in humans and probable toxicities are still challenging."	( Acute toxicity of functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes: A biochemical, histopathologic and proteomics approach. Abnous, K; Ahmadi, H; Behnam, B; Hashem Nia, A; Matbou Riahi, M; Mokhtarzadeh, A; Ramezani, M; Razavi Azarkhiavi, K; Razavi, BM; Yazdian-Robati, R, 2017)	0.46
"The equimolar produced metabolite DCCTX was chosen to reflect chloroacetaldehyde (CAA, a toxic metabolite of CTX) production in rats."	( Schisandra chinensis extract decreases chloroacetaldehyde production in rats and attenuates cyclophosphamide toxicity in liver, kidney and brain. Chen, L; Chen, W; Feng, G; Gao, S; Yin, J; Zhai, J; Zhang, F, 2018)	0.48
" We analyze here the toxic effects induced by IONPs in zebrafish using a combination of classical (genotoxicity, oxidative stress) and molecular (transcriptomic) methodologies."	( Integrated assessment of toxic effects of maghemite (γ-Fe Azevedo, RB; Filho, JS; Grisolia, CK; Mazzeu, JF; Pic-Taylor, A; Piña, B; Villacis, RAR, 2017)	0.46
" However, administration of aspirin causes toxic effects, especially in the stomach and liver."	( Nullification of aspirin induced gastrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity by prior administration of wheat germ oil in Mus musculus: histopathological, ultrastructural and molecular studies. Hamad, SR; Mohamed, HRH, 2017)	0.46
"Currently, public pay more attention to the adverse effect of organophosphate pesticides on human and animal health and on the environment in developing nations."	( Effects of phoxim-induced hepatotoxicity on SD rats and the protection of vitamin E. Shan, A; Song, W; Sun, Y; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.46
" Rats were divided into four groups; one group received 20 % LD50 of carbofuran another group of rats received same doses of carbofuran was pretreated with curcumin (100 mg kg-1 body weight) and remaining two other groups served as control and curcumin treated animals."	( Curcumin mediated attenuation of carbofuran induced toxicity in the heart of Wistar rats. Gupta, VK; Jaiswal, SK; Sharma, B; Siddiqi, NJ, 2017)	0.46
"The major side effect of gentamicin (GEN) is nephrotoxicity which in turn restricts the clinical use of this drug."	( Ameliorative effects of gallic acid on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Fatemi, I; Ghaznavi, H; Gholamine, B; Goudarzi, M; Hosseini Tabatabaei, SMT; Kalantar, M; Kalantari, H; Mehrabani, M; Mehrzadi, S, 2018)	0.48
" However, ecotoxicity data and related toxic mechanism for neuroactive controlled or illicit drugs are still lacking, so assessing the associated hazardous risk is difficult."	( Illicit drug ketamine induces adverse effects from behavioral alterations and oxidative stress to p53-regulated apoptosis in medaka fish under environmentally relevant exposures. Chen, PJ; Hwang, CC; Liao, PH; Lin, CH; Yang, CH; Yang, WK, 2018)	0.48
"To investigate the toxic effect and mechanism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in aquatic plants, in vivo and in vitro exposure to BDE-47 were conducted."	( Toxic effects and mechanism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on Lemna minor. Jiang, D; Meng, Y; Qiu, N; Sun, Y; Wang, R; Wang, X; Zhou, F, 2018)	0.48
" It was determined that T leads to adverse effects on rat kidney tissues."	( The protective role of crocin in tartrazine induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Aksungur, Z; Altinoz, E; Bag, HG; Erdemli, ME; Gul, M; Zayman, E, 2017)	0.46
" Generally, TCS was more toxic to the four aquatic organisms in acidic medium."	( The pH-dependent toxicity of triclosan to five aquatic organisms (Daphnia magna, Photobacterium phosphoreum, Danio rerio, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, and Carassius auratus). Ajarem, J; Allam, AA; Chen, J; Li, C; Qu, R; Wang, Z; Zhang, S, 2018)	0.48
" However, the altered histological, biochemical and hematological markers may lead to an adverse effect on the cellular metabolism and physiological activity."	( Anticancer activity of crocin against cervical carcinoma (HeLa cells): Bioassessment and toxicity evaluation of crocin in male albino rats. Gu, M; Jiang, Z; Li, H; Liu, J; Peng, J; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.48
"Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is widely distributed in various environmental media and is toxic to organisms."	( Role of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-induced hepatotoxicity in Rana nigromaculata. Chen, B; Ding, Y; Du, Q; Gao, N; He, J; Jia, X; Jiang, J; Li, N; Liu, W; Liu, Z; Lu, X; Tang, J; Wu, Y; Zhang, H; Zhu, W, 2018)	0.48
"With increasing human exposure to vanadium-containing compounds and growing concern over their impact on human health, identification of safe methods for efficient treatment of vanadium poisoning may be of value."	( Protective activity of pyruvate against vanadium-dependent cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Gołębiowska, D; Zwolak, I, 2018)	0.48
" Although some studies demonstrated the adverse effects of TRZ related to cardiovascular system, the conflicting results were observed in these studies."	( Assessment of trazodone-induced cardiotoxicity after repeated doses in rats. Atli, O; Baysal, M; Gormus, G; Ilgin, S; Kilic, G; Kilic, V; Korkut, B; Ucarcan, S, 2019)	0.51
"Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), which is widely used as flame retardant, can be released into various environments, thereby being absorbed by wildlife or human beings through food chain's bio-magnification and causing some adverse influences on wildlife or human beings."	( Oxidative stress and cytotoxicity induced by tetrachlorobisphenol A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Ji, Z; Li, H; Song, M; Tian, J; Wang, F; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Nephrotoxicity is the most common limiting side effect of cisplatin use."	( Protective effects of zingerone on oxidative stress and inflammation in cisplatin-induced rat nephrotoxicity. Alibakhshi, T; Khodayar, MJ; Khorsandi, L; Rashno, M; Zeidooni, L, 2018)	0.48
"In conclusion, the presence of EA with SA alleviated its toxic effects and EA treatment might be an effective strategy for the management of arsenic-induced renal and hepatic damage."	( Ellagic acid mitigates sodium arsenite-induced renal and hepatic toxicity in male Wistar rats. Fatemi, I; Goudarzi, M; Khodadadi, A; Malayeri, AR; Mansouri, E; Mehrzadi, S; Mohammadi, F; Rashno, M, 2018)	0.48
"Renal injury is a hallmark adverse reaction to sodium valproate (SVP), and caffeic acid (CAFF) is a phenolic compound that has anti-inflammatory and antioxsidant properties."	( Study on the influence of caffeic acid against sodium valproate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Gad, AM, 2018)	0.48
"Oligomerization of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is toxic and contributes to progressive reduction of β cell mass in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( ROS‑mediated autophagy through the AMPK signaling pathway protects INS‑1 cells from human islet amyloid polypeptide‑induced cytotoxicity. Jin, Y; Li, X; Xia, G; Xiao, J; Zhou, J; Zhu, T, 2018)	0.48
" In the past, much emphasis was laid on evaluating the toxic effects of a single chemical."	( Potentiating effect of imidacloprid on arsenic-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rats. Mahajan, L; Raina, R; Sood, S; Verma, PK, 2018)	0.48
"The vast majority of studies measure the toxic effect of organisms exposed to nanoparticles (NPs) while there is still a lack of knowledge about the influence of NPs on the aquatic environment."	( Environmental risks of ZnO nanoparticle exposure on Microcystis aeruginosa: Toxic effects and environmental feedback. Guo, M; Malkoske, T; Tang, Y; Xia, S; Xin, H; Yang, S; Yin, D, 2018)	0.48
"This study investigated the toxic effects of an antineoplastic agent, cisplatin (CIS), on retinal cells and the potential capacity of astaxanthin (ASTA) to elicit a future therapeutic protocol in CIS-induced retinal toxicity."	( The protective effects of astaxanthin against cisplatin-induced retinal toxicity. Akyildiz, K; Fındık, H; Gökhan Aslan, M; Mercantepe, T; Okutucu, M; Tumkaya, L; Yılmaz, A, 2019)	0.51
" However, the application of DL-Selenomethionine into T-2/HT-2 treated hepatocytes effectively alleviated the adverse effects of T-2/HT-2, as demonstrated by increased cell viability, decreased LDH leakage, declined intracellular ROS and MDA levels, increased expression of oxidative stress-related genes, as well as accordingly enhanced activities of GSH, GSH-PX, SOD and CAT as compared to the control groups (P < 0."	( The protective effects of DL-Selenomethionine against T-2/HT-2 toxins-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in broiler hepatocytes. Deng, Z; Guo, S; Hu, Y; Li, Y; Liu, T; Liu, W; Tan, L; Tu, D; Wang, A; Wang, N; Yang, L; Zhan, Y, 2019)	0.51
"The study investigates toxic effects of the fungicide tebuconazole (TEB) on Fusarium-infected wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants based on the morphological characteristics of root apices and changes in the integrated parameters of redox homeostasis, including the contents of free proline and products of peroxidation of proteins (carbonylated proteins, CP) and lipids (malondialdehyde, MDA) in roots."	( Toxic effects of the fungicide tebuconazole on the root system of fusarium-infected wheat plants. Menzyanova, N; Prudnikova, S; Shishatskaya, E; Thomas, S; Volova, T; Zhila, N, 2018)	0.65
" Our study showed that Cr stress imposes serious toxic effects and plant phenolics have a protective role against metal stress."	( Long- and short-term protective responses of rice seedling to combat Cr(VI) toxicity. Bose, S; Dubey, S; Gupta, A; Jain, G; Khare, A; Rani, V, 2018)	0.48
" In this study, five metabolites of ethiprole (ethiprole sulfone, ethiprole sulfide, ethiprole amide, desethylsulfinyl ethiprole and ethiprole sulfone amide) were synthesized and their toxic effects on photosynthetic pigment and antioxidase in aquatic plant Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C."	( Enantioselective toxic effects and environmental behavior of ethiprole and its metabolites against Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Gao, J; Jiang, W; Liu, D; Wang, F; Wang, P; Zhang, Z; Zhou, Z, 2019)	0.51
" Chlorella vulgaris treatment significantly ameliorated the adverse effects of DM-intoxication and restored most of the parameters to levels that are comparable to those of the control group."	( Chlorella vulgaris ameliorates testicular toxicity induced by deltamethrin in male rats via modulating oxidative stress. Abdalla, H; El-Sheikh, SMA; Galal, AAA; Osama, E, 2019)	0.51
" Today, new tools are developed to reduce pesticide adverse effects."	( Cardiotoxicity and myocardial infarction-associated DNA damage induced by thiamethoxam in vitro and in vivo: Protective role of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed-derived polysaccharide. Ben Amara, I; Ben Saad, H; Bkhairia, I; Boudawara, O; Droguet, M; Feki, A; Ktari, N; Magné, C; Naifar, M; Nasri, M, 2019)	0.51
" The results of this study indicate that Vit-C can significantly prevent the adverse effects of DEX on the mean number of spermatocyte, spermatid, and Leydig cells, tubular differentiation, meiotic and spermatogenesis index, DSP, sperm motility, and the mean levels of serum MDA."	( Vitamin C ameliorates the adverse effects of dexamethasone on sperm motility, testosterone level, and spermatogenesis indexes in mice. Mahmoodi, M; Mehranjani, MS; Sadeghzadeh, F, 2019)	0.51
"In conclusion, our results showed that coadministration of Vit-C and DEX prevents the adverse effects of DEX on the spermatogenesis indexes and DSP."	( Vitamin C ameliorates the adverse effects of dexamethasone on sperm motility, testosterone level, and spermatogenesis indexes in mice. Mahmoodi, M; Mehranjani, MS; Sadeghzadeh, F, 2019)	0.51
" The toxic effects of GLA on plants and mammals have been extensively studied; however, little is known about its effects on reptiles."	( Hepatotoxicity and reproductive disruption in male lizards (Eremias argus) exposed to glufosinate-ammonium contaminated soil. Chen, L; Diao, J; Li, Y; Tian, Z; Wang, Z; Zhang, L; Zhang, W; Zhou, Z, 2019)	0.51
"At therapeutic dose, loperamide is a safe over-the-counter antidiarrheal drug but could induce cardiotoxic effect at a supratherapeutic dose."	( Loperamide-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: Evidence from cardiac and oxidative stress biomarkers. Ajala-Lawal, RA; Ajiboye, TO; Olofinsan, KA, 2019)	0.51
"Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal for both animals and plants."	( Effects of boron, silicon and their interactions on cadmium accumulation and toxicity in rice plants. Chen, D; Jia, L; Lin, X; Lin, Y; Long, J; Song, Y; Xue, R; Zeng, R, 2019)	0.51
" To uncover the toxic alleviation effects of SA on potato plants to cadmium (Cd) stress, the morphological, physiological, and biochemical indexes including antioxidant defense system were assayed in potato plants under 200 μM Cd stress in 1/2 Hoagland solution with foliar application of 600 μM SA concentration (10 ml/plant)."	( Foliar application of salicylic acid alleviate the cadmium toxicity by modulation the reactive oxygen species in potato. Guan, C; Ji, J; Li, Q; Wang, G; Wang, Y, 2019)	0.51
"Nephrotoxicity is a common adverse effect of treatment with cisplatin (CDDP)."	( The ameliorative effects of ceftriaxone and vitamin E against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Abdel-Daim, MM; Abushouk, AI; Al-Sultan, NK; Alahmari, A; Alarifi, S; AlBasher, G; Aleya, L; Alghamdi, J; Ali, D; Alkahtane, AA; Alkahtani, S; Almeer, RS; Bungau, SG; El-Bialy, BE, 2019)	0.51
" However, side-effects including nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, gastrointestinal effects and neuropathy restrict the use of the drug due to their adverse impacts on quality of life."	( Levosimendan ameliorates cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: Rat model. Askin, S; Ekinci Akdemir, FN; Eser, G; Gozeler, MS; Sahin, A; Yildirim, S, 2019)	0.51
"The cardiotoxic adverse effect of doxorubicin (DOX) is the major factor limiting its use."	( Mesenchymal stem cells pretreated with platelet-rich plasma modulate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Abdelmoaty, MM; Algaleel, WA; Imam, RA; Zaki, SM, 2019)	0.51
" Inhibition of autophagy induced inactivation of apoptosis, which suggested that autophagy played an adverse effect on cisplatin-evoked renal damage."	( Ginsenoside Rb3 provides protective effects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via regulation of AMPK-/mTOR-mediated autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Chen, C; Hou, JG; Li, W; Liu, WC; Ma, ZN; Ren, S; Wang, YP; Wang, Z; Xing, JJ, 2019)	0.51
" A 48-day hydroponic experiment was carried out on two typical riparian species (Acorus calamus and Phragmites communis) to examine the toxic effects of PFOS on these plants."	( Phytotoxicity and oxidative stress of perfluorooctanesulfonate to two riparian plants: Acorus calamus and Phragmites communis. Chen, H; He, X; Jin, W; Li, K; Lu, B; Qian, J; Tian, X; Wang, C; Wang, P, 2019)	0.51
" These findings highlight the potential of PNS as a safe adjunct for ameliorating the nephrotoxicity."	( Protective effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on PME-Induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Bi, S; Chi, X; Hu, S; Shi, F; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute toxic potential of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) synthesized by pullulan in adult male Wistar rats."	( Antioxidant and toxicity studies of biosynthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles in rats. Darroudi, M; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M; Hashemzadeh, A; Khorrami, MB; Pasdar, A; Riahi-Zanjani, B; Sadeghnia, HR; Zare, M, 2019)	0.51
"Acute administration of pullulan-mediated CNPs is safe and possess antioxidant activity."	( Antioxidant and toxicity studies of biosynthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles in rats. Darroudi, M; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M; Hashemzadeh, A; Khorrami, MB; Pasdar, A; Riahi-Zanjani, B; Sadeghnia, HR; Zare, M, 2019)	0.51
"Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal with several harmful effects including cardiotoxicity."	( Mechanisms mediating the cardioprotective effect of carvedilol in cadmium induced cardiotoxicity. Role of eNOS and HO1/Nrf2 pathway. Bayoumi, AMA; El-Hussieny, M; Refaie, MMM; Shehata, S, 2019)	0.51
"In this study, the toxic effects of epiclorohidrine (ECh) were investigated in vivo by Allium test."	( In vivo epiclorohidrine toxicity: cytogenetic, biochemical, physiological, and anatomical evidences. Çavuşoğlu, K; Uzun, A; Yalçın, E, 2019)	0.51
" The changes in intracellular starch grains, MDA and the protein-like substances in EPS probably acted as a defense mechanism, helping to alleviate the toxic effects."	( Responses of Chlorella vulgaris exposed to boron: Mechanisms of toxicity assessed by multiple endpoints. Chen, X; Pei, Y; Su, L; Yin, X, 2019)	0.51
" This scenario has motivated the investigation of the toxic effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (akaganeite predominance + hematite) on the aquatic plant Lemna minor."	( Iron oxide nanoparticle phytotoxicity to the aquatic plant Lemna minor: effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio. Barbetta, MFS; Bernardes, LE; da Veiga, MAMS; Souza, LRR, 2019)	0.51
" The present study was aimed to investigate the adverse effects of BPA and its protection by taurine and curcumin."	( Testicular toxicity of orally administrated bisphenol A in rats and protective role of taurine and curcumin. Apaydin, FG; Kalender, S; Kalender, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Supplementation of these natural oils may be beneficial in the prevention of cerebral neurotoxic side effect in cancer patients undergoing methotrexate chemotherapy."	( Moringa oleifera seed oil or virgin coconut oil supplementation abrogates cerebral neurotoxicity induced by antineoplastic agent methotrexate by suppression of oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation in rats. Aja, PM; Aloke, C; Awoke, JN; Famurewa, AC; Maduagwuna, EK; Nwankwo, OE, 2019)	0.51
" Catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reduced, the low- and high-density lipoproteins, lipid peroxidation, liver enzyme, and kidney parameters were measured to evaluate both the toxic effect of tartrazine in G2 and the protective potential of honey in G3."	( Honey attenuates the toxic effects of the low dose of tartrazine in male rats. Al-Hamed, AM; Al-Seeni, MN; Al-Sieni, AI; Almutairi, FM; El Rabey, HA; Zamzami, MA, 2019)	0.51
" The crude intracellular enzyme extract degraded > 90% of added CPF and > 80% of its toxic intermediate 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP) which resulted in > 80% reduction of CPF toxicity in different organs of rat."	( Toxicity assessment of chlorpyrifos on different organs of rat: exploitation of microbial-based enzymatic system for neutralization. Chadha, P; Saini, HS; Sharma, S; Singh, P, 2019)	0.51
" After the exposure period, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and DNA damage, as biomarkers of reproductive toxic effects, were determined, and histopathological examination of testis was performed."	( Reproductive toxic effects and possible mechanisms of zonisamide in male rats. Atli-Eklioglu, O; Aydogan-Kılıc, G; Baysal, M; Ilgin, S; Karaduman, AB; Kilic, V; Ucarcan, S, 2019)	0.51
" This finding could be of great importance for the wider use of aminoglycosides, with therapy that would reduce the occurrence of serious adverse effects, such as nephrotoxicity and acute renal failure."	( Pioglitazone attenuates kidney injury in an experimental model of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Divac, N; Jovanović, GB; Kekić, D; Medić, B; Prostran, M; Radenković, M; Rovčanin, B; Škodrić, SR; Stojanović, M; Stojanović, R; Vujović, KS, 2019)	0.51
"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) would do serious damage to multiple systems, while coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, the most toxic member of the family, has been widely taken into consideration."	( Dioxin-like (DL-) polychlorinated biphenyls induced immunotoxicity through apoptosis in mice splenocytes via the AhR mediated mitochondria dependent signaling pathways. Chen, Y; Du, F; Feng, WW; Ji, HC; Luo, YB; Mao, GH; Wang, F; Wu, XY; Yang, LQ; Zhao, T, 2019)	0.51
" Treatment of TAA intoxicated rats (G4) with MOLE ameliorated the toxic effects of TAA on hepatic tissue structure and function."	( Protective effect of Moringa oleifera leaves ethanolic extract against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats via modulation of cellular antioxidant, apoptotic and inflammatory markers. El Sabagh, HS; El-Gansh, HAI; Eldaim, MAA; Mohamed, MAE; Morsi, AH; Mousa, AA, 2019)	0.51
" Among the tested substances, the ethanol extracts exhibited stronger hepatotoxicity, with icarisid I and sagittatoside A correlating with this toxic effect, and the hepatoxic mechanisms of which may be associated with damaged cell structure, increased oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis."	( In vitro screening and toxic mechanism exploring of leading components with potential hepatotoxicity of Herba Epimedii extracts. Wang, T; Xu, AL; Yang, S; Zhang, L; Zhao, BS, 2020)	0.56
" Excessive accumulation of the toxic methylglyoxal was reversed due to the activation of the glyoxalase system (comprising of glyoxalase I and II) and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle."	( Spermine ameliorates prolonged fluoride toxicity in soil-grown rice seedlings by activating the antioxidant machinery and glyoxalase system. Banerjee, A; Roychoudhury, A; Samanta, S, 2020)	0.56
"Cisplatin, used in cancer treatment, has toxic and apoptotic effects on the peripheral nervous system."	( Peripheral neurotoxic effects of cisplatin on rats and treatment with rutin. Arslan, YK; Cimen, FK; Ersoy, A; Kurt, N; Mammadov, R; Yaşar, H, 2019)	0.51
"Antioxidant and antiapoptotic effectiveness of rutin was detected against the toxic effects caused by cisplatin in the peripheral nerve tissue."	( Peripheral neurotoxic effects of cisplatin on rats and treatment with rutin. Arslan, YK; Cimen, FK; Ersoy, A; Kurt, N; Mammadov, R; Yaşar, H, 2019)	0.51
"One of the most toxic heavy metals in the environment nowadays is lead (Pb)."	( Evaluation of possible molecular toxicity induced by occupational exposure to lead and concomitant effect of smoking. Badr El Dine, FMM; Balah, MIF; Diab, IH; Foda, NT; Fouad, AA, 2020)	0.56
"Our findings suggest that 1% of ZnO-NPs cream is safe when applied topically on the inflamed skin."	( Ameliorative Effect Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Dermal Toxicity Induced By Lead Oxide In Rats. Azouz, RA; Farroh, KY; Galal, MK; Hassanen, EI; Ibrahim, MA; Khalaf, AA; Zaki, AR, 2019)	0.51
" The hepato- and nephrotoxic potential of acetamiprid has not been clarified although it is known to be toxic to other several organ systems, including the nervous, respiratory and immune systems."	( Toxic effects of subchronic oral acetamiprid exposure in rats. Arican, YE; Binay, S; Boran, T; Kaptan, E; Karaca, BU; Okyar, A; Özhan, G, )	0.13
" Among the heavy metals, chromium (Cr) is the most toxic pollutant that negatively affects plants' metabolic activities, growth, and yield."	( Glycinebetaine alleviates the chromium toxicity in Brassica oleracea L. by suppressing oxidative stress and modulating the plant morphology and photosynthetic attributes. Abid, M; Ahmad, I; Ahmad, R; Ali, B; Ali, S; Azam, M; Ghani, MA; Rizwan, M; Tanveer, A, 2020)	0.56
"Increased use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has raised concerns that AgNPs may induce toxic effects."	( Skin Toxicity Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles in a 3D Epidermal Model Compared to 2D Keratinocytes. Chen, L; Jiang, S; Li, R; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Lu, Y; Wu, G; Wu, M; Xie, L; Xu, L; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" In this study, the potential toxic effects of DEP were investigated by using physiological, anatomical, biochemical, and cytogenetic parameters in Allium cepa."	( Aneugenic, clastogenic, and multi-toxic effects of diethyl phthalate exposure. Çavuşoğlu, K; Demirtaş, G; Yalçin, E, 2020)	0.56
"Investigation of probable toxic effects of acetamiprid (ACMP) on kidney and comparative analysis of the probable protective effects of vitamin E and melatonin were conducted in the present study."	( Protective effects of melatonin and vitamin E in acetamiprid-induced nephrotoxicity. Erdemli, ME; Erdemli, Z; Gozukara Bag, H; Gul, M; Gul, S; Zayman, E, 2020)	0.56
" This mechanism may have potential implications in safe food production."	( Melatonin mitigates cadmium and aluminium toxicity through modulation of antioxidant potential in Brassica napus L. Abdullah, M; Sami, A; Shah, FA; Yan, Y; Zhou, K; Zhou, X; Zhu, Z, 2020)	0.56
"Cadmium (Cd) is one of the toxic heavy metals which is confirmed to be related to male sterile."	( Determination of cadmium induced acute and chronic reproductive toxicity with Raman spectroscopy. Leng, Y; Liu, D; Liu, Z; Wan, J; Zhang, G; Zhao, Z, 2020)	0.56
" The protective effect of timosaponin BII on islet β cells under type 2 diabetes was investigated in the glycolipid toxic INS-1 cell model and possible biomarkers were explored by lipidomics analysis."	( Lipidomics Analysis of Timosaponin BII in INS-1 Cells Induced by Glycolipid Toxicity and Its Relationship with Inflammation. Chen, D; Feng, Y; Guo, M; Ren, C; Shi, K; Wang, J; Wu, X; Zhu, J, 2020)	0.56
" The comprehensive evaluation of NOD-induced adverse effects in living organisms is urgently needed."	( Nodularin induced oxidative stress contributes to developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Chen, G; Hu, T; Li, W; Wang, L; Zhang, Q, 2020)	0.56
" According to the 96-h acute toxicity, FA, HPPA, EHPP, and CDHB were less toxic to zebrafish than FE, following the order of FE > CDHB > EHPP > FA > HPPA."	( The enantioselective enrichment, metabolism, and toxicity of fenoxaprop-ethyl and its metabolites in zebrafish. Jing, X; Li, X; Xu, Y; Zhai, W, 2020)	0.56
" Vitamin C, probably due to its strong antioxidant properties, could improve and partially counteract the toxic effect of UV-A on oxidative stress parameters and prevent the damage in rat's brain tissues."	( The possible neurobehavioral protective effects of natural antioxidant against phototoxicity attenuation of antimicrobial quinolone group in rats. Mansour, HA; Masoud, MA; Sheded, MS; Yahia, R, 2020)	0.56
"Hexavalent chromium (chromium (VI)), a highly toxic heavy metal, is a common pollutant of aquatic ecosystems."	( The potential toxic effects of hexavalent chromium on oxidative stress biomarkers and fatty acids profile in soft tissues of Venus verrucosa. Bejaoui, S; Chaâbane, M; Chalghaf, M; Chetoui, I; El Cafsi, M; Soudani, N; Telahigue, K; Trabelsi, W; Zeghal, N, 2020)	0.56
"Cisplatin, as one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents, its clinical use is limited by serious side effect of nephrotoxicity."	( Protective effect of ginsenoside Rk1, a major rare saponin from black ginseng, on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in HEK-293 cells. Gong, XJ; Hu, JN; Jiang, S; Li, KK; Li, W; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Ren, S; Wang, YP; Xu, XY, 2020)	0.56
" Toxic effects were monitored in liver by determining biochemical indicators, oxidative stress biomarkers, and the expression of genes involved in the detoxification."	( Genotoxicity and oxidative damage in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after exposure to effluent from ethyl alcohol industry. Banaee, M; Derikvandy, A; Haghi, N; Pourkhabbaz, AR; Pourkhabbaz, HR; Sureda, A, 2020)	0.56
" Several attempts have been made to overcome this side effect in patients with antioxidant-rich supplements to control the free radicals."	( Lotusine, an alkaloid from Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn.), attenuates doxorubicin-induced toxicity in embryonically derived H9c2 cells. Harishkumar, R; Selvaraj, CI, 2020)	0.56
" Lead in the form of acetate had a relevant toxic effect, as evidenced by a significant increase in the concentration of malonic dialdehyde in the treated samples relative to control samples."	( Biochemical adaptation of wild and cultivated soybean against toxicity of lead salts. Arsene, AL; Chernyshuk, DK; Ercisli, S; Golokhvast, KS; Ivachenko, LE; Lavrent'yeva, SI; Martinenko, NV; Nawaz, MA; Tsatsakis, AM, 2020)	0.56
" Although it is one of the most common fungicides in the aquatic environment, the potential adverse effects of boscalid on freshwater invertebrates still remain unclear."	( Evaluation of boscalid toxicity on Daphnia magna by using antioxidant enzyme activities, the expression of genes related to antioxidant and detoxification systems, and life-history parameters. Aksakal, FI, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of TBT on the testes of adult albino rats and the possible role of omega-3."	( Short term chronic toxicity of tributyltin on the testes of adult albino rats and the possible protective role of omega-3. Ahmed, MG; Ahmed, SM; El Sayed, HR; Ibrahim, ME, 2021)	0.62
" However, DPZ has been reported to have adverse effects, including causing abnormal cardiac rhythm, insomnia, vomiting, and muscle cramps."	( Evaluation of the Adverse Effects of Chronic Exposure to Donepezil (An Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor) in Adult Zebrafish by Behavioral and Biochemical Assessments. Audira, G; Chen, KH; Ger, TR; Hsiao, CD; Huang, JC; Malhotra, N; Ngoc Anh, NT; Ngoc Hieu, BT; Siregar, P; Villaflores, OB; Villalobos, O, 2020)	0.56
" The toxic effects of nitenpyram on earthworms were combined with the method called the second-generation integrated biomarker response index method (IBRv2) to be comprehensively analyzed by studying the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and DNA damage degree in earthworms."	( Oxidative stress and genotoxicity of nitenpyram to earthworms (Eisenia foetida). Chen, Y; Kim, YM; Wang, G; Wang, J; Xia, X; Zhang, W; Zhu, L, 2021)	0.79
"05 mg/L) of triclosan, a highly toxic and persistent biocide used in personal care products."	( Biomarkers for the toxicity of sublethal concentrations of triclosan to the early life stages of carps. Bhardwaj, R; Dar, OI; Kaur, A; Sharma, A; Sharma, S; Singh, K, 2020)	0.56
" The combination of these chemicals is hypothesized to have a toxic impact on the fetus."	( The effect of hormonal levels and oxidative stress on bisphenol A and soy isoflavone reproductive toxicity in murine offspring. Huang, Y; Liu, Y; Lu, Y; Mo, J; Niu, Y; Wang, S; Yang, L; Yi, P; Zhao, Y; Zou, H, 2020)	0.56
" Herein, the toxic effects of graphene oxide (GO) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were thoroughly investigated."	( Biochemical toxicity, lysosomal membrane stability and DNA damage induced by graphene oxide in earthworms. Duo, L; Wang, Y; Zhao, S, 2021)	0.62
"Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal pollutants and can damage male reproductive function."	( A potential mechanism associated with lead-induced spermatogonia and Leydig cell toxicity and mitigative effect of selenium in chicken. Hou, L; Huang, H; Lin, X; Pan, S; Wang, M; Zhao, Q; Zheng, P, 2021)	0.62
"Arsenic as a one of the most important toxic metals could induce hepatotoxicity."	( Mechanisms involved in the possible protective effect of chrysin against sodium arsenite-induced liver toxicity in rats. Basir, Z; Fatemi, I; Goudarzi, M; Khalili, H; Malayeri, A; Mehrzadi, S, 2021)	0.62
"Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic heavy metal environmental pollutants due to its widespread use of the industry and it is a harmful substance for human and animal health."	( Ellagic acid plays an important role in enhancing productive performance and alleviating oxidative stress, apoptosis in laying quail exposed to lead toxicity. Aksakal, M; Arkali, G; Birben, N; Iflazoglu Mutlu, S; Seven, I; Sur Arslan, A; Tatli Seven, P, 2021)	0.62
" To assess the ecological risk of azoxystrobin in real soil environments, we performed a study on the toxic effects of azoxystrobin on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in three different natural soils (fluvo-aquic soil, black soil and red clay soil) and an artificial soil."	( Ecotoxicity evaluation of azoxystrobin on Eisenia fetida in different soils. Allen, SC; Du, Z; Hou, K; Li, B; Li, W; Wang, J; Xu, Y; Zhu, L, 2021)	0.62
" Traditional Chinese medicine believed that this side effect might be caused by the deficiency of both qi and blood."	( Network pharmacology reveals pharmacological effect and mechanism of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen on reproductive and genetic toxicity in male mice. Hu, Y; Sun, C; Wu, C; Yang, J; Zhang, K, 2021)	0.62
"We concluded that Rosuvastatin significantly ameliorates the toxic changes of Azithromycin on the heart."	( Protective effect of Rosuvastatin on Azithromycin induced cardiotoxicity in a rat model. Abdel-Alrahman, G; Kader, GA; Mahmoud, OM; Mansour, BS; Salem, NA, 2021)	0.62
"Cisplatin is an important antineoplastic drug used in multiple chemotherapeutic regimens but unfortunately causes serious toxic effects as ovarian and uterine toxicity."	( Resveratrol protects against cisplatin-induced ovarian and uterine toxicity in female rats by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Abd El-Fadeal, NM; Abd-Eltawab Tammam, A; Albahlol, IA; Ibrahim, MA; Kelleni, MT; Mohamed, AA; Sayeed, MU; Wani, FA, 2021)	0.62
" Toxic side effects of CIS treatment include nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, ototoxicity, myelosuppression and hepatotoxicity."	( Protective effect of dexpanthenol on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Büyük, E; Kaplan, M; Pınar, N; Seçinti, İE; Topaloğlu, M, 2022)	0.72
" VPA has been reported to be associated with many adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity."	( Protective effects of naringin on valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Ates, B; Colak, C; Gunata, M; Koroglu, OF; Parlakpinar, H; Tanriverdi, LH; Vardi, N; Yildiz, A, 2021)	0.62
"Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential element, while calcium (Ca) is an essential element with high chemical similarity to Cd."	( Exploration of the optimal strategy for dietary calcium intervention against the toxicity of liver and kidney induced by cadmium in mice: An in vivo diet intervention study. Chen, Z; Huang, L; Kuang, W; Shi, K, 2021)	0.62
"Lead (Pb) is one of the most common environmental pollutants and causes adverse effects on human and animal health."	( Protective role of yeast beta-glucan on lead acetate-induced hepatic and reproductive toxicity in rats. Arkali, G; Iflazoglu Mutlu, S; Kanmaz, OE; Ozer Kaya, S; Seven, I; Tatli Seven, P, 2021)	0.62
" Whether MRPs and acrylamide were physically mixed or when the solution is prepared from heating the mixture of arginine, glucose and acrylamide, the presence of MRPs effectively reduced the adverse changes caused by acrylamide."	( Inhibition of acrylamide toxicity in vivo by arginine-glucose maillard reaction products. Chai, X; Chen, S; He, A; Huang, Z; Ke, L; Rao, P; Wu, B; Xiang, L, 2021)	0.62
" The purpose of this study was to study the toxic effects of BPA on the biochemical variables and oxidative stress in female African catfish, Clarias gariepinus and to estimate the protective role of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) against BPA toxicity."	( Chitosan nanoparticles alleviated endocrine disruption, oxidative damage, and genotoxicity of Bisphenol-A- intoxicated female African catfish. Ali, RM; Hamed, HS; Hussein, NM; Shaheen, AA, 2021)	0.62
"Despite the various and newly developed chemotherapeutic agents in recent years, cisplatin is still used very frequently as a chemotherapeutic agent, even though cisplatin has toxic effects on many organs."	( Demonstration of the protective effect of ghrelin in the livers of rats with cisplatin toxicity. Atasoy, Ö; Bademci, R; Erbaş, O; Erdoğan, A; Erdoğan, MA; Eroğlu, E; Meral, A, 2021)	0.62
" Furthermore, the 5FU group showed toxic histopathological changes including marked cardiac damage and a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) expression."	( The IL-6/STAT Signaling Pathway and PPARα Are Involved in Mediating the Dose-Dependent Cardioprotective Effects of Fenofibrate in 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Abdelzaher, WY; Bayoumi, AMA; El-Tahawy, NFG; Refaie, MMM; Shehata, S, 2022)	0.72
" Co-administration of MOO with TBT ameliorated the aforementioned toxic effects."	( The ameliorative effect of Moringa oleifera oil on tributyltin-induced brain toxicity in albino rats. A Rashad, W; Abaza, MT; Sakr, S, 2021)	0.62
"Despite its vast spectrum of clinical usage, cyclophosphamide (CP) exerts many adverse impacts, including hepatotoxicity."	( Hepatoprotective Impact of Ghrelin against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Toxicity in the Male Mice. Alipour, F; Khordad, E; Mansouri, S; Pourabbas, M; Salimnejad, R, 2021)	0.62
" Therefore, ghrelin might be useful in protecting the body against the adverse impacts of injuries induced by chemotherapeutic drugs."	( Hepatoprotective Impact of Ghrelin against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Toxicity in the Male Mice. Alipour, F; Khordad, E; Mansouri, S; Pourabbas, M; Salimnejad, R, 2021)	0.62
" Our data showed that benzene (50 µM) induced a significant increase in cytotoxicity, ROS formation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress while LIN with antioxidant potential reversed the toxic effects of benzene on isolated human lymphocytes."	( Linalool reverses benzene-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and lysosomal/mitochondrial damages in human lymphocytes. Baghal, E; Bohlooli, S; Hashemidanesh, N; Khodaparast, F; Rezagholizadeh, L; Salimi, A, 2022)	0.72
" In the present study, we aimed to assess the toxic effects of camphor in zebrafish embryos in the initial developmental stages."	( Sub-lethal Camphor Exposure Triggers Oxidative Stress, Cardiotoxicity, and Cardiac Physiology Alterations in Zebrafish Embryos. Audira, G; Deng, JG; Du, ZC; Hao, EW; Hou, XT; Hsiao, CD; Malhotra, N; Roldan, MJM; Saputra, F; Wei, YT; Xia, ZS; Zhang, MZ, 2021)	0.62
" Toxic control showed prominent toxicity in the liver."	( In vivo antioxidant potential of fruit mucilage from two varieties of Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis against oxidative stress induced toxicity. Bukhari, NI; Ishtiaq, S; Rehman, S, 2021)	0.62
"The results of present study suggested that administration of CHR before and alongside with SA attenuated the renal toxic effects of SA via antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects."	( Chrysin attenuates sodium arsenite-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation. Basir, Z; Fatemi, I; Goudarzi, M; Khalili, H; Malayeri, A; Mehrzadi, S, 2021)	0.62
" The toxic effects of BPS in fish is less known and limited."	( Bisphenol S leads to cytotoxicity-induced antioxidant responses and oxidative stress in isolated rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) hepatocytes. Aykut, H; Bostancı, M; Doğan, E; Fidan, C; Kaptaner, B; Yıldız, F; Yılmaz, C, 2021)	0.62
" Thus, the utilization of BPS instead of BPA as safe alternative in industry should be re-evaluated in the future for environmental health."	( Bisphenol S leads to cytotoxicity-induced antioxidant responses and oxidative stress in isolated rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) hepatocytes. Aykut, H; Bostancı, M; Doğan, E; Fidan, C; Kaptaner, B; Yıldız, F; Yılmaz, C, 2021)	0.62
" We suggest that Vit B12 can be used to reduce the toxic effects of MTX."	( Evaluation by different mechanisms of the protective effects of vitamin B12 on methotrexate nephrotoxicity. Akin, AT; Karabulut, D; Kaymak, E; Kuloglu, N; Ozturk, E; Yakan, B, 2022)	0.72
" Its non-target toxic effects on soil microorganisms and soil enzymes are reported recently."	( Ecotoxicity of herbicide carfentrazone-ethyl towards earthworm Eisenia fetida in soil. Li, M; Ma, X; Saleem, M; Wang, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, Q, 2022)	0.72
"Doxorubicin (DOX), a common chemotherapeutic agent, suffers serious adverse effects including hepatotoxicity."	( Mokko Lactone Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: Emphasis on Sirt-1/FOXO1/NF-κB Axis. Abdallah, HM; Abdel-Naim, AB; Alamoudi, AJ; Eid, BG; Ibrahim, SRM; Kammoun, AK; Mohamed, GA; Shaik, RA; Sirwi, A, 2021)	0.62
"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most commonly used and toxic phthalate esters and has a variety of harmful effects on aquatic animals."	( Accumulation, detoxification, and toxicity of dibutyl phthalate in the swimming crab. He, Y; Li, R; Lin, W; Mu, C; Shi, C; Wang, C; Ye, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Nickel (Ni) is an environmental toxicant that can cause toxic damage to humans and animals."	( Mitochondria damage and ferroptosis involved in Ni-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Chen, J; Chen, X; Chen, Z; Cui, H; Du, Z; Fang, J; Geng, Y; Guo, H; Huang, C; Ouyang, P; Wang, F; Wei, L; Yang, Y; Yang, Z; Yin, H; Zhu, Y; Zuo, Z, 2022)	0.72
" The adverse effects on zebrafish embryos were evaluated and the transcriptional profiles of zebraﬁsh embryos were analyzed at 72hpf."	( Molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity induced by BBP in zebraﬁsh embryos. Li, Y; Sun, G, 2022)	0.72
" The first group received distilled water as control, while the second group received ATZ at 200 mg/kg body weight/ day via stomach gavage for 30 successive days of the experiment; the oral LD50 for ATZ is 3090 mg/kg."	( Histopathological, Immunohistochemical, And Molecular Alterations In Brain Tissue And Submandibular Salivary Gland Of Atrazine-Induced Toxicity In Male Rats. AbuBakr, HO; Ahmad, IM; Ahmed, YH; Ahmed, ZSO, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to assess the transport of MeHg into placental syncytiotrophoblasts and to characterize the mechanisms by which MeHg exerts its toxic effects."	( Transport and Toxicity of Methylmercury-Cysteine in Cultured BeWo Cells. Barkin, JL; Bridges, CC; Farrell, ER; Ford, EG; Ganapathy, S; Joshee, L; McKallip, RJ; Uchakina, O; Vaghela, S, 2021)	0.62
" Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate PS- NPs toxic effects on kidney of adult male albino rats."	( Screening for polystyrene nanoparticle toxicity on kidneys of adult male albino rats using histopathological, biochemical, and molecular examination results. Ahmed, YH; Bashir, DW; El-Naggar, ME; Galal, MK; M Youssef, A; Rashad, MM, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, a systematic toxic study is necessary to assess its environmental safety."	( Toxicity of BPNSs against Chlorella vulgaris: Oxidative damage, physical damage and self-protection mechanism. Deng, N; Li, H; Li, Y; Li, Z; Mo, F; Wang, P; Xu, J; Zhang, C, 2022)	0.72
" Its dose must be commonly monitored according to pain status and to alleviate the appearance of any adverse effects such as renal cellular damage during its excretion."	( 10-Dehydrogingerdione Attenuates Tramadol-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Modulating Renal Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Experimental Rats: Role of HO-1 Activation and TLR4/NF-κB/ERK Inhibition. Al-Gabri, NA; Alnomasy, SF; Althafar, ZM; Elkomy, NMIM; Elnagar, GM; Elseweidy, MM; Mahmoud, YK; Shawky, M, 2022)	0.72
"Drug-induced cardiotoxicity is a serious adverse effect that occurs during the administration of chemotherapeutic agents such as cyclophosphamide (CYC)."	( Simvastatin cardioprotection in cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity via the modulation of inflammasome/caspase1/interleukin1β pathway. Abdelzaher, WY; Bayoumi, AM; El-Hussieny, M; Refaie, MM; Shehata, S; Welson, NN, )	0.13
" ZnO-NPs are toxic to fish, but there are few reports on its immunotoxicity on crucian carp (Carassius carassius)."	( Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) exhibit immune toxicity to crucian carp (Carassius carassius) by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release and oxidative stress. Hong, H; Jiang, A; Jiang, L; Li, P; Li, S; Liu, Z; Wei, Z; Wu, D; Wu, Z; Xu, J; Yang, Z; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Altogether, it appears that PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFESA are more toxic than PFOA."	( Assessing the hepatotoxicity of PFOA, PFOS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA in black-spotted frogs (Rana nigromaculata) and elucidating potential association with gut microbiota. Chen, J; Lin, H; Liu, F; Liu, Z; Shen, L; Wu, H; Yang, H; Zhang, H; Zhang, X; Zhong, Y, 2022)	0.72
"The coexistence of microplastics (MPs) and toxic metal contaminants in soils is becoming increasingly common, thereby posing serious threat to soil-plant systems."	( Microplastics addition reduced the toxicity and uptake of cadmium to Brassica chinensis L. Chen, L; Duan, C; Fang, L; Li, Y; Qiu, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhao, S, 2022)	0.72
" The toxic effects of TFS were tested, considering physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical and anatomical analyses."	( Acute multiple toxic effects of Trifloxystrobin fungicide on Allium cepa L. Çavuşoğlu, K; Kalefetoğlu Macar, T; Macar, O; Yalçın, E, 2022)	0.72
" Displaying a high accumulation effect and 120-day half-life in the soil environment, the toxic effects of TCC to soil organisms have been widely reported."	( Response pathways of superoxide dismutase and catalase under the regulation of triclocarban-triggered oxidative stress in Eisenia foetida: Comprehensive mechanism analysis based on cytotoxicity and binding model. Cui, Z; He, F; Huo, C; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, R; Qi, Y; Tian, G; Wang, H; Zong, W, 2023)	0.91
" It is suggested that nanocurcumin-based drugs be developed to reduce the toxic effects of ALP in poisoned patients."	( Nanocurcumin Improves Lipid Status, Oxidative Stress, and Function of the Liver in Aluminium Phosphide-Induced Toxicity: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. Fathi Jouzdani, A; Ghafouri-Khosrowshahi, A; Ghasemi, H; Kheiripour, N; Ranjbar, A; Salimi, A; Soleimani Asl, S, 2022)	0.72
"Uranium is a highly radioactive heavy metal that is toxic to living things."	( Metal chelating and anti-radical activity of Salvia officinalis in the ameliorative effects against uranium toxicity. Aydin, D; Çavuşoğlu, K; Yalçin, E, 2022)	0.72
"Zinc (Zn) is necessary for the survival of aquatic organisms; nevertheless, the accumulation of Zn in excessive amounts may have toxic consequences."	( Toxicity of chronic waterborne zinc exposure in the hepatopancreas of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Chen, T; Guo, H; Li, S; Liang, Z; Yang, F; Zhang, S, 2022)	0.72
" Thus, SNPs application has potential to be a green and sustainable technology for increasing plant productivity and reducing accumulation of toxic metals in heavy metal polluted soils."	( Co-exposure of sulfur nanoparticles and Cu alleviate Cu stress and toxicity to oilseed rape Brassica napus L. Dhankher, OP; Fu, J; Liu, Q; Sun, Y; Tong, H; Wang, Y; Yuan, H; Zhang, Y, 2023)	0.91
"The anticancer drug methotrexate (MTX) is known to cause hepatotoxicity as a possibly fatal adverse effect that hinders its clinical application."	( Dihydromyricetin alleviates methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity via suppressing the ‎TLR4/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome/caspase 1 axis. Awad, EM; El-Sheikh, AAK; El-Tahawy, NFG; Matouk, AI; Waz, S, 2022)	0.72
"ZnO NPs had toxic effects on the ovary of female mice, which were due to oxidative stress, ER stress, and the eventual activation of apoptosis."	( Zinc Oxide Particles Can Cause Ovarian Toxicity by Oxidative Stress in Female Mice Model. Chen, L; Feng, Y; Fu, F; Liu, S; Lv, S; Wang, W; Xu, H; Xu, Y; Zhao, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Zn NPs treatment, especially at 25 mg/kg dose, attenuates the side effect of IR on kidneys through reducing oxidative stress factors, biochemical, and histopathological changes."	( Radioprotective Effect of Zinc Nanoparticles on Ionizing Radiation-induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice. Jomehzadeh, A; Rahimi, HR; Saadat, I; Salimi, A; Shakibaie, M; Torabizadeh, SA, 2023)	0.91
"Gentamicin (GEN) is a kind of aminoglycoside antibiotic with the adverse effect of nephrotoxicity."	( Epigallocatechin Gallate Attenuates Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Suppressing Apoptosis and Ferroptosis. Fan, QW; Hu, ZM; Jin, J; Li, C; Li, FH; Liu, MM; Ma, WX; Shi, C; Wang, HY; Wang, J; Wang, XF; Wang, YY; Wen, JG; Yang, YR; Yue, L, 2022)	0.72
"Cyantraniliprole, the second generation of diamide insecticides, is widely used to control various pests, which will certainly result in adverse effects on earthworms in soil."	( Effect of different exposure times and doses of cyantraniliprole on oxidative stress and genotoxicity in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Li, Z; Liu, C; Liu, D; Wang, J; Xia, X; Xue, Y, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The alpha-tocopherol derivatives with short chain-length (C1, C6) had a shorter half-life in animal tissues as compared to alpha-tocopherol or its esters."	( Pharmacodynamic of the antioxidant action of alpha-tocopherol and its derivatives in liver, brain, heart and skeletal muscles. Bakalova, R; Kutsev, C; Mileva, M; Ribarov, S; Zlateva, G, 2000)	0.31
" The pharmacodynamic study was carried out using elevated plus maze (EPM) and Morris water maze (MWM) behavioral models for nootropic activity in swiss albino mice; and biochemical estimations (acetylcholine esterase, reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde and brain nitrite level)."	( Formulation, optimization, in vivo pharmacokinetic, behavioral and biochemical estimations of minocycline loaded chitosan nanoparticles for enhanced brain uptake. Mishra, DN; Nagpal, K; Singh, SK, 2013)	0.57
"75 h, Cmax = 57."	( [Determination pharmacokinetics parameters of raw and different processed epimediums by pharmacology effect method]. Cui, L; Fan, HW; Jia, XB; Sun, E; Zou, JJ, 2013)	0.39
"The differences of Cmax and AUC between processed products and raw products are significant, and the sequence is as follows: fat-fried products > fried products > raw products."	( [Determination pharmacokinetics parameters of raw and different processed epimediums by pharmacology effect method]. Cui, L; Fan, HW; Jia, XB; Sun, E; Zou, JJ, 2013)	0.39
" In the present study, we investigated the pharmacokinetic process of sodium selenate in healthy piglet plasma after either intramuscular injection or oral administrations, and examined dynamic changes of antioxidant system in healthy piglets after Se supplementation."	( Pharmacokinetics of Selenium in Healthy Piglets After Different Routes of Administration: Application of Pharmacokinetic Data to the Risk Assessment of Selenium. Xing, H; Xu, S; Xue, H; Zhang, Z; Zheng, S; Zhu, F, 2019)	0.51
" Cell-based oxidative stress assays and pharmacokinetic studies were performed using C6 glial cell lines, and Sprague Dawley rats, respectively."	( Comparative evaluation of fish oil and butter oil in modulating delivery of galantamine hydrobromide to brain via intranasal route: pharmacokinetic and oxidative stress studies. Katdare, A; Khunt, D; Misra, M; Polaka, SN; Thakkar, S, 2020)	0.56
" The alterations in pharmacokinetic parameters (maximum serum concentration, area under the curve, clearance) of AEDs were also found with co-administration of HECA."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Centella asiatica with valproate and phenytoin in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. Agarwal, A; Arora, R; Ganeshan N, S; Gupta, YK; Kaleekal, T; Kumar, R; Sarangi, SC, 2021)	0.62
" But, alteration in pharmacokinetic parameters revel that needs critical medical supervision to avoid any toxic reactions."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Centella asiatica with valproate and phenytoin in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. Agarwal, A; Arora, R; Ganeshan N, S; Gupta, YK; Kaleekal, T; Kumar, R; Sarangi, SC, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The anxiolytic effect of dibunol alone and combined with phenazepam is attended by a decrease in the content of malonic dialdehyde in rat blood and brain, evidence of the reduction of the lipid peroxidation intensity."	( [Effect of the antioxidant dibunol and its combination with phenazepam on the behavior of rats in a conflict situation]. Molodavkin, GM; Poiurovskiĭ, MV, 1985)	0.27
" All these drugs therefore appear to interact with the same site on platelet cyclo-oxygenase."	( Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs react with two sites on platelet cyclo-oxygenase. Evidence from "in vivo" drug interaction studies in rats. Cerletti, C; De Gaetano, G; Livio, M, 1982)	0.26
" Laser combined with essentiale results in especially pronounced deactivation of lipid peroxidation."	( [The effect of laser therapy and its combination with essentiale on the course of stable stenocardia, lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant protection of the erythrocyte membranes]. Braslavskaia, AP, )	0.13
" To evaluate the effect of PDT and PDT combined with ADM the intensity of lipid peroxidation in tumor tissue and in blood serum was determined using the thiobarbituric acid assay."	( Effects of photodynamic therapy in combination with Adriamycin. Characiejus, D; Didziapetriene, J; Grazeliene, G; Griciute, L; Kazlauskaite, N; Prasmickiene, G; Rotomskis, R; Streckyte, G; Sukeliene, D, 1999)	0.3
" coli administration showed a decline in the thiol content of the cell accompanied by high malondialdehyde levels along with lowered activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase with an added effect observed when gentamicin was administered along with it."	( Evaluation of the effect of lipoic acid administered along with gentamicin in rats rendered bacteremic. Malarkodi, KP; Sandhya, S; Varalakshmi, P, 2003)	0.54
" We wished to determine the cardioprotective actions of an aminopeptidase P inhibitor, apstatin alone and in combination with enalapril/lisinopril/ramipril in an in vivo rat model of acute ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion (4 h)."	( Infarct size limiting effect of apstatin alone and in combination with enalapril, lisinopril and ramipril in rats with experimental myocardial infarction. Akula, A; Kota, MK; Routhu, KV; Veeravalli, KK, 2003)	0.32
" Herceptin combined with doxorubicin markedly increased the incidence of cardiac dysfunction in clinical trials."	( [Effect of herceptin combined with Doxorubicin on rat cardiotoxicity]. Fu, Q; He, B; Wang, YJ; Xu, Y, 2004)	0.32
"Thirty-six female rats were randomized into four groups (n=9): control group, Herceptin group, doxorubicin group, Herceptin combined with doxorubicin group."	( [Effect of herceptin combined with Doxorubicin on rat cardiotoxicity]. Fu, Q; He, B; Wang, YJ; Xu, Y, 2004)	0.32
" The value of MDA in doxorubicin group and Herceptin combined with doxorubicin group were (0."	( [Effect of herceptin combined with Doxorubicin on rat cardiotoxicity]. Fu, Q; He, B; Wang, YJ; Xu, Y, 2004)	0.32
"Herceptin alone had little toxic effects on rat cardiomocytes, but Herceptin combined with doxorubicin can aggravate rat cardiotoxicity."	( [Effect of herceptin combined with Doxorubicin on rat cardiotoxicity]. Fu, Q; He, B; Wang, YJ; Xu, Y, 2004)	0.32
"Simvastatin combined with losartan improves endothelial function and reduces inflammatory markers to a greater extent than monotherapy with either drug in hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients."	( Additive beneficial effects of losartan combined with simvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients. Ahn, JY; Ahn, TH; Choi, IS; Chung, WJ; Han, SH; Kang, MH; Koh, KK; Quon, MJ; Seo, YH; Shin, EK, 2004)	0.32
" It is concluded that vitamin C treatment, alone or its combination with vitamin A, may be beneficial in preventing endotoxin-induced oxidative renal tissue damage and shows potential for clinical use."	( Protective effects of vitamin C, alone or in combination with vitamin A, on endotoxin-induced oxidative renal tissue damage in rats. Armutcu, F; Coskun, O; Kanter, M; Kizilay, G; Uz, YH, 2005)	0.33
"We investigated the effect of long-term treatment (6 wk) with selenium and vitamin E, in combination with aerobic exercise training, on malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in STZ-induced diabetic rats."	( Effect of the joint administration of selenium and vitamin E in combination with regular aerobic exercise on markers of lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase in diabetic rats. Kim, HT, 2005)	0.53
"Fenofibrate combined with candesartan improves endothelial function and reduces inflammatory markers to a greater extent than monotherapy in hypertriglyceridemic hypertensive patients."	( Additive beneficial effects of fenofibrate combined with candesartan in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemic hypertensive patients. Ahn, JY; Chung, WJ; Han, SH; Kim, JA; Koh, KK; Lee, Y; Quon, MJ; Shin, EK, 2006)	0.33
" There was a significant decrease in TNF with AT alone or in combination with GT."	( Gamma-tocopherol supplementation alone and in combination with alpha-tocopherol alters biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Devaraj, S; Jialal, I; Leonard, S; Traber, MG, 2008)	0.35
" In this study, we investigated the role of hemin pretreatment combined with ulinastatin on septic shock in rats."	( Protective effects of hemin pretreatment combined with ulinastatin on septic shock in rats. Yao, SL; Yu, JB, 2008)	0.35
"In order to evaluate the effect of coenzyme Q10 (CQ) or combined with carotenoids (lycopene and lutein, LL) or/and mineral nutrients (zinc and selenium, ZS) on the antioxidant defense system, The rats were randomized into 6 groups: control, CQ [CQ 10 mg/(kg x d)], CQ+ ZS[CQ 10 mg/(kg x d), Zn 1 mg/(kg x d), Se 4 microg/(kg x d)], CQ+ LL [CQ 10 mg/(kg x d), Lutein 1 mg/(kg x d), Lycopene 2 mg/(kg x d)], CQ + ZS + LL [CQ 10 mg/(kg x d), Zn 1 mg/(kg x d), Se 4 microg/(kg x d), Lutein 1 mg/(kg x d), Lycopene 2 mg/(kg x d)] and VE [VE 2 mg/(kg x d)], and then fed with a diet based on AIN-76 rodent diet but containing 4% lard as well as 4% corn oil."	( [Effects of coenzyme Q10 or combined with micronutrients on antioxidant defense system in rats]. Wang, H; Yin, S; Zhao, X, 2008)	0.35
" The animals, which received thalidomide alone orally or in combination with augmentin, 30 min prior to bacterial instillation into the lungs via intranasal route, showed significant (P<0."	( Anti-inflammatory effect of thalidomide alone or in combination with augmentin in Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055 induced acute lung infection in BALB/c mice. Chhibber, S; Kumar, V, 2008)	0.35
" Melatonin in combination with B(a)P induced rises in the GSH level in liver and brain, as compared to the receiving B(a)P alone."	( Effects of melatonin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities in the liver, kidneys and brain of rats administered with benzo(a)pyrene. Dzięgiel, P; Januszewska, L; Jethon, Z; Magdalan, J; Murawska-Ciałowicz, E; Podhorska-Okołów, M; Sozański, T; Zawadzki, M, 2011)	0.37
" The animals that received curcumin alone orally or in combination with augmentin, 15 days prior to bacterial instillation into the lungs via the intranasal route, showed a significant (P <0."	( Curcumin alone and in combination with augmentin protects against pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury generated during Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055-induced lung infection in BALB/c mice. Bansal, S; Chhibber, S, 2010)	0.36
"To study the effect and its mechanism of antihypertensive of drug combination of Jimaitong tablt and nifedipine on spontaneously hypertensive rats."	( [Effect of Jimaitong tablet combined with nifedipine on blood-pressure and mechanisms investigation in spontaneously hypertensive rats]. Chen, S; Fang, Q; Lv, G; Lv, L; Wu, X; Yu, S, 2010)	0.36
"The spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated by intragastric administration (ig) with Jimaitong (450 mg x kg(-1)), Jimaitong (300 mg x kg(-1)) combined with the nifedipine (0."	( [Effect of Jimaitong tablet combined with nifedipine on blood-pressure and mechanisms investigation in spontaneously hypertensive rats]. Chen, S; Fang, Q; Lv, G; Lv, L; Wu, X; Yu, S, 2010)	0.36
" The findings show that supplementation with Fe and particularly in combination with vitamins could improve the haematological status as well as oxidative stress and erythrocyte membrane fluidity."	( Supplementation of iron alone and combined with vitamins improves haematological status, erythrocyte membrane fluidity and oxidative stress in anaemic pregnant women. Han, XX; Jiang, DC; Kok, FJ; Ma, AG; Schouten, EG; Sun, YY; Yang, F; Zhang, FZ, 2010)	0.36
"To investigate the effects of fosinopril sodium pre-treatment combined with ischemic postconditioning on rat serum and myocardial oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines post ischemia/reperfusion."	( [Protective effect of fosinopril sodium pretreatment combined with ischemic postconditioning on rat heart underwent myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury]. Chen, KJ; Liu, JG; Shi, DZ; Wang, CL; Zhang, DW; Zhang, L, 2010)	0.36
"The study showed that green tea alone and in combination with sulfasalazine reduced inflammatory changes induced by tri nitro benzene sulfonic acid in rats."	( Comparative evaluation of different doses of green tea extract alone and in combination with sulfasalazine in experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Byrav, DS; Chakrabarti, A; Khanduja, KL; Medhi, B; Vaiphei, K, 2011)	0.37
"To study the protective effect of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channel (mitoK(ATP) channel) opener, nicorandil, combined with Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange blocker KB-R7943 on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts; the isolated rat heart was perfused by modified Langendorff device, after 15-min balanced perfusion, 45-min ischemia (about left and right coronary perfusion flow reduced to 5% of the original irrigation flow), and 2-h reperfusion were performed."	( The protective effect of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel opener, nicorandil, combined with Na+/Ca2+ exchange blocker KB-R7943 on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat. Jia, D, 2011)	0.37
" In view of these developments, we investigated whether a HAART drug combination of 3'-azido-2',3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and indinavir (IDV) can alter the functionality of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells, thereby exacerbating this condition."	( Highly active antiretroviral therapy drug combination induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in immortalized human blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. Banerjee, A; Banks, WA; Ercal, N; Manda, KR, 2011)	0.37
"We compared local immunometabolic effects of two dosage forms of longidase in patients with prostatic adenoma (PA) in combination with chronic prostatitis (CP) in the postoperative period."	( [Correction of local immunometabolic disturbances combined with chronic prostatitis in prostatic adenoma]. Konoplia, AI; Krasnov, AV; Loktiononv, AL; Mal'tsov, VN; Shatokhin, MN; Teodorovich, OV, )	0.13
"Effectivity of detoxic preparation reamberin at complex treatment of the patients with acuting of chronic cholecystitis combined with chronic pancreatitis on background of HCV-infection was detected."	( [Effectivity of detoxification preparation reamberin in complex treatment of the patients with chronic cholecystitis combined with chronic pancreatitis on background of HCV-infection]. Frolov, VM; Kruglova, OV; Sanzharevskaia, IV; Sotskaia, IaA, )	0.13
" All animals were applied with general anesthesia, and the animals of the control group and the experimental group were administered with combination of isoflurane and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) for controlled hypotension to 30% mean arterial pressure (30% MAP) of base line for 60 min."	( [Effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with general anesthesia for controlled hypotension on heart function and oxidation resistance of myocardium]. Dong, ZH; Fang, JQ; Lian, LL; Mo, YD; Shao, XM; Yu, XJ; Zhang, LL, 2012)	0.38
"TEAS combined with anesthesia for controlled hypotension can elevate myocardial effect of anti-oxide free radical, reduce the postoperative release of LDH and CK-MB, so as to produce myocardial protection."	( [Effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with general anesthesia for controlled hypotension on heart function and oxidation resistance of myocardium]. Dong, ZH; Fang, JQ; Lian, LL; Mo, YD; Shao, XM; Yu, XJ; Zhang, LL, 2012)	0.38
" Six donkeys administered orally with AA (200 mg/kg) and subjected to packing were used as experimental animals, whilst six others not administered with AA served as controls."	( Effect of packing on changes in erythrocyte osmotic fragility and malondialdehyde concentration in donkeys administered with ascorbic acid. Ambali, SF; Ayo, JO; Olaifa, F; Rekwot, PI, 2012)	0.62
" (Amaranthaceae) root alone and in combination with piperine in treating ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice."	( Amaranthus roxburghianus root extract in combination with piperine as a potential treatment of ulcerative colitis in mice. Bhawar, SB; Ingale, JM; Nirmal, SA; Pattan, SR, 2013)	0.39
" Therefore, feed contaminated with both MEL and CYA could be problematic for fish, as MEL administered to trout, individually or in combination with CYA, may facilitate the onset of oxidative damage in trout."	( Antioxidant responses and renal crystal formation in rainbow trout treated with melamine administered individually or in combination with cyanuric acid. Abete, MC; Andersen, W; Brizio, P; Dörr, AJ; Elia, AC; Gasco, L; Pacini, N; Prearo, M; Reimschuessel, R; Righetti, M, 2013)	0.39
" A randomized controlled trial was conducted to investigate whether CSII in combination with rosiglitazone, metformin, or α-lipoic acid separately brings about extra benefits."	( Short-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion combined with insulin sensitizers rosiglitazone, metformin, or antioxidant α-lipoic acid in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chen, A; Deng, W; Fang, D; Huang, Z; Li, H; Li, Y; Liu, J; Liu, L; Wan, X; Wei, G, 2013)	0.39
"One hundred sixty patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were randomized to one of four treatment groups: CSII alone, CSII in combination with rosiglitazone or metformin for 3 months, or CSII with α-lipoic acid intravenous infusion for 2 weeks."	( Short-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion combined with insulin sensitizers rosiglitazone, metformin, or antioxidant α-lipoic acid in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chen, A; Deng, W; Fang, D; Huang, Z; Li, H; Li, Y; Liu, J; Liu, L; Wan, X; Wei, G, 2013)	0.39
"The near-normoglycemia rate at the third month in CSII alone and that in combination with rosiglitazone, metformin, or α-lipoic acid was 72."	( Short-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion combined with insulin sensitizers rosiglitazone, metformin, or antioxidant α-lipoic acid in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chen, A; Deng, W; Fang, D; Huang, Z; Li, H; Li, Y; Liu, J; Liu, L; Wan, X; Wei, G, 2013)	0.39
"Short-term CSII in combination with rosiglitazone or metformin is superior to CSII alone, yet the efficacy of the two differs in some way, whereas that with α-lipoic acid might not have an additive effect."	( Short-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion combined with insulin sensitizers rosiglitazone, metformin, or antioxidant α-lipoic acid in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chen, A; Deng, W; Fang, D; Huang, Z; Li, H; Li, Y; Liu, J; Liu, L; Wan, X; Wei, G, 2013)	0.39
" The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different doses of pioglitazone alone and in combination with sulfasalazine in TNBS (trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid)-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in rats."	( Comparative evaluation of different doses of PPAR-γ agonist alone and in combination with sulfasalazine in experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Byrav D S, P; Chakrabarti, A; Khanduja, KL; Medhi, B; Prakash, A; Vaiphei, K, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, we investigated whether dexrzoxane could reduce cardiotoxicity in the treatment of anthracycline combined with trastuzumab."	( Cardiac protective effects of dexrazoxane on animal cardiotoxicity model induced by anthracycline combined with trastuzumab is associated with upregulation of calpain-2. Liu, J; Meng, T; Zhang, J; Zhang, S; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
"5 improved most of the parameters evaluated in this study without causing motor impairment demonstrating, thus, that possibly when combined with ALA a lower dose of CLZ is required."	( Alpha-lipoic acid alone and combined with clozapine reverses schizophrenia-like symptoms induced by ketamine in mice: Participation of antioxidant, nitrergic and neurotrophic mechanisms. de Lucena, DF; de Sousa, CN; Gama, CS; Lima, LL; Macêdo, D; Oliveira, Tde Q; Vasconcelos, GS; Vasconcelos, SM; Ximenes, NC, 2015)	0.42
" This experiment explored the effects of insulin therapy combined with treadmill training on diabetic neuropathic pain and on the expression of malondialdehyde (MDA) and cytokines."	( Treadmill training combined with insulin suppresses diabetic nerve pain and cytokines in rat sciatic nerve. Chen, YW; Chiu, CC; Hsieh, PL; Hung, CH; Wang, JJ, 2015)	0.62
"Treadmill training combined with insulin therapy showed the best improvements in tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia among our 3 treatment groups."	( Treadmill training combined with insulin suppresses diabetic nerve pain and cytokines in rat sciatic nerve. Chen, YW; Chiu, CC; Hsieh, PL; Hung, CH; Wang, JJ, 2015)	0.42
" We analyzed the association between Cu/Zn-SOD +35 A/C, Mn-SOD T47C, and CAT -21 A/T gene polymorphisms and complications, in combination with tea consumption in Tunisian T2D."	( Mn-SOD 47 CC genotype in combination with high tea consumption may prevent complications in Tunisian type-2 diabetes. Abaidi, H; Ben Chibani, J; Denden, S; Ghazouani, A; Haj Khelil, A; Hamdaoui, MH; Snoussi, C; Trimèche, A, 2015)	0.42
" The beneficial effects of BY granules combined with Shu-Fei Tie have been proved in previous clinical trials."	( Bufei Yishen granules combined with acupoint sticking therapy suppress oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rats: Via regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma signaling. Dong, YQ; Feng, SX; Li, JS; Li, LL; Li, Y; Luo, S; Mao, J; Tian, YG; Wang, LL; Wang, MH, 2016)	0.43
"Eighty MODS rats with third-degree burns were divided randomly into 4 groups: insulin, ethyl pyruvate (EP), insulin combined with EP, and control."	( Effects of insulin combined with ethyl pyruvate on inflammatory response and oxidative stress in multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome rats with severe burns. Chen, R; Wang, S; Wang, Z; Zhang, X; Zhu, Z, 2016)	0.43
"Insulin combined with EP can effectively reduce the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and main organ dysfunctions in MODS rats after severe burns."	( Effects of insulin combined with ethyl pyruvate on inflammatory response and oxidative stress in multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome rats with severe burns. Chen, R; Wang, S; Wang, Z; Zhang, X; Zhu, Z, 2016)	0.43
" In this study, we examined the effects of ED exposure either alone or in combination with ethanol on oxidative stress parameters including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and lipid peroxidation parameter malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat."	( Energy Drink Induced Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Damage in Rat Liver and Brain When Used Alone or Combined with Alcohol. Akkaya, H; Aydın, A; Charehsaz, M; Ekici, AI; Macit, Ç; Reis, R; Sipahi, H, 2017)	0.64
" The aim of this study is to evaluate the synergistic anti-tumor effects and underlying mechanism of κ-selenocarrageenan (KSC) in combination with the chemotherapy drug epirubicin (EPI) in H22 tumor-bearing mice."	( Immuno-modulatory and cellular antioxidant activities of κ-selenocarrageenan in combination with Epirubicin in H22 hepatoma-bearing mice. Ji, C; Ji, Y; Li, W; Ling, N; Qi, Z; Zhou, X, 2017)	0.46
"This study explored the oxidative stress effects of the NADPH oxidase-ROS-NF-κB transduction pathway and vascular peroxidase 1 (VPO1) on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) combined with pulmonary hypertension (PH)."	( Mechanisms of oxidative stress effects of the NADPH oxidase-ROS-NF-κB transduction pathway and VPO1 on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease combined with pulmonary hypertension. Li, P; Yang, Z; Yu, Y; Zhao, X; Zhuan, B, 2017)	0.46
"30 patients with pure COPD and 30 patients with stable COPD combined with PH, who were admitted to our hospital from January 2015 to December 2015, were enrolled as the control group and the observation group, respectively."	( Mechanisms of oxidative stress effects of the NADPH oxidase-ROS-NF-κB transduction pathway and VPO1 on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease combined with pulmonary hypertension. Li, P; Yang, Z; Yu, Y; Zhao, X; Zhuan, B, 2017)	0.46
"The NADPH oxidase-ROS-NF-κB transduction pathway, VPO1, oxidative stress and their complicated interactions are implicated in the occurrence and development of COPD combined with PH."	( Mechanisms of oxidative stress effects of the NADPH oxidase-ROS-NF-κB transduction pathway and VPO1 on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease combined with pulmonary hypertension. Li, P; Yang, Z; Yu, Y; Zhao, X; Zhuan, B, 2017)	0.46
"The present study seeks to observe the preventive effects of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DOX-CM) in rats using targeted non-mitogenic acidic fibroblast growth factor (MaFGF) mediated by nanoparticles (NP) combined with ultrasound-targeted MB destruction (UTMD)."	( Prevention of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy using targeted MaFGF mediated by nanoparticles combined with ultrasound-targeted MB destruction. Chen, B; Lu, CT; Ni, XW; Tian, XQ; Xu, HL; Yuan, JJ; Zhao, YZ; Zheng, L; ZhuGe, DL, 2017)	0.46
" The present study investigated the impact of IAI combined with IAH on the intestinal mucosal barrier in a rabbit model."	( Intra-abdominal infection combined with intra-abdominal hypertension aggravates the intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. Li, J; Li, Y; Ren, J; Wu, X, 2018)	0.48
"To evaluate the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound（LIPUS） combined with triamcinolone acetonide on oral mucosal ulcer in syrian hamster in several ways, including healing time, contents of superoxide dismutase（SOD）and malondialdehyde (MDA)."	( [Effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound combined with triamcinolone acetonide on oral mucosal ulcer healing in syrian hamster]. Fei, CX; Feng, TM; Pan, LL; Sun, J; Wang, C; Xiang, XR; Yang, MC, 2017)	0.64
"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound combined with triamcinolone acetonide can effectively improve the activity of SOD and reduce the contents of MDA in ulcerated tissues, and therefore accelerate the process of ulcer healing．."	( [Effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound combined with triamcinolone acetonide on oral mucosal ulcer healing in syrian hamster]. Fei, CX; Feng, TM; Pan, LL; Sun, J; Wang, C; Xiang, XR; Yang, MC, 2017)	0.46
"BACKGROUND The aim of this pragmatic study was to explore the intervention of acupuncture combined with hydrotherapy and perceived effects in type 2 diabetic patients with recently diagnosed, mild, lower-extremity arterial disease (LEAD) in comparison with a control group."	( Acupuncture Combined with Hydrotherapy in Diabetes Patients with Mild Lower-Extremity Arterial Disease: A Prospective, Randomized, Nonblinded Clinical Study. Lin, L; Liu, X; Pang, Y; Qi, Z; Shao, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.48
" To evaluate the joint toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nonylphenol (NP), we investigated the toxicological effects of NP, pristine MWCNTs, and MWCNTs combined with NP in male mice."	( Toxicological assessment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes combined with nonylphenol in male mice. Cui, Y; Fang, H; Wang, S; Wang, Z, 2018)	0.48
"We investigated the protective effect of ulinastatin combined with dexmedetomidine on lung injury after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats."	( Protective effect of ulinastatin combined with dexmedetomidine on lung injury after cold ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Ding, M; Li, JY; Ren, HC; Wang, G; Wang, Q; Weng, YQ; Xu, RB; Yu, HL; Yu, WL, 2018)	0.48
"Ulinastatin combined with dexmedetomidine can reduce the inflammatory response and inhibit lipid peroxidation, eventually alleviating acute lung injury after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats."	( Protective effect of ulinastatin combined with dexmedetomidine on lung injury after cold ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Ding, M; Li, JY; Ren, HC; Wang, G; Wang, Q; Weng, YQ; Xu, RB; Yu, HL; Yu, WL, 2018)	0.48
" To avoid drawbacks of the 5-Fu, GP11 in combination with 5-Fu was investigated in this study."	( Effect of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide on anti-tumor activity in combination with 5-Fu in Heps-bearing mice. Ali, SS; Chen, H; Ding, YY; Fei, F; Feng, WW; Mao, GH; Wu, XY; Yang, LQ; Zhang, WJ; Zhang, ZH; Zhao, T, 2019)	0.51
" MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including a Bronchitis model group (BM), a Budesonide group (BG), an Astragaloside IV group (AG), an Astragaloside IV combined with Budesonide group (CG), and a blank control group (BC)."	( Protective Effects of Astragaloside IV Combined with Budesonide in Bronchitis in Rats by Regulation of Nrf2/Keap1 Pathway. Cheng, X; Ge, D; Qi, B; Wang, S; Zhang, Z, 2018)	0.48
" Type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats were developed by giving a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ), and administered orally with SCAP (25, 50 mg/kg) for 8 weeks."	( Hypoglycemic Effect of Acidic Polysaccharide from Schisandra chinensis on T2D Rats Induced by High-Fat Diet Combined with STZ. Che, JY; Chen, JG; Du, XX; Li, H; Liang, S; Tao, X; Wang, CM; Yang, S, 2019)	0.51
" We aimed to investigate the protective effects of RH on rabbits' limbs injured by a steel-ball combined with hemorrhagic-shock, and then employed tourniquet over-time, tried to identify the optimal treatment RH."	( Regional hypothermia attenuates secondary-injury caused by time-out application of tourniquets following limb fragments injury combined with hemorrhagic shock. Lai, X; Lan, K; Li, T; Wang, J; Weng, C; Zhang, L, 2019)	0.51
" Malondialdehyde, acrolein, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, and pentanal were extracted and derivatized using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) by gas-diffusion microextraction (GDME) combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis."	( Determination of malondialdehyde, acrolein and four other products of lipid peroxidation in edible oils by Gas-Diffusion Microextraction combined with Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction. Aja-Macaya, J; Almeida, PJ; Carro, AM; Custodio-Mendoza, JA; Lorenzo, RA; Rodrigues, JA; Valente, IM, 2020)	1.81
"To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine combined with pulmonary protective ventilation against lung injury in patients undergoing surgeries for esophageal cancer with one-lung ventilation (OLV)."	( [Dexmedetomidine combined with protective lung ventilation strategy provides lung protection in patients undergoing radical resection of esophageal cancer with one-lung ventilation]. Gong, Z; Li, J; Long, X; Ma, L; Tang, Y; Wei, H; Yu, J, 2020)	0.56
"Dexmedetomidine combined with pulmonary protective ventilation strategy can reduce perioperative lung injury in patients undergoing surgery for esophageal cancer with OLV by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress to improve lung function and reduce adverse effects of the surgery."	( [Dexmedetomidine combined with protective lung ventilation strategy provides lung protection in patients undergoing radical resection of esophageal cancer with one-lung ventilation]. Gong, Z; Li, J; Long, X; Ma, L; Tang, Y; Wei, H; Yu, J, 2020)	0.56
"To investigate the clinical effects of Xinkeshu combined with levosimendan on perioperative heart failure in oldest-old patients with hip fractures."	( Effects of Xinkeshu combined with levosimendan on perioperative heart failure in oldest-old patients with hip fractures. Fu, M; Liu, Y; Wang, Z, 2020)	0.56
" Clinical manifestations; left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD); left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD); B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels; and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) scores were compared between before and after treatment to evaluate the curative effects of Xinkeshu combined with levosimendan."	( Effects of Xinkeshu combined with levosimendan on perioperative heart failure in oldest-old patients with hip fractures. Fu, M; Liu, Y; Wang, Z, 2020)	0.74
"Levosimendan combined with Xinkeshu can improve cardiac function, alleviate oxidative stress, and relieve anxiety and depression in oldest-old patients with perioperative heart failure and hip fracture."	( Effects of Xinkeshu combined with levosimendan on perioperative heart failure in oldest-old patients with hip fractures. Fu, M; Liu, Y; Wang, Z, 2020)	0.56
"This experiment was aimed to investigate the effect of Dengzhan Shengmai capsule combined with butylphthalide soft capsule on oxidative stress indexes and serum homocysteine (Hcy) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with vascular dementia (VD)."	( Effects of Dengzhan Shengmai Capsule combined with butylphthalide soft capsule on oxidative stress indexes and serum Hcy and CRP levels in patients with vascular dementia. Ma, Y; Sun, W, 2020)	0.56
"To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine combined with citrate sufentanil on the prognosis of patients with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation."	( Effects of dexmedetomidine combined with citrate sufentanil on the prognosis of patients with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Huang, J; Ji, M; Wang, J, 2021)	0.62
" This review conducted a systematic review of the current evidence on the efficacy and safety of Gunao-Yizhi decoction combined with donepezil for VaD."	( Gunao-Yizhi decoction combined with donepezil for vascular dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bi, S; Guan, X; Hou, H; Hu, Y; Li, M; Liu, C; Wang, K; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72
"China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database (Wanfang), Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), China Biology Medicine disc (CBM), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials on Gunao-Yizhi decoction combined with donepezil for VaD."	( Gunao-Yizhi decoction combined with donepezil for vascular dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bi, S; Guan, X; Hou, H; Hu, Y; Li, M; Liu, C; Wang, K; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72
" Compared with donepezil alone, meta-analysis showed that Gunao-Yizhi decoction combined with donepezil could improve clinical efficacy, mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score, Hasegawa dementia scale (HDS), increase the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum, and reduce the level of malonaldehyde dismutas (MDA) in serum."	( Gunao-Yizhi decoction combined with donepezil for vascular dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bi, S; Guan, X; Hou, H; Hu, Y; Li, M; Liu, C; Wang, K; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72
"Gunao-Yizhi decoction combined with donepezil has a significant prevalence in the treatment of vascular dementia, with no increase in adverse events."	( Gunao-Yizhi decoction combined with donepezil for vascular dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bi, S; Guan, X; Hou, H; Hu, Y; Li, M; Liu, C; Wang, K; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Orally administered dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DHLA) is well absorbed in man; it appears in blood after ca."	( The metabolism of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in man. Hart, WM; Kernoff, PB; Kirtland, SJ; McNicol, GP; Stone, KJ; Willis, AL, 1979)	0.26
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamic changes of the level of lipid peroxidation products (malonaldehyde, MDA) of intestine, intestinal water, Na-K ATPase activity of intestinal mucosa and the intestinal leucine absorption rate of rats subjected to 30% III degrees burns."	( [Peroxidation of the small intestine and its effect on absorption of amino acids in burned rats]. Li, CZ, 1990)	0.28
" TCDD may produce an increased bioavailability of iron which leads to enhanced DNA single strand breaks and lipid peroxidation in hepatic nuclei."	( Factors influencing the induction of DNA single strand breaks in rats by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Lawson, TW; Murray, WJ; Stohs, SJ; Wahba, ZZ, 1989)	0.28
" In the presence of H2O2 and a reducing agent, Fe(+3)-TF inactivated the surfactant complex: the surface absorption rate was decreased, immunoreactive surfactant protein A was decreased, and malondialdehyde was formed."	( Interaction of transferrin saturated with iron with lung surfactant in respiratory failure. Bry, K; Hallman, M; Sarnesto, A, 1994)	0.48
" Our results demonstrate the usefulness of adjuvant EGb 761 therapy in limiting oxidative stress in cardiovascular surgery and suggest the possible role of highly bioavailable terpene constituents of the drug."	( Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) pretreatment limits free radical-induced oxidative stress in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Culcasi, M; d'Arbigny, P; Drieu, K; Pietri, S; Séguin, JR, 1997)	0.3
" Raxofelast is a potent antioxidant agent under investigation, structurally related to VE, having an excellent bioavailability and favourable physicochemical properties."	( Beneficial effect of raxofelast, an hydrophilic vitamin E analogue, in the rat heart after ischemia and reperfusion injury. Altavilla, D; Avenoso, A; Campo, GM; Campo, S; Caputi, AP; Ceccarelli, S; Ferlito, M; Quartarone, C; Saitta, A; Squadrito, F; Squadrito, G, 1998)	0.3
" Although Al alone failed to produce any deleterious effect on renal function, it significantly increased the bioavailability and nephrotoxicity of CSA."	( Aluminum exacerbates cyclosporin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. al Khader, A; al Sulaiman, M; Morais, C; Sobki, S; Sujata, B; Tariq, M, 1999)	0.3
" The enhanced nephrotoxicity following concomitant use of these drugs may be attributed to significant increase in the bioavailability of Li and enhanced oxidative stress."	( Effect of lithium on cyclosporin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Al Khader, A; Al Sulaiman, M; Morais, C; Sobki, S; Tariq, M, 2000)	0.31
"Vitamin E is the major lipid-soluble antioxidant found in foods, and its bioavailability is affected by the presence of dietary fats."	( The effect of diet on vitamin E intake and oxidative stress in response to acute exercise in female athletes. Clarkson, PM; Decker, EA; Sacheck, JM, 2000)	0.31
" Changes in the bioavailability of both antioxidants induced by UV radiation were studied in different skin compartments."	( Topical antioxidant vitamins C and E prevent UVB-radiation-induced peroxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid in pig skin. Beijersbergen van Henegouwen, GM; Moison, RM, 2002)	0.31
" In addition, we have examined the skin bioavailability of a common nutritional antioxidant, vitamin C, and have assessed the effects of supplementation on markers of oxidative stress."	( UVR-induced oxidative stress in human skin in vivo: effects of oral vitamin C supplementation. Friedmann, PS; Jack, CI; Jackson, MJ; McArdle, F; Parslew, R; Rhodes, LE, 2002)	0.31
" In a randomized crossover study in healthy men on a low-polyphenol diet, we determined the effects of 2 polyphenol-rich juices (330 ml/d) supplemented for 2 weeks on bioavailability of polyphenols, markers of antioxidative and immune status, and reduction of DNA damage."	( Fruit juice consumption modulates antioxidative status, immune status and DNA damage. Blockhaus, M; Briviba, K; Bub, A; Liegibel, U; Müller, H; Pool-Zobel, BL; Rechkemmer, G; Watzl, B, 2003)	0.32
"We conclude that cholesterol-enriched diet-induced hyperlipidemia leads to an increase in cardiac ONOO(-) formation and a decrease in the bioavailability of NO which contributes to the deterioration of cardiac performance and may lead to further cardiac pathologies."	( Hyperlipidemia induced by a cholesterol-rich diet leads to enhanced peroxynitrite formation in rat hearts. Csonka, C; Ferdinandy, P; Giricz, Z; Onody, A, 2003)	0.32
" The decrease in oxidative stress and/or the upregulation of SOD may increase the bioavailability of NO, which in turn may lead to the rapid hypotensive response."	( Nitric oxide and oxidative stress in atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension: effect of endovascular treatment. Bayindir, O; Kabaroglu, C; Memis, A; Oran, I; Parildar, M; Parildar, Z, 2003)	0.32
" The product of the reaction of lysine with malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde, N,N'-di-(4-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbaldehyde)lysine (MDDL), has been synthesized and used for in vitro and in vivo bioavailability studies."	( Bound malondialdehyde in foods: bioavailability of N,N'-di-(4-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbaldehyde)lysine. Alaiz, M; Girón-Calle, J; Millán, F; Ruiz-Gutierrez, V; Vioque, E, 2003)	1.06
" The present results suggest that the protective effects of lansoprazole can be ascribed to a reduction of gastric oxidative injury, resulting in an increased bioavailability of mucosal sulfhydryl compounds."	( Mechanisms of gastroprotection by lansoprazole pretreatment against experimentally induced injury in rats: role of mucosal oxidative damage and sulfhydryl compounds. Blandizzi, C; Colucci, R; Del Tacca, M; Fornai, M; Lazzeri, G; Lubrano, V; Natale, G; Vassalle, C, 2004)	0.32
" Production of mucus by the gills likely served to prevent lesions by reducing the bioavailability of the chemicals tested, which could explain that dose-effect relationships and synergistic effects were not observed."	( DNA damage (comet assay) and 8-oxodGuo (HPLC-EC) in relation to oxidative stress in the freshwater bivalve Unio tumidus. Charissou, AM; Cossu-Leguille, C; Lemiere, S; Vasseur, P, )	0.13
" To evaluate the bioavailability of heavy metals in two soils from Jales mine surroundings, bioassays with the plants Brassica rapa (RCBr) and Avena sativa were performed."	( Toxicity assessment of two soils from Jales mine (Portugal) using plants: growth and biochemical parameters. Costa, A; Loureiro, S; Monteiro, M; Nogueira, AJ; Pinto, G; Santos, C; Soares, AM, 2006)	0.33
" Ascorbic acid reverts endothelial dysfunction in other vascular disorders, via the increase of NO bioavailability through the neutralization of superoxide anions, thus preventing the scavenging of NO by superoxide."	( Ascorbic acid improves the intrahepatic endothelial dysfunction of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Abraldes, JG; Bellot, P; Bosch, J; Deulofeu, R; García-Pagán, JC; Hernández-Guerra, M; Turnes, J, 2006)	0.33
" The study concluded that physical conditioning attenuates the chronic ethanol-induced hypertension by augmenting the NO bioavailability and reducing the oxidative stress response in the plasma of rats."	( Physiological basis for effect of physical conditioning on chronic ethanol-induced hypertension in a rat model. Husain, K; Lalla, J; Mejia, J, 2006)	0.33
" These findings suggest that the T-786C polymorphism modulates the effects of atorvastatin on NO bioavailability and oxidative stress."	( eNOS gene T-786C polymorphism modulates atorvastatin-induced increase in blood nitrite. Bem, AF; Metzger, IF; Nagassaki, S; Rocha, JB; Sertório, JT; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2006)	0.33
" The antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects, or bioavailability and toxicity, of selenium depend on its chemical form."	( Elemental selenium at nano size possesses lower toxicity without compromising the fundamental effect on selenoenzymes: comparison with selenomethionine in mice. Wang, H; Yu, H; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.34
" Avenanthramides (AV), alkaloids occurring only in oats, may have anti-atherosclerotic activity, but there is no information concerning their bioavailability and bioactivity in humans."	( Avenanthramides are bioavailable and have antioxidant activity in humans after acute consumption of an enriched mixture from oats. Blumberg, JB; Chen, CY; Collins, FW; Milbury, PE, 2007)	0.34
" These results indicate that dietary nitrite is effective in the prevention of early diabetic glomerular injury in which NO bioavailability is impaired."	( Dietary nitrite inhibits early glomerular injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Ishiyama, Y; Kobayashi, J; Muraki, E; Ohtake, K; Uchida, H, 2007)	0.34
" Antioxidant supplementation resulted in an increase in SOD levels, confirming the oral bioavailability of the compound in FIV-infected cats."	( Effects of an oral superoxide dismutase enzyme supplementation on indices of oxidative stress, proviral load, and CD4:CD8 ratios in asymptomatic FIV-infected cats. Lehman, TL; McCord, KW; Webb, CB, 2008)	0.35
" In conclusion, chronic exposure to low concentrations of mercury promotes endothelial dysfunction as a result of the decreased NO bioavailability induced by increases in oxidative stress."	( Low mercury concentrations cause oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in conductance and resistance arteries. Alonso, MJ; Briones, AM; Cachofeiro, V; Miguel, M; Peçanha, FM; Pérez-Girón, JV; Salaices, M; Vassallo, DV; Wiggers, GA, 2008)	0.35
"Several in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of pure trans-resveratrol (t-Res) to act as an anti-oxidant, but the scientific literature is lacking in in vivo studies dealing with dietary t-Res bioavailability in oxidative stress models."	( Dietary trans-resveratrol bioavailability and effect on CCl4-induced liver lipid peroxidation. Caporaso, N; Fogliano, V; Milani, S; Morisco, F; Ottanelli, B; Vitaglione, P, 2009)	0.35
" Females tended to increase their nitric oxide (NO) levels further, while MDA levels did not reach those of males, thus retaining significantly higher NO bioavailability than in males."	( Sex differences in oxidant/antioxidant balance under a chronic mild stress regime. Chatzigeorgiou, A; Dalla, C; Kamper, EF; Kamper, M; Papadopoulou-Daifoti, Z; Pitychoutis, PM; Tsimpoukidi, O, 2009)	0.35
"There has been a growing interest in establishing how the sub-cellular distribution of metals in macro-invertebrate prey affects metal trophic bioavailability and toxicity."	( Cadmium bound to metal rich granules and exoskeleton from Gammarus pulex causes increased gut lipid peroxidation in zebrafish following single dietary exposure. Bury, NR; Hogstrand, C; Khan, FR, 2010)	0.36
" This indicated a greater lycopene bioavailability in LB than TP."	( Tomato powder is more protective than lycopene supplement against lipid peroxidation in rats. Al Obaaid, MA; Al Sedairy, SA; Al-Assaf, AH; Alshatwi, AA; Lei, KY; Zhang, JJ, 2010)	0.36
" This protection of nano-silibinin might relate to its improved bioavailability compared to normal insoluble silibinin and could act as an anti-oxidative and anti-steatosis agent against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity."	( Establishment of a methodology for investigating protectants against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Meng, Q; Ruan, X; Shen, C, 2010)	0.36
" Piperine (20 mg/kg orally) was administered along with curcumin to enhance the bioavailability of the latter up to 20-fold more."	( Antioxidant potential of curcumin against oxidative insult induced by pentylenetetrazol in epileptic rats. Jyothy, A; Munshi, A; Nehru, B; Sharma, V, 2010)	0.36
" Plasma free catechins were detectable in both beverage and extract groups versus controls at screen and at 8 weeks, indicating compliance and bioavailability of green tea catechins."	( Green tea supplementation affects body weight, lipids, and lipid peroxidation in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Aston, CE; Basu, A; Betts, NM; Leyva, MJ; Lyons, TJ; Sanchez, K; Wu, M, 2010)	0.36
" Interestingly, testosterone can also upregulate the bioavailability of certain antioxidants but simultaneously increases the susceptibility to oxidative stress in adulthood."	( Yolk testosterone reduces oxidative damages during postnatal development. Alonso-Alvarez, C; Kim, SY; Morales, J; Noguera, JC; Velando, A, 2011)	0.37
"4 GHz) and corresponding specific absorption rate values were determined."	( Assessment of cytogenetic damage and oxidative stress in personnel occupationally exposed to the pulsed microwave radiation of marine radar equipment. Domijan, AM; Flajs, D; Gajski, G; Garaj-Vrhovac, V; Pažanin, S; Peraica, M; Sarolić, A, 2011)	0.37
"To verify if an experimental model of alloxan-diabetic rats promotes oxidative stress, reduces nitric oxide bioavailability and causes vascular dysfunction, and to evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on these parameters."	( Oxidative stress is not associated with vascular dysfunction in a model of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Baldo, CF; Batalhão, ME; Capellini, VK; Cárnio, EC; Celotto, AC; Evora, PR; Rodrigues, AJ, 2010)	0.36
" The application of such products near surface water could increase organic matter load of the aquatic environment, thus increasing the humic substance concentration that influence metal speciation and bioavailability in water."	( Influence of humic acid derived from composted wastes of Nigeria origin on oxidative and antioxidant status of African mud catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Adekunle, IM; Ajuwon, OR, 2010)	0.36
" Endothelial dysfunction with impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability has been implicated in insulin resistance and hypertension."	( Elevated concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Alarcón, LM; Contreras, A; Díaz, N; González, DR; Guzmán, L; Icaza, G; Leiva, E; Moore-Carrasco, R; Mujica, V; Palomo, I, 2011)	0.37
" Eight years after Coal Fly Ash (CFA) soil amendment, MTE bioavailability and uptake by two plants, Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens, were evaluated, as some biological markers reflecting physiological stress."	( Influence of fly ash aided phytostabilisation of Pb, Cd and Zn highly contaminated soils on Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens metal transfer and physiological stress. Bidar, G; Debiane, D; Douay, F; Garçon, G; Laruelle, F; Lopareva-Pohu, A; Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui, A; Pourrut, B; Shirali, P; Verdin, A; Waterlot, C, 2011)	0.37
"This study compared the efficacy and tolerability of an optimized botanical combination containing policosanol, tomato extract, orally bioavailable grape procyanidins and Oenothera biennis oil against placebo in the management of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of an optimized botanical combination in the management of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. Bombardelli, E; Gupta, H; Morazzoni, P; Pawar, D; Riva, A, 2012)	0.38
" Postprandial alterations in arginine and ADMA:arginine also suggest that acute hyperglycemia may induce VED by decreasing NO bioavailability through an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism."	( Postprandial hyperglycemia impairs vascular endothelial function in healthy men by inducing lipid peroxidation and increasing asymmetric dimethylarginine:arginine. Ballard, KD; Bruno, RS; Mah, E; Matos, ME; Noh, SK; Volek, JS, 2011)	0.37
" Effect of sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) and ferrous sulfate on iron bioavailability and oxidative stress in anemic pregnant women was evaluated."	( Moderate NaFeEDTA and ferrous sulfate supplementation can improve both hematologic status and oxidative stress in anemic pregnant women. Han, XX; Jiang, DC; Li, Y; Ma, AG; Sun, YY; Yang, F; Zhang, FZ, 2011)	0.37
" A 384 % enhancement in oral bioavailability compared to Dox solution was observed following Dox-LIPOMER administration at 10 mg/kg body weight."	( Lipomer of doxorubicin hydrochloride for enhanced oral bioavailability. Benival, DM; Devarajan, PV, 2012)	0.38
"9 mg/kg body weight) or the combination of the both - piperine was used in this combination to enhance the bioavailability of EGCG."	( Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate shows therapeutic antioxidative effects in a murine model of colitis. Brückner, M; Domschke, W; Kucharzik, T; Lügering, A; Westphal, S, 2012)	0.38
"Searching for photodynamic therapy-effective nanocarriers which enable a photosensitizer to be selectively delivered to tumor cells with enhanced bioavailability and diminished dark cytotoxicity is of current interest."	( Photo-oxidative action in MCF-7 cancer cells induced by hydrophobic cyanines loaded in biodegradable microemulsion-templated nanocapsules. Choromańska, A; Garbiec, A; Pietkiewicz, J; Rossowska, J; Saczko, J; Skołucka, N; Wilk, KA; Zielińska, K, 2012)	0.38
" Although oral bioavailability of cyclosporine A (CsA) was decreased by increased first-pass metabolism through CYP3A and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) specifically in the upper small intestine after liver I/R, the mechanism responsible for them remained to be clarified."	( An antioxidant Trolox restores decreased oral absorption of cyclosporine A after liver ischemia-reperfusion through distinct mechanisms between CYP3A and P-glycoprotein in the small intestine. Ikemura, K; Inoue, K; Iwamoto, T; Mizutani, H; Oka, H; Okuda, M, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study was to measure plasma nitrite, the biochemical marker of endothelial nitric oxide ((•)NO) synthesis, before and after hyperoxia, in order to test the hypothesis that hyperoxia-induced vasoconstriction is a consequence of reduced bioavailability of (•)NO caused by elevated oxidative stress."	( Plasma nitrite concentration decreases after hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress in healthy humans. Dujic, Z; Kokic, V; Krnic, M; Kukoc-Modun, L; Modun, D; Tsikas, D; Vukovic, J, 2012)	0.38
"94-fold increase in oral bioavailability of Dox as compared to free drug."	( Oral delivery of doxorubicin using novel polyelectrolyte-stabilized liposomes (layersomes). Agrawal, AK; Jain, S; Patil, SR; Swarnakar, NK, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study is to determine the effect of wheat germ oil (WGO) compared with groundnut oil (GNO) and mixed micelles (control) on lutein bioavailability and bioactivity in mice."	( Wheat germ oil: a potential facilitator to improve lutein bioavailability in mice. Baskaran, V; Gorusupudi, A, 2013)	0.39
"4%) groups compared with the control group indicates the higher bioavailability and bioactivity of absorbed lutein."	( Wheat germ oil: a potential facilitator to improve lutein bioavailability in mice. Baskaran, V; Gorusupudi, A, 2013)	0.39
"The increased lutein bioavailability in the WGO group compared with the other two groups may be attributed to the polar lipids and intestinal lipase activity found in this study."	( Wheat germ oil: a potential facilitator to improve lutein bioavailability in mice. Baskaran, V; Gorusupudi, A, 2013)	0.39
"The inhibition in the synthesis or bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) has an important role in progress of hypertension."	( Propolis reduces oxidative stress in l-NAME-induced hypertension rats. Selamoglu Talas, Z, 2014)	0.4
"Mercury exposure induces endothelial dysfunction leading to loss of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation due to decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability via increased oxidative stress."	( Modulation of vasodilator response via the nitric oxide pathway after acute methyl mercury chloride exposure in rats. Fahim, M; Omanwar, S; Ravi, K; Saidullah, B, 2013)	0.39
" Oral administration of DOX:CS/CMCS-NPs was effective to deliver DOX into blood, giving an absolute bioavailability of 42%."	( Chitosan/o-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for efficient and safe oral anticancer drug delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Chen, X; Cheng, X; Feng, C; Jiang, C; Kong, M; Li, Y; Wang, Z; Zhou, X, 2013)	0.39
" However, low peroral bioavailability is a major limiting factor for the success of clinical utilization of curcumin."	( Efficacy of biodegradable curcumin nanoparticles in delaying cataract in diabetic rat model. Balakrishna, N; Grama, CN; Kumar, MN; Patil, MA; Raghu, G; Reddy, GB; Suryanarayana, P, 2013)	0.39
" Oleuropein bioavailability and its effect on antioxidant status in pre- and postmenopausal women are unknown."	( Bioavailability of phenolics from an oleuropein-rich olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract and its acute effect on plasma antioxidant status: comparison between pre- and postmenopausal women. Espín, JC; García-Villalba, R; Larrosa, M; Possemiers, S; Tomás-Barberán, FA, 2014)	0.4
" In addition, in the PYR-treated MI group, nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability was increased and attenuated endothelium-dependent relaxations were improved, whereas restored vasodilator responses were inhibited by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester."	( Pyridostigmine prevents peripheral vascular endothelial dysfunction in rats with myocardial infarction. Bi, X; He, X; Liu, J; Lu, Y; Qin, F; Yu, X; Zang, W; Zhao, M, 2014)	0.4
" However, its poor bioavailability limits its use in therapeutics."	( Attenuation of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury with curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Kakkar, V; Kaur, IP; Khullar, N; Singh, N, 2014)	0.4
" The major aim of the study was to compare the bioavailability of different Zn compounds (sulfate, gluconate and citrate) in the prostate after their daily administration to male rats at three different doses (3."	( The bioavailability of different zinc compounds used as human dietary supplements in rat prostate: a comparative study. Daragó, A; Kilanowicz, A; Klimczak, M; Nasiadek, M; Sapota, A; Skrzypińska-Gawrysiak, M, 2014)	0.4
" These data suggest that NAR can restore NO bioavailability in a situation of Pb-induced cellular damage."	( Mitigation of lead-induced neurotoxicity by the naringin: erythrocytes as neurons substitute markers. Harisa, GI, 2014)	0.4
" Lower metal bioavailability often limits the phytoextraction."	( Citric acid assisted phytoremediation of cadmium by Brassica napus L. Ali, S; Ehsan, S; Farid, M; Ishaque, W; Mahmood, K; Noureen, S; Rizwan, M; Shakoor, MB, 2014)	0.4
" These results suggested that vanadium exposure caused reduced bioavailability of androgens to the tissue and increased free radical formation, thereby causing structural and functional changes in spermatozoa."	( Protective effect of alpha glucosyl hesperidin (G-hesperidin) on chronic vanadium induced testicular toxicity and sperm nuclear DNA damage in male Sprague Dawley rats. Annapurna, A; Jaya Prakash, G; Krishna, KM; Madan, K; Rama Raju, GA; Ravi Krishna, CH; Sivanarayana, T; Vijaya Bharathi, B, 2015)	0.42
" The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of short-term supplementation with curcuminoids (co-administered with piperine to enhance the bioavailability of curcuminoids) in alleviating systemic oxidative stress and clinical symptoms, and improvement of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in subjects suffering from chronic pulmonary complications due to SM exposure who are receiving standard respiratory treatments."	( Effects of Curcuminoids-Piperine Combination on Systemic Oxidative Stress, Clinical Symptoms and Quality of Life in Subjects with Chronic Pulmonary Complications Due to Sulfur Mustard: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ghanei, M; Hajhashemi, A; Panahi, Y; Sahebkar, A, 2016)	0.43
" Our results showed a marked increase in aortic malondialdehyde (MDA) level and upregulation of the catalytic NADPH oxidase subunit, NOX2 gene expression alongside reducing catalase enzyme capacity, and the serum nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in diabetic rats."	( Spironolactone improves endothelial dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Adel, H; Khalifa, MM; Taye, A, 2014)	0.66
" There was a marked decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and antioxidant enzyme capacity."	( Combination therapy with spironolactone and candesartan protects against streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. El-Moselhy, MA; Hofni, A; Khalifa, MM; Taye, A, 2014)	0.4
"Knowing that curcumin has low bioavailability when administered orally, and that piperine has bioenhancer activity by inhibition of hepatic and intestinal biotransformation processes, the aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of curcumin (90 mg/kg) and piperine (20 or 40 mg/kg), alone or co-administered, incorporated in yoghurt, in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats."	( Piperine, a natural bioenhancer, nullifies the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of curcumin in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Arcaro, CA; Assis, RP; Baviera, AM; Brunetti, IL; Costa, PI; Gutierres, VO; Moreira, TF, 2014)	0.4
" Thus, the study indicated that exogenous Si application could improve growth and development of cotton crop experiencing Zn toxicity stress by limiting Zn bioavailability and oxidative damage."	( Silicon (Si) alleviates cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) from zinc (Zn) toxicity stress by limiting Zn uptake and oxidative damage. Abbas, F; Ali, S; Anwaar, SA; Farid, M; Farooq, MA; Ishaque, W; Najeeb, U; Sharif, M, 2015)	0.42
"The poor bioavailability and stability of curcumin limit its clinical application."	( Zn(II)-curcumin protects against oxidative stress, deleterious changes in sperm parameters and histological alterations in a male mouse model of cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive damage. Lu, WP; Mei, XT; Wang, Y; Xu, DH; Xue, YF; Zheng, YP, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to compare the effect of DL-selenomethionine (SM) with 2 routinely used Se sources, sodium selenite (SS) and seleno-yeast (SY), on relative bioavailability based on antioxidant activity and tissue Se content."	( Comparative study of DL-selenomethionine vs sodium selenite and seleno-yeast on antioxidant activity and selenium status in laying hens. Dong, XF; Jing, CL; Liu, S; Tong, JM; Wang, ZM, 2015)	0.42
"001), reduced NO bioavailability and H2S production (P<0."	( Ginkgolide B increases hydrogen sulfide and protects against endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rats. Chen, QY; Li, W; Lu, XH; Wang, GG; Zhao, X, 2015)	0.42
"Ginkgolide B alleviates endothelial dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress and elevating NO bioavailability and H2S production in diabetic rats."	( Ginkgolide B increases hydrogen sulfide and protects against endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rats. Chen, QY; Li, W; Lu, XH; Wang, GG; Zhao, X, 2015)	0.42
" The decreased bioavailability of Cu ions protected algae cells from being attacked by free Cu ions."	( The reduced bioavailability of copper by nano-TiO₂ attenuates the toxicity to Microcystis aeruginosa. Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Li, H; Qian, Y; Zhao, M, 2015)	0.42
" The bioavailability and toxicity of arsenic are highly related to its speciation."	( Bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in Daphnia magna exposed to arsenite and arsenate. Fan, W; Li, X; Ren, J; Wei, C; Xue, F; Zhang, N, 2015)	0.42
" For the persistent substances with low absorption rate such as BDE-209, critical effect based on internal dose in majority of cases is considered as more precisely deined than the effect established based on external dose, particularly."	( Relationship of hepatotoxicity and the target tissue dose of decabrominated diphenyl ether in subacutely exposed Wistar rats. Antonijević, B; Antunović, M; Ćurčić, M; Djordjević, S; Janković, S; Kilibarda, V; Stanković, S; Tanasković, S; Vučnić, S, 2015)	0.42
" The effects of FA in HCHF-induced MS may be realized through suppression of oxidative stress by down-regulation of p47phox, increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability with up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and suppression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)."	( Ferulic Acid Alleviates Changes in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome Induced by High-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet. Greenwald, SE; Kukongviriyapan, U; Kukongviriyapan, V; Pakdeechote, P; Pannangpetch, P; Prachaney, P; Sangartit, W; Senaphan, K, 2015)	0.42
"Astaxanthin extracted from Pomacea canaliculata eggs was made into free-form astaxanthin powder (FFAP) and its effects on lipid metabolism, liver function, antioxidants activities and astaxanthin absorption rate were investigated."	( In Vivo Effects of Free Form Astaxanthin Powder on Anti-Oxidation and Lipid Metabolism with High-Cholesterol Diet. Chen, YY; Lee, PC; Liu, LY; Wu, YL, 2015)	0.42
" Therefore, we evaluated the ability of the arginase inhibitor, 2 (S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH), to attenuate pneumoperitoneum-induced decrease of NO bioavailability and lung injury."	( The effects of arginase inhibitor on lung oxidative stress and inflammation caused by pneumoperitoneum in rats. Cho, JS; Kim, OS; Na, S; Oh, YJ, 2015)	0.42
"Pneumoperitoneum decreases NO bioavailability and increases the inflammation cytokines, resulting in organ injuries."	( The effects of arginase inhibitor on lung oxidative stress and inflammation caused by pneumoperitoneum in rats. Cho, JS; Kim, OS; Na, S; Oh, YJ, 2015)	0.42
"By increasing NO bioavailability and suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, pretreatment with an arginase inhibitor may protect against lung injury caused by pneumoperitoneum."	( The effects of arginase inhibitor on lung oxidative stress and inflammation caused by pneumoperitoneum in rats. Cho, JS; Kim, OS; Na, S; Oh, YJ, 2015)	0.42
"4%, forty days after bioremediation, the phytotoxicity and Photobacterium phosphoreum ecotoxicity test results indicated an initial increase in ecotoxicity, suggesting the formation of intermediate metabolites characterized by high toxicity and low bioavailability during bioremediation."	( Ecotoxicity monitoring and bioindicator screening of oil-contaminated soil during bioremediation. Cui, J; Dang, Z; Luo, Y; Shen, W; Shi, C; Wang, H; Wu, P; Zhu, N, 2016)	0.43
" Previous studies have eluded that the bioavailability of paraquat increases substantially with increasing dose and that these changes may in part be due to the effects that these high concentrations have on the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)."	( Acute paraquat exposure impairs colonic motility by selectively attenuating nitrergic signalling in the mouse. Allen, M; Chatterjee, P; Diss, L; Dyball, S; Fidalgo, S; Gard, P; Ghela, T; Golding, J; Mabley, J; Morris, R; Patel, B; Robinson, S; Tucker, R; Walter, T; Yeoman, M; Young, P, 2016)	0.43
"In the present study, a formulation system consisting of cholesterol and phosphatidyl choline was used to prepare an effective chlorogenic acid-loaded liposome (CAL) with an improved oral bioavailability and an increased antioxidant activity."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability and in vivo antioxidant activity of chlorogenic acid via liposomal formulation. Feng, Y; Firempong, CK; Omari-Siaw, E; Pu, Z; Sun, C; Wan, J; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Yu, J; Yuan, Y; Zhu, Y, 2016)	0.43
" As a result, the novel-NAP/EMZ compound pellets may be a more suitable formulation with potential advantages by improving bioavailability of drug and further reducing undesirable gastrointestinal damages."	( Novel naproxen/esomeprazole magnesium compound pellets based on acid-independent mechanism: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Kan, S; Liu, J; Lu, J; Zhang, W; Zhao, Y, 2016)	0.43
" However, poor bioavailability of BBR has limited its clinical application."	( Pretreatment of rats with increased bioavailable berberine attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via down regulation of adenosine-5'monophosphate kinase activity. Chen, L; Chen, W; Hatch, GM; Wei, S; Xiao, J; Xue, H; Yao, F; Yu, Y; Zhang, M, 2016)	0.43
" These are reasons for the low bioavailability of OA which have restricted its wider application."	( Pharmacokinetics in Vitro and in Vivo of Two Novel Prodrugs of Oleanolic Acid in Rats and Its Hepatoprotective Effects against Liver Injury Induced by CCl4. Jiang, T; Li, G; Peng, W; Sun, W; Yu, R; Yu, Z, 2016)	0.43
" Bioavailability in normal rats was additionally assessed in various tissues and subcellular fractions after short-term and long-term coenzyme Q10 supplementation."	( An Improvement of Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats by Ubiquinone-10 and Ubiquinol-10 and Bioavailability after Short- and Long-Term Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation. Kettawan, A; Okamoto, T; Okuno, M; Posuwan, J; Prangthip, P, 2016)	0.43
" This may allow Jatrorrhizine to be a novel therapeutic with its high bioavailability to treat Alzheimer's disease."	( The Protective Effect of Jatrorrhizine Against Oxidative Stress in Primary Rat Cortical Neurons. Li, S; Luo, T; Mai, QA; Ouyang, T; Shen, XY; Wang, HQ, 2017)	0.46
" However, its drawbacks of poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability have limited its utility."	( Improved Hepatoprotective Effect of Liposome-Encapsulated Astaxanthin in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Hepatotoxicity. Chang, CC; Chiu, CH; Chyau, CC; Lin, ST; Peng, RY, 2016)	0.43
"Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPH) increases cardiovascular disease risk regardless of glucose intolerance by transiently impairing vascular endothelial function (VEF) by limiting nitric oxide bioavailability in an oxidative stress-dependent manner."	( A green tea-containing starch confection increases plasma catechins without protecting against postprandial impairments in vascular function in normoglycemic adults. Ahn-Jarvis, J; Bruno, RS; Chitchumroonchokchai, C; Mah, E; McDonald, JD; Reverri, EJ; Sapper, TN; Vodovotz, Y, 2016)	0.43
" These findings suggested important evidence that the co-existence of PFASs and Cd reduced the bioavailability of PFASs while enhanced the bioavailability of Cd in soil, which increased the associated environmental risk for Cd but decreased for PFASs."	( Interaction effects on uptake and toxicity of perfluoroalkyl substances and cadmium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) from co-contaminated soil. Fan, Z; Liu, L; Sun, L; Xing, Y; Zhao, S; Zhou, T, 2017)	0.46
" Moreover, its poor solubility in water and low bioavailability are the challenging issues."	( Anticonvulsant activity of resveratrol-loaded liposomes in vivo. Akkaya, H; Aslan, I; Erdogan, CS; Ethemoglu, MS; Kilic, E; Seker, FB; Yilmaz, B, 2017)	0.46
" The relative bioavailability of eriodictyol was increased to 216."	( Eriodictyol, Not Its Glucuronide Metabolites, Attenuates Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Chen, M; Hu, Y; Lan, Y; Liu, Z; Wang, Z; Wen, C; Ye, L, 2017)	0.46
" The present data suggest that the oxidative stress and reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide may contribute to attenuation of vasodilator responses to ACh and Ang II, and hyperreactivity to Ang II in the mesentery of preeclamptic rat, which may contribute to the increased peripheral vascular resistance and BP, as well as intrauterine growth restriction in L-NAME-induced PE."	( Differential responses of mesenteric arterial bed to vasoactive substances in L-NAME-induced preeclampsia: Role of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Amaral, TAS; Carvalho, LCRM; Costa, CA; Moura, RS; Ognibene, DT; Resende, AC; Rocha, APM, 2018)	0.48
"We investigated whether antioxidants may enhance bioavailability of lipids and carbohydrates and therefore increase the risk of obesity development."	( Food Stabilizing Antioxidants Increase Nutrient Bioavailability in the in Vitro Model. Antończyk, A; Grabacka, M; Mika, M; Wikiera, A, )	0.13
"01% butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT], α-tocopherol, and green tea catechins) of a diet containing butter and wheat bread affects bioavailability of fats and carbohydrates."	( Food Stabilizing Antioxidants Increase Nutrient Bioavailability in the in Vitro Model. Antończyk, A; Grabacka, M; Mika, M; Wikiera, A, )	0.13
"In the case of the antioxidant-supplemented diets, we observed increased bioavailability of glucose, cholesterol, and lipids, as well as elevated secretion of the main chylomicron protein apoB-48 to the basal compartment."	( Food Stabilizing Antioxidants Increase Nutrient Bioavailability in the in Vitro Model. Antończyk, A; Grabacka, M; Mika, M; Wikiera, A, )	0.13
"Addition of antioxidants (in particular BHT) to the diet increases bioavailability of lipids and carbohydrates, which consequently may increase the risk of obesity development."	( Food Stabilizing Antioxidants Increase Nutrient Bioavailability in the in Vitro Model. Antończyk, A; Grabacka, M; Mika, M; Wikiera, A, )	0.13
"Despite being a plant by-product, chokeberry pomace is believed to exert some therapeutic effects because it is one of the richest sources of highly bioavailable non-enzymatic antioxidants."	( Chokeberry Pomace as a Determinant of Antioxidant Parameters Assayed in Blood and Liver Tissue of Polish Merino and Wrzosówka Lambs. Atanasov, AG; Jóźwik, A; Lipińska, P; Palka, M, 2017)	0.46
" Collectively, exercise restored bioavailability of hydrogen sulfide in the heart of aged rats, which partly explained the benefits of exercise against myocardial fibrosis of aged population."	( Chronic aerobic exercise training alleviates myocardial fibrosis in aged rats through restoring bioavailability of hydrogen sulfide. Liu, HM; Liu, JD; Ma, N; Wang, XZ; Xia, T, 2018)	0.48
" In this work, we intended the increase the bioavailability of CT by preparing catechin-phospholipid complex (CT-PH) and evaluate the protective effect of CT-PH complex against cadmium caused liver injuries in rats."	( Development of catechin-phospholipid complex to enhance the bioavailability and modulatory potential against cadmium-induced oxidative stress in rats liver. Athmouni, K; Ayadi, H; El Feki, A; Mkadmini Hammi, K, 2020)	0.56
" Thus, bread with resistant starch, garlic and calcium citrate showed a prebiotic effect increasing calcium bioavailability and deposition in bones, compared with wheat bread."	( Effects of the intake of white wheat bread added with garlic and resistant starch: action on calcium bioavailability and metabolic parameters of growing Wistar rats. Barchuk, M; Berg, G; Correa, MJ; Salinas, MV; Weisstaub, AR; Zuleta, A, 2018)	0.48
"The bioavailability and oxidative damage toxicity of lead (Pb) in seven food matrices, including rice, milk, tomato, garlic, apple, kelp and pork, were determined using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model and a rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) oxidative damage model."	( Effect of food matrices on the in vitro bioavailability and oxidative damage in PC12 cells of lead. Fang, Y; Hu, Q; Li, P; Pei, F; Shen, X; Shi, Y; Wu, J; Xia, J; Xie, M, 2018)	0.48
" However, toxicity can be influenced by such modification, as the bioavailability of these substances may be influenced."	( Metal accumulation, biochemical and behavioral responses on the Mediterranean clams Ruditapes decussatus exposed to two photocatalyst nanocomposites (TiO Beyrem, H; Dellali, M; Joubert, O; Khazri, A; Mezni, A; Saidani, W; Sellami, B; Sheehan, D, 2019)	0.51
" Due to the small particle size and bioavailability of nano-zinc, it can be easily assimilated in the digestive system, thereby reducing excretion and environmental pollution."	( Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth performance and concentrations of malondialdehyde, zinc in tissues, and corticosterone in broiler chickens under heat stress conditions. Awad, EA; Idrus, Z; Mookiah, S; Ramiah, SK, 2019)	0.74
" However, the bioavailability of FA is not optimal, owing to its limited aqueous solubility."	( Characterization of in vitro and in vivo bioactivity of a ferulic acid-2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Hsu, CM; Tsai, FJ; Tsai, Y; Yu, SC, 2019)	0.51
" Mortality, weight change, and oxidative damage of earthworms were determined to investigate the toxicological bioavailability of TM."	( Combination of chemical and toxicological methods to assess bioavailability of Tolclofos-methyl by earthworms. Lang, Z; Li, M; Wang, S; Xu, G; Yu, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Conclusion We propose the role of grape juice as a potent antioxidant because of its easy bioavailability and its role in combating stress."	( Redox modulating effects of grape juice during aging. Bhoumik, S; Kumar, R; Rizvi, SI, 2019)	0.51
" In addition, l-NAME treatment induced modifications in kidney NO bioavailability determinants: increased expression of NOX subunits (p47phox, gp91phox, NOXO1, and NOX4) and lowered NOS activity."	( (-)-Epicatechin administration protects kidneys against modifications induced by short-term l-NAME treatment in rats. Fraga, CG; Galleano, M; Prince, PD, 2020)	0.56
" To apprehend these limitations, we propose to use highly bioavailable embelin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-embelin NPs) for the treatment of RA."	( Antiarthritic effect of chitosan nanoparticle loaded with embelin against adjuvant-induced arthritis in Wistar rats. Cui, P; Gubbiyappa, SK; Mishra, A; Qu, F; Sharma, S; Sreeharsha, N, 2020)	0.56
" A prodrug of EGCG (pro-EGCG) enhances the bioavailability of EGCG."	( A prodrug of epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviates high glucose-induced pro-angiogenic factor production by inhibiting the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome axis in retinal Müller cells. Du, J; Guo, Y; Liu, X; Qin, X; Song, E; Sun, X; Tu, Y; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Xu, X; Zhu, M, 2020)	0.56
" PS-MPs greatly promoted the sorption of F-53B, which reduced the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of F-53B in zebrafish larvae."	( Polystyrene microplastics decrease F-53B bioaccumulation but induce inflammatory stress in larval zebrafish. Huang, J; Jin, Y; Lai, H; Liu, Y; Mennigen, JA; Sun, L; Tu, W; Wang, Q; Yang, H, 2020)	0.56
" The parasites demonstrated the bioavailability of metals derived from Pt mining activities and their ability to resist its toxic effects."	( The role of fish helminth parasites in monitoring metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems: a case study in the world's most productive platinum mining region. Erasmus, JH; Malherbe, W; Nachev, M; Smit, NJ; Sures, B; Wepener, V; Zimmermann, S, 2020)	0.56
"Methotrexate exhibits poor cutaneous bioavailability and systemic side effects on topical administration, so there is an unmet need for a novel carrier and its optimized therapy."	( Methotrexate-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Gel Alleviates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis by Moderating Inflammation: Formulation, Optimization, Characterization, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Studies. Agrawal, YO; Mahajan, HS; Mahajan, UB; Ojha, S, 2020)	0.56
"Ginsenoside Rb1 (GsRb1) is the best constituent of ginseng and although it shows clinical efficacy as an antineoplastic, antioxidative and antirheumatic agent, its oral bioavailability is poor due to its limited solubility."	( Anti-inflammatory and anti-gouty-arthritic effect of free Ginsenoside Rb1 and nano Ginsenoside Rb1 against MSU induced gouty arthritis in experimental animals. Liu, Y; Ye, Q; Zhou, W; Zhu, H, 2020)	0.56
" Hence, we propose the usage of highly bioavailable Apigenin-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) to recognize such limitations."	( Apigenin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy Induced by Streptozotocin Nicotinamide Through Nrf2/HO-1/NF-kB Signalling Pathway. Bevoor, DB; Bukhari, SNA; Chitti, R; Gubbiyappa, KS; Hiremath, AR; Khan, T; Li, P; Singh, Y; SreeHarsha, N, 2020)	0.56
"Tocotrienol has been shown to prevent bone loss in animal models of postmenopausal osteoporosis, but the low oral bioavailability might limit its use."	( Therapeutic potential of annatto tocotrienol with self-emulsifying drug delivery system in a rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. Chin, KY; Ima-Nirwana, S; Mohamad, NV, 2021)	0.62
" These properties add knowledge towards the structural features which could improve the bioavailability of selected phytochemicals before moving towards the initial phase of the drug development."	( Antiparkinsonian activity of Cucurbita pepo seeds along with possible underlying mechanism. Ahmad, B; Bibi, S; Chauhdary, Z; Raza, Z; Saleem, U; Shah, MA; Shah, S; Shehzad, A, 2021)	0.62
"We investigated the dermal bioavailability and antioxidative properties of a sunscreen formulation containing two antioxidants, oxothiazolidine (OTZ) and δ-tocopheryl glucoside (DTG)."	( Sustained effect of two antioxidants (oxothiazolidine and δ-tocopheryl glucoside) for immediate and long-term sun protection in a sunscreen emulsion based on their different penetrating properties. Bacqueville, D; Bessou-Touya, S; Duplan, H; Génies, C; Jacques, C; Jeanjean-Miquel, C; Noizet, M; Tourette, A, 2021)	0.62
"After topical application to a hair follicle-derived reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model, followed by solar-simulated radiation, kinetics of bioavailability and antioxidative responses were measured over 24 h."	( Sustained effect of two antioxidants (oxothiazolidine and δ-tocopheryl glucoside) for immediate and long-term sun protection in a sunscreen emulsion based on their different penetrating properties. Bacqueville, D; Bessou-Touya, S; Duplan, H; Génies, C; Jacques, C; Jeanjean-Miquel, C; Noizet, M; Tourette, A, 2021)	0.62
"The two antioxidants had different bioavailability profiles: OTZ was rapidly and extensively absorbed, whereas DTG was slowly absorbed and converted to δ-tocopherol."	( Sustained effect of two antioxidants (oxothiazolidine and δ-tocopheryl glucoside) for immediate and long-term sun protection in a sunscreen emulsion based on their different penetrating properties. Bacqueville, D; Bessou-Touya, S; Duplan, H; Génies, C; Jacques, C; Jeanjean-Miquel, C; Noizet, M; Tourette, A, 2021)	0.62
" The encapsulation of components in niosomes (non-ionic surfactant-based vesicle) as nano-sized carrier systems has been proposed as they improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of drugs."	( Preparation and evaluation of crocin loaded in nanoniosomes and their effects on ischemia-reperfusion injuries in rat kidney. Abbasi, MF; Iranpour, M; Naderi, R; Pardakhty, A; Ranjbar, M, 2021)	0.62
"This study aimed to investigate the possible usefulness of morin flavonoid in comparison to silymarin as a hepatic/neuronal-supportive agent with similar effects and higher bioavailability in a rat model of hepatic encephalopathy (HE)."	( Molecular mechanisms involved in the effects of morin in experimental hepatic encephalopathy. Attia, AS; El-Ghazaly, MA; Rashed, ER; Shafey, GM; Zaki, HF, 2022)	0.72
" Our results provide a new perspective and an important reference for further understanding the effects of MPs on the bioavailability and fate of heavy metals."	( Microplastics addition reduced the toxicity and uptake of cadmium to Brassica chinensis L. Chen, L; Duan, C; Fang, L; Li, Y; Qiu, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhao, S, 2022)	0.72
"The encapsulation of three drug components in the emulsion can improve the oral bioavailability to varying degrees and can effectively prevent the acute liver injury caused by acetaminophen."	( [Preparation of salvianolic acid B, tanshinone Ⅱ_A, and glycyrrhetinic acid lipid emulsion and its protective effect against acute liver injury induced by acetaminophen]. Gu, H; Lin, T; Wang, XJ; Wang, XL; Zhang, XR, 2022)	0.72
" HT bioavailability from OliP was assessed in fifteen healthy volunteers in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled cross-over design (age: 30 ± 2 yrs; body mass: 76."	( The Impact of a Natural Olive-Derived Phytocomplex (OliPhenolia Chichger, H; Davies, C; Del Coso, J; Gautam, L; Lillis, J; López-Samanes, Á; Pinto, JM; Roberts, JD; Willmott, AGB, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"2 The acetyl-(14)C residue was bound to renal proteins in a linear manner in increasing amounts with increasing dosage up to 100 mg/kg."	( Aspirin, protein transacetylation and inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in the kidney. Caterson, RJ; Duggin, GG; Horvath, J; Mohandas, J; Tiller, D, 1978)	0.26
" This dosage of aspirin does not affect the hypotensive activity of arachidonic acid nor the oedematous properties of carrageenan in the rat."	( [Role of platelets in arterial hypotension induced by arachidonic acid and in carrageenan induced edema in the rat]. Damas, J; Volon, G, 1979)	0.26
" PEG-SOD, given intravenously at various doses to donor and support rabbits 1 h or 12-24 h before ischaemia, protected against these changes with a bell-shaped dose-response relationship."	( PEG-SOD and myocardial antioxidant status during ischaemia and reperfusion: dose-response studies in the isolated blood perfused rabbit heart. Cargnoni, A; Ezrin, A; Ferrari, R; Galiñanes, M; Hearse, DJ; Qiu, Y, 1992)	0.28
"After exposure of rat liver microsomes to UV-C irradiation, analysis of membrane fatty acids by gas chromatography confirmed that EGb 761, a drug containing a dosed and standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba, provides effective protection against free radical attack in vitro."	( UV-C irradiation-induced peroxidative degradation of microsomal fatty acids and proteins: protection by an extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761). Dumont, E; Nouvelot, A; Petit, E; Tarrade, T, 1992)	0.28
" As only one combination of doses of superoxide dismutase and catalase was administered, however, it may be that other dosage schedules might be efficacious."	( Effect of intrathecal superoxide dismutase and catalase on oxyhemoglobin-induced vasospasm in monkeys. Grace, MG; Macdonald, RL; Poznansky, MJ; Runzer, TD; Weir, BK, 1992)	0.28
" The four NSAID diclofenac, acemetacin, ibuprofen, and mefenamic acid administered to healthy volunteers at the recommended dosage led to significant suppression of thromboxane synthesis; this effect was more pronounced with acemetacin and ibuprofen than with diclofenac."	( [Inhibition of thrombocyte function by non-steroidal anti-rheumatic agents: a comparative study between diclofenac, acemetacin, mefenamic acid and ibuprofen]. Raineri-Gerber, I; von Felten, A, 1991)	0.28
" Comparable results were obtained in vivo where supplementation with alpha-tocopherol 15 h before CCl4 dosing induced a partial or complete protection against the drug's necrogenic effect, depending on the concentration of the haloalkane used."	( In vivo and in vitro evidence concerning the role of lipid peroxidation in the mechanism of hepatocyte death due to carbon tetrachloride. Albano, E; Biasi, F; Chiarpotto, E; Corongiu, FP; Dianzani, MU; Marinari, UM; Parola, M; Poli, G; Pronzato, MA, 1991)	0.28
" The dosage dependent experiment stated above was repeated, adding alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E, 1 mM), reduced glutathione (GSH, 1 mM), N-acetylcysteine (0."	( Influences of Ginkgo biloba on cyclosporin A induced lipid peroxidation in human liver microsomes in comparison to vitamin E, glutathione and N-acetylcysteine. Barth, SA; Engemann, R; Heidemann, HT; Inselmann, G, 1991)	0.28
" Diminished cell viability occurred only at 72 hr after the highest dosage of NiCl2."	( Toxicity to alveolar macrophages in rats following parenteral injection of nickel chloride. Hopfer, SM; Lin, SM; Plowman, MC; Stojanovic, T; Sunderman, FW; Wong, SH; Zaharia, O; Ziebka, L, 1989)	0.28
" with TCE in a dosage of 125-1000 mg/kg in sesame oil."	( Lipid peroxidation: a possible mechanism of trichloroethylene-induced nephrotoxicity. Beuter, W; Cojocel, C; Mayer, D; Müller, W, 1989)	0.28
" An increase in malondialdehyde level was observed after ethanol exposure, whereas suppression of lipid peroxidation occurred after dosing with indomethacin."	( Lipid peroxidation in normal and ulcerated gastric mucosa of rats treated with pentacaine and cimetidine. Nosál, R; Nosálová, V; Petríková, M, 1989)	0.62
" in a dose of 30 mg/kg 2 hrs before and the same dosage of methypred a day before the onset of the experiment."	( [Lipid peroxidation in a kidney tissue homogenate from rats under heat-induced ischemia with and without glucocorticoid protection]. Gershman, AB; Golod, EA, )	0.13
" The time course and dose-response of the exhalation of ethane were studied and compared with the increase in tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) production."	( The induction of autoxidative tissue damage by iron nitrilotriacetate in rats and mice. Evans, PF; Howarth, JA; King, LJ; Parke, DV; Preece, NE, 1988)	0.48
" This demonstrated that at the dosage levels used in this study, MPSS was an effective antioxidant."	( Iron-induced lipid peroxidation in spinal cord: protection with mannitol and methylprednisolone. Anderson, DK; Means, ED, 1985)	0.27
" Here we report on a study including 41 patients with peripheral arterial disease and/or coronary heart disease before treatment and after receiving ASA in an individually controlled dosage regimen."	( Individually controlled acetylsalicyclic acid (ASA) in the long-term treatment of patients with arteriosclerosis. Heine, H; Misselwitz, F; Norden, C, 1988)	0.27
"Biogenic amines in pons and striatum have been dosed in twenty-four months old Wistar male rats."	( [Biochemical changes in 24-month-old Wistar rats]. Della Zuana, O; Duhault, J; Lonchampt, M; Roman, F; Saint Romas, G, 1984)	0.27
" The data suggest that, in order to be of therapeutic value in the treatment of acute spinal cord trauma, early intervention with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone (30 to 40 mg/kg) is necessary, followed by intravenous maintenance dosing of 15 to 20 mg/kg every 2 to 3 hours."	( Correlation of methylprednisolone levels in cat spinal cord with its effects on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, lipid peroxidation, and alpha motor neuron function. Braughler, JM; Hall, ED, 1982)	0.26
"The extent to which a controlled release acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) formulation inhibited platelet function has been evaluated in single and chronic dosing studies."	( Inhibition of platelet function by a controlled release acetylsalicylic acid formulation--single and chronic dosing studies. Cossum, PA; McLeod, LJ; Roberts, MS; Vial, JH, 1984)	0.27
" A similar dosing of hepatocytes from phenobarbital-induced or normal rats is ineffective in that respect."	( Paracetamol-stimulated lipid peroxidation in isolated rat and mouse hepatocytes. Albano, E; Biasi, F; Chiarpotto, E; Dianzani, MU; Poli, G, 1983)	0.27
" In the case of congenital hypothyroidism (n = 37) application of sodium selenite in the above specified dosage yielded a mean serum selenium increase (0."	( Sodium selenite therapy and thyroid-hormone status in cystic fibrosis and congenital hypothyroidism. Dawczynski, H; Jahreis, G; Janitzky, E; Kauf, E; Winnefeld, K, 1994)	0.29
" The optimal dosage of vitamin E will be further assessed."	( [Protective effects of vitamin E on impaired neutrophil phagocytic function in patients with severe burn]. Chai, J; Guo, Z; Sheng, Z, 1995)	0.29
"Using an electron spin resonance technique, free radical signals were observed to be increased in liver of rats 15, 30 and 45 min after orally dosing with 80 mg/kg 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)."	( Lipid peroxidation in rats intoxicated with 3-nitropropionic acid. Fu, YT; He, FS; Zhang, JS; Zhang, SL, 1995)	0.29
" In gerbils on the standard diet at 6 wk after dosing with iron, in situ hybridization analysis documented a dramatic increase of signal for collagen mRNA around iron foci onto liver fat storing cells (FSC), as identified by immunocytochemistry with desmin antibody."	( Molecular and cellular aspects of iron-induced hepatic cirrhosis in rodents. Casalgrandi, G; Gualdi, R; Montosi, G; Pietrangelo, A; Ventura, E, 1995)	0.29
" Groups of Wistar rats of equal male: female ratio (n = 24) were fed alcohol by gavage twice daily to achieve a dosage of 15 g/kg body weight."	( Lipid peroxidation in rats chronically fed ethanol. Greenfield, SM; Miller, N; Punchard, NA; Rice-Evans, CA; Teare, JP; Thompson, RP; Watson, D, 1994)	0.29
" Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with either 375, 750 or 1500 mg/kg disulfiram via oral intubation for 1, 3 and 6 weeks."	( The effects of disulfiram on the hippocampus and cerebellum of the rat brain: a study on oxidative stress. Delmaestro, E; Trombetta, LD, 1995)	0.29
" They were given Geriforte powder orally at a dosage of 900 mg/kg body weight once a day for two months."	( Evaluation of Geriforte, an herbal geriatric tonic, on antioxidant defense system in Wistar rats. Goyal, R; Sharma, SP; Singh, B, 1994)	0.29
" It reached the peak level 3 days after dosing and remained at an elevated level up to 14 days."	( Aflatoxin B1-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Lee, HP; Ong, CN; Shen, HM; Shi, CY, 1994)	0.29
"Sixteen horses were allotted at random to 3 groups: vehicle only; low dosage (vehicle and 3 mg of U-74389G/kg of body weight); high dosage (vehicle and 10 mg of U-74389G/kg)."	( Effects of the 21-aminosteroid U-74389G on ischemia and reperfusion injury of the ascending colon in horses. Brown, SA; Drake, C; Enos, LR; Harmon, FA; Henry, P; Hildebrand, SV; Magliano, D; Snyder, JR; Vatistas, NJ; Woliner, MJ, 1993)	0.29
"CDF1 and C57BL/6J male mice were acutely dosed with Adriamycin (ADR), and total cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA) quantitated following isolation by modification of previously developed procedures."	( Accumulation of malondialdehyde in mouse heart following acute dosing with adriamycin is strain specific and unaffected by cardiac catalase status. Baird, MB; Hough, JL; Sfeir, GT, 1993)	0.85
" During each period, the subjects consumed a 15-g supplement of fish oil and either 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg TA/d in a balanced, single square dosing order."	( alpha-Tocopherol influences in vivo indices of lipid peroxidation in postmenopausal women given fish oil. Du, SH; Ketchum, SO; Rowe, KE; Wander, RC, 1996)	0.29
"TVO: 16 healthy horses were randomly allotted to 3 groups-4 horses received the vehicle alone, 6 horses received a low dosage (3 mg/kg o body weight), and 6 horses a high dosage (10 mg/kg) of U-7438G."	( Effects of U-74389G, a novel 21-aminosteroid, on small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in horses. Barry, SJ; Brown, SA; Drake, C; Enos, LR; Harmon, FA; Henry, P; Hildebrand, SV; Magliano, D; Nieto, J; Snyder, JR; Vatistas, NJ; Woliner, MJ, 1996)	0.29
" At the dosage given, the 21-aminosteroid, U-74389G, was not effective in preventing continued reduction in mucosal volume and surface area after restoration of blood supply in the horses subjected to reduced blood flow."	( Effects of U-74389G, a novel 21-aminosteroid, on small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in horses. Barry, SJ; Brown, SA; Drake, C; Enos, LR; Harmon, FA; Henry, P; Hildebrand, SV; Magliano, D; Nieto, J; Snyder, JR; Vatistas, NJ; Woliner, MJ, 1996)	0.29
"It has been proposed that the pathogenesis of Down's Syndrome (DS) involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from a gene dosage effect that disproportionately elevates superoxide dismutase (SOD1) activity."	( Evidence against the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of neuronal death in Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Cairns, N; Hayn, M; Kremser, K; Lubec, B; Lubec, G; Nemethova, M; Singewald, N, 1996)	0.29
" Diminished cell viability occurred only at 72 h after the highest dosage of HgCl2."	( Toxicity to alveolar macrophages in rats following parenteral injection of mercuric chloride. Huang, YL; Lin, TH, 1996)	0.29
" Part 1 of the study established a dose-response curve and the temporal pattern of GSH loss and recovery in the substantia nigra and striatum following acute BSO treatment."	( Effect of buthionine sulfoximine, a synthesis inhibitor of the antioxidant glutathione, on the murine nigrostriatal neurons. Andersen, JK; Hamill, RW; Harnish, P; Hom, DG; Lee, FY; McNeill, TH; Mo, JQ, 1996)	0.29
" The results of this study give evidence that a high dosage of daunorubicin induces lipid peroxidation in renal tissue of rats stimulating the activation of DT-diaphorase and the detoxificative depletion of GSH."	( Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense mechanisms in rat renal tissue after daunorubicin administration. Botsoglou, N; Dioudis, C; Grekas, D; Iliadis, S; Papageorgiou, G; Tourkantonis, A; Trakatellis, A; Zilidis, C, 1996)	0.29
" The pellet diet was supplemented by oral dosing with a solution containing either maintenance dietary levels of ascorbic acid and iron, or one of three regimens that increased the dosage of these substances ten fold."	( Effects of co-supplementation of iron with ascorbic acid on antioxidant--pro-oxidant balance in the guinea pig. Collis, CS; Diplock, AT; Hallinan, T; Rice-Evans, CA; Yang, M, 1997)	0.3
"To study the effect of a safe dosage of allopurinol on ischemia-reperfusion damage following aortic surgery, 24 patients undergoing either elective or acute aortic reconstruction, were randomized to receive allopurinol or placebo, yielding four groups: elective/placebo (EP), elective/allopurinol (EA), acute/placebo (AP) and acute/allopurinol (AA)."	( Allopurinol dosage and effect on ischemia-reperfusion damage in elective and acute aortic surgery. Berger, HM; Camps, J; Dulfer, FT; Hermans, J; Kievit, J; Smeets, HJ; Van Bockel, JH; van Milligen de Wit, AW, )	0.13
" Our data suggested that conventional dosage of alpha-tocopherol at 100 IU/kg chow lowered kidney TGF beta 1 to control values and increasing the dose by 2 1/2-fold or even 5-fold resulted in no further reduction in TGF beta 1 mRNA."	( alpha-Tocopherol reduces proteinuria, oxidative stress, and expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 in IgA nephropathy in the rat. Chan, JC; Chan, W; Krieg, RJ; Norkus, EP, 1998)	0.3
" They also received diets containing 100 or 500 ppm auraptene for 4 weeks in groups of "initiation" feeding, starting 1 week before the first dosing of AOM."	( Citrus auraptene exerts dose-dependent chemopreventive activity in rat large bowel tumorigenesis: the inhibition correlates with suppression of cell proliferation and lipid peroxidation and with induction of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. Hara, A; Kakumoto, M; Kawabata, K; Koshimizu, K; Kuki, W; Maeda, M; Murakami, A; Odashima, S; Ohigashi, H; Ota, T; Takahashi, Y; Tanaka, T; Yamane, T; Yonei, H, 1998)	0.3
"Simvastatin was administered at a dosage of 5 mg/day for 24 weeks to 38 HD patients with high serum total cholesterol (TC) levels (200 mg/dl) or low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (35 mg/dl)."	( Effect of simvastatin on the lipid profile of hemodialysis patients. Kimura, K; Kishino, M; Maeda, A; Maeda, T; Miyano, M; Mune, M; Nishide, I; Nishide, T; Nishikawa, O; Ogawa, A; Otani, H; Takahashi, T; Tone, Y; Yukawa, S, 1999)	0.3
" Dosage was doubled after 4 weeks when diastolic blood pressure was > 90 mmHg in sitting position, the treatment was continued for 12 weeks."	( Effects of amlodipine and enalapril on platelet function in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Armas de Hernández, MJ; Armas-Padilla, MC; Carvajal, AR; Guerrero-Pajuelo, J; Hernández-Hernández, R; Pacheco, B; Velasco, M, 1999)	0.3
"3% of hypertensive patients with an average dosage of 31."	( Effects of amlodipine and enalapril on platelet function in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Armas de Hernández, MJ; Armas-Padilla, MC; Carvajal, AR; Guerrero-Pajuelo, J; Hernández-Hernández, R; Pacheco, B; Velasco, M, 1999)	0.3
" (a) In uncontrolled stage, (b) At controlled stage and (c) After 4 weeks of vitamin E supplementation in dosage of 400 mg daily."	( An evaluation of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus during uncontrolled and controlled state and after vitamin E supplementation. Chugh, SN; Kakkar, R; Kalra, S; Sharma, A, 1999)	0.3
" In conclusion, this approach is a novel use of ceramic delivery systems in tissue culture that gives breakthrough information for basic research on limiting and eliminating contamination and the logistical problems associated with intermittent dosing in tissue culture."	( Development of sustained delivery system as a novel technique for tissue culture. Benghuzzi, H; Higdon, KK; Hughes, JL; Puckett, A; Scott, A; Tucci, M, 2000)	0.31
"The dose-response study showed that H(2)O(2) > or = 100 microM was severely cytotoxic."	( Adverse effects of oxidative stress on renal cells and its prevention by antioxidants. Davidson, SD; Eshghi, M; Konno, S; Mallouh, C; Nowzari, FB; Tazaki, H, 2000)	0.31
"Repeated dosing of acetaminophen (paracetamol) to rats is reported to decrease their sensitivity to its hepatotoxic effects, which are associated with oxidative stress and glutathione depletion."	( Repeated acetaminophen dosing in rats: adaptation of hepatic antioxidant system. Birmingham, JM; Bugelski, PJ; Elcock, F; Greenhill, RW; O'Brien, PJ; Slaughter, MR; Swain, A, 2000)	0.31
"0001), showing some dose-effect and dose-response relationships."	( Antioxidative stress response in workers exposed to carbon disulfide. Hu, D; Jian, L, 2000)	0.31
"On enrollment of the patients in the study, a dose-response test with increasing concentrations of inhaled NO (0, 2, 10, 40, 0 ppm) was performed."	( Inhaled nitric oxide does not enhance lipid peroxidation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Bauer, J; Hansen, D; Kochen, W; Martin, E; Möllers, AG; Motsch, J; Snyder-Ramos, SA; Weigand, MA, 2000)	0.31
"Eighteen patients (72%) showed an increase of >20% in PaO2 during the dose-response test."	( Inhaled nitric oxide does not enhance lipid peroxidation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Bauer, J; Hansen, D; Kochen, W; Martin, E; Möllers, AG; Motsch, J; Snyder-Ramos, SA; Weigand, MA, 2000)	0.31
" In the CCl4 induced liver free radical injury system, the inhibitory rate of the same dosage of TP and Vit C was 45."	( [Inhibitory effects of tea polyphenols and vitamin C on lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4- cysteine in isolated human plasma and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver free radical injury in mice]. Li, T; Xin, YM; Zhan, H; Zhang, QJ, 2001)	0.31
" The same dosage of TP and Vit C had remarkable inhibitory effects on the CCl4 induced liver free radical injury, but there was no significant difference between the two groups."	( [Inhibitory effects of tea polyphenols and vitamin C on lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4- cysteine in isolated human plasma and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver free radical injury in mice]. Li, T; Xin, YM; Zhan, H; Zhang, QJ, 2001)	0.31
" MDA levels increased in deltamethrin dosed groups, especially for the subchronic and chronic periods."	( Effects of deltamethrin on lipid peroxidation in mice. Bilgili, A; Celik, S; Kanbur, M; Yarsan, E, 2002)	0.31
" The dose-response relationship of liver injury induced by various doses of econazole was observed simultaneously from serum biochemical assay of SGOT and SGPT, and also from hepatohistological microscopic examination, by determination of the hepatoprotective effects of various concentrations of TMP on SGOT and SGPT elevation induced by a hepatotoxic dose of econazole (300 mg/kg)."	( Hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of tetramethylpyrazine on acute econazole-induced liver injury. Lin, CC; Lin, SC; Liu, CF; Ng, LT, 2002)	0.31
" Additional male mice were dosed as described above and their livers were excised at 24, 48 h, and 7 days after the final dose."	( Tumorigenicity of chloral hydrate, trichloroacetic acid, trichloroethanol, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, crotonaldehyde, and acrolein in the B6C3F(1) neonatal mouse. Bucci, TJ; Chou, MW; Fu, PP; Kadlubar, FF; Samokyszyn, VM; Von Tungeln, LS; Yi, P, 2002)	0.54
" The use of the drug kavergal, 1 g three times daily (total daily dosage being 3 g) in the complex therapy, has been shown to significantly decrease hyperlipoperoxidation both in the blood plasma and red cells increasing the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant defence."	( [Effects of kavergal on indices of lipid peroxidation and the condition of the antioxidant system in patients with rheumatic heart disease presenting with circulatory insufficiency]. Abdullaev, SF; Inoiatov, FSh; Inoiatova, FKh, )	0.13
" These results show that, at these dosage levels, provision of substrate for NO production or provision of an NO donor were beneficial to the recovery of myocardial and pulmonary vascular function."	( Effect of L-arginine or nitroglycerine during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in neonatal lambs. Hatsuoka, S; Mayer, JE; Nagashima, M; Sakamoto, T; Stock, UA, 2003)	0.32
" Protein kinase C (PKC) alpha activity was increased in gentamicin-treated cells, peaking 15 min after dosing (+138."	( Gentamicin-induced cytotoxicity involves protein kinase C activation, glutathione extrusion and malondialdehyde production in an immortalized cell line from the organ of corti. Bertolaso, L; Bindini, D; Capitani, S; Corbacella, E; Falgione, D; Lanzoni, I; Martini, A; Parmeggiani, A; Previati, M; Vitali, C, )	0.35
" The accumulation of NO2/NO3 in HMEC exposed to increasing concentrations of more intensively oxidized-LDLs showed a nonlinear dose-response curve."	( The effect of lipoproteins on endothelial nitric oxide synthase is modulated by lipoperoxides. Baldi, S; Blandizzi, C; Del Tacca, M; L'Abbate, A; Lubrano, V; Natali, A; Palombo, C; Vassalle, C, 2003)	0.32
" Animals were exposed at the dosage of 1 hour a day for 35 days."	( [Effects of microwave radiation on lipid peroxidation and the content of neurotransmitters in mice]. Cao, Z; Liu, J; Tao, Y; Zhang, H, 2000)	0.31
" Preliminary experiments determined dosage of formula and culture interval."	( Validation of an in vitro nutrition model using an enteral formula in aged neutrophils. Farriol, M; Orta, X; Rodríguez, R; Venereo, Y, )	0.13
" Swiss-Webster mice were dosed with celecoxib and rofecoxib and challenged with CT in ligated small intestinal loops, and intestinal segments from mice deficient in COX-1 and COX-2 were challenged with CT."	( Role of cyclooxygenase enzymes in a murine model of experimental cholera. Boldogh, I; Gessell-Lee, DL; Olano, JP; Peterson, JW; Popov, VL, 2003)	0.32
" The presence of lipoperoxides in the guinea pig cochleae exposed to noise-induced oxidative stress was determined by means of the dosage of malondialdhyde, evaluated by measuring the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in perilymph samples."	( Effect of superoxide dismutase and allopurinol on impulse noise-exposed guinea pigs--electrophysiological and biochemical study. Attanasio, G; Barbara, M; Cassandro, E; Filipo, R; Mondola, P; Sequino, L, 2003)	0.32
"In low and high dosage groups, the rate of DNA migration of bone marrow cells (83."	( [DNA damage and changes of antioxidative enzymes in chronic benzene poisoning mice]. Na, LX; Pan, HZ; Tao, L, 2003)	0.32
" Dantrolene, at 5 mg/kg, was useful to obtain significant protective effects, while the protector effect of higher dantrolene dosing level (10 mg/kg) was weak or absent."	( Prevention of acute adriamycin cardiotoxicity by dantrolene in rats. Bakan, E; Buyukavci, M; Büyükokuroğlu, ME; Taysi, S, 2004)	0.32
"To investigating the effect of vitamin A (VA)at different dosage of vitamin A on anti-oxidative activity and the fluidity of erythrocyte membrane in rats and safe dosage."	( [Effect of different dosage of vitamin A supplement on anti-oxidative activity and the fluidity of erythrocyte membrane in rats]. Han, L; Ma, A; Zhang, Y, 2004)	0.32
" The purpose of our research was to determine the concentration of malonic dialdehyde as the expression of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity after dosed chronic ethyl and methyl alcohol intoxication."	( [Selected alcohols on the pro- and anti-oxidative processes in rat erythrocytes]. Berent, J; Gałecki, P; Jankowska, B; Jurczyk, AP; Kedziora, J; Meissner, E; Smigielski, J; Szram, S, )	0.13
" This study was designed (1) to investigate the effects of microemulsion dosage form on the healing of gastric ulcers, and (2) to determine the relationship between oxidative mechanisms and TGF-alpha during ulcer healing."	( The role of transforming growth factor alpha formulation on aspirin-induced ulcer healing and oxidant stress in the gastric mucosa. Akbulut, KG; Celebi, N; Gönül, B; Ozer, C; Yetkin, G, 2004)	0.32
"Fourteen ventilated preterm infants from the Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Liverpool Women's Hospital received 1 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg liposomal glutathione intra-tracheally and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected prior to treatment, 12 and 24 h after dosing for glutathione and malondialdehyde estimation."	( Reduction of oxidative stress marker in lung fluid of preterm infants after administration of intra-tracheal liposomal glutathione. Cooke, RW; Drury, JA, 2005)	0.5
" The decreased contraction response to Ach and KCl was significantly ameliorated by a dosage of 50 mg/kg of melatonin, while not by a dosage of 10 mg/kg."	( Protective effect of melatonin on contractile activity and oxidative injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion of rat ileum. Aktas, RG; Altaner, S; Arslan, SO; Ozacmak, VH; Sayan, H, 2005)	0.33
" It can also be concluded that dose-response relationships exist only between the SP content in roots and leaves and the concentration of chlorimuron-ethyl."	( Effects of herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl on physiological mechanisms in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Wang, M; Zhou, Q, 2006)	0.33
"The rabbits were randomly divided into 11 groups: oleic acid group; control group; treatment groups including low, middle and high dosage groups of Qingkailing and Shengmai injection alone and combined, respectively."	( [Therapeutic effect of qingkailing and shengmai injection alone or combined on the acute lung injury induced by oleic acid in rabbits]. Cui, HF; Du, GY; Gao, SR; Gao, W; He, R; Hui, LQ; Lang, RX; Wang, XR; Wu, ZL; Zhang, CY; Zhao, Y; Zhu, XX, 2005)	0.33
"Forty normal rats were divided into four groups:control group (fed with basal feed), opuntia high, middle and low dosage groups (fed with basal feed and opuntia powder of high, middle and low dosage."	( [Regulative effect of Opuntia powder on blood lipids in rats and its mechanism]. Cheng, XS; Cui, MZ; Li, CY; Yan, YG, 2005)	0.33
" The serum MAD level in the low, middle and high dosage groups were all obviously decreased, which were significantly lower than that in the control group."	( [Regulative effect of Opuntia powder on blood lipids in rats and its mechanism]. Cheng, XS; Cui, MZ; Li, CY; Yan, YG, 2005)	0.33
" No significant dose-response relationship was found with the two compounds and no synergistic effect was observed between Fe3+ and B[a]P."	( DNA damage (comet assay) and 8-oxodGuo (HPLC-EC) in relation to oxidative stress in the freshwater bivalve Unio tumidus. Charissou, AM; Cossu-Leguille, C; Lemiere, S; Vasseur, P, )	0.13
" coli dosed at 12 x10(9) colony forming units per kilogram."	( Effect of vitamin A pretreatment on Escherichia coli-induced lipid peroxidation and level of 3-nitrotyrosine in kidney of guinea pig. Cimen, B; Erdamar, H; Seven, I; Türközkan, N, 2005)	0.33
" In our study we compared myocardial protection in isolated coronary bypass with a short period of ischemia using low dosage HTK and cold crystalloid cardioplegia."	( Low-dose histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution for myocardial protection. Akay, T; Arslan, A; Aslamaci, S; Gultekin, B; Ozkan, S; Sezgin, A; Tasdelen, A; Uguz, E, 2005)	0.33
" AC was administrated to Wistar rats by gavage at a single dosage of 200 mg/kg/per dose (three times per week)."	( Allyl chloride-induced time dependent changes of lipid peroxidation in rat nerve tissue. Guo, X; Wang, QS; Xie, KQ; Yu, SF; Zhang, CL; Zhang, LP; Zhu, YJ, 2005)	0.33
" Rats were randomly divided into normal group (NM), adjuvant arthritis group (AA) and three cyanidin-treated groups in high dosage (HA), middle dosage (MA), and low dosage (LA)."	( [Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of cyanidin from cherries on rat adjuvant-induced arthritis]. He, YH; Jia, HW; Li, XM; Lu, AP; Lu, C; Tong, Y; Wang, YS; Xiao, C; Zhao, HY; Zhao, LH; Zhou, J, 2005)	0.33
" There was a drug dose-response effect of captopril in increasing the PCE/PCE+NCE ratio in bone marrow cells."	( Captopril protects mice bone marrow cells against genotoxicity induced by gamma irradiation. Akhlagpour, S; Hosseinimehr, SJ; Mahmoudzadeh, A, )	0.13
" Animals in Groups V and VI were treated exactly the same as those in Groups III and IV, respectively except that they were pretreated with oral GE for 5 days at a dosage of 5 ml/kg."	( Protective role of natural antioxidant supplementation on testicular tissue after testicular torsion and detorsion. Avci, A; Cimentepe, E; Derya Balbay, M; Durak, I; Eroglu, M; Guven, C; Unsal, A, 2006)	0.33
"The production of ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde was related to the dosage of mercuric chloride."	( Changes in ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde in rats after exposure to mercury. Hijova, E; Nistiar, F; Sipulova, A, 2005)	0.89
" A pretreatment of phycocyanin (100 mg/kg body weight) as a single oral dosage was given, one hour prior to oxalate challenge."	( Oxalate mediated nephronal impairment and its inhibition by c-phycocyanin: a study on urolithic rats. Ebrahim, AS; Farooq, SM; Rajesh, NG; Sakthivel, R; Subramhanya, KH; Varalakshmi, P, 2006)	0.33
" After 3 days of exposure, significant differences in ROS production could only be seen between the control and the highest dosage group (10 mg/kg BW d), although after 7 days of treatment, ROS production increased in a dose-dependent manner."	( Tributyltin induces DNA damage as well as oxidative damage in rats. Lian, L; Liu, HG; Wang, Y; Xu, LH, 2006)	0.33
" VCM was administered intraperitoneally in the dosage of 200 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days."	( Protective role of erdosteine on vancomycin-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Arslan, C; Cam, H; Olgar, S; Sahin, M; Tunc, SE; Uz, E; Yilmaz, HR, 2006)	0.33
" Results showed that AA levels in blood increased with vitamin C administration; AA, GSH and NOx levels in the muscle were low and MDA and glycogen levels were high in diabetics; and that vitamin C in the given dosage partially corrected these values."	( Effects of vitamin C on muscle glycogen and oxidative events in experimental diabetes. Bulduk, E; Gönül, B; Ozer, C, 2006)	0.33
" Results showed no significant difference in animal body weight, enzyme activity, or MDA formation at either time or dosage level, as compared to controls."	( Hepatotoxicity potential of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) in rats. Devkota, AK; Halaweish, F; Singh, KK; Singh, YN; Sneeden, DC, 2007)	0.34
" After small and large dosage carvedilol-administered for 5 weeks, hemodynamic parameters, the levels of malondialdehyde, activities of antioxidant enzymes and expression of Bcl-2 mRNA in the cardiac tissues were measured."	( Carvedilol protected diabetic rat hearts via reducing oxidative stress. Huang, H; Pan, XH; Qian, LB; Shan, J; Wang, HP, 2006)	0.55
" Future studies involving different doses and the dose-response relationship could promise better results."	( Neuroprotection by resveratrol against traumatic brain injury in rats. Altinoz, E; Ates, O; Cayli, S; Gurses, I; Kocak, A; Sener, M; Yologlu, S; Yucel, N, 2007)	0.34
" AC was administrated to Wistar rats by gavage at a single dosage of 200 mg/kg/per dose (three times per week)."	( Malondialdehyde and catalase as the serum biomarkers of allyl chloride-induced toxic neuropathy. Wang, QS; Xie, KQ; Yu, SF; Zhang, CL; Zhao, XL, 2006)	1.78
" Rats treated with low dosage intermedin1-53 (5 nmol/kg/day, 2 days) showed 21% (P<0."	( Intermedin1-53 protects the heart against isoproterenol-induced ischemic injury in rats. Chang, JK; Geng, B; Gerns, H; Jia, YX; Pan, CS; Qi, YF; Tang, CS; Wen, JK; Xiao, Y; Yang, J; Yang, JH; Zhang, J; Zhao, J, 2006)	0.33
" The result loas converted into cumulative dosage of actonitine or vabain."	( [Study on effect of Tiaomaiyin injection on experimental arrhythmia]. Li, GZ; Li, H; Niu, X; Shi, XJ; Sun, XH; Wei, ZZ; Wu, BQ; Xi, SF; Xiao, JP; Xue, M, 2006)	0.33
" We found that at this dosage T-AOC was potentized, the activity of SOD increased and the level of MDA in serum decreased."	( Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of cherries on Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Chan, AS; He, YH; Lu, AP; Tang, JC; Tong, Y; Wang, YS; Xiao, C; Zhou, J, )	0.13
" It is showed formaldehyde having effect on lipid peroxidation by many studies of animal experiment and occupational group, it can decrease the activity of SOD and GSH-Px, increase the concentration of MDA, there are dose-response relationship between those lipid peroxidation index and the concentration of formaldehyde too."	( [Effects of formaldehyde on the activity of superoxide dismutases and glutathione peroxidase and the concentration of malondialdehyde]. Chang, JR; Xu, DQ, 2006)	0.54
"(1) MDA levels in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, liver and serum of the high dosage group rats and that in hippocampus and serum of the low dosage group were significantly higher than that of the control group."	( [Toxicity and oxidative stress on rats by hexachlorobenzene]. Hu, FY; Li, HY; Li, YF; Liu, YS; Shi, N; Sun, M, 2006)	0.33
" Exposure to 15-nm or 46-nm SiO(2) nanoparticles for 48 h at dosage levels between 10 and 100 microg/ml decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner."	( In vitro toxicity of silica nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells. Huang, YW; Lin, W; Ma, Y; Zhou, XD, 2006)	0.33
" These beneficial effects of resveratrol are only partly explained by its antioxidant properties as suggested by the lack of any dose-response effect on tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels."	( Strong cardioprotective effect of resveratrol, a red wine polyphenol, on isolated rat hearts after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Amri, M; Aouani, E; Elkahoui, S; Limam, F; Mokni, M, 2007)	0.54
"Thirty-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal group, model group, low dosage group, (treated with Astragalus membranacaus injection, 10 g crude medication/kg) and high dosage group (treated with Astragalus membranacaus injection, 20 g crude medication/kg)."	( Effect of Astragalus membranaceus injection on the activity of the intestinal mucosal mast cells after hemorrhagic shock-reperfusion in rats. Cai, J; Chen, LX; Gan, XL; Hei, ZQ; Huang, HQ; Li, SR, 2006)	0.33
" Log dose-response curve was obtained for each drug along with the corresponding ED(25)."	( Interaction between inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase in adjuvant-induced arthritis in female albino rats: an isobolographic study. Bhat, AS; Krishna, V; Kumar, D; Prakash, VR; Tandan, SK, 2007)	0.34
" Antitumor and antioxidant effect of relatively low dosage of melatonin appeared to be more effective than those of a larger one."	( [Melatonin inhibits urethane-induced carcinogenesis tumors in murine lung]. Anisimov, VN; Plotnikova, NA; Semenchenko, AV; Vesnushkin, GM, 2006)	0.33
" NO levels in serum and 24-hour urine were determined at baseline and after 6 weeks of daily dosing with losartan (50-100 mg)."	( Effect of losartan therapy on endothelial function in hypertensive patients. Armas-Hernández, MJ; Armas-Padilla, MC; Cammarata-Segura, R; Guerrero, J; Hernández-Hernández, R; Israili, ZH; Pacheco, B; Sosa-Canache, B; Valasco, M, )	0.13
" The mean pure tone audiometric threshold (PTA), tinnitus loudness, subjective disturbance level [visual analogue scale (VAS) determination], and the indirect ROS dosage 48 h before and after medical treatment were evaluated."	( Antioxidant therapy in idiopathic tinnitus: preliminary outcomes. Brescia, G; Marioni, G; Savastano, M, 2007)	0.34
" Sperm suspensions (100,000,000 spermatozoa/mL) were dosed separately with different concentrations of SDS (0."	( Lipid peroxidation was associated to the impairment of the fertilizing capability of gilthead sperm exposed to surfactants. Frias, L; Ordoñez, FJ; Rosety, I; Rosety, JM; Rosety, M; Rosety-Rodríguez, M, 2007)	0.34
" The PGRs treatments caused different effects on the antioxidant defense systems and MDA content of dosed rats compared to controls."	( Evalution of toxicity of abcisic acid and gibberellic acid in rats: 50 days drinking water study. Celik, I; Isik, I; Tuluce, Y, 2007)	0.34
"This study examined the possible effects of lycopene at physiological dosage and body fat mass on the humoral immune response in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)."	( The opposite associations of lycopene and body fat mass with humoral immunity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a possible role in atherogenesis. Gharavi, A; Kalayi, A; Khalaji, N; Neyestani, TR; Shariat-Zadeh, N, 2007)	0.34
" Rats received daily acetyl-L-carnitine at a dosage of 75 mg/kg body weight orally during exposure."	( Acetyl-L-carnitine ameliorates hypobaric hypoxic impairment and spatial memory deficits in rats. Barhwal, K; Hota, SK; Ilavazhagan, G; Jayalakshmi, K; Singh, SB, 2007)	0.34
" Infusion of recombinant activated protein C attenuated these responses in a dose-response manner."	( Recombinant activated protein C induces dose-dependent changes in inflammatory mediators, tissue damage, and apoptosis in in vivo rat model of sepsis. Barber, A; Davis, B; Fisher, O; Johnson, G; Murphy, P; Pahulu, S; Shires, GT; Williams, S, 2007)	0.34
"50 g x kg(-1) dosage groups of NSP decreased the neurosigns indexes, significantly reduced the brain infarct areas in MCAO rats, decreased the brain water content, increased the activities of GPx and CAT, decreased the content of LD and MDA in bilateral common carotid artery ligation rats."	( [Studies on protective effects of Niuhuang Shangqing pills on cerebral ischemia]. Jin, R; Li, CY; Li, JR; Liu, T; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y; Zhou, L, 2007)	0.34
" Adult hens were treated with TOCP by gavage at a single dosage of 750 mg/kg."	( Time-dependent changes of lipid peroxidation and antioxidative status in nerve tissues of hens treated with tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP). Guo, X; Wang, QS; Xie, KQ; Zhang, LP; Zhou, GZ; Zhu, YJ, 2007)	0.34
" It was concluded that the influence of CLA on lipid autoxidation is dependent on supplement type, supplement dosage and chosen indicator, including its tissue and determination methodology."	( Supplementation with commercial mixtures of conjugated linoleic acid in association with vitamin E and the process of lipid autoxidation in rats. Botelho, AP; de Oliveira, AC; Santos-Zago, LF, 2007)	0.34
" Mice were dosed with single-AA injection (500 mg/kg via the intra peritoneal route) with or without L-carnitine (500 mg/kg for 5 days starting 5 days before AA injection via intra peritoneal route) and sampled at 4, 8 and 24 h following AA injection."	( Hepatoprotective effect of L-carnitine against acute acetaminophen toxicity in mice. Atakisi, O; Citil, M; Erginsoy, S; Karapehlivan, M; Kart, A; Tunca, R; Yapar, K, 2007)	0.34
" Acetylcholine dose-response relaxation curves revealed that SAM-R1 vessels were slightly more sensitive than those of SAM-P8."	( The senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM-P8) as a model for the study of vascular functional alterations during aging. de Cabo, C; de Mera, RM; Jordán, J; Lloréns, S; Mendizábal, Y; Nava, E; Pascual, A; Prieto-Martín, A, 2007)	0.34
" A control group (saline, group 1, n = 5) was compared with dogs that were administrated gentamicin by intramuscular injection, at dosage of 20 mg/kg, once daily for 9 days (groups 2-5, n = 5 per group)."	( Effect of silymarin and vitamin E on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in dogs. Avizeh, R; Esmailzadeh, S; Givi, ME; Morovvati, H; Shahriari, A; Varzi, HN, 2007)	0.34
"Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham group (group S), model group (group M), high and low dosage of CS groups, (treated with CS 50 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg, group C1 and C2)."	( Pretreatment of cromolyn sodium prior to reperfusion attenuates early reperfusion injury after the small intestine ischemia in rats. Cai, J; Gan, XL; Hei, ZQ; Li, SR; Luo, GJ, 2007)	0.34
"contents of HDL-C obviously increased in Plasma of low and high dosage groups and TC, TG, LDL-C levels significantly decreased compared with control group."	( [Experimental study of anti-atherosclerosis potency by lycium seed oil and its possible mechanism]. Cao, J; Dong, QZ; Jiang, YD; Wang, SR, 2007)	0.34
"Thirty-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal group, model group, low dosage group, (treated with astragalus membranacaus 10 g kg(-1)) and high dosage group (treated with astragalus membranacaus 20 g kg(-1))."	( [Effect of Astragalus membranacaus injection on activity of intestinal mucosal mast cells and inflammatory response after hemorrahagic shock-reperfusion in rats]. Chen, LX; Gan, XL; Hei, ZQ; Li, SR; Luo, GJ, 2007)	0.34
"Forty rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: a normal control group,a model group, a low dosage Tongmai Tang, and a high dosage Tongmai Tang administration group (n=10)."	( [Effect and mechanism of Tongmai Tang in atherosclerosis]. Sun, M; Zhang, J; Zhou, HY, 2007)	0.34
" In the low dosage Tongmai Tang administration group, the concentration of serum CHO and LDL significantly decreased (P<0."	( [Effect and mechanism of Tongmai Tang in atherosclerosis]. Sun, M; Zhang, J; Zhou, HY, 2007)	0.34
" The experimental results of low dosage carbendazim use indicated augmentation of investigated parameters."	( Toxic effects of carbendazim at low dose levels in male rats. Muthu, S; Muthuraman, P; Muthuviveganandavel, V; Srikumar, K, 2008)	0.35
"In rats treated by CASI (in a dosage of 25, 50 and 100 mg x kg(-1) femoral vein infusion at 30 min after coronary occulusion), the incidence of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion ventricular arrhythmias, for instance the ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (Vf), was effectively prevented, the appearing time of arrhythmia was delayed and the duration of arrhythmia was shortened, while the elevated ST segment lowered as well."	( [Effects of CASI on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion arrhythmia in rats]. Qu, SC; Sui, DY; Wang, L; Xu, HL; Yu, XF, 2007)	0.34
" The patients were divided into two groups according to the chemotherapy (3-7 treatment cycles): with DTIC-given orally daily for 5 days, every 3 weeks as a single 2200 mg/kg dose and with the combination-DTIC (the same dose) + CCNU-administered orally at a dosage of 120 mg/m(2) once every 40 days in accordance with protocols, approved by the Bulgarian Ministry of Health."	( Influence of therapy on the antioxidant status in patients with melanoma. Dimov, A; Gadjeva, V; Georgieva, N, 2008)	0.35
" The dose-response effects of whole almonds, taken as snacks, were compared with low-saturated fat (<5% energy) whole-wheat muffins (control) in the therapeutic diets of hyperlipidemic subjects."	( Almonds reduce biomarkers of lipid peroxidation in older hyperlipidemic subjects. Blumberg, J; Faulkner, DA; Jenkins, DJ; Josse, AR; Kendall, CW; Lapsley, KG; Marchie, A; Nguyen, TH, 2008)	0.35
", one consisting of patients who underwent radiotherapy alone (radiotherapy was given at the dosage of 6000 cGy in five fractions per week for a period of 6 weeks); and the other group treated with radiotherapy plus alpha-tocopherol supplementation (alpha-tocopherol was supplemented at a dosage of 400 IU/day) for the entire period of radiotherapy."	( Effect of alpha-tocopherol on pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzyme status in radiation-treated oral squamous cell carcinoma. Chitra, S; Shyamala Devi, CS, 2008)	0.35
" However, in cumulative irritation, the MDA levels and SOD activities were initially elevated with increased TCE concentrations, but thereafter reduced with further concentration increments; the linear dose-response relationship was not preserved."	( Trichloroethylene induced cutaneous irritation in BALB/c hairless mice: histopathological changes and oxidative damage. Shen, T; Wu, CH; Yang, S; Zhang, HF; Zhang, XJ; Zhou, CF; Zhu, QX, 2008)	0.35
" Interestingly, bell-shaped dose-response curves emerged."	( Opposite effects of alpha-lipoic acid on antioxidation and long-term potentiation in control and chronically lead-exposed rats. Chen, XT; Liu, J; Ruan, DY; Tang, ML; Wang, HL; Wu, CY; Yin, ST, 2008)	0.35
" GST activity significantly elevated in all the tissues except for in the liver treated with 38 mM dosage but did not change with 19 mM."	( Subacute effects of methyl parathion on antioxidant defense systems and lipid peroxidation in rats. Celik, I; Suzek, H, 2008)	0.35
" Endothelial function and beta(2)-adrenoceptor activity was tested by studying the dose-response relationship of acetylcholine and isoproterenol, respectively, on isolated aortic tissues in an organ bath setup."	( Antioxidative action of aspirin on endothelial function in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Fahim, M; Shahid, M; Sharma, KK; Tauseef, M, 2008)	0.35
"Ten rats were intragastrically administered for 14 days with a grape-stalk extract determining a daily t-Res dosage of 3 mg/kg."	( Dietary trans-resveratrol bioavailability and effect on CCl4-induced liver lipid peroxidation. Caporaso, N; Fogliano, V; Milani, S; Morisco, F; Ottanelli, B; Vitaglione, P, 2009)	0.35
" There were no dose-response effects in the changes between the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) and the concentration of TBBPA."	( Effects of tetrabromobisphenol A as an emerging pollutant on wheat (Triticum aestivum) at biochemical levels. Li, F; Li, Y; Liu, X; Luo, Y; Zhou, Q, 2008)	0.35
" Veterinarians should monitor serum albumin concentrations and neutrophil counts and be cautious when making dosing recommendations for phenylbutazone treatment of horses."	( Pathophysiologic effects of phenylbutazone on the right dorsal colon in horses. Hubert, JD; McConnico, RS; Moore, RM; Morgan, TW; Williams, CC, 2008)	0.35
" The results obtained suggest that in a pathophysiological condition, such as PE, the deleterious effect of reactive oxygen species may be counteract by an antioxidant therapy, and there is the need to investigate the optimum dosing and timing of antioxidants administration, since an inappropriate antioxidant treatment in pregnant women may have deleterious consequences, reducing placental cells proliferation until to cell death."	( Effects of vitamin E and C on placental oxidative stress: an in vitro evidence for the potential therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of preeclampsia. Capasso, A; Fiore, G, 2008)	0.35
" Further experimental work towards identifying the most efficacious COX-2 inhibitors, as well as the mechanism of action and the optimal dosage regimen should be executed."	( Cyclooxygenase inhibitors: a novel direction for Alzheimer's management. Banerjee, A; Nivsarkar, M; Padh, H, )	0.13
"There was some reference of dosage dependence on the intensity of potency action in high, middle and low dosage of this drug."	( [Influences of jiejiu gankang granule on lipid metabolism and liver function of alcohol-fatty-liver about mice]. Li, B; Sun, R; Wang, L, 2008)	0.35
" Similarly, a strong dose-response relationship (p<0."	( Potassium dichromate induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Barnes, C; Hackett, D; Patlolla, AK; Tchounwou, PB, 2009)	0.35
" The male and female mice at postnatal day (PD) 7, PD 14, PD 21, PD 28 and PD 35 were distributed randomly to dosage group (50 mg/kg body weight) and control group (0 mg/kg body weight)."	( A comparative study on oxidative damage and distributions of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in mice at different postnatal developmental stages. Jin, Y; Liu, L; Liu, W; Oami, K; Saito, N; Sato, I; Song, J; Tsuda, S; Yu, H, 2009)	0.35
" Twenty-two patients (15 without nephropathy and seven with nephropathy) received atorvastatin in individually adjusted oral dosage (range 10-20 mg) once per day for 12 weeks."	( Modulating effect of atorvastatin on paraoxonase 1 activity in type 2 diabetic Egyptian patients with or without nephropathy. Abdin, AA; El-Noeman, Sel-D; Hassanien, MA; Ibrahim, EA, )	0.13
" Based on an initial dose-response experiment, CAN (25mg/(kgday)) was given orally to pregnant mice at gestation day (GD) 6, till GD 18."	( Chloroacetonitrile induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse fetal liver. Abdel-Naim, AB; Ahmed, AE; El-Mazar, HM; Mohamadin, AM; Nagy, AA, 2009)	0.35
" Further studies on the correct dosage and possible side effects are necessary."	( Neuroprotective effect of melatonin on experimental peripheral nerve injury: an electron microscopic and biochemical study. Biyikli, Z; Daglioglu, E; Erdogan, D; Ergungor, F; Kilinc, K; Okay, O; Serdar Dike, M; Take, G, 2009)	0.35
"No significant modification in animal body weight, food consumption, enzyme activities, hepatic histomorphology and MDA formation, at either time or dosage level."	( Chelidonium majus is not hepatotoxic in Wistar rats, in a 4 weeks feeding experiment. Di Sotto, A; Franchitto, A; Mammola, CL; Mariani, P; Mastrangelo, S; Mazzanti, G; Menniti-Ippolito, F; Vitalone, A, 2009)	0.35
" The results indicated that repeated arsenic preexposure decreased susceptibility of rat kidney to acute AP-mediated oxidative stress; on the contrary, its coexposure rendered the rat kidney more vulnerable to oxidative stress induced by the repeated dosing of AP."	( Repeated preexposure or coexposure to arsenic differentially alters acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress in rat kidney. Manimaran, A; Sankar, P; Sarkar, SN, 2011)	0.37
" The results showed that piperine at all dosage range used in this study significantly improved memory impairment and neurodegeneration in hippocampus."	( Piperine, the main alkaloid of Thai black pepper, protects against neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in animal model of cognitive deficit like condition of Alzheimer's disease. Chonpathompikunlert, P; Muchimapura, S; Wattanathorn, J, 2010)	0.36
" On the 7thd, the activity of glutathione-S-transferase in the 20 and 40mgkg(-1) dosage groups was inhibited while increased in the 80 and 160mgkg(-1) groups compared with the control groups."	( Effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide on the anti-oxidant system of earthworm. Li, XY; Luo, YR; Wang, J; Wang, JJ; Yun, MX, 2010)	0.36
" Because of the definite risk of dosage errors, these agents should be prepared in the hospital pharmacy and not in the operating theatre."	( Are cefuroxime and vancomycin really safe on the corneal endothelial cells? Ayşe, NB; Fatma, YM; Firdevs, O; Gülsen, Y; Necati, DM; Ozlem, TY, 2010)	0.36
"5% sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose), low dosage (0."	( [Effects of indole-3-carbinol on the outcome of tumor and the changes of anti-oxidative system in null mice grafted with nasopharyngeal carcinoma]. Li, JT; Li, WX; Yang, GY; Zhang, QX; Zhu, W, 2009)	0.35
"I3C could reduce the tumor volume [the tumor volumes of the control group, the middle dosage group and the high dosage group were (4."	( [Effects of indole-3-carbinol on the outcome of tumor and the changes of anti-oxidative system in null mice grafted with nasopharyngeal carcinoma]. Li, JT; Li, WX; Yang, GY; Zhang, QX; Zhu, W, 2009)	0.35
"Malondialdehyde (MDA), a product involved in membrane lipid peroxidation, was dosed in the sperm of 163 patients who had consulted the clinic regarding hypofertility."	( Malonaldehyde formation and DNA fragmentation: two independent sperm decays linked to reactive oxygen species. Belloc, S; Benkhalifa, M; Cohen, M; Cohen-Bacrie, P; de Mouzon, J; Ménézo, Y; Montjean, D, 2010)	1.8
"In rats treated by IPQDS (in a dosage of 12."	( [Protective effect and mechanism of IPQDS on acute myocardial infarction in rats]. Han, D; Qu, S; Sui, D; Wang, X; Xu, H; Yu, X, 2009)	0.35
" Once the T2DM models were set successfully, rats were randomized into six groups: normal group (NG), group of diabetes mellitus (DMG), groups of low dosage (GLPs-LG), middle dosage (GLPs-MG), high dosage (GLPs-HG) and berberine (BerG)."	( [Effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on hemodynamic and antioxidation in T2DM rats]. Chen, H; Luo, J; Meng, G; Qiao, J; Wu, F; Xu, J; Xue, H; Zheng, H, 2010)	0.36
"Both the middle dosage and the high dosage of GLPs could low blood glucose effectively, and they could reduce LVEP but increase -dp/dt(max)."	( [Effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on hemodynamic and antioxidation in T2DM rats]. Chen, H; Luo, J; Meng, G; Qiao, J; Wu, F; Xu, J; Xue, H; Zheng, H, 2010)	0.36
"A 19 wk, randomized crossover trial was conducted in 21 generally healthy men and postmenopausal women > or = 50 y to study the dose-response effects of walnut intake on biomarkers of antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, and nutrient status."	( Chronic and acute effects of walnuts on antioxidant capacity and nutritional status in humans: a randomized, cross-over pilot study. Blumberg, JB; Chen, CY; Lichtenstein, AH; Matthan, NR; McKay, DL; Yeum, KJ, 2010)	0.36
" The proportional changes in MDA and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) were consistent with a dose-response effect, although no significant within- or between-group differences were observed for these measures."	( Chronic and acute effects of walnuts on antioxidant capacity and nutritional status in humans: a randomized, cross-over pilot study. Blumberg, JB; Chen, CY; Lichtenstein, AH; Matthan, NR; McKay, DL; Yeum, KJ, 2010)	0.36
"Models of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were produced by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery, 24 hours after operation the rats were randomly divided into control and experiment groups, then respectively administrated with NS, fosinopril and low, middle and high dosage of PNS for four consecutive weeks."	( [Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on ACE2 and TNF-alpha in rats with post-myocardial infarction-ventricular remodeling]. Deng, ZJ; Fu, YH; Guo, JW; Li, LM; Liu, RX; Pan, JQ; Qiu, GQ; Yang, M, 2010)	0.36
" Rats in group I were given soya oil (2 ml/kg) while those in group II were dosed vitamin C (100 mg/kg)."	( Ameliorative effects of vitamin C on short-term sensorimotor and cognitive changes induced by acute chlorpyrifos exposure in Wistar rats. Ambali, SF; Ayo, JO; Idris, SB; Onukak, C; Shittu, M, 2010)	0.36
" The tea and extract groups had similar dosing of epiogallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the active compound in green tea."	( Green tea supplementation affects body weight, lipids, and lipid peroxidation in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Aston, CE; Basu, A; Betts, NM; Leyva, MJ; Lyons, TJ; Sanchez, K; Wu, M, 2010)	0.36
" The incidence of this side effect is related to the dosage and can be as high as 75%."	( Oral glutamine attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress in the bladder but does not prevent hemorrhagic cystitis in rats. Abraham, P; Isaac, B; Natarajan, K; Ramamoorthy, H, 2011)	0.37
" Our data showed a significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP, urea, creatinine total protein and albumin in serum of rats dosed with tartrazine and carmoisine compared to control rats and these significant change were more apparent in high doses than low, GSH, SOD and Catalase were decreased and MDA increased in tissue homogenate in rats consumed high tartrazine and both doses of carmoisine."	( Effect of food azo dyes tartrazine and carmoisine on biochemical parameters related to renal, hepatic function and oxidative stress biomarkers in young male rats. Abd Elsttar, AH; Abdel Hameid, H; Amin, KA, 2010)	0.36
" Superoxide dismutase activity generally declined throughout the postharvest storage period in both irradiated and control samples, but no clear correlation between enzyme activity and EBI dosage was evident."	( Effect of electron beam irradiation on postharvest quality and selected enzyme activities of the white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Duan, Z; Shao, Y; Xing, Z; Zhao, X, 2010)	0.36
" Oral dosing with CFE at 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight after the acid/alcohol induction significantly decreased the number of bleeding spots, area of bleeding, ulcer score, and ulcer index."	( Protective effect of Cratoxylum formosum extract against acid/alcohol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Sripanidkulchai, B; Sripanidkulchai, K; Teepsawang, S, 2010)	0.36
" The control group and 4 DiBP groups, group I, II, III and IV, were given DiBP in corn oil by gavages at the dosage of 0, 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively."	( [Effect of diisobutyl phthalate on antioxidase activity and DNA damage in mice]. Feng, Y; Ma, N; Xu, H; Zhang, W, 2010)	0.36
"Ambrotose AO® at a daily dosage of 4 capsules per day increases resting blood antioxidant capacity and may enhance post exercise antioxidant capacity."	( Effect of Ambrotose AO® on resting and exercise-induced antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in healthy adults. Blankenship, MM; Bloomer, RJ; Canale, RE; Fisher-Wellman, KH, 2010)	0.36
" The extracts were also observed to be cytotoxic at the tested dosage and were able to target cells towards apoptosis."	( Antioxidant and anti-neoplastic activities of Picrorhiza kurroa extracts. Guha, G; Kumar, RA; Rajkumar, V, 2011)	0.37
"We compared local immunometabolic effects of two dosage forms of longidase in patients with prostatic adenoma (PA) in combination with chronic prostatitis (CP) in the postoperative period."	( [Correction of local immunometabolic disturbances combined with chronic prostatitis in prostatic adenoma]. Konoplia, AI; Krasnov, AV; Loktiononv, AL; Mal'tsov, VN; Shatokhin, MN; Teodorovich, OV, )	0.13
" Since ozone itself is a radical, using a small dosage of it is known to create an oxidative preconditioning in the body and trigger a strong antioxidant response against that."	( The effects of ozone therapy and coenzyme Q₁₀ combination on oxidative stress markers in healthy subjects. Dokumacioglu, A; Inal, M; Özcelik, E; Ucar, O, 2011)	0.37
" Experiment lasted 11 days and dosing was via oral route."	( Pharmacologic inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system did not attenuate hepatic toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Adesanoye, OA; Bamidele, TO; Ekor, M; Kale, OE; Odewabi, AO; Oritogun, KS, 2011)	0.37
" Doxorubicin was administered at the dosage of 4 mg/kg bw/week, ip for a period of 5 consecutive weeks."	( Cardioprotective effects of hesperetin against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat. Jena, GB; Kushwaha, S; Tripathi, DN; Trivedi, PP, 2011)	0.37
" In the rd10/rd10 mouse, a chronic model of inherited retinal degeneration, systemic dosing with BP3 on alternate days between post-natal day 18 and 25 preserved rod photoreceptor numbers and cone photoreceptor morphology."	( A novel free radical scavenger rescues retinal cells in vivo. Cotter, TG; Doonan, F; Messeguer, A; O'Driscoll, C; Sanvicens, N, 2011)	0.37
"This study was conducted to further explore the effects of selenium on the blood antioxidant capacity in rats exposed to fluoride to find out the optimal dosage level of selenium."	( Intervention of selenium on chronic fluorosis-induced injury of blood antioxidant capacity in rats. Feng, P; Wei, J; Zhang, Z, 2011)	0.37
" Catechin (50 mg/Kg) was co-supplemented after 4 weeks of alcohol treatment till the end of the dosing period."	( Catechin suppresses an array of signalling molecules and modulates alcohol-induced endotoxin mediated liver injury in a rat model. Bharrhan, S; Chopra, K; Koul, A; Rishi, P, 2011)	0.37
"Oxidative stress was induced by oral administration of ethanol (20% w/v) at a dosage of 5 mL/kg bw in rats."	( Effect of pineapple peel extract on total phospholipids and lipid peroxidation in brain tissues of rats. Adejobi, RO; Ajiboye, JA; Erukainure, OL; Kosoko, SB; Okafor, OY; Owolabi, FO, 2011)	0.37
"Dorsal skin of Wistar mice were treated with the cream of the total flavonoids from Oxytropis falcata and then irradiated with UVB in the dosage of 5 min once a day for one week."	( [Study on the ultraviolet protective effects of the cream of the total flavonoids from Oxytropis falcata]. Du, QY; He, XR; Hong, JN; Jia, ZP; Lan, ZH; Li, MX; Zhang, RX, 2011)	0.37
" Smokers were randomly divided into three dosage groups to receive ASX at doses of 5, 20, or 40 mg (n=13, each) once daily for 3 weeks."	( Protective effects of Haematococcus astaxanthin on oxidative stress in healthy smokers. Chang, MJ; Choi, HD; Kim, JH; Kim, JT; Oh, JM; Shin, WG; Youn, YK, 2011)	0.37
" The extract was given at a dosage of 30 mg/kg body weight daily over the first 14 days post-injury."	( The role of aqueous extract of pineapple fruit parts on the healing of acute crush tendon injury. Aiyegbusi, AI; Awelimobor, D; Duru, FI; Noronha, CC; Okanlawon, AO, )	0.13
" During preservation, in the periods of zero, 12, 18 and 24 hours, were conducted evaluating the degree of mucosal injury and dosage of malondialdehyde acid (MDA)."	( Effects of ischemic preconditioning associated to different preservation solutions in protecting the intestinal graft. Abrahão, Mde S; Gonzalez, AM; Montero, EF; Neves, Jde S; Salzedas Netto, AA, 2011)	0.57
" The BME at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to rats for 2 weeks in order to evaluate the following biomarkers of physical fatigue: swimming time, change in body weight, lipid peroxidation, lactic acid (LA), glycogen, antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and blood parameters, namely blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatine kinase (CK)."	( Effect of bacoside extract from Bacopa monniera on physical fatigue induced by forced swimming. Anand, T; Bawa, AS; Khanum, F; Pandareesh, MD; Phani Kumar, G; Swamy, MS, 2012)	0.38
" These results indicate that equol at low dosage can prevent skeletal muscle cell damage induced by H(2)O(2), while pretreatment with high-dosage equol shows a synergistic effect with H(2)O(2) in inducing cell damage."	( Antioxidant effect of a phytoestrogen equol on cultured muscle cells of embryonic broilers. Lu, LZ; Ni, YD; Wei, XJ; Wu, J; Zhao, RQ, 2011)	0.37
" However, the 300 mg/kg dosage caused a significant body weight loss in both normal and diabetic rats."	( Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of polyphenols from burs of Castanea mollissima Blume. Chen, S; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Ma, C; Shi, L; Wang, X; Yin, P; Zhao, S, 2011)	0.37
" Therefore, to explore the mechanisms contribute to MeHg-induced neurotoxicity, rats were exposed to different dosage of methylmercury chloride (CH3 ClHg) (0, 4, and 12 μmol kg(-1)) for 4 weeks to evaluate the neurotoxic effects of MeHg."	( Excitotoxicity and oxidative damages induced by methylmercury in rat cerebral cortex and the protective effects of tea polyphenols. Deng, Y; Feng, S; Liu, W; Wei, Y; Xu, B; Xu, Z; Yang, H, 2014)	0.4
"Coenzyme Q10 supplementation at a dosage of 150 mg appears to decrease the inflammatory marker IL-6 in patients with CAD."	( Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and homocysteine) in patients with coronary artery disease. Chen, SJ; Huang, YC; Lee, BJ; Lin, PT, 2012)	0.38
" These findings suggest that SMN at higher dosage level might exert pro-oxidant effect as an increase in the level of MDA and proinflammatory mediators such as NO, and upregulation of IL-1β in the hippocampus were shown."	( Long-term administration of Silymarin augments proinflammatory mediators in the hippocampus of rats: evidence for antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects. Bazargani-Gilani, B; Malekinejad, H; Rahmani, F; Taheri-Broujerdi, M; Valivande-Azar, S, 2012)	0.38
" The study has demonstrate that dosed ozone application modulates the oxygen-transporting function of the blood and promotes adaptive capacities of the organism by activation of aerobic metabolism and stabilization of cellular membranes."	( [Peculiarities of metabolic rearrangement of gas-transporting function of the blood in the pregnant women under the influence of medical ozone applied in obstetrical practice]. Kovalenko, TD; Loginov, IA; Olempieva, EV, )	0.13
" The results revealed increased activities of SOD, GPx, GST, and MDA level in a dose-response manner while GR activity was decreased with increasing concentrations of fly ash."	( Effect of fly ash on biochemical responses and DNA damage in earthworm, Dichogaster curgensis. Ghole, VS; Kodam, KM; Markad, VL, 2012)	0.38
"3 mg kg(-1) or less did not cause hepatotoxicity even in the repeated dosing study."	( Potential hepatotoxicity of geniposide, the major iridoid glycoside in dried ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides (Zhi-zi). Ding, Y; Ji, G; Shi, JR; Tao, JS; Zhang, LY; Zhang, T, 2013)	0.39
"Sixty rabbits were divided into six groups with a random number: A, normal group; B, sham operated group; C, model group, and D, E, F groups (Xuebijing low, middle, high dosage treatment groups)."	( [Effect of Xuebijing injection on rabbits ischemia/reperfusion injury induced by femoral arterial disease]. Ma, JF; Wu, W; Xuan, LZ; Zhu, DM, 2012)	0.38
" Xuebijing injection in higher dosage can reduce the systemic inflammatory response significantly, and also MDA level in serum."	( [Effect of Xuebijing injection on rabbits ischemia/reperfusion injury induced by femoral arterial disease]. Ma, JF; Wu, W; Xuan, LZ; Zhu, DM, 2012)	0.38
" The aim of our study is to appreciate the clinical usefulness of the dosage serum homocysteine and malondialdehyde, as an oxidative stress marker, in the pregnancies complicated with risk of abortion or preterm birth."	( The influence of homocysteine and oxidative stress on pregnancy outcome. Antal, L; Bodog, A; Bodog, F; Micle, O; Muresan, M, 2012)	0.6
" AAILE oral administration at a dosage of 100 mg/kg body weight was started 2 weeks prior to CS exposure and continued until the termination of the experiment."	( Histopathological, enzymatic, and molecular alterations induced by cigarette smoke inhalation in the pulmonary tissue of mice and its amelioration by aqueous Azadirachta indica leaf extract. Bharati, S; Kapoor, N; Koul, A, 2012)	0.38
" Rats in group I were given corn oil, while those in group III were dosed with vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight (b."	( Acute effects of methiocarb on oxidative damage and the protective effects of vitamin E and taurine in the liver and kidney of Wistar rats. Alpertunga, B; Bolkent, S; Catalgol, B; Gezginci-Oktayoglu, S; Karatug, A; Ozden, S, 2013)	0.39
" The tested group (group UP) was administered Sp at a dosage of 10(9) cells/day for 5 weeks, after receiving 500 mg/kg per day of acetaminophen intraperitoneally for 7 days."	( In vivo assessment of bacteriotherapy on acetaminophen-induced uremic rats. Das, K; Mandal, A; Mondal, KCh; Nandi, DK; Roy, S, )	0.13
" Results showed that TAT-PTD could increase the concentration of haFGF in the brain significantly, and TAT-haFGF(14-154) was more effective than haFGF(14-154) in the same dosage (300 μg/kg)."	( Intranasal administration of TAT-haFGF(₁₄₋₁₅₄) attenuates disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Huang, Y; Lou, G; Su, Z; Xiang, Q; Xiao, F; Yang, P; Yang, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, Q; Zheng, Q, 2012)	0.38
"80 mg/ml) inhibited the germination, root length, and shoot length of test weeds in a dose-response manner."	( β-Pinene inhibited germination and early growth involves membrane peroxidation. Ahuja, N; Batish, DR; Chowhan, N; Kaur, S; Kohli, RK; Singh, HP, 2013)	0.39
" The present study was undertaken to see the dose-response effect of ginger and evaluate the possible protective effects of dietary ginger on oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats."	( Dose-dependent effect in the inhibition of oxidative stress and anticlastogenic potential of ginger in STZ induced diabetic rats. Kaleb, R; Kota, N; Panpatil, VV; Polasa, K; Varanasi, B, 2012)	0.38
" Based on initial dose-response experiment, DBAN (60 mg/kg) was administrated orally for 7 days."	( Potential protective effect of taurine against dibromoacetonitrile-induced neurotoxicity in rats. El-Sayeh, BM; Salem, HA; Sayed, RH, 2012)	0.38
" There were few differences between treatments after thawing, with Trolox reducing MDA production in a dose-response manner."	( Reduced glutathione and Trolox (vitamin E) as extender supplements in cryopreservation of red deer epididymal spermatozoa. Alvarez, M; Alvarez-Rodríguez, M; Anel, L; Anel-López, L; de Paz, P; García-Álvarez, O; Garde, JJ; Maroto-Morales, A; Martínez-Pastor, F, 2012)	0.38
" AT was given at 20 mg/kg/day dosage for 7 days to the groups."	( The effects of α-tocopherol on oxidative damage and serum levels of Clara cell protein 16 in aspiration pneumonitis induced by bile acids. Alaçam, H; Alici, O; Avci, B; Güzel, A; Karli, R; Kozan, A; Mertoglu, C; Murat, N; Sahin, M; Salis, O, 2013)	0.39
"The oxidative damage in the liver of SD rats could be induced by carbonyl nickel in air with increasing concentrations and in an obvious dose-response relationships."	( [Dynamic observation on MDA, iNOS and antisuperoxide anion in the liver of rats induced by acute nickel carbonyl poisoning]. Cheng, N; Luo, Q; Qi, G; Ren, X; Wang, N; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Wu, X; Xuan, X; Yan, M, 2012)	0.38
" MDA content is a potential biomarker for monitoring Cd phytotoxicity because it responds significantly to treatment dosage, exposure time and dosage × exposure time interaction."	( Oxidative response and antioxidative mechanism in germinating soybean seeds exposed to cadmium. Li, Q; Xie, J; Yang, S, 2012)	0.38
" Moreover, the same dosage of MC-LR increased reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde content."	( Toxic effects of microcystin-LR on the reproductive system of male Rana nigromaculata in vitro. Cai, C; Han, L; Jia, X; Shou, X; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wu, Y; Ye, B; Zhang, H, 2013)	0.61
" Rat pups were treated with daily injections of trans-resveratrol under three dosage regimens (1-15 mg/kg and 20-50mg/kg)."	( Lack of resveratrol neuroprotection in developing rats treated with kainic acid. Friedman, LK; Friedman, S; Goldstein, B; Rafiuddin, A; Roblejo, P, 2013)	0.39
" The study showed that TJ0711 repeated dosing could reduce BP level beginning from drug administration; besides block adrenal alpha and beta receptors to play an antihypertensive role."	( [Pharmacodynamic study of racemic TJ0711 on renal hypertensive rats after long-term administration]. Chen, J; Li, G; Li, RJ; Qiu, J; Zhang, XN, 2012)	0.38
" Catalase activity was increased following a low UV-B dose (500J/m(2)) in vivo, but decreased in response to all dosage levels in vitro."	( Photooxidation and antioxidant responses in the earthworm Amynthas gracilis exposed to environmental levels of ultraviolet B radiation. Chen, JH; Chuang, SC, 2013)	0.39
" DNA single strand break and DNA-protein crosslink showed time and dosage effect in lymphocytes of immune organs."	( Effects of manganese-toxicity on immune-related organs of cocks. Li, ZP; Liu, N; Liu, XF; Tie, F; Xu, SW; Zhang, ZW, 2013)	0.39
" At completion of the dosing regimen, hearts were harvested and perfused in a retrograde manner with the use of a Langendorff apparatus."	( Oral pretreatment with liposomal glutathione attenuates reperfusion injury in rabbit isolated hearts. Kaissarian, NM; Lauver, DA; Lucchesi, BR, 2013)	0.39
" Time-course and dose-response studies were performed to examine the mechanism of chloroacetonitrile-induced hepatotoxicity."	( Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity of chloroacetonitrile - an end product of water chlorination. Abo-Salem, OM; Al-Zahrani, SS; Ghonaim, MM, 2013)	0.39
" At dosage levels in the nutritional range such as 1 μg Se/kg body weight, selenium ameliorates the atherogenic index and preserves the antioxidant capacity of the erythrocytes."	( Effects of nutritional and excessive levels of selenium on red blood cells of rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Abo-Salem, OM; El-sayed, el-SM; Harisa, GI; Shazly, G, 2013)	0.39
" (1) Although each doses of ultrasonic vibration could improve seed germination, enhance biosynthesis of protein and chlorophyll and seedlings growth, the optimum dosage of ultrasonic vibration was 10 min."	( Ultrasonic vibration seeds showed improved resistance to cadmium and lead in wheat seedling. Chen, YP; Liang, J; Liu, Q; Meng, ZW; Yue, XZ, 2013)	0.39
" Our results reveal that sildenafil is protective against scald burn related ALI by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation and the dosage of 10mg/kg could be apparently better than 20mg/kg."	( The protective effects of sildenafil in acute lung injury in a rat model of severe scald burn: A biochemical and histopathological study. Deveci, K; Duger, C; Gokakin, AK; Karakus, BC; Kurt, A; Topcu, O; Tuzcu, M, 2013)	0.39
"The study ratifies enhancement in the efficacy of isotretinoin against photoaging and improved skin biocompatibility after its encasement in novel topical dosage forms."	( Nano-lipoidal carriers of isotretinoin with anti-aging potential: formulation, characterization and biochemical evaluation. Katare, OP; Negi, P; Raza, K; Singal, P; Singh, B; Singla, N, 2013)	0.39
" Damage was reduced with the use of pentoxifylline, however further studies are needed to evaluate the dose-response of the drug."	( A comparative study of pentoxifylline effects in adult and aged rats submitted to lung dysfunction by thermal injury. Almeida, JC; Cruz, RH; Lourenço, E; Oliveira-Júnior, IS; Ramallo, BT; Silva, PY; Taha, MO, 2013)	0.39
" Additionally, it was noteworthy that a clear dose-response was found for DNA damage."	( Toxic effects of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid on the antioxidant enzyme system and DNA in zebrafish (Danio rerio) livers. Dong, M; Du, Z; Wang, J; Xie, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, S, 2013)	0.39
" Results of the observations show dose-response relationships could be clearly observed between Pb(Ⅱ) concentration and percentage inhibition (PI)."	( Effects of Pb(Ⅱ) exposure on Chlorella protothecoides and Chlorella vulgaris growth, malondialdehyde, and photosynthesis-related gene transcription. Bi, HS; Chen, L; Cui, XH; Guo, MJ; Lin, KF; Wang, B; Wang, WL; Xiong, B; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.63
" Application of ALA at lower dosage (2 mg/l) enhanced the seedling growth and biomass."	( 5-Aminolevulinic acid ameliorates cadmium-induced morphological, biochemical, and ultrastructural changes in seedlings of oilseed rape. Ali, B; Ali, S; Daud, MK; Geng, XX; Huang, CR; Liu, HB; Qi, ZY; Zhou, WJ, 2013)	0.39
"8 mg/kg once daily) was administered to rats (PM and PC groups) by an intragastric gavage, and the same dosage of vehicle was administered to rats in the VM and VC groups."	( Antidepressive effect of paroxetine in a rat model: upregulating expression of serotonin and norepinephrine transporter. Li, N; Liu, D; Qin, LJ; Qiu, HM; Wang, LJ; Wu, XH; Yang, JX; Zhou, QX, 2013)	0.39
" The Cd-treated group was injected subcutaneously with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) dissolved in saline at a dose of 2 ml/kg/day for 30 days, resulting in a dosage of 1 mg/kg Cd."	( Role of quercetin in cadmium-induced oxidative stress, neuronal damage, and apoptosis in rats. Aktas, C; Erboga, M; Kanter, M; Unsal, C, 2015)	0.42
"Sevoflurane pretreatment exerts a protective effect on hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury but there is no significant dose-response relationship in the concentration range used."	( Protective effect of sevoflurane on hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the rat: A dose-response study. Jiang, P; Liu, H; Liu, L; Zhou, SP, 2013)	0.39
" Fish muscle residues of MEL exhibited a dose-response relationship."	( Antioxidant responses and renal crystal formation in rainbow trout treated with melamine administered individually or in combination with cyanuric acid. Abete, MC; Andersen, W; Brizio, P; Dörr, AJ; Elia, AC; Gasco, L; Pacini, N; Prearo, M; Reimschuessel, R; Righetti, M, 2013)	0.39
" The overall effects of berberine 20 mg/kg on cold and mechanical allodynia were quite similar to those of amitriptyline 10 mg/kg, and berberine exhibited similar antioxidant effects as the same dosage of amitriptyline."	( Berberine ameliorates cold and mechanical allodynia in a rat model of diabetic neuropathy. Kim, HJ; Kim, SO, 2013)	0.39
" Finally, it is required to establish the beneficial dosage of genistein according to blood glucose levels."	( Protective effect of short-term genistein supplementation on the early stage in diabetes-induced renal damage. Kim, MJ; Lim, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The annexin v-fitc/PI fluorescence staining experiments demonstrated that at doses between 0~60µg/mL, apoptosis cells and later stage apoptosis cells or necrosis cells increased significantly as the R-PE dosage increased."	( Antitumor function and mechanism of phycoerythrin from Porphyra haitanensis. Chen, M; Li, J; Liang, B; Pan, Q; Wu, Y; Zhen, C, 2013)	0.39
"Pentoxifylline had a significant protective effect on severely ischemic bowel when administered during reperfusion at a dosage of 10 mg/kg."	( Pentoxifylline protects the small intestine after severe ischemia and reperfusion. Cejalvo Lapeña, D; Lloris Carsi, JM; Toledo Pereyra, LH; Toledo, AH; Zaragoza Fernandez, C, 2013)	0.39
" Moreover, we observed a decrease of total lipid content and an increase of glycogen content as a function of a dose-response relationship, while no variation in protein concentrations was observed."	( Biochemical and morphological responses in Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae) larvae exposed to lead-spiked sediment. Arambourou, H; Beisel, JN; Branchu, P; Gismondi, E, 2013)	0.39
" Naringenin group were given intragastric administration of naringenin once a day for 3 weeks and the other two groups were given intragadtric administration of normal saline with the same dosage and time period."	( [Effect of naringenin on learning and memory ability on model rats with Alzheimer disease]. Ma, J; Yang, WQ; Yu, HR; Zha, H, 2013)	0.39
" Dosing with oleander without receiving garlic extract resulted in death of all sheep due to ventricular fibrillation."	( Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of garlic extract on Nerium oleander-induced arrhythmia: a new approach to antiarrhythmic therapy in an ovine model. Dalir-Naghadeh, B; Fattahi, M; Maham, M, )	0.13
"5%, respectively, in a dose-response manner."	( The effect of Cirsium arvense extract on antioxidant status in quail. Akdemir, F; Borawska, MH; Hayirli, A; Isidorov, VA; Markiewicz-Zukowska, R; Orhan, C; Sahin, K; Sahin, N, 2013)	0.39
"020) with less daily insulin dosage and was more powerful in lowering total cholesterol, increasing AIR and HOMA β-cell function, whereas reduction of IMCL in the soleus was more obvious in the rosiglitazone group but not in the metformin group."	( Short-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion combined with insulin sensitizers rosiglitazone, metformin, or antioxidant α-lipoic acid in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chen, A; Deng, W; Fang, D; Huang, Z; Li, H; Li, Y; Liu, J; Liu, L; Wan, X; Wei, G, 2013)	0.39
" Sturgeon accumulated Se in tissues with a clear dose-response relationship and the highest Se concentration was recorded in liver."	( Antioxidant response versus selenium accumulation in the liver and kidney of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). Abete, MC; Brizio, P; Dörr, AJ; Elia, AC; Gasco, L; Pacini, N; Prearo, M; Righetti, M, 2013)	0.39
"9%NaCl, injected intraperitoneally at a dosage of 200mg/Kg of body weight, twice a week for 12 weeks."	( Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene expression in experimentally induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Fatima, SN; Mahboob, T; Shahid, SM, 2013)	0.39
"5-AZn-2' deoxycytidylic acid had significant inhibition effect on proliferation of A549 cells in vitro, and the inhibition was notably dependent on time and dosage during 48-72 h; SOD level was significantly lower than those of control group (P<0."	( Effect of 5- AZn-2 '-deoxycytidine on proliferation of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 in vitro. Cui, W; Huang, HQ; Li, N; Zhang, GS, 2013)	0.39
" However, it is severely restricted by its associated dose‑dependent cardiotoxicity, which may be attenuated by decreasing the cumulative dosage via combining with a non‑toxic 'sensitizer'."	( Protective effect of ocotillol against doxorubicin‑induced acute and chronic cardiac injury. Fu, F; Fu, X; Kong, L; Li, G; Tang, M; Wang, H; Zhang, J; Zhou, X, 2014)	0.4
" Quercetin was administered by gavage daily for 10 days at dosage 50 mg kg(-1) ."	( Evaluation of the protective effect of quercetin against cisplatin-induced renal and testis tissue damage and sperm parameters in rats. Aldemir, M; Avcı, A; Ener, K; Evirgen, O; Gürleyik, E; Kösemehmetoğlu, K; Okulu, E; Topal, F, 2014)	0.4
" The OTC residual levels in muscle showed a dose-response relationship."	( Transferability of oxytetracycline (OTC) from feed to carp muscle and evaluation of the antibiotic effects on antioxidant systems in liver and kidney. Abete, MC; Ciccotelli, V; Dörr, AJ; Elia, AC; Gasco, L; Gili, M; Natali, M; Pacini, N; Prearo, M, 2014)	0.4
" Malonildyaldehida (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, was dosed in the blood and ascitic fluid of patients by assay thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)."	( The influence of antibiotic treatment on the dynamics of oxidative stress in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Ciobică, A; Dănulescu, RM; Stanciu, C; Trifan, A, )	0.13
" Serum albumin was reduced by feeding the medium and a high dosage of DON, probably due to the ribotoxic action of DON."	( Organ damage and hepatic lipid accumulation in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after feed-borne exposure to the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON). Burkhardt-Holm, P; Kloas, W; Pietsch, C; Rovira, P; Schulz, C, 2014)	0.4
" However, formulation in microemulsion provides a delivery system for oral administration of CO or eugenol in homogeneous, water-based, and thermodynamically stable dosage form during storage."	( Protective effect of clove oil and eugenol microemulsions on fatty liver and dyslipidemia as components of metabolic syndrome. Al-Okbi, SY; Edris, AE; Hamed, TE; Mohamed, DA, 2014)	0.4
" Nicorandil was administered at a dosage of 15 mg/kg/day by gavage feeding."	( Nicorandil attenuates endothelial VCAM-1 expression via thioredoxin production in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. Li, Y; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Qi, B; Wang, Z; Wu, Q, 2014)	0.4
" In order to verify the hypothesis that the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways play important roles in hepatotoxicity induced by PCBs, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were dosed with PCB153 intraperitoneally at 0, 4, 16 and 32mg/kg for five consecutive days; BRL cells (rat liver cell line) were treated with PCB153 (0, 1, 5, and 10μM) for 24h."	( Coactivation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways in PCB153-induced NF-κB activation and caspase inhibition. Fu, W; Liu, C; Qi, S; Quan, C; Wang, C; Yang, J; Yang, K, 2014)	0.4
" A Cd group was injected subcutaneously with CdCl2 dissolved in saline at a dose of 2 ml/kg/day for 30 days, resulting in a dosage of 1 mg/kg Cd."	( Protective effects of onion extract on cadmium-induced oxidative stress, histological damage, and apoptosis in rat heart. Akkoyun, DC; Aktas, C; Akyuz, A; Alpsoy, S; Erboga, M; Kanter, M; Oran, M, 2014)	0.4
" In the group dosed with 100 µM MT, phosphorylated JNK1 protein expression significantly decreased."	( Effect of intermittent hypoxia on rat INS-1 cells and the protective effect of melatonin. Kang, J; Li, G; Li, H; Liu, L; Lu, W; Wang, DL; Wang, W; Yu, N, 2014)	0.4
" With 14-day stress, a comparison of the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) revealed a decrease of the first two measures in susceptible, but not in resilient animals or in stressed mice chronically dosed with imipramine (7mg/kg/day)."	( Lasting downregulation of the lipid peroxidation enzymes in the prefrontal cortex of mice susceptible to stress-induced anhedonia. Anokhin, K; Anthony, DC; Cline, BH; Dolgov, O; Kubatiev, A; Lesch, KP; Lysko, A; Malin, D; Schroeter, C; Steinbusch, HW; Strekalova, T, 2015)	0.62
"3-fold of that for the single exposure group I (MC-LR) and II (LPS), respectively), and there existed a significant dose-response relationship."	( [Joint effects of apoptosis induced by microcystins and bacterial lipopolysaccharides on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) lymphocytes]. Fang, WD; Wu, YH; Zhang, HJ, 2014)	0.4
" Notably, the effects of glycerol application on G3P and 18:1 fatty acid content, and gene expression levels, in cacao leaves were dosage dependent."	( Application of glycerol as a foliar spray activates the defence response and enhances disease resistance of Theobroma cacao. Guiltinan, MJ; Maximova, SN; Smith, P; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" However, it is highly toxic when the dosage surpasses the detoxification capability of an exposed organism, with involvement of an already described oxidative stress pathway."	( Biochemical and standard toxic effects of acetaminophen on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba. Antunes, SC; Gonçalves, F; Martins, L; Nunes, B; Pinto, G, 2014)	0.4
"Hormesis, a biphasic dose-response phenomenon, which is characterized by stimulation of an end point at a low-dose and inhibition at a high-dose."	( Hormetic effects of noncoplanar PCB exposed to human lung fibroblast cells (HELF) and possible role of oxidative stress. Abbas, G; Hashmi, MZ; Hu, J; Khan, KY; Shen, C; Su, X; Yu, C, 2015)	0.42
" Our results showed that cell injury (indicated by apoptosis ratio, caspase 3/7-like activity, and LDH release), oxidative stress (indicated by ROS production, 4-HNE, and MDA contents), NOX activity, and NOX expression (NOX2 and NOX4 isoforms) were dramatically increased in PC12 cells following H/R, which were attenuated in the presence of VB-1 at dosage of 10(-7) or 10(-6) M."	( Protective effect of vitexin compound B-1 against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury in differentiated PC12 cells via NADPH oxidase inhibition. Jiang, JL; Li, TB; Lou, Z; Luo, XJ; Peng, J; Tan, B; Yang, J; Yang, ZB; Zhou, YJ, 2014)	0.4
" In the NaHS group, D-gal was administered as above but with NaHS intraperitoneally injected at a dosage of 1, 10, 100 μmol·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ respectively."	( [Exogenous hydrogen sulfide reduces vascular aging in D-galactose-induced subacute aging rats]. Cui, J; Liu, H; Liu, L; Qiao, WL; Shi, Y; Yan, CD; Yang, WX, 2014)	0.4
" Reconstituted Lecaniodiscus cupanioides was administered at a dosage of 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg (high dose) with a control group receiving 10 ml/kg orally."	( Effects of ethanolic dried leaf extract of Lecaniodiscus cupanioides on antioxidant enzymes and biochemical parameters in rats. Adeyemi, OO; Akindele, AJ; Oladimeji-Salami, JA, 2014)	0.4
" The male mice were randomly divided into five groups, namely, the normal group, the model group and dosage groups (15, 30 and 60 mg kg(-1) of BACN)."	( Ameliorative effect of black rice anthocyanin on senescent mice induced by D-galactose. Hao, L; Lu, X; Wu, T; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
"Pu-erh tea powder is protective against cisplatin-induced liver oxidative damages, especially at the medium dosage (0."	( Pu-erh tea powder preventive effects on cisplatin-induced liver oxidative damage in Wistar rats. Huang, HY; Li, LY; Sheng, J; Tang, JT; Wang, XW; Xu, ZW; Yin, X; Zhang, D; Zhao, JS; Zheng, XN, 2014)	0.4
" This study was conducted to compare the time- and dose-response between Sch B- and SF oil (SFO)-induced changes in hepatic and serum parameters in mice."	( Time and dose relationships between schisandrin B- and schisandrae fructus oil-induced hepatotoxicity and the associated elevations in hepatic and serum triglyceride levels in mice. Chu, ZS; Ko, KM; Pan, SY; Sun, N; Wang, XY; Yu, ZL; Zhang, Y; Zhou, SF; Zhu, PL, 2014)	0.4
" During the same period, each of the three other groups received a different dosage of B (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg/d, respectively) and malathion (100 mg/kg/d) by gastric gavage."	( Boron attenuates malathion-induced oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in rats. Coban, FK; Demirel, HH; Hazman, O; Ince, S; Kucukkurt, I, 2015)	0.42
" The study highlights that iron supplementation under hypobaric hypoxia environment has possible limitation, and efficient supplementation form and dosage need careful consideration."	( Effect of iron supplementation on the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor and antioxidant status in rats exposed to high-altitude hypoxia environment. Bao, S; Dong, C; Gao, X; Han, T; Xu, C, 2014)	0.4
" In conclusion, QUR protected against DOX-induced nephrotoxicity with a provision to dosage adjustment."	( Dual effects of quercetin in doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and its modulation of the cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin on human carcinoma cells. Heeba, GH; Mahmoud, ME, 2016)	0.43
" In the present study, neuroprotective properties of creatylglycine ethyl ester fumarate (CrGEt) in rats with focal cerebral ischemia were explored in a wide dosage range (30-280 mg/kg, intravenous and intragastric)."	( Neuroprotective activity of creatylglycine ethyl ester fumarate. Barygin, OI; Isaeva, AV; Korzhevskii, DE; Morozov, VA; Portsel, MN; Tihonov, DB; Veselkina, OS; Vlasov, TD, 2015)	0.42
" The dose of 100 mg/kg showed a better dose-response to the protective effects."	( Anthocyanins suppress the secretion of proinflammatory mediators and oxidative stress, and restore ion pump activities in demyelination. Abdalla, FH; Aiello, G; Amaral, MG; Andrade, CM; Bohnert, C; Carvalho, FB; Duarte, MM; Gutierres, JM; Lopes, ST; Oliveira, SM; Palma, HE; Pippi, NL; Spanevello, RM; Vieira, JM; Zago, AM, 2015)	0.42
" A dose-response relationship existed between DNA damage and total soil DBP levels."	( Evaluation of DNA damage and antioxidant system induced by di-n-butyl phthalates exposure in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Du, L; Li, G; Li, Y; Liu, M; Yin, S; Zhang, X; Zhao, J, 2015)	0.42
" MDA levels and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) increased with the increase in gamma-irradiation dosage level."	( The effects of chronic radiation of gamma ray on protein expression and oxidative stress in Brachypodium distachyon. Hong, MJ; Kim, DY; Park, CS; Seo, YW, 2015)	0.42
" KNPS was found non-toxic toward human lymphocyte up to the dosage of 100 μg/ml."	( Structural elucidation and biological studies of a novel exopolysaccaride from Klebsiella pneumoniae PB12. Chakraborty, R; Chattopadhyay, S; Islam, SS; Maity, P; Mandal, AK; Roy, S; Sen, IK, 2015)	0.42
" Furthermore, dose-response relationships for progesterone treatment were observed, and high doses of progesterone enhanced the neuroprotective effects."	( Progesterone alleviates acute brain injury via reducing apoptosis and oxidative stress in a rat experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage model. Cai, J; Cao, S; Chen, G; Chen, J; Dai, Y; Yan, F, 2015)	0.42
" Non-targeted metabolic profiling and a targeted pCPA dose-response study identified 21 biomarkers in the pCPA-treated mice while 17 metabolites in the Tph2-/- mice were found to be significantly altered compared with the control mice."	( Metabolomics Approach Reveals Integrated Metabolic Network Associated with Serotonin Deficiency. Bai, Y; Burton, C; Chang, C; Liu, H; Liu, Y; Shen, S; Tian, Y; Weng, R; Xu, X, 2015)	0.42
" The skin on the back of mice was smeared with distilled water or different dosage of LAS for 60 days."	( [Effects of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate on oxidative stress and collagen fiber in skin tissue of mice]. Wang, J; Wang, K; Zhang, W; Zhao, W, 2015)	0.42
" Additionally, a clear dose-response relationship was found for DNA damage."	( Thiamethoxam induces oxidative stress and antioxidant response in zebrafish (Danio Rerio) livers. Chen, AM; Wang, J; Wang, JH; Yan, SH; Zhu, LS, 2016)	0.43
" The heart re-beating and the total dosage of vasoactive drugs after operation were recorded."	( [Impacts on oxidative stress in the patients with cardiac valve replacement treated with electroacupuncture at Neiguan (PC 6)]. Chen, H; Ma, F; Sun, L; Wang, M; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" The dosage of vasoactive drugs was reduced apparently (P<."	( [Impacts on oxidative stress in the patients with cardiac valve replacement treated with electroacupuncture at Neiguan (PC 6)]. Chen, H; Ma, F; Sun, L; Wang, M; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" The drug dosing either at 1 or 13 HALO resulted in no significant differences of MDA status between control and treated groups regardless to the sampling time."	( Effects of sodium nitroprusside on mouse erythrocyte catalase activity and malondialdehyde status. Ben-Attia, M; Boughattas, NA; Ghanem-Boughanmi, N; Mondal, M; Refinetti, R; Sani, M; Sebai, H, 2016)	0.66
"(1) The selenium concentrations in heart and liver were significantly higher in high dosage and low dosage selenium supplement groups compared to control group (both P<0."	( [Effects of selenium supplement on atherogenesis of ApoE-knockout mice fed high fat diet]. Dong, HL; Dun, AS; Hou, HF; Sun, T; Yuan, N, 2016)	0.43
"The viability of GMC and the total protein content were decreased in HG group, different dosage PPD group could increase these indexes (P<0."	( Inhibitory effects and mechanism of 25-OH-PPD on glomerular mesangial cell proliferation induced by high glucose. Li, Z; Liu, C; Liu, X; Wang, Z; Yu, J; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" Each rat to receive nebivolol and omeprazole was given the agent orally (by gavage) daily for 10 days prior to induction of ulcer by oral dosing with INDO."	( Nebivolol prevents indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. El-Ashmawy, NE; El-Bahrawy, HA; Khedr, EG; Selim, HM, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, it was found that some biomarkers were sensitive to both Cu and Cd dosed in isolation, but not to Cu+Cd mixtures."	( Mixture toxicity of copper, cadmium, and zinc to barley seedlings is not explained by antioxidant and oxidative stress biomarkers. AbdElgawad, H; Asard, H; Evers, S; Smolders, E; Versieren, L, 2017)	0.46
" The cadmium-treated group was injected subcutaneously with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) dissolved in saline at a dose of 2 mL/kg/ day for 30 days, resulting in a dosage of 1 mg/kg cadmium."	( Role of Quercetin in Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress, Testicular Damage, and Apoptosis in Rats. Aktas, C; Aktoz, T; Kanter, B; Kanter, M; Ozen, F; Yarali, O, 2016)	0.43
" The LA-10 administered group, but not the other groups, exhibited a significant amelioration of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CRE), hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), IL-6, and hepatic nuclear NF-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), suggesting that LA at a 10 mg/kg-day dosage renders hepatoprotective effects."	( Improved Hepatoprotective Effect of Liposome-Encapsulated Astaxanthin in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Hepatotoxicity. Chang, CC; Chiu, CH; Chyau, CC; Lin, ST; Peng, RY, 2016)	0.62
" Pyrenoidosa was treated by various concentrations of QDs, the Chla contents were consistent to the number of algae cells, showing a good dose-response relationship."	( Carbon and Metal Quantum Dots toxicity on the microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Chen, J; Guo, R; Wang, C; Xiao, A; Yan, Z, 2016)	0.43
" Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage of supplementation for these patients."	( Resveratrol Supplementation and Oxidative/Anti-Oxidative Status in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study. Asl, PR; Daryani, NE; Hekmatdoost, A; Samsamikor, M, 2016)	0.43
" The effect of medium dosage of GJE was the best among these three dose groups and also better than Geniposide according to the results of all the detection index."	( Learning and memory improvement and neuroprotection of Gardenia jasminoides (Fructus gardenia) extract on ischemic brain injury rats. Lai, Q; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Yang, M; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.46
" In vitamin C1 and C2 group, vitamin C was injected at a dosage of 5 or 500 mg/kg, respectively."	( [Dose-effect relationship between vitamin C and paraquat poisoning rats]. Fang, Y; Wang, X; Wen, B; Yu, L, 2016)	0.43
" Those in the placebo group ingested the same dosage of a placebo."	( Coenzyme Q10 does not prevent exercise-induced muscle damage and oxidative stress in sedentary men. Belviranli, M; Okudan, N; Torlak, S, 2018)	0.48
" MBP dosed at 200 mg/kg significantly increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content in mouse testes."	( Mono-butyl phthalate-induced mouse testis injury is associated with oxidative stress and down-regulated expression of Sox9 and Dazl. Ding, S; Du, J; Li, X; Liu, X; Xiong, D; Yang, X; You, H; Yuan, J; Zhang, Q, 2017)	0.68
" However, cisplatin can induce nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity, limiting its dosage and usage."	( Galangin ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death in mice through inhibition of ERK and NF-kappaB signaling. Hsieh, PC; Huang, YC; Lin, TH; Shih, JH; Tsai, MS; Wang, SH; Wang, TS; Wang, YC, 2017)	0.46
" Vitamin D was administered at 500 IU/kg dosage for 5 weeks."	( Oxidative stress-induced cognitive impairment in obesity can be reversed by vitamin D administration in rats. Abbasalizad Farhangi, M; Hajiluian, G; Megari-Abbasi, M; Nameni, G; Shahabi, P, 2018)	0.48
"15ng/L) in BALF of mice treated with SMPS at the dosage of 400mg/kg/d significantly lower than that in the lung injured mice."	( Antioxidative, anti-inflammation and lung-protective effects of mycelia selenium polysaccharides from Oudemansiella radicata. Gao, Z; Jia, L; Jing, H; Li, J; Li, S; Ren, Z; Song, X; Wang, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.46
" Thus, we tested, in this study, whether a daily dosage of Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) would affect cardiovascular risk factor associated with obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats."	( Apple Cider Vinegar Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Reduces the Risk of Obesity in High-Fat-Fed Male Wistar Rats. Abdallah, A; Fethi, BS; Halima, BH; Houda, BJ; Sarra, K; Sonia, G, 2018)	0.48
"Sprague Dawley rats were orally administrated with probucol at different dosage or vehicle for 5 days and subjected to a CA model by electrical stimulation, followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)."	( Probucol Protects Rats from Cardiac Dysfunction Induced by Oxidative Stress following Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Che, B; Ho, D; Hou, H; Lin, V; Lu, Z; May, A; Shaw, PX; Tran, K; Xiao, X; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.46
"05) with a clear dose-response relationship (r=-0."	( [Protective effect of paeoniflorin against PM2.5-induced damage in BEAS-2B cells]. Ao, YH; Han, J; Lei, J; Li, JJ; Wang, LY; Wu, XF; Yi, JH, 2018)	0.48
" Further studies, including those examining the dosage of formoterol, are warranted."	( The effects of formoterol on the serum, peritoneal VEGF, MDA, and VEGF levels in the ovaries and endometrium of rats with OHSS. Han, O; Inal, HA; Kalem, MN; Oruc, AS; Ozturk Inal, ZH; Timur, H; Yilmaz, N, 2017)	0.46
" This study investigated the effect of 28 days of low epicatechin dosing (1 mg/kg/day) on the cardiovascular function of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats."	( (-)-Epicatechin Reduces Blood Pressure and Improves Left Ventricular Function and Compliance in Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Hypertensive Rats. Batacan, R; Connolly, K; Fenning, A; Jackson, D; Ryan, K; Vella, R, 2018)	0.48
"To investigate the optimal dosage ratio of chlorogenic acid and gardenia glycosides in\ treating the rates with fatty liver disease induced by high-fat feed."	( Optimization of dosage ratio of chlorogenic acid and gardenia glycosides in the treatment of rats with fatty liver disease induced by\ high-fat feed. Chen, S; Li, H; Liang, H; Tang, J; Wu, C; Yang, J, 2016)	0.43
" Multiple\ regression analysis was conducted to test the optimal dosage ratio of chlorogenic acid and gardenia\ glycosides."	( Optimization of dosage ratio of chlorogenic acid and gardenia glycosides in the treatment of rats with fatty liver disease induced by\ high-fat feed. Chen, S; Li, H; Liang, H; Tang, J; Wu, C; Yang, J, 2016)	0.43
" Combination of 90 mg chlorogenic\ acid and 90 mg Gardenia glycosides was the optimal dosage ratio of chlorogenic acid and gardenia\ glycosides in the treatment of rats with fatty liver induced by high-fat diet."	( Optimization of dosage ratio of chlorogenic acid and gardenia glycosides in the treatment of rats with fatty liver disease induced by\ high-fat feed. Chen, S; Li, H; Liang, H; Tang, J; Wu, C; Yang, J, 2016)	0.43
" The results showed\ that pretreatment with a lower dosage of Sch B (25, 50 mg·kg−1) prevented CLZ-induced liver injury as indicated\ by the reduced levels of ALT, AST and ALP, and the preserved activities of SOD, GSH and inhibiting MDA."	( [Protection effects of schizandrin B against liver injury induced by clozapine in mice]. Bai, HY; Feng, S, 2017)	0.46
"Breviscapine can obviously protect the bilateral testes of prepubertal rats after testicular torsion / detorsion by removal of oxygen free radicals and reduction of lipid peroxidation injury, and continuous dosing is even more effective than single-dose medication."	( [Breviscapine protects bilateral testes of prepubertal rats after testicular torsion/detorsion]. Gao, L; Hu, XK; Lü, XX; Yao, ML; Zhang, JP, 2016)	0.43
" Dose-response relationships between the exposure to PE particles and the induction of oxidative stress and inflammation were also observed in the artificial joint/PE groups."	( Dysregulated expression of antioxidant enzymes in polyethylene particle-induced periprosthetic inflammation and osteolysis. Chang, CH; Chang, PJ; Chen, CC; Chen, PC; Chiang, YC; Lee, CW; Peng, KT; Shih, HN; Tsai, MH, 2018)	0.48
" Group 4 was administered GSH orally in a dosage of 100 mg/kg body weight plus TCDF twice a week for 8 weeks."	( Co-administration of glutathione alleviates the toxic effects of 2,3,7,8 TCDF on the DNA integrity of sperm and in the testes of mice. Abd El-Maguid, DS; El-Amir, YO; Elsharkawy, EE; Yahia, D, 2018)	0.48
" Antioxidant effects were analyzed by measuring the reactive oxygen species and malonyldialdehyde dosage was used to check the presence of lipid peroxidation."	( Antiproliferative Effects of Cynaropicrin on Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells. Bulotta, S; Celano, M; Lepore, SM; Lombardo, GE; Maggisano, V; Maiuolo, J; Mollace, V; Russo, D, 2019)	0.51
" Irrespective of the dosage of Mn in the turkey diet, Mn in the form of NP-Mn2O3 was found to reduce protein nitration more than Mn in the form of MnO."	( The effect of manganese nanoparticles on performance, redox reactions and epigenetic changes in turkey tissues. Jankowski, J; Kozłowski, K; Ognik, K; Stępniowska, A; Szlązak, R; Tutaj, K; Zduńczyk, Z, 2019)	0.51
" Group A was the control group and received normal saline, Group B was exposed to NaF at 300 ppm (300 mg/L) in drinking water daily for a week, Groups C and D were exposed to 300 ppm (300 mg/L) of NaF and coadministered with Luteolin orally daily at a dosage of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for the same time point."	( Luteolin-mediated Kim-1/NF-kB/Nrf2 signaling pathways protects sodium fluoride-induced hypertension and cardiovascular complications. Adedapo, AA; Adejumobi, OA; Afolabi, JM; Ajibade, TO; Asenuga, ER; Falayi, OO; Ogunpolu, BS; Ola-Davies, OE; Omobowale, TO; Oyagbemi, AA; Saba, AB; Yakubu, MA, 2018)	0.48
" The Danshen granule is the pharmaceutical dosage forms of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvianic acid A is an essential chemical constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza."	( The attenuation of HIV-1 Tat-induced neurotoxicity by Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule. Bao, D; Liu, H; Liu, J; Qin, T; Wang, J, 2019)	0.51
"Suppression of oxygen radicals, particularly with the higher dosage of polyethylene glycol-conjugated SOD at 50 U/kg per day, could have a positive effect to protect against endothelial damage and enhance peripheral perfusion in diabetes."	( Suppression of Oxygen Radicals Protects Diabetic Endothelium Damage and Tissue Perfusion in a Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Rodent Model. Chang, CH; Chen, RF; Kuo, YR; Wang, CT, 2019)	0.51
"The effects of annatto seeds and of bixin on the oxidative damage induced by cisplatin in male Wistar rats was evaluated in the present study by way of lipid peroxidation, weight gain, the food efficiency coefficient, fat deposits in the hepatocytes and dosing of the enzymes in this organ."	( Antioxidants from Annatto Seeds as Possible Inhibitory Agents of the Hepatotoxicity Induced by the Antitumor Agent Cisplatin. de Jong, EV; de Oliveira Rios, A; Dos Santos, PCP; Medeiros, NDS; Nora, CD; Pagno, CH; Souza, LF, 2016)	0.43
" At the end of this period, the animals were killed with a high dosage of thiopental anaesthesia (50 mg/kg)."	( The Effect of Taxifolin on Cisplatin-Induced Pulmonary Damage in Rats: A Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluation. Cimen, FK; Kuzucu, M; Olmez, H; Suleyman, Z; Tosun, M; Unver, E, 2019)	0.51
"001) at 12 weeks with 250 mg and 500 mg twice daily dosage respectively."	( Evaluation of the effects of a standardized aqueous extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruits on endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and lipid profile in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomised, double blind, placebo contro Merugu, PL; Nutalapati, C; Usharani, P, 2019)	0.51
" Besides, comet assay indicated that there was a dose-response relationship between the DNA damage and phthalate dose, following DMP > DOP > BBP."	( Phthalate induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Gao, J; Li, X; Song, P; Wang, J; Zhang, C; Zhu, L, 2019)	0.51
" Hepatic antioxidant enzymatic activities of T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity), T-SOD (total superoxide dismutase), GSH-PX (glutathione peroxidase) and CAT (catalase) were markedly increased when the mice were administrated with high dosage of PPP."	( Immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of pomegranate peel polysaccharides on immunosuppressed mice. Li, Y; Sun, JR; Wu, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhu, CP, 2019)	0.51
" The testicular homogenate showed a significant decrease in SOD activity accompanied by a significant increase in MDA level in both G2 and G3 in comparison with the control in a dose-response relationship."	( Silver nanoparticles testicular toxicity in rat. Abd El-Nasser, M; Elsharkawy, EE; Kamaly, HF, 2019)	0.51
"It was revealed that Ch-AgNPs induced dose-dependent toxicity, and the repeated dosing of rats with 50 mg/kg Ch-AgNPs induced severe toxicities."	( Toxicopathological and immunological studies on different concentrations of chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles in rats. Farroh, KY; Hassanen, EI; Khalaf, AA; Mohammed, ER; Tohamy, AF, 2019)	0.51
" Two groups were dosed with JM (300 mg/kg) for 7 days before I/R."	( Anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective activity of Juglans mollis against renal ischemia-reperfusion damage in a Wistar rat model. Alarcón-Galván, G; Cordero-Pérez, P; Gutiérrez-González, JA; Moreno-Peña, DP; Muñoz-Espinosa, LE; Perez-Meseguer, J; Torres-González, L; Waksman-de Torres, N; Zapata-Chavira, H, 2019)	0.51
"To test the influence of oral fructose and glucose dose-response solutions in blood glucose (BG), glucagon, triglycerides, uricaemia, and malondialdehyde in postprandial states in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients."	( Postprandial metabolic effects of fructose and glucose in type 1 diabetes patients: a pilot randomized crossover clinical trial. Dantas, JR; Lima, ÉDS; Rodacki, M; Rosado, EL; Souto, DL; Zajdenverg, L, 2019)	0.72
" The microplastics were ingested in a dose-response manner."	( Defense responses in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to low-density polyethylene microplastics in soils. Chen, Y; Leng, Y; Liu, X; Wang, J, 2020)	0.56
"Twenty-four male Wistar-Kyoto rats (220-240 g, 12 weeks old) were dosed with 50 μL of 10 nm GNPs administered intraperitoneally with or without 200 mg/kg/day Vit E or 200 mg/kg/day α-Lip."	( The Protective Roles of Vitamin E and α-Lipoic Acid Against Nephrotoxicity, Lipid Peroxidation, and Inflammatory Damage Induced by Gold Nanoparticles. Abdelhalim, MAK; Al-Mohy, YH; Ghannam, MM; Qaid, HA, 2020)	0.56
" A total of 30 rats were divided into 6 groups and were sub-dermally exposed to Ag-NPs at the dosage of 0 (control), 10, and 50 mg/kg bodyweight (bw) doses for either 7 or 28 days."	( Silver Nanoparticles Stimulates Spermatogenesis Impairments and Hematological Alterations in Testis and Epididymis of Male Rats. David, O; Lawal, B; Mtunzi, F; Oketa, EN; Okoli, BJ; Olugbodi, JO, 2020)	0.56
" Although preliminary, these data confirm the redox and mitochondrial dysfunction occurring in post-menopause and responsive to FPP but very poorly to high dosage antioxidants."	( Mitochondrial and redox dysfunction in post-menopause as risk factor of neurodegenerative disease: a pilot study testing the role of a validated Japanese functional food. Barbagallo, M; Campiotti, A; Catanzaro, R; Cervi, J; Lorenzetti, A; Marcellino, M; Marotta, F, )	0.13
" Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and preliminary experiments were conducted to identify the four effective ingredients of Danhong, along with the injection of positive drug onto hippocampal neurons at a non-toxic dosage level."	( Protective effects of effective ingredients of Danshen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and Honghua (Flos Carthami) compatibility after rat hippocampal neurons induced by hypoxia injury. Dai, L; Ge, L; He, Y; Jin, W; Li, C; Wan, H; Yang, J; Yu, L; Zhou, H, 2018)	0.48
"We investigated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, MDA, and FRAP in 35 patients with T1DM, aged 2-23 years, at the end of two 4-month observational periods: period A: standard insulin dosing per meal, and period B: proper prandial insulin dosing based on the amount of carbohydrates contained in each meal."	( The role of carbohydrate counting in glycemic control and oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Kostopoulou, E; Lamari, F; Livada, I; Partsalaki, I; Rojas Gil, AP; Skiadopoulos, S; Spiliotis, BE, 2020)	0.56
"Proper insulin dosing based on carbohydrate counting (CC) may have an impact on the antioxidant defensive mechanisms of patients with T1DM through the attainment of a better glycemic profile."	( The role of carbohydrate counting in glycemic control and oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Kostopoulou, E; Lamari, F; Livada, I; Partsalaki, I; Rojas Gil, AP; Skiadopoulos, S; Spiliotis, BE, 2020)	0.56
" For each variable, mean differences (MD) and standard deviations (SDs) were combined using the random-effects model, and the fractional polynomial model was used to implement the dose-response analysis."	( Clinical effectiveness of zinc supplementation on the biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Amini, MR; Borges do Nascimento, IJ; Clark, CCT; Esmaillzadeh, A; Hajishafiee, M; Milajerdi, A; Mousavi, SM, 2020)	0.56
" The present study demonstrated that there was an association between the therapeutic effect and dosage of simvastatin within a definitive range."	( Effects of simvastatin on iNOS and caspase‑3 levels and oxidative stress following smoke inhalation injury. Chang, C; Cui, ZJ; Gao, Y; Guo, PF; Khan, I; Ma, Z; Meng, QN; Wang, XB; Yang, RQ, 2020)	0.56
" Results showed that CMPH at 500 mg/kg of BW [camel milk protein hydrolysate, mid-level dosage (CMPH-M)] exhibited potent hypoglycemic activity, as shown in the reduction in fasting blood glucose and OGTT levels."	( Effect of camel milk protein hydrolysates against hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and associated oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Azimullah, S; Bansal, N; Kilari, BP; Maqsood, S; Mudgil, P; Ojha, S, 2021)	0.62
" The present study aims to evaluate the effects of 24-week curcuminoids supplementation at the dosage of 500 and 1000 mg/day on iron overload, oxidative stress, hypercoagulability, and inflammation in non-transfused β-thalassemia/Hb E patients."	( Curcuminoids supplementation ameliorates iron overload, oxidative stress, hypercoagulability, and inflammation in non-transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia/Hb E patients. Hantaweepant, C; Hatairaktham, S; Kalpravidh, RW; Masaratana, P; Panichkul, N; Siritanaratkul, N; Sirivatanauksorn, V; Srisawat, C, 2021)	0.62
" D-gal was given at a dosage of 300mg/ml/kg$ and animals received their respective treatment for 6 weeks [intraperitoneally (I."	( Effect of lithium chloride on d-galactose induced organs injury: Possible antioxidative role. Ayaz, MM; Bilal, K; Khaliq, S; Samad, N; Yasmin, F; Zaman, A, 2020)	0.56
" Dietary OTC reduced the antioxidant capacity of the liver and muscle tissues and down-regulated the expression of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and heat shock protein-70 genes in the liver significantly during the dosing period."	( Dietary therapeutic dose of oxytetracycline negatively influences the antioxidant capacity and immune-related genes expression in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Abraham, TJ; Behera, BK; Julinta, RB; Kumar, KA; Paria, P; Patil, PK; Roy, A; Singha, J, 2021)	0.62
" The current dose-response and time-response meta-analysis aims to determine the efficacy of Zn supplementation in improving antioxidant defense."	( Clinical efficacy of zinc supplementation in improving antioxidant defense system: A comprehensive systematic review and time-response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Abu-Zaid, A; Aghapour, B; Faghfouri, AH; Ghoreishi, Z; Izadi, A; Kord Varkaneh, H; Majnouni, A; Ostadrahimi, A; Rostamkhani, H; Zarezadeh, M, 2021)	0.62
"This study was aimed to investigate differences in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of propofol at two commonly used dosing schedules on morbidly obese patients."	( Reduced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of propofol at high-dose on morbidly obese patients. Li, J; Li, JY; Peng, X; Wu, Z, 2021)	0.62
" Calcitriol supplementation to vitamin D-deficient rats at the dosage used augmented endothelium-dependent contraction, possibly due to hypercalcaemia."	( Vitamin D deficiency attenuates endothelial function by reducing antioxidant activity and vascular eNOS expression in the rat microcirculation. Banga Singh, KK; Mokhtar, SS; Rasool, AHG; Wee, CL, 2021)	0.62
" Therefore, U87-MG cells were treated with varying ACR concentrations, while the cell activity reduction depended on the specific dosage and time parameters."	( Acrylamide induces intrinsic apoptosis and inhibits protective autophagy Cui, Y; Deng, L; Jiang, L; Xia, Q; Yin, H; Zhao, L; Zhao, M, 2022)	0.72
" APAP dosed rats showed remarkable elevation in hepatic biomarkers viz."	( Ameliorative effect of Spatoglossum asperum and its solvent fractions against acetaminophen-induced liver dysfunction in rats. Ara, J; Azam, M; Ehteshamul-Haque, S; Khan, H; Qureshi, SA; Tariq, A, 2022)	0.72
" Cows were dosed daily from d -35 to 0 relative to calving."	( Prepartum supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal: Effects on health of the dam, colostrum quality, and acquisition of immunity in the calf. Kekana, TW; Marume, U; Nherera-Chokuda, FV, 2022)	0.72
" Forty rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of sham, torsion/detorsion (TD), torsion/detorsion with two different dosage of betaine 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg, respectively."	( Evaluating the effects of betaine on testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury induced by torsion/detorsion in the rat. Alirezaei, M; Davoodi, F; Dezfoulian, O; Kheradmand, A; Raisi, A; Roumiani, E; Sarlak, M, 2022)	0.72
" In chronic toxicity study, after atrazine exposure, the content of reactive oxygen species in Eisenia fetida significantly increased and showed a dose-response relationship."	( Toxicity comparison of atrazine on Eisenia fetida in artificial soil and three natural soils. Allen, SC; Du, Z; Hou, K; Li, B; Li, X; Wang, J; Wu, R; Yang, Y; Zhu, L, 2023)	0.91
" The low-dose chrysin group was selected as the optimal dosing group."	( [Chrysin alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting ferroptosis in rats]. Huang, GJ; Jiao, JK; Li, QN; Liu, X; Lu, YH; Shang, JF; Wang, JY; Wen, YL; Yan, MX; Zhang, XL, 2023)	0.91
" This study aimed to reveal ozone therapy effects with relatively increased ozone dosage in a created ischemia/reperfusion injury model."	( Is the increased ozone dosage key factor for its anti-inflammatory effect in an experimental model of mesenteric ischemia? Berker, N; Erginel, B; Gün Soysal, F; Ilhan, B; Keskin, E; Mikailova, P; Yanar, F; Yüksel, S, 2023)	0.91

Role	Description
biomarker	A substance used as an indicator of a biological state.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
dialdehyde	Any aldehyde with two aldehyde groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Metabolism	1496	1108
Metabolism of lipids	500	463
Fatty acid metabolism	113	203
Arachidonic acid metabolism	36	82
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)	11	35
Selenium micronutrient network	0	95

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID383006	Antioxidant activity against copper-induced lipid peroxidation in human LDL assessed as inhibition of malondialdehyde formation at 50 uM after 4 hrs at pH 7.40	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 43, Issue:2	New glycosidic derivatives of histidine-containing dipeptides with antioxidant properties and resistant to carnosinase activity.
AID383004	Antioxidant activity against copper-induced lipid peroxidation in human LDL assessed as inhibition of malondialdehyde formation at 10 uM after 4 hrs at pH 7.40	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 43, Issue:2	New glycosidic derivatives of histidine-containing dipeptides with antioxidant properties and resistant to carnosinase activity.
AID383002	Antioxidant activity against copper-induced lipid peroxidation in human LDL assessed as inhibition of malondialdehyde formation at 100 uM after 4 hrs at pH 5.0	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 43, Issue:2	New glycosidic derivatives of histidine-containing dipeptides with antioxidant properties and resistant to carnosinase activity.
AID1337095	Inhibition of human MPO	2017	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-09, Volume: 8, Issue:2	From Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry to
AID383003	Antioxidant activity against copper-induced lipid peroxidation in human LDL assessed as inhibition of malondialdehyde formation at 200 uM after 4 hrs at pH 5.0	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 43, Issue:2	New glycosidic derivatives of histidine-containing dipeptides with antioxidant properties and resistant to carnosinase activity.
AID383008	Antioxidant activity against copper-induced lipid peroxidation in human LDL assessed as inhibition of malondialdehyde formation at 200 uM after 4 hrs at pH 7.40	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 43, Issue:2	New glycosidic derivatives of histidine-containing dipeptides with antioxidant properties and resistant to carnosinase activity.
AID383005	Antioxidant activity against copper-induced lipid peroxidation in human LDL assessed as inhibition of malondialdehyde formation at 20 uM after 4 hrs at pH 7.40	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 43, Issue:2	New glycosidic derivatives of histidine-containing dipeptides with antioxidant properties and resistant to carnosinase activity.
AID382999	Antioxidant activity against copper-induced lipid peroxidation in human LDL assessed as inhibition of malondialdehyde formation at 10 uM after 4 hrs at pH 5.0	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 43, Issue:2	New glycosidic derivatives of histidine-containing dipeptides with antioxidant properties and resistant to carnosinase activity.
AID383007	Antioxidant activity against copper-induced lipid peroxidation in human LDL assessed as inhibition of malondialdehyde formation at 100 uM after 4 hrs at pH 7.40	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 43, Issue:2	New glycosidic derivatives of histidine-containing dipeptides with antioxidant properties and resistant to carnosinase activity.
AID383001	Antioxidant activity against copper-induced lipid peroxidation in human LDL assessed as inhibition of malondialdehyde formation at 50 uM after 4 hrs at pH 5.0	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 43, Issue:2	New glycosidic derivatives of histidine-containing dipeptides with antioxidant properties and resistant to carnosinase activity.
AID383000	Antioxidant activity against copper-induced lipid peroxidation in human LDL assessed as inhibition of malondialdehyde formation at 20 uM after 4 hrs at pH 5.0	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 43, Issue:2	New glycosidic derivatives of histidine-containing dipeptides with antioxidant properties and resistant to carnosinase activity.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1574 (5.98)	18.7374
1990's	3059 (11.61)	18.2507
2000's	6792 (25.78)	29.6817
2010's	12359 (46.92)	24.3611
2020's	2558 (9.71)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1,405 (5.05%)	5.53%
Reviews	262 (0.94%)	6.00%
Case Studies	39 (0.14%)	4.05%
Observational	59 (0.21%)	0.25%
Other	26,084 (93.66%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	4.23	17	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.96	4	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.69	3	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene with chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 4.	2.02	1	0	trichlorobenzene
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	3.5	8	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
chloroacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.74	3	0	organochlorine compound
ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene Chlorohydrin: Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.. chloroethanol : An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.	2.4	2	0	chloroethanol	xenobiotic metabolite
alpha-hydroxyglutarate 2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.81	3	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	6.3	8	1	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
2-keto-4-methylvalerate alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.	2.42	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	3.63	8	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
3-aminopropionaldehyde 3-aminopropionaldehyde: structure given in first source. 3-aminopropanal : A propanal having an amino substituent at the 3-position	1.97	1	0	omega-aminoaldehyde; propanals
3-chloroalanine 3-chloroalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-chloroalanine : A chloroalanine obtained by replacement of one of the methyl hydrogens of alanine by a chloro group.	1.98	1	0	chloroalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound
3-hydroxyisobutyric acid 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid : A 4-carbon, branched hydroxy fatty acid and intermediate in the metabolism of valine.	2.37	2	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid
3-hydroxykynurenine 3-hydroxykynurenine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.. hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is kynurenine substituted by a single hydroxy group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.	2.15	1	0	hydroxykynurenine	human metabolite
3-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.44	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	6.21	40	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol: the aglycone of gastrodin. p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from Arcangelisia gusanlung.	2.06	1	0	benzyl alcohols; phenols	plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	9.68	27	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	4.03	13	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	6.98	67	1	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	9.24	159	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	4.52	24	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	5.81	28	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	3.51	7	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	7.54	11	5	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
aminoacetone aminoacetone: RN given refers to parent cpd. aminoacetone : A propanone consisting of acetone having an amino group at the 1-position.	1.99	1	0	methyl ketone; propanones	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	7.35	38	3	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	4.03	13	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	8.48	8	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	3.38	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	3.86	11	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.28	6	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	7.09	40	2	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.13	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	4.29	18	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	5.51	13	1	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	4.01	13	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	7.86	38	2	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	4.35	6	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	2.11	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	11.57	96	13	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.67	3	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	4.84	30	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	5.7	18	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	5.99	24	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	7.12	81	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	4.23	17	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.07	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	11.91	62	1	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.08	1	0	alkane	xenobiotic
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	3.19	5	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	10.33	50	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.03	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
2-nitropropane 2-nitropropane: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitropropane : A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).	1.99	1	0	secondary nitroalkane	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent; xenobiotic
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	5.94	91	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
dihydrolipoic acid dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.	1.98	1	0	thio-fatty acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	5.69	17	1	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	3.56	7	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	4.15	3	1	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	4.16	3	1	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase.	2.39	2	0	omega-(methylthio)-2-oxocarboxylic acid
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	11.72	47	10	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	3.3	6	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	3.51	8	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	3.01	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
4-nitrobenzaldehyde 4-nitrobenzaldehyde: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzaldehyde : A C-nitro compound that is benzaldehyde substituted at the para-position with a nitro group.	2.15	1	0	benzaldehydes; C-nitro compound
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	3.96	13	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2.04	1	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
creatine [no description available]	7.57	37	4	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	13.49	145	20	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethylglycine dimethylglycine: metabolic product of calcium pangamate; mutagen when mixed with nitrite; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethylglycine : An N-methylglycine that is glycine carrying two N-methyl substituents.	4.14	3	1	amino acid zwitterion; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	6.91	37	2	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	7.68	3	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	6.89	86	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.	2.05	1	0	carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	solvent
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.54	2	0	chlorocyclohexane
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	2.11	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	8.93	47	5	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.71	3	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	5.71	30	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glycolaldehyde [no description available]	2.83	3	0	glycolaldehydes	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2.96	4	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycocyamine glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine.	3.92	2	1	guanidinoacetic acids; zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2	1	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	3.87	12	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.72	6	1
histamine [no description available]	9.62	26	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	13.38	82	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	8.12	5	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.42	2	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.53	2	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	4.51	21	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
indol-3-yl pyruvic acid 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It has been found in Lycopersicon esculentum	1.97	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	5.2	11	1	diatomic iodine	nutrient
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	5.06	9	1	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	11.56	144	15	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.88	4	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
malonic semialdehyde malonic semialdehyde: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	4.18	17	0	aldehydic acid
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	6.28	44	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	8.45	67	2	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	3.42	7	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	10.53	15	1	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	16.81	572	14	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	2.93	4	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
n-acetylserotonin N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.	3.63	9	0	acetamides; N-acylserotonin; phenols	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
naphthalene [no description available]	3.45	7	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	6.12	45	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	6.48	23	2	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	3.71	10	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	15.24	295	21	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	3.46	7	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.72	3	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	14.76	390	27	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	3.1	5	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.74	3	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.	2.1	1	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	geroprotector; metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	3.48	7	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.15	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.77	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	3.02	4	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	5.64	17	1	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2.47	2	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	4.19	15	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	4.09	14	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	1.96	1	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	1.98	1	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	1.98	1	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	6.74	16	1	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	6.18	14	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	5.24	11	1	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	4.97	8	1	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.58	2	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	6.16	12	1	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.57	2	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	1.92	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	3.84	2	1	purine
putrescine [no description available]	4.05	14	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.81	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.73	3	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.51	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	2.71	3	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	5.44	5	1	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	8.45	7	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	3.04	4	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	5.18	11	1	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	4.33	19	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	3.52	8	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	4.27	5	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	2.02	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	5.13	5	2	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	3.79	10	0	selenium oxoacid
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	3.56	8	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	4.06	14	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	9.73	28	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	9.56	24	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	3.5	8	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
succinic semialdehyde succinic semialdehyde: structure	2.05	1	0	aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	5.31	12	1	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	11.03	133	5	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	5.69	17	1	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.7	3	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	4.1	14	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	3.09	4	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2.97	4	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	16.49	270	35	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	10.56	155	8	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	3.61	8	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	6.68	30	2	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.05	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.42	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	2.43	2	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	2.03	1	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	2.42	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	3.13	5	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	2.94	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	3.64	9	0	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.15	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	2.06	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	3.41	7	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	3.66	9	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.41	2	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
s,s'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea S,S'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide 1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide: RN given refers to parent cp; a 5-HT3 receptor agonist	2.05	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	7.54	47	3	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	5.11	16	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	2.42	2	0	imidazoles
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	3.57	8	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.03	1	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	3.92	12	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.49	2	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	3.38	7	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-n,n-diphenylcarbamate 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate: inhibits phospholipase C and serine esterases; structure in first source	1.95	1	0
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.78	3	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.97	4	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	3.95	13	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	3.64	9	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	1.96	1	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
meglutol Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura.	2.08	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary alcohol	anticholesteremic drug; antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
3-methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.	1.96	1	0	monomethoxybenzene; phenols; phenylethylamine; primary amino compound	biomarker; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	4.05	15	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	3.94	12	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
ro 5-4864 4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor	1.98	1	0
cgp 52411 4,5-dianilinophthalimide: structure given in first source. 4,5-dianilinophthalimide : Phthalimide substituted at the 4- and 5-positions by anilino groups.	2.79	3	0	phthalimides	geroprotector; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;	2.05	1	0	benzoisoquinoline; dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	2.66	3	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
chlorocresol chlorocresol: injections for relief of intractable pain; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chloro-m-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is 3-methylphenol which is substituted by a chlorine at position 4. A ryanodine receptor agonist.	2.13	1	0	hydroxytoluene; monochlorobenzenes	antimicrobial agent; disinfectant; ryanodine receptor agonist
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.73	10	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	3.09	4	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	3.71	10	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	3.64	9	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	2.37	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	4	13	0	medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	4.91	8	1	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenanthridone phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.	2.01	1	0	lactam; phenanthridines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mutagen
6-methoxytryptoline 6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.39	7	0
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	3.67	9	0
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	2.08	1	0
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	4	4	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.94	4	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	6.26	34	0	monoazo compound
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acemetacin acemetacin : A carboxylic ester that is the carboxymethyl ester of indometacin. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and low back pain, as well as for postoperative pain and inflammation. Its activity is due to both acemetacin and its major metabolite, indometacin.	2.39	2	0	carboxylic ester; indol-3-yl carboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
acephate acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.5	2	0	mixed diacylamine; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	12.76	148	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	3.39	1	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetochlor acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.	2.55	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
acridone acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.	2.08	1	0	acridines; cyclic ketone
adrenic acid adrenic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	docosatetraenoic acid	mouse metabolite
5-aminoisoquinolinone 5-aminoisoquinolinone: structure in first source	2.42	2	0	isoquinolines
alachlor alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.	6.98	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
albendazole [no description available]	2.55	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	4.32	4	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	3.44	7	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	2.1	1	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	1.97	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	2.58	2	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	3.27	6	0	aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.44	2	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	3.66	9	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	1.97	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	6.71	53	1	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	3.77	11	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	5.17	11	1	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	3.49	7	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.86	3	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	6.23	12	3	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2.99	4	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	2.25	1	0	methoxybenzenes
aniracetam [no description available]	2.04	1	0	N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	6.62	47	1	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	5.04	38	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	2.39	2	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	13.55	179	14	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.51	2	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	4.66	6	1	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	4.3	17	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	3.37	7	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.21	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azinphosmethyl Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.	7.7	3	0	benzotriazines; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
baclofen [no description available]	2.06	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane 2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane: structure	2.01	1	0	diarylmethane
benphothiamine benfotiamine : A thioester that is a synthetic analogue of thiamine obtained by acylative cleavage of the thiazole ring and O-phospohorylation.	2.08	1	0	aminopyrimidine; formamides; organic phosphate; thioester	antioxidant; immunological adjuvant; nutraceutical; protective agent; provitamin B1
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.4	2	0	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
bentazone bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.	2.1	1	0	benzothiadiazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.05	1	0	benzamides
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	5.39	56	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.1	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
butylbenzyl phthalate spatozoate: structure in first source	3.17	4	0	benzyl ester
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	2.68	3	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	5.17	42	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	3.19	5	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
5-methoxypsoralen 5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.	2.07	1	0	5-methoxyfurocoumarin; organic heterotricyclic compound; psoralens	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	2.91	4	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
propiolactone Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.	2.36	2	0	propan-3-olide
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	2	1	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bifemelane bifemelane: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.96	4	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.05	1	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	3.92	2	1	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
buflomedil buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone
bunazosin bunazosin: structure	2.04	1	0	quinazolines
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	6.33	7	2	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	2.1	1	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	2.61	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	2.02	1	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	6.81	22	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	6.1	29	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	1.97	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.31	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	5.79	11	2	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	5.27	11	1	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	9.75	6	1	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carcinine carcinine: structure. carcinine : A beta-alanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of beta-alanine with the primary amino group of histamine.	1.98	1	0	beta-alanine derivative; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound	antioxidant; crustacean metabolite
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.24	6	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	7.2	33	3	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.39	2	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	5.58	16	1	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	1.98	1	0	pyridinium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.47	2	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.71	3	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.6	9	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	3.48	1	1	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	8.87	12	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	1.96	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	6.32	44	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	1.99	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cilostazol [no description available]	4.15	3	1	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	3.74	10	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.48	2	0
ciprofibrate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	4.18	15	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	11.79	8	3	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.02	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobenpropit clobenpropit: histamine H3 receptor antagonist. clobenpropit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea bearing S-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propyl and N-4-chlorobenzyl substituents. An extremely potent histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist (pA2 = 9.93). Also displays partial agonist activity at H4 receptors; induces eosinophil shape change with an EC50 of 3 nM.	2.02	1	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester; organochlorine compound	H3-receptor antagonist; H4-receptor agonist
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	3.77	11	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	2.88	4	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	2.44	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	4.1	3	1	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.46	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
coumaphos Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.	2.06	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organochlorine compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antinematodal drug; avicide; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	9.63	24	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	7.9	4	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cystamine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
damnacanthal damnacanthal: structure given in first source; isolated from the stem bark and roots of Morinda lucida; a selective inhibitor of p56(lck) tyrosine kinase activity	2.13	1	0	aldehyde; monohydroxyanthraquinone
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	3.52	8	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.05	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	2.25	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.5	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone: ubiquinol analog. 6-decylubiquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.	2.03	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	5.36	13	1	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	12.41	111	1	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.5	2	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	3.63	9	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	4.96	13	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	4	13	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	6.05	25	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.06	1	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	5.98	24	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	2.98	4	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.79	3	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	4.18	16	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	1.95	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.03	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	3.24	6	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	4.31	2	2	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	2.31	1	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	7.88	4	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	4.03	13	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	3.26	6	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	3.34	6	0	organic cation
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	6.22	19	2	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	3.47	8	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.8	3	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	7.3	30	1	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	2.04	1	0
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.1	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	5.6	21	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	2	1	0	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.4	2	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	2.02	1	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dsp 4 DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	1	0
sarcosine dithiocarbamate sarcosine dithiocarbamate: protects against toxicity of alkylating agents	2.05	1	0
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	4.6	25	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase	2.4	2	0
embelin embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.	2.85	3	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.95	4	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	3.93	12	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
endothall endothall: minor descriptor (72-82); online & Index Medicus search DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS (72-82)	2.05	1	0
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	3.77	2	1	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	4.66	27	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.83	3	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethion ethion: minor descriptor (73-82); online & Index Medicus search INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-82). ethion : An organic thiophosphate that is S,S'-methanediyl bis[dihydrogen (phosphorodithioate)] in which all the hydroxy groups have been converted to their corresponding ethyl esters respectively. Ethion is an organophosphate insecticide with inhibitory activity towards the enzyme acetylcholinesterase ( EC 3.1.1.7).	2.06	1	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
ethoxyquin Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.. ethoxyquin : A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical; food antioxidant; genotoxin; geroprotector; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activator
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.02	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	3.81	2	1	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	3.54	8	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.02	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	12.44	26	5	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	2.44	2	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	6	7	4	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	2.77	3	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	5.18	9	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.74	3	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	6.47	15	1	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	7.27	15	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	1.96	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.73	3	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fp 83 FP 83: structure given in first source	2.41	1	0	organic molecular entity
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.49	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	3.79	11	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	2.66	3	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	3.73	10	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	1.99	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	3.19	5	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	2.68	3	0	benzoate ester
gemfibrozil [no description available]	7.54	2	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	8.53	74	2
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	3.11	5	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	4.58	5	1	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	3.82	2	1	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	8.48	8	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	4.52	22	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	4.08	13	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
go 6976 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	9.33	4	1
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	6.36	25	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	1.97	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
bis(2-guanidinoethyl)disulfide bis(2-guanidinoethyl)disulfide: bifunctional cation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	3.34	6	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	3.18	5	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
ha14-1 ethyl 2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate: a BH3 mimetic; synergistic induction of apoptosis by simultaneous disruption of the Bcl-2 and MEK/MAPK pathways in acute myelogenous leukemia	2.07	1	0	1-benzopyran
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	11	25	1	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	11.72	12	2	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	2.05	1	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hexestrol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	stilbenoid
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.38	2	0	barbiturates
beta-thujaplicin beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.	2.41	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; monoterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; plant metabolite
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	4.57	9	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	7.97	4	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.83	2	1	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	2.49	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	8.48	7	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hypericin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	5.69	19	1	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	7.41	12	4	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
idebenone [no description available]	3.52	8	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	2.11	1	0	piperidines
ifosfamide [no description available]	2.77	3	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	3.2	5	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	2.71	3	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	2.5	2	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.05	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	7.22	121	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	2.41	1	0	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.48	2	0
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.88	3	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	2.11	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.04	1	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	1.96	1	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	13.6	21	5	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	4.13	15	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.39	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	11.81	92	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	2.38	2	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
juglone juglone: structure. juglone : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.	2.11	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	geroprotector; herbicide; reactive oxygen species generator
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	7.66	29	2	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.69	3	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	2.53	2	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.7	3	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.78	3	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic acid [no description available]	2.4	2	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.68	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mimosine Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.	1.99	1	0	alpha-amino acid
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	2.41	2	0
lamotrigine [no description available]	9.67	8	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.97	4	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.25	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.31	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	3.3	6	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	3.11	4	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lidoflazine Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.	2.37	2	0	diarylmethane
lomustine [no description available]	4.3	4	1	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	4.16	3	1	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	13.1	43	6	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.92	11	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	4.57	23	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source	1.96	1	0	isopropyl ester
edaravone [no description available]	6.67	48	1	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	2.9	4	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.71	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
memantine [no description available]	3.8	10	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	3.32	6	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	2.04	1	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
2-mercaptoethylguanidine 2-mercaptoethylguanidine: proposed as a radiation protective agent; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search GUANIDINES (75-83); RN given refers to parent cpd	2.43	2	0
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	3.81	11	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	10.26	68	8	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	4.5	5	1	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methamidophos methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.	2.52	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	1.97	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	3.29	6	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
nocodazole [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.96	4	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	3.05	4	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2.59	2	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metolachlor metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.21	1	0	aromatic amide; benzenes; ether; organochlorine compound
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	5.68	10	2	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	6.58	8	2	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	3.06	5	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	3.18	5	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	1.96	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	5.87	4	2	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	2.31	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.02	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	3.18	5	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	9.31	4	1	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	1.98	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	5.29	12	1	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.44	2	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.97	14	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.43	2	0	purine nucleoside
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	3.78	2	1	benzoic acids; guanidines
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	2.38	2	0	naphthalenes
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.01	1	0
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.17	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ubiquinone q1 Ubiquinone Q1: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex. ubiquinone-1 : A compound composed of the standard 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone nucleus common to ubiquinones; and a side chain of a single isoprenoid unit.	2.13	1	0	ubiquinones
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.07	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	3.09	5	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	7.31	30	4	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nilvadipine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester; nitrile
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	3.56	8	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	10.68	18	1	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.72	3	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	9.98	36	7	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nizofenone nizofenone: protects experimental mice & rats against cerebral anoxia	2	1	0	benzophenones
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.85	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	2.15	1	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.96	4	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olprinone olprinone: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	bipyridines
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	4.43	20	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.44	2	0	carbazoles
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	3.11	4	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	5.03	37	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxiracetam oxiracetam: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	2.17	1	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.73	3	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2.46	2	0	phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.11	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	3	4	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.71	3	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene	insecticide
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.8	3	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.45	7	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.13	5	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	7	56	0	oxopurine
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	2.04	1	0	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.	2.77	3	0	pyridines; tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	6.53	26	2	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	2.05	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	2.36	2	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	2.81	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	2.91	4	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.36	2	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	2.57	2	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
phosalone phosalone: structure. phosalone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles carrying a [(diethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the nitrogen atom, an oxo group at position 2 and a chloro group at position 6. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide.	2.01	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; carbamate ester; organochlorine insecticide; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
picotamide picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure	2.66	3	0	benzamides
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.01	1	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	1.97	1	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	5.98	24	1	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	3.93	12	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	1.97	1	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	7.07	30	1	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.55	2	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
pyranoprofen pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	pyridochromene
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.95	4	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	3.28	6	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	2.44	2	0	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.42	2	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	3.06	5	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	1.96	1	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	12.94	35	2	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	6.99	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	6.13	11	1	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	2.1	1	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
procaterol Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.	2.1	1	0	quinolines
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	3.47	8	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
prometryne Prometryne: A triazine used as a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). prometryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylsulfanediyl group at position 6.	2.08	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	3.17	5	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	12.62	81	24	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propoxur Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.	3.15	5	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	5.64	18	1	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	3.22	6	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protopine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	dibenzazecine alkaloid	plant metabolite
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.44	2	0
pseudohypericin pseudohypericin: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	2.8	3	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	4.31	4	1	secondary carboxamide
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	2.07	1	0	benzothiazoles
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.99	4	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	2.08	1	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	4.67	6	1	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	3.16	5	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2h,5h-(1)benzopyrano(4,3-b)-1,4-oxazin-9-ol 3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2H,5H-(1)benzopyrano(4,3-b)-1,4-oxazin-9-ol: RN given refers to (+/-)-isomer; RN, RRs & structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
butyl phosphorotrithioate butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide	1.96	1	0	organic thiophosphate	defoliant
s-methylisothiopseudouronium S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source	2.96	4	0
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.47	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.42	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sarpogrelate sarpogrelate: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	hemisuccinate; stilbenoid
carbamylhydrazine carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0	carbohydrazide; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound; ureas
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	10.48	36	9	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	3.09	4	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
simazine Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.08	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.79	7	1	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	4.94	35	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.51	2	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	3.42	1	1	pyridines
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
ponalrestat [no description available]	1.98	1	0	phthalazines
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.97	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	3.71	3	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.87	3	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	1.92	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	5.61	16	1
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	3.34	7	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	1.97	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	5.3	11	1	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	2.61	2	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.42	2	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.11	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	2.31	1	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.97	1	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	3.25	6	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tetrahydropapaverine tetrahydropapaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is norlaudanosoline in which the four phenolic hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; polyether; secondary amino compound
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	3.94	12	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	2.21	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.21	1	0	thiazolidenedione
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	4.42	4	1	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	2	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	6.53	8	2	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	3.38	7	0	N-acyl-amino acid
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.39	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	2.44	2	0	amino acid
trapidil Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.	3.53	8	0	triazolopyrimidines
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	2.53	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triclosan [no description available]	3.84	10	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	2.51	2	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluralin Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.	2.13	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	3.06	4	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	2.45	2	0	amine
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	4.8	2	1	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2	1	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.	1.98	1	0
tyramine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urapidil [no description available]	2.15	1	0	piperazines
urethane [no description available]	2.47	2	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vigabatrin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	2.05	1	0
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.04	1	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.52	2	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.47	2	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
cn 100 CN 100: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.99	4	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	2.03	1	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.21	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.98	4	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	11.35	56	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	3.88	12	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	4.18	5	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	3.48	8	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	5.61	17	1	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	5.93	38	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	3.5	8	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	3.07	5	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	2.04	1	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	11.42	157	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	13.64	58	3	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.43	2	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	4.03	14	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.	3.82	2	1	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	3.56	8	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	1.96	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
aldosterone [no description available]	4.94	13	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	5.19	11	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	8.3	6	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
lynestrenol Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.07	1	0	steroid
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	3.28	6	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	3.28	6	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	3.01	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	2.21	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
androsterone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	6.64	19	1	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	3.28	6	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
adrenochrome Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.	3.23	6	0	indoles
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.47	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	4.22	16	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	5.41	54	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	6.53	44	1	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	9.79	30	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.69	3	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	2.05	1	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	9.14	348	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.25	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	5.91	23	1	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	9.09	15	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	3.04	4	0	corticosteroid hormone
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.47	2	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.39	7	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	4.47	21	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	9.13	44	4	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	12.67	107	4	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.13	1	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.66	3	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
dimazine dimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,1-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine substituted by two methyl groups at position 1.	2.41	1	0	hydrazines	carcinogenic agent; fuel; teratogenic agent
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.5	2	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	7.2	44	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	4.69	6	1	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	3.33	6	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	1.99	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	4.29	18	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	3.84	10	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.89	4	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	8.49	8	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	11.7	132	2	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	3.16	5	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	3.31	6	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.31	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.4	2	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.28	6	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	12.88	163	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.65	6	1	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	4.57	24	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
benzoxazolone benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	benzoxazole	allelochemical; phytoalexin
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	3.72	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	8.58	69	2	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tributyrin tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.	2.21	1	0	butyrate ester; triglyceride	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug; protective agent
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	2.37	2	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	5.89	92	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	12.93	224	8	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	4.14	15	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
monomethylhydrazine Monomethylhydrazine: Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.	1.97	1	0
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.36	13	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	4.3	18	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	3.87	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.	3.43	1	1	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; lipoic acid; thia fatty acid	cofactor; nutraceutical; prosthetic group
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.42	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	1.98	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	3.53	8	0	anilines; primary arylamine
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	1.99	1	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	4.52	23	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	3.13	5	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.44	2	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	4.41	4	1	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	14.68	74	7	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.4	2	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	5.84	12	2	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.62	9	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	10.42	14	1	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-hexanal [no description available]	5.53	16	1	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.91	4	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.64	9	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	2.44	2	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	4.18	17	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone [no description available]	4.56	5	1	sulfone
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	3.13	5	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	4.09	3	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.42	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	13.99	65	4	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	3.29	6	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	6.23	12	1	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.77	3	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
2-thiomalic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	4.99	38	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	4.5	5	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	4.06	14	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.46	4	1	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cordycepin [no description available]	3.53	7	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	12.16	25	4	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.19	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-chlorobenzoic acid 4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	2.06	1	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.	4.23	18	0	N-substituted diamine; secondary amino compound	antioxidant
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	15.8	204	23	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	8.82	32	6	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	5.01	37	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.94	4	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	7.89	4	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
systhane systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.	2.15	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	1.95	1	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.01	4	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.44	2	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	3.08	5	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2.41	2	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.67	3	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	3.41	7	0	acyl chloride
propylene oxide propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	1.98	1	0	epoxide
bromotrichloromethane Bromotrichloromethane: A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride.	5.77	11	0
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.42	2	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	6.87	103	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	8.62	9	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	1.99	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	2.99	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	3.86	11	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	4.59	25	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	3.64	9	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	3.7	9	0
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.21	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	2.03	1	0
tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	trialkyl phosphate
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate: inhibitor of drug-protein binding; present in stoppers of blood sample 'vacutainers'. tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate in which the alkyl group specified is 2-butoxyethyl.	2.17	1	0	trialkyl phosphate	environmental contaminant; flame retardant
azobis(isobutyronitrile) azobis(isobutyronitrile): blowing agent for elastomers & plastics; initiator for free radical reactions; structure	2.38	2	0
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	3.44	6	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	4.03	4	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyraldehyde isobutyraldehyde : A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.43	2	0	2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde; propanals	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	1.98	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	3.88	12	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	10.31	47	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.45	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	2.38	2	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
isobutyric acid isobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isobutyric acid : A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.	1.96	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; fatty acid 4:0; methyl-branched fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
2,2-dichloroacetyl chloride dichloroacetyl chloride : The acyl chloride obtained by displacement of the hydroxy group of dichloroacetic acid by chloride.	2	1	0	acyl chloride	hapten
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	8.27	17	3	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
tetrabromobisphenol a tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.	3.68	9	0	brominated flame retardant; bromobisphenol
tetrachlorodian tetrachlorodian: used in the manufacture of synthetic resins	2.17	1	0	bisphenol
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	8.51	38	3	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone: structure and RN in first source. 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol : A sulfone that is diphenyl sulfone in which both of the para hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.76	2	0	bisphenol; sulfone	endocrine disruptor; metabolite
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	8.02	37	1	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
alpha-pinene [no description available]	2.86	3	0	pinene	plant metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.15	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	2.25	1	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	4.6	25	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
pyridoxic acid Pyridoxic Acid: The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6; (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxic acid : A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxate : A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 4-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	3.39	1	1	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite
skatole [no description available]	2.37	2	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	7.23	51	2	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	4.52	22	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
9,10-phenanthrenequinone 9,10-phenanthrenequinone: structure	2.25	1	0	phenanthrenes
diethyl phthalate diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.96	4	0	diester; ethyl ester; phthalate ester	neurotoxin; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diisobutyl phthalate diisobutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol.	3.68	3	0	diester; phthalate ester	plasticiser; PPAR modulator; teratogenic agent
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	4.36	19	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
phthalimide phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.	7.06	1	0	phthalimides
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.17	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
1-naphthaleneacetic acid 1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.	2.11	1	0	naphthylacetic acid	synthetic auxin
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	3.53	1	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin
diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	6.97	10	3	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
gramine gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.	2.48	2	0	aminoalkylindole; indole alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
hexabromobenzene [no description available]	2.1	1	0
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.13	1	0
2,4,6-trichlorophenol [no description available]	2.48	2	0	trichlorophenol	carcinogenic agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.44	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	3.61	8	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
2-chlorobenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.36	2	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	2.01	1	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
xanthone xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.	2.25	1	0	xanthones	insecticide
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	5.6	16	1	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.93	4	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
thenyldiamine thenyldiamine: structure	1.97	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
3,3'-dichlorobenzidine 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine: A material used in the manufacture of azo dyes that is toxic to skin and carcinogenic in several species.	1.97	1	0	biphenyls; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine compound
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	2.07	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.21	1	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.13	5	0	xanthene
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	1.97	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
1-phenylpropanol 1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source	2.79	3	0	organic molecular entity
mecoprop mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes
synephrine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	3.21	5	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
butylparaben [no description available]	2.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.44	2	0	carbonyl compound
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.47	2	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-methylindole 2-methylindole: SKATOLE refers to 3-methylindole; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-methyl-1H-indole : A methylindole that is 1H-indole substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	1.96	1	0	methylindole
2-bromophenol bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.	1.97	1	0	bromophenol	marine metabolite
3,4-dichloroaniline 3,4-dichloroaniline : A dichloroaniline having the two chloro-substituents at the 3- and 4-positions.	2.01	1	0	dichloroaniline	epitope; xenobiotic
alpha-chlorohydrin alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.	2.1	1	0	chloropropane-1,2-diol
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.71	9	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
lactobionic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0	disaccharide	antioxidant
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	3.55	8	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde: structure in first source. formylthiophene : An aldehyde that is thiophene substituted by a formyl group at position 2.	2.15	1	0	aldehyde; thiophenes	metabolite
arsanilic acid Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.	2.06	1	0	organoarsonic acid
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	4.25	5	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
cumene cumene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.11	1	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
3-nitrotoluene [no description available]	2.17	1	0	mononitrotoluene
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	5.76	18	1	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.	3.85	2	0	trinitrobenzene	explosive
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	2	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
3-nitrobenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.58	2	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.07	1	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.	2.15	1	0	benzaldehydes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	chromogenic compound
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	2.46	2	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
ethylbenzene [no description available]	2.79	3	0	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.93	4	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	4.13	16	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	3.58	8	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
triclocarban triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.	2.6	1	0	dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	2.44	2	0	pyridinium salt
dicyclohexylamine dicyclohexylamine: potent inhibitor of spermidine synthase; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
boric acid [no description available]	3.92	11	0	boric acids	astringent
n-butylbenzene butylbenzene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted by a butyl group at position 1.	2.08	1	0	alkylbenzene
4-chlorobenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0
4-anisidine 4-anisidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-anisidine : A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen para to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a reagent for the detection of oxidation products such as aldehydes and ketones in fats and oils.	2.57	2	0	methoxybenzenes; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	genotoxin; reagent
methyl acetoacetate methyl acetoacetate: structure	2.04	1	0	oxo carboxylic acid
4-bromophenol 4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.	1.97	1	0	bromophenol	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; persistent organic pollutant; rat metabolite
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.11	1	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.	2.89	4	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen
1-bromopropane 1-bromopropane: used as a solvent. 1-bromopropane : A bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.	7.99	4	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	neurotoxin; solvent
acrolein [no description available]	7.55	54	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allyl chloride [no description available]	7.43	2	0	organochlorine compound
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.39	2	0	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	3.53	8	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
chloroacetonitrile [no description available]	2.74	3	0	nitrile
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	4.69	11	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	7.11	26	1	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	3.27	6	0	alkane
2-pentanone pentanone : Any ketone that is pentane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.	2.41	1	0	methyl ketone; pentanone	plant metabolite
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.15	1	0
methyl isobutyl ketone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	ketone
malonamide malonamide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is malonic acid in which both carboxy groups have been replaced by carbamoyl groups.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide
acetic anhydride acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.	2.68	3	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride	metabolite; reagent
succinic anhydride [no description available]	1.96	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrahydrofurandione
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	3.71	9	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	3	4	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
bromobenzene [no description available]	4.89	11	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.97	4	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
3-hydroxypyridine 3-hydroxypyridine: RN given refeirs to parent cpd. 3-pyridinol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It has been detected as a thermal degradation product from the smoke of the burning leaves of Salvia divinorum, a Mexican psychoactive plant.	2.52	2	0	monohydroxypyridine
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	10.28	28	7	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
n-butyl mercaptan n-butyl mercaptan: hydrolytic product of merphos; RN given refers to parent cpd	6.96	1	0	alkanethiol
methyl cellosolve methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	glycol ether	protic solvent; solvent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	13.44	60	16	pyrrole; secondary amine
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	3.27	6	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	7.66	46	1	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
2,5-hexanedione 2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone	2.79	3	0	diketone; methyl ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
succinamide [no description available]	2.01	1	0
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2.03	1	0	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.08	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
pentanal pentanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.	3.85	2	1	saturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
2-ethoxyethanol 2-ethoxyethanol : A hydroxyether that is the ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.78	3	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent; teratogenic agent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.54	2	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	2	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
hexylamine hexylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-hexanamine : A 6-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	7.42	2	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	1.97	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
heptanol Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.	2.06	1	0	heptanol; primary alcohol	flavouring agent; fragrance; gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; plant metabolite
heptanal heptanal : An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.	2.41	2	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	biomarker
n-butoxyethanol n-butoxyethanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-butoxyethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.	2.41	2	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
dodecyltrimethylammonium dodecyltrimethylammonium: used to determine thermal stability of DNA; RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one dodecyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.21	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
methyl palmitate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester	metabolite
n(1)-acetylphenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.38	2	0
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.21	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
obidoxime chloride Obidoxime Chloride: Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.	2.17	1	0
2,2,2-trichloroethanol [no description available]	2.4	2	0	chloroethanol	mouse metabolite
dicofol Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.. dicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.15	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine acaricide; tertiary alcohol
triphenyl phosphate triphenyl phosphate: structure. triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.	2.82	2	0	aryl phosphate	flame retardant; plasticiser
linalyl acetate linalyl acetate: structure in first source; RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation. linalyl acetate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-linalyl acetate. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.. 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-yl acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of linalool. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.	2.21	1	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid
acetol hydroxyacetone : A propanone that is acetone in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	methyl ketone; primary alcohol; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; propanones	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	7.2	32	1	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
di-n-octyl phthalate di-n-octyl phthalate: plasticizer	2.21	1	0	diester; phthalate ester
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	2.55	2	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	2.93	4	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
2'-hydroxyacetophenone 2-acetylphenol : A monohydroxyacetophenone that is acetophenone in which one of the hydrogens ortho to the acetyl group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.21	1	0	monohydroxyacetophenone; phenols	flavouring agent
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	1.98	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
scoparone scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.	2.76	3	0	aromatic ether; coumarins	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antilipemic drug; immunosuppressive agent; plant metabolite
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.07	1	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
dichlorprop dichlorprop: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid : An aromatic ether that is 2-hydroxypropanoic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted to its 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether.. dichlorprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dichlorprop. It is widely used as a herbicide for killing annual and broad leaf weeds. Only the R-enantiomer has herbicidal activity; the S-enantiomer is inactive.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	2.17	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.07	1	0	dichlorophenol
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	3.77	10	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.51	2	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
dimethyl phthalate dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure	2.9	3	0	diester; methyl ester; phthalate ester
diallyl phthalate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	6.65	14	4	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	benzophenones
monobutyl phthalate monobutyl phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.15	5	0	phthalic acid monoester
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.05	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
syringaldehyde syringaldehyde: isolated from nonfermented fiber fractions of oat hulls and cottonseed hulls. syringaldehyde : A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. Isolated from Pisonia aculeata and Panax japonicus var. major, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.25	1	0	dimethoxybenzene; hydroxybenzaldehyde	hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
2-Methoxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0	carbonyl compound
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	3.53	8	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
neozone N-phenyl-2-naphthalenamine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	naphthalenes
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	3.2	5	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	4.29	19	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
diphenyl sulfide diphenyl sulfide: structure in first source. diphenyl sulfide : An aryl sulfide that consists of two phenyl groups connected by a sulphur atom.	2.07	1	0	aryl sulfide
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	2.15	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	3.92	11	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl acetoacetate ethyl acetoacetate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. ethyl acetoacetate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid with ethanol.	2	1	0	ethyl ester	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.06	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	2.42	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.	2	1	0	20-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	3.47	7	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	purine nucleoside
pentoxyl Pentoxyl: 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidone
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	5.51	16	1	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.81	3	0	organic molecular entity
potassium cyanide [no description available]	3.71	10	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
quinestrol Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)	3.01	4	0	17-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
cycloguanil cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.	2.11	1	0	triazines	antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	10.76	136	7	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	4.15	14	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
homoarginine L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.	4.35	3	1	homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.67	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
fluoranthene fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.	3	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
benzo(k)fluoranthene [no description available]	2.1	1	0	naphthalenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	3.99	13	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.96	13	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
dibenzo(1,4)dioxin dibenzo(1,4)dioxin: structure	2.48	2	0	dibenzodioxine; heteranthrene; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; oxacycle; polycyclic heteroarene
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	4	13	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.97	4	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
azulene [no description available]	1.98	1	0	azulenes; mancude carbobicyclic parent; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
triethylenediamine triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.	1.97	1	0	bridged compound; diamine; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent; tertiary amino compound	antioxidant; catalyst; reagent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.9	11	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	5.17	42	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	3.94	12	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	5.39	13	1	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	8.04	80	1	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	2.13	1	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	3.45	1	1	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	7.43	43	3	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	3.78	11	0	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	3.44	7	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	2.9	4	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
allylisopropylacetamide Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.	1.95	1	0
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	5.74	32	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	2.45	2	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	1.98	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
perfluorodecalin perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute.	2.39	2	0	fluorocarbon	blood substitute; solvent
paraoxon [no description available]	2.74	3	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	3.56	8	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	3.81	10	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	heptanoate ester; sterol ester	androgen
opipramol Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.	2.05	1	0	dibenzoazepine
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	4.33	4	1	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.79	3	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
triflusal triflusal: inhibits platelet aggregation similarly to aspirin; structure	2.06	1	0	benzoic acids; carboxylic ester; salicylates
6-aminonicotinamide 6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.	2.41	2	0	aminopyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary amino compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; teratogenic agent
flurothyl Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.	2.11	1	0	ether
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	5.56	14	1	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
perfluorodecanoic acid perfluorodecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.	1.98	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.25	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.24	5	0	steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.31	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	2.58	2	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
cuprizone [no description available]	2.93	3	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	7.4	11	4	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	2.92	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
triphenyltin fluoride triphenyltin fluoride: induces hypertriglyceridemia in rabbits	7.36	2	0
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	7.67	3	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	2	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	4.07	5	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.53	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	3.45	7	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfur-containing amino acid; thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antidote; antioxidant; hepatoprotective agent
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.87	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)	2.36	2	0	amphetamines
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	5.88	8	3	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine [no description available]	4.12	3	1	amino acid zwitterion; homocystines	human metabolite
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	3.48	1	1	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
chlorfenvinphos Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.	7	1	0	dichlorobenzene; organic phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	4.49	5	1	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	4.12	3	1	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	1.99	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	4.36	18	0
boldine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
rhein [no description available]	3.04	4	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
berbamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	phenylpropanoid
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	2.49	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	2.13	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	3	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
retene retene: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	3.67	9	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	1.96	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	4.55	24	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	6.27	50	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	2.58	2	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	3	4	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
isomaltose [no description available]	3.53	1	1
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	5.68	22	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
olivetol olivetol: from cannabidiol by pyrolysis; structure. olivetol : A member of the class of resorcinols that is resorcinol in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a pentyl group.	8.14	1	0	resorcinols	lichen metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.97	4	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	epsilon-lactone
4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.48	2	0	4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative
oxetane oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.	2.13	1	0	oxetanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
phorone phorone: an industrial solvent; structure	2.65	3	0	dialkenyl ketone
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	4.1	3	0
1,3-propanediol propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.	1.96	1	0	propane-1,3-diols	metabolite; protic solvent
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	5.39	13	1	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	5.87	12	2	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
hexacosanoic acid hexacosanoic acid: a C(26) saturated acid. hexacosanoic acid : A 26-carbon, straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.	2.04	1	0	fatty acid 26:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2	1	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	5.69	28	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
anemonin anemonin: a furanone dimer found in RANUNCULACEAE; do not confuse with anemonine which is 5-(carboxymethyl)-1,1-dimethylimidazolium hydroxide inner salt; ranunculine is hydrolyzed to protoanemonin which dimerizes to anemonin; structure	2.53	2	0
cadmium carbonate cadmium carbonate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-CO3	2.03	1	0
elemene elemene: a sclerosing and antineoplastic agent isolated from Curcuma wenyujin & Rhizoma zedoariae; beta- and delta- elemene are also available	2.03	1	0
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	5.77	16	1	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	3.28	6	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	8.03	45	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	4.08	3	1	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	3.68	8	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	4.03	14	0
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	3.24	5	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.98	4	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.57	8	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.37	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
syringic acid syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.	3.06	4	0	benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
6-methoxybenzoxazolinone 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone: plant derivative which stimulates reproduction in Microtus montanus. 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone : A 2-benzoxazolinone that is substituted by a methoxy group at position 6.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoxazole	antibacterial agent; anticonvulsant; antifungal agent; muscle relaxant; plant metabolite
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	3.39	1	1	thiazoles
hydroxyhydroquinone benzene-1,2,4-triol : A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.	1.98	1	0	benzenetriol	mouse metabolite
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	3.48	2	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	1.99	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	5.39	21	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	2.38	2	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
4-methylphenylhydrazine 4-methylphenylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0
cetyl palmitate palmityl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of palmitic acid with palmityl alcohol. It is used as a thickener and emollient in cosmetics.	2.15	1	0	hexadecanoate ester	metabolite
uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	1	0
3-aminobutyric acid 3-aminobutyric acid: GABA uptake inhibitor. 3-aminobutanoic acid : A beta-amino acid that is butyric acid which is substituted by an amino group at position 3.	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
muscone muscone: structure in first source	2.83	3	0
cadmium acetate cadmium acetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.68	3	0
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	6.49	67	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	6.39	17	2	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
violacein [no description available]	3.55	2	0
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	2.01	1	0
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.99	4	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
paeonol paeonol: structure	3.79	10	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
2-nitrobenzaldehyde 2-nitrobenzaldehyde: structure given in first source. 2-nitrobenzaldehyde : Benzaldehyde substituted at the ortho-position with a nitro group.	2.15	1	0	benzaldehydes; C-nitro compound
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	3.24	6	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	3.55	8	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.75	3	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
4-aminobenzaldehyde 4-aminobenzaldehyde: a yellow colorimetric indicator for detecting fluoride; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	benzaldehydes
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	2.06	1	0	terpineol; tertiary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	2.53	2	0	glycerophosphocholine
formestane [no description available]	2.11	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enol; hydroxy steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2.17	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.46	2	0	bis(azo) compound
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	8.07	26	1	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
2-benzoquinone 2-benzoquinone: reacts with methionines of RNAase at pH 1; reagent for determining conformational differences in related proteins. 1,2-benzoquinone : A benzoquinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol.	1.97	1	0	1,2-benzoquinones; benzoquinone
alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	thia fatty acid
potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.	2.08	1	0	carbonate salt; potassium salt	catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant
nitrosobenzene [no description available]	2	1	0	benzenes; nitroso compound	xenobiotic metabolite
methyl n-butyl ketone Methyl n-Butyl Ketone: An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.. hexanone : A ketone that is a hexane carrying an oxo substituent at unspecified position.	1.98	1	0	ketone
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	3.74	10	0	organic sulfide
dimethyl mercury [no description available]	2.48	2	0	methylmercury compound
ethylmalonic acid ethylmalonic acid: don't confuse with diethyl malonate, which is a diester. ethylmalonate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of ethylmalonic acid.. ethylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid obtained by substitution of one of the methylene hydrogens of malonic acid by an ethyl group.	2.11	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	2.77	3	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
galactitol [no description available]	2.5	2	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol 2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
2-hydrazinobenzothiazole [no description available]	1.97	1	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	15.87	293	28	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
ethyl pyruvate [no description available]	4.33	18	0	oxo carboxylic acid
5-methyl-2-furfural 5-methyl-2-furfural: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified	2	1	0	aldehyde; furans	EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; human metabolite; Maillard reaction product
4,4'-bisphenol f 4,4'-bisphenol F: RN given refers to parent cpd. bisphenol F : A bisphenol that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.31	1	0	bisphenol; diarylmethane	environmental food contaminant; xenoestrogen
isovanillin isovanillin: inhibits aldehyde oxidase. isovanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is 4-methoxybenzaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase.	2.15	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	animal metabolite; antidiarrhoeal drug; antifungal agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
methyl isocyanate methyl isocyanate: structure. methyl isocyanate : The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.	1.98	1	0	isocyanates	allergen; apoptosis inducer
6-methyluracil 6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.	1.98	1	0	pyrimidone	metabolite
3-methylglutaric acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	metabolite
dibromoacetic acid dibromoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by bromo groups.	2.15	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid	apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; marine metabolite
1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea: structure. 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 1, 3 and 3 respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	1.97	1	0	ureas	human metabolite
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.41	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester	hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.17	1	0
clopenthixol Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	2.02	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; primary alcohol; thioxanthenes	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
n-phenylpyrrole N-phenylpyrrole: structure in first source	1.93	1	0
4-hydroxyisophthalic acid 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.75	3	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2.73	3	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chromonar Chromonar: A coronary vasodilator agent.	2.4	2	0	coumarins
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	1.95	1	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
dibutyldichlorotin [no description available]	2.49	2	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	3.47	7	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide [no description available]	2.08	1	0
2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 have been replaced by chlorines. A highly toxic and carcinogenic disinfection by-product found in drinking water.	2.21	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; poison
methoxytryptophol [no description available]	2	1	0	indoles
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.08	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
(pentafluorophenyl)hydrazine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine: metabolite of HCFU & 5-fluorouracil; structure in first source	1.98	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
benzoylarginine nitroanilide Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide: A chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. The substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product.	2.06	1	0
diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.	2.06	1	0	ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine	antidiarrhoeal drug
nitrosobenzylmethylamine nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure	1.98	1	0
methidathion methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops	3.12	5	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
deoxycytidine [no description available]	9.49	5	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyadenosine 2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	7.69	3	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diazoxon diazoxon: a pesticide; structure. diazoxon : An organic phosphate that is diethyl hydrogen phosphate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 6-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a metabolite of the pesticide diazinon.	2.47	2	0	organic phosphate; pyrimidines	marine xenobiotic metabolite
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	2.95	4	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	3.04	4	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-vinylbenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid 4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid: phenyl deriv of GABA; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.81	3	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicotinamide mononucleotide Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.	2.13	1	0	nicotinamide mononucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimethoxon dimethoxon: pesticide	2.77	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
tetradecyltrimethylammonium tetradecyltrimethylammonium: cationic surfactant; used to determine thermal stability of DNA; Catrimox-14 is the tradename of the oxalate; Catrimox-14 lyses cells and simultaneously precipitates RNA and was demonstrated useful in isolating RNA from whole blood	2.01	1	0
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	6.79	32	2	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
decabromobiphenyl ether decabromobiphenyl ether: a flame retardant. decabromodiphenyl ether : A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines.	4.31	17	0	polybromodiphenyl ether	neurotoxin
gallium arsenide [no description available]	2.41	2	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	3.41	7	0
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.59	2	0	cadmium molecular entity
germanium oxide germanium oxide: has antimutagenic effects; RN given refers to cpd with MF GeO2	2.54	2	0
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	1.96	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.1	15	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	12.32	49	2	zinc molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	vanadium oxide
lead sulfide lead sulfide: surma refers to fine powder-like mascara, applied to conjunctival surfaces of eyes; originally contained antimony sulfide (derived from Urdu word for antimony); recently lead sulfide has been used due to scarcity of antimony; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-S; galena is the principal ore of lead sulfide. Black kohl stone and red-brown kohl stone are widely used in eye cosmetics in the Middle East, Asia and Africa	2.54	2	0
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	3.99	12	0
beta-pinene beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.	2.08	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	2.02	1	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	8.84	11	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	8.33	18	3	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	21.72	1,525	203	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	9.47	71	6
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	2.37	2	0	aliphatic nitrile
picolinamide picolinamide: degradation product of diquat. pyridinecarboxamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is a substituted pyridine in which at least one of the substituents is a carboxamide or N-substituted caraboxamide group.. picolinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of picolinic acid.	1.98	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide
isonicotinamide isonicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of isonicotinic acid.	2.4	2	0	pyridinecarboxamide
selenomethionine [no description available]	5.6	15	1	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
selenocystine selenocystine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	diselenide; selenoamino acid
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.45	2	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
diphenyldiselenide diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source	2.78	3	0
nitroxinil Nitroxinil: Proposed anthelmintic for fasciola and liver fluke infestations.	1.98	1	0
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	2.21	1	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	7.48	115	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.59	2	0	tertiary amine
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	3.67	9	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.42	2	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	3.48	8	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.42	2	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
methiocarb Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; carbamate ester; methyl sulfide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; molluscicide; xenobiotic
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	3.15	5	0	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	4.36	7	0	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
n-isopropylacrylamide N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands	2.11	1	0
octachloronaphthalene Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.	2.8	3	0
(nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid (nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; an antiscalant	2.17	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	2.48	2	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	8.12	5	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	2.9	4	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.76	3	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.69	3	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.17	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	2.4	2	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
ethamsylate Ethamsylate: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.	2.48	2	0	organosulfur compound; sulfonic acid derivative
n,n-dimethylacrylamide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
dichloroacetonitrile dichloroacetonitrile: by-product of water chlorination; structure given in first source	2.57	2	0	aliphatic nitrile
benzo(a)pyrene-1,6-quinone benzo(a)pyrene-1,6-quinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
benzo(a)pyrene-3,6-quinone [no description available]	2	1	0
dibromoacetonitrile dibromoacetonitrile: by-product of water chlorination; structure given in first source	2.96	4	0	aliphatic nitrile
methional [no description available]	2.39	2	0	aliphatic sulfide	prostaglandin antagonist
didodecyldimethylammonium didodecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	0
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	3.19	5	0	primary alcohol
1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane: a flame retardant and androgen receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.06	4	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	8.38	43	8	thujene	plant metabolite
1-octen-3-ol 1-octen-3-ol: main flavor component of mushrooms; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; bait for insect vectors (tsetse, sandflies, mosquitoes). oct-1-en-3-ol : An alkenyl alcohol with a structure based on a C8 unbranched chain with the hydroxy group at C-2 and unsaturation at C-1-C-2. It is a major volatile compound present in many mushrooms and fungi.	2.17	1	0	alkenyl alcohol; medium-chain fatty alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fungal metabolite; insect attractant; volatile oil component
2,3-diketogulonic acid 2,3-Diketogulonic Acid: Metabolite of ASCORBIC ACID and the oxidized form of the lactone DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID.. 2,3-diketogulonic acid : A carbohydrate acid formally derived from gulonic acid by oxidation of the -OH groups at positions 2 and 3 to keto groups.	1.96	1	0
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	3.5	6	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	4.19	17	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
palmatine burasaine: structure in first source	2.52	2	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	plant metabolite
embramine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	diarylmethane
azo rubin s azo rubin S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0
phenoxyacetic acid phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.	2.58	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant growth retardant
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	1.95	1	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
nafenopin Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid
streptomycin [no description available]	2.75	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	3.89	12	0	carbon oxoanion
sulisobenzone [no description available]	2.61	2	0	benzophenones
cladribine [no description available]	3.08	1	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.02	4	0	phthalic acid monoester
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	6.99	28	1
diphenylarsinic acid diphenylarsinic acid: a degradation product of diphenylcyanoarsine or diphenylchloroarsine, both of which were developed as chemical warfare agents; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	13.36	44	8	aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	4.9	35	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	4.53	4	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
1-hydroxypyrene 1-hydroxypyrene: pyrene metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.47	7	0	pyrenes
imidocarb Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.	2.07	1	0	ureas	antiprotozoal drug
octylmethoxycinnamate octylmethoxycinnamate: a sunscreen used for prevention of DNA photodamage	2.21	1	0	cinnamate ester
1-nitropyrene [no description available]	2.42	2	0	nitroarene	carcinogenic agent
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.08	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	5.58	16	1	dioxolane
carbaspirin calcium [no description available]	3.37	1	1
ferrous lactate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	lactate salt
terbutylazine terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.6	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.9	3	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.67	9	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-one : A pyridone that is pyridin-2(1H)-one substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical chlorpyrifos.. 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol : A hydroxypyridine that is pyridin-2-ol substituted by chloro groups at positions 3,5 and 6. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical chlorpyrifos.	2.41	1	0	chloropyridine; hydroxypyridine; pyridone	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
sodium metasilicate sodium metasilicate: RN given refers to silicic acid, di-Na salt. sodium silicate : An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.	2.11	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
levodopa methyl ester levodopa methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer	2.37	2	0	tyrosine derivative
hepes [no description available]	2.02	1	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
lanthanum [no description available]	4.34	19	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	13.42	66	2	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	13.08	38	2	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	3.83	10	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	2.47	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.15	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	3.38	7	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
praseodymium Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.	2.13	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.4	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	5.28	47	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
thorium Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.	2.48	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	5.18	44	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	3.8	1	1	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.85	3	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	10.86	430	1	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	5.68	17	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	8.88	85	2	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	1.98	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3.96	13	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	10.82	32	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.76	3	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	3.17	5	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	4.34	19	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	2.49	2	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.21	1	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	4.52	22	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.7	3	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.44	2	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	6.73	21	1	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	4.98	37	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	4.84	7	1	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	6.38	49	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
diethyl malate diethyl malate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. diethyl malate : A malate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the two carboxy groups of malic acid with two molecules of ethanol respectively.	1.97	1	0	malate ester	metabolite
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.46	2	0	sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	4.16	3	1	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	4.01	14	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	4.59	26	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	4.43	8	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	7.58	52	3	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.94	4	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	2.21	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	1.97	1	0	diatomic bromine
monoethylglycinexylidide monoethylglycinexylidide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; metabolite of xylocaine; structure. monoethylglycinexylidide : Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.	3.46	1	1	amino acid amide	drug metabolite
s-methylcysteine S-methylcysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. S-methylcysteine : A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.	2.03	1	0	S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion; S-alkyl-L-cysteine	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	7.04	22	4	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	2.04	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.93	3	0	inorganic sodium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	2.4	2	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	2.4	2	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	3.72	10	0	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.85	12	0	iron coordination entity
lead chloride lead chloride: RN in 9th CI Form Index for cotunnite: 14639-87-3; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-Cl2. lead(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.	2.79	3	0	inorganic chloride; lead coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	3.81	11	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	6.14	30	1	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.69	3	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.98	4	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.05	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	3.99	13	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	4.73	11	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.8	3	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.69	3	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
silver iodide silver iodide: RN given refers to silver iodide [1:1]	2.03	1	0
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	2.05	1	0	metal sulfate	allergen
beryllium chloride beryllium chloride: RN given refers to BeCl2. beryllium dichloride : A compound of beryllium (+2 oxidation state) and chloride in the ratio 1:2.	2.07	1	0	beryllium molecular entity; inorganic chloride	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin
potassium chromate(vi) potassium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-CrH2O4. potassium chromate : A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.06	1	0	potassium salt	carcinogenic agent; oxidising agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	1.96	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2.11	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.17	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
chlorosulfonic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0
ammonium perchlorate [no description available]	2.45	2	0
methyl demeton methyl mercaptophos: was MH 1972-91 (see under INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (1975-90, Prov 1972-74))	1.96	1	0
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	3.37	1	1
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	3.39	7	0
antimony trichloride antimony trichloride : An inorganic chloride salt with formula SbCl3. It is used as a reagent for detecting vitamin A and related carotenoids, reacting with the carotenoid to form a blue complex that can be measured by colorimetry (the Carr-Price test). Solutions of antimony trichloride were formerly used for dissolving and removing horn stubs from calves and goats.	1.99	1	0	antimony molecular entity; inorganic chloride	apoptosis inducer; colorimetric reagent; Lewis acid
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	17.07	88	3	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	3.09	5	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.72	3	0	aluminium sulfate
radon Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.	2.17	1	0	monoatomic radon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ferric phosphate ferric phosphate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(3+) phosphate : An inorganic phosphate having Fe(3+) as the counterion.	1.97	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic phosphate; iron molecular entity
ammonium ferric sulfate ammonium ferrous sulfate: supplies nutritional iron. ferrous ammonium sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of ammonium, iron and sulfate in which the ratio of ammonium to iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 2:1:2.	2.41	2	0	ammonium salt; iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	ferroptosis inducer
chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant	2.42	2	0	chlorine dioxide
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	4.17	15	0	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	8.88	96	6	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	11.95	67	1	cadmium coordination entity
cadmium sulfate cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4	2.78	3	0	cadmium salt
cadmium nitrate cadmium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd. cadmium nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having Cd(2+) as the counterion.	2.05	1	0	cadmium salt; inorganic nitrate salt	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; hepatotoxic agent
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.15	5	0
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.	2.41	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent; androgen
rhamnose [no description available]	2.46	2	0	L-rhamnose
nitrogen tetroxide nitrogen tetroxide: toxic irritant in rocket fuel; structure	2.02	1	0	nitrogen oxide	oxidising agent
sodium bichromate sodium bichromate: RN given refers to di-Na salt	3.09	5	0	inorganic sodium salt
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	3	4	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
chrysotile Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)	3.12	5	0
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.41	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
gallium chloride gallium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
nickel carbonyl nickel carbonyl: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-(CO)4; structure	2.48	2	0	metal carbonyl; nickel coordination entity
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	5.11	41	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
sodium tungstate(vi) sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.	2.21	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	reagent
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	1.97	1	0
dechlorane plus dechlorane plus: a flame retardant; structure in first source	2.84	3	0
quinalphos quinalphos: RN given refers to cpd with locant for quinoxalinyl group in position 2; structure	2.5	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
mopidamol Mopidamol: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits platelet aggregation. Formerly used as an antineoplastic.	2.67	3	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	trialkyl phosphate
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	2.17	1	0	anthraquinone
indium nitrate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
tiletamine Tiletamine: Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.	2.03	1	0	aralkylamine
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.9	4	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.92	4	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
phytanic acid Phytanic Acid: A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.. phytanic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.	2.4	2	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	2.43	2	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
cycasin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl	2.21	1	0	nereistoxin analogue insecticide
thiamphenicol [no description available]	2.58	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	3.16	5	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	5.82	4	2	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
ferric nitrilotriacetate ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)	4.24	18	0	iron chelate	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
n'-nitrosonornicotine N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals	1.98	1	0	pyridines; pyrrolidines
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.64	27	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	2.31	1	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
sodium bisulfide sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)	5.11	39	0
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
fluoroboric acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	boron fluoride
gold tetrachloride, acid gold tetrachloride, acid: used in root canal therapy; RN given refers to (SP-4-1)	2.1	1	0
fluorides [no description available]	6.24	31	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
18-crown-6 18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.03	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	phase-transfer catalyst
stilbene oxide stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0	epoxide
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
benomyl [no description available]	2.42	2	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	5.73	18	1	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
keracyanin cyanidin 3-rutinoside: an anthocyanin compound. cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside chloride : A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside as the cationic counterpart.	2.95	4	0	anthocyanin chlorides
taurolidine [no description available]	2	1	0	thiadiazinane
calcium dobesilate Calcium Dobesilate: A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.	4.95	4	2
iodine [no description available]	4.22	5	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	3.62	9	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
aluminum phosphide [no description available]	6.86	9	3
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	3.25	6	0	N-alkylpiperazine
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	2.15	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
indium phosphide indium phosphide: molecular formula - InP	2.17	1	0
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	2.49	2	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
zingerone zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.	3.29	5	0	methyl ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antiemetic; antioxidant; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	5.93	96	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
phenoxyethanol phenoxyethanol: structure. 2-phenoxyethanol : An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; glycol ether; primary alcohol	antiinfective agent; central nervous system depressant
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	5.61	9	2	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
4-ethylphenol 4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.	2	1	0	phenols	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
4-anisaldehyde 4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696. p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.	2.15	1	0	benzaldehydes	bacterial metabolite; human urinary metabolite; insect repellent; plant metabolite
acetylacetone acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.	7.68	3	0	beta-diketone
paraldehyde Paraldehyde: A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9). paraldehyde : A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	1.96	1	0	trioxane	sedative
pyrrolidine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.58	2	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
nonanal nonanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.74	3	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamide peroxide Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.	3.88	2	1	mixture	disinfectant; oxidising agent; reagent
tributyl phosphate tributyl phosphate: a detergent. tributyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2.21	1	0	trialkyl phosphate
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	2.7	3	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.09	14	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	3.84	11	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	2.96	4	0
proquazone proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure	6.95	1	0	pyrimidines
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
d,d-t80-prallethrin d,d-T80-prallethrin: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
pirimicarb pirimicarb: structure. pirimicarb : An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.11	1	0	aminopyrimidine; carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	2.17	1	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	3.16	5	0
triazophos triazophos: structure	2.81	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	12.25	53	2
n-methyl-n-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide : An N-silyl compound that is N-methyltrifluoroacetamide in which the amide nitrogen is replaced by a trimethylsilyl group. N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-silyl compound; trifluoroacetamide	chromatographic reagent
alkenes [no description available]	4.32	19	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	4.38	19	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	8.47	74	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	6.4	9	5	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	9.03	13	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	3.78	11	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	3.75	11	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	3.4	7	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
halofenate Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.	2.64	3	0
diisodecyl phthalate monodesmethylisoproturon: a metabolite of isoproturon; structure in first source	2.61	2	0	diester; phthalate ester
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	3.28	5	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	4.07	13	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
ensulizole ensulizole: sunscreening agent; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	benzimidazoles
vanadyl sulfate [no description available]	2.69	3	0	metal sulfate; vanadium coordination entity
emepronium Emepronium: A muscarinic antagonist used mainly in the treatment of urinary syndromes. It is incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier.	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane
ferrozine Ferrozine: A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron.	1.99	1	0
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.52	2	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
canadine canadine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. canadine : A berberine alkaloid that is 5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ether; berberine alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxacycle
moricizine Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.	1.96	1	0	carbamate ester; morpholines; phenothiazines	anti-arrhythmia drug
dehydrocorydalin dehydrocorydalin: alkaloid from Corydalis bulbuso D.C. used in therapy of peptic ulcer; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	alkaloid
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.74	3	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	2.25	1	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
zolazepam Zolazepam: A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.	2.03	1	0
3,4,5,3',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hexachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	1.99	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	6.59	17	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
15-crown-5 15-crown-5 : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is cyclopentadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 have been replaced by oxygen atoms to give a crown ether.	2.03	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
etoposide [no description available]	2.96	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	4.94	11	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.1	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	3.41	1	1	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	1.99	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2.1	1	0	hexachlorobiphenyl
diflubenzuron Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.	2.41	1	0	benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes	insect sterilant
enilconazole enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria	2	1	0	phenanthrenes
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	5.07	3	1	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lentinan [no description available]	2.75	3	0
2-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 2-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: present in parkinsonian & normal human brains; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	isoquinolinol; tertiary amino compound	human metabolite; neurotoxin; rat metabolite
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	5.57	16	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
2,4,5,2',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2.11	1	0
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	2.37	2	0
2,3,3',4',6-pentachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2.13	1	0
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	2.17	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
pendimethalin pendimethalin : A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.	2.31	1	0	C-nitro compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide
profenofos [no description available]	2.52	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bezafibrate [no description available]	4.68	6	1	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	5.33	13	1	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2.05	1	0	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
triadimefon 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; hemiaminal ether; ketone; monochlorobenzenes; triazoles
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.65	9	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-4-dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-4-dioxin: structure given in first source. 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzodioxine : An organobromine compound that is dibenzodioxine carrying four bromo substituents at positions 2, 3, 7 and 8.	2.25	1	0	dibenzodioxine; organobromine compound
n-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine: reactive arylating intermediate from acetaminophen & N-hydroxyacetaminophen; structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	ketoimine; quinone imine
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	3.41	1	1	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	7.61	129	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran: toxic product which was generated in Italy due to an explosion in a plant manufacturing 2,4,5-trichlorophenol	2.17	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzofuran
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	4.41	19	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
thidiazuron [no description available]	7.63	2	0	ureas
phenazepam [no description available]	1.96	1	0
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	4.45	4	1	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
exifone [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzophenones
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	2.7	3	0
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	5.92	22	1	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	6.12	6	1	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	7.18	49	2	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
diisopropanolnitrosamine diisopropanolnitrosamine: experimental carcinogen. N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.	1.97	1	0	diol; nitrosamine; secondary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	3.37	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	2.03	1	0	epoxide	intercalator
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	5.23	5	2	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	3.27	6	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
n-butoxyacetic acid n-butoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	carboxylic acid
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	12.46	10	3	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
metalaxyl metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.	2.17	1	0	alanine derivative; aromatic amide; carboxamide; ether; methyl ester
itanoxone itanoxone: RN from 9th CI Form Index; structure	1.96	1	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.75	3	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	1.99	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	3.29	5	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	12.06	43	2	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bopindolol bopindolol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. bopindolol : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bopindolol and (S)-bopindolol. It is a non-selective antagonist of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors and a prodrug in which the ester group is hydrolysed to form the corresponding hydroxy derivative.. 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl benzoate : A methylindole that is 2-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(benzoyloxy)-3-(tert-butylamino)propyl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoate ester; methylindole; secondary amino compound
bromethalin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	2.05	1	0
bde 206 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6-nonabromodiphenyl ether: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
salsoline salsoline: monomethylated metabolite of salsolinol; endogenous neurotoxin found in CSF of patients with Parkinson's disease	2.49	2	0	isoquinolines
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	1.98	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
oltipraz oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.	2.43	2	0	1,2-dithiole; pyrazines	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; protective agent; schistosomicide drug
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.76	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
triflumuron triflumuron: insect growth inhibitor	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	6.01	14	2	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	2.76	3	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
fenoxaprop ethyl Puma: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising one species, Puma concolor. It is a large, long-tailed, feline of uniform color. The names puma, cougar, and mountain lion are used interchangeably for this species. There are more than 20 subspecies.	2.59	2	0	aromatic ether
fluazifop-butyl fluazifop-butyl: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. fluazifop-butyl : A racemate that is the butyl ester of fluazifop. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control grass weeds in various broad-leaved crops.. butyl 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; organofluorine compound; pyridines
beclobrate beclobrate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
benalaxyl benalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer; structure given in first source. benalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-benalaxyl.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(phenylacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is the N-phenylacetyl derivative of methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)alaninate	2.49	2	0	alanine derivative; aromatic amide; carboxamide; methyl ester
sulotroban sulotroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	3.6	8	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
haloperidol decanoate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
dazoxiben dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.67	3	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.93	12	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
quizalofop-ethyl quizalofop-ethyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. quizalofop-ethyl : A racemate coprising equimolar amounts of quizalofop-P-ethyl and its enantiomer, (S)-quizalofop-ethyl. A proherbicide for quizalofop.. ethyl 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid with ethanol.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; organochlorine compound; quinoxaline derivative
dazmegrel [no description available]	2.89	4	0
3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone: structure given in first source	3.1	5	0	butenolide
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	15.18	57	15	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
balsalazide balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.	2.05	1	0
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	7.84	16	5	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
imazethapyr imazethapyr: do not confuse with imazapyr, which is the 5-desethyl analog of imazethapyr	2.05	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	1.98	1	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	5.88	8	3	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
methyl bensulfuron methyl bensulfuron: RN given refers to parent cpds. bensulfuron-methyl : The methyl ester of bensulfuron. An acetolactate synthase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide for the control of a variety of both annual and perennial weeds in crops, particularly wheat and rice. It is not licensed for use within the UK.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; methyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; pyrimidines	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.05	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	3.62	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
gusperimus gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride	2.01	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
dopexamine dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	catecholamine
chlorimuron ethyl chlorimuron ethyl: structure in first source. chlorimuron-ethyl : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of chlorimuron with ethanol. A proherbicide for chloimuron, it is used as herbicide for the control of broad-leaved weeds in peanuts, soya beans, and other crops.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; organochlorine pesticide; pyrimidines; sulfamoylbenzoate	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; proherbicide
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	3.8	2	1	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.53	2	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.83	3	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
opc 14117 OPC 14117: has both brain function activating effect & protective effect against cerebral ischemia; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	4.67	3	2	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
nsc 338720 penclomedine: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
zileuton [no description available]	2.48	2	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	5.34	4	1	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	2	1	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	6.58	9	2	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	11.86	63	18	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	3.87	11	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
draflazine draflazine: a nucleoside transport inhibitor; has cardioprotective effect; draflazine is the (-)-enantiomer; R 88016 is the (+)-enantiomer	1.99	1	0
3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.	1.99	1	0	organoiodine compound
simendan Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.	7.31	14	3
relcovaptan relcovaptan: a nonpeptide vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	proline derivative
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	2.11	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	2.21	1	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	10.45	61	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
metaldehyde metaldehyde: polymer of acetaldehyde. metaldehyde : A member of the class of tetroxocanes that is 1,3,5,7-tetroxocane which carries four methyl groups at positions 2,4,6 and 8. It is a potent molluscicide and the active ingredient in most slug pellets used for crop protection.	2.41	1	0	tetroxocane	fuel; molluscicide
safranal safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.	3.44	6	0	monoterpenoid
perfluoroisobutylene [no description available]	2.15	1	0
4-pentenoic acid 4-pentenoic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. pent-4-enoic acid : A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.	2.1	1	0	pentenoic acid
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	2.46	2	0	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
3-n-butylphthalide 3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source	3.02	4	0	benzofurans
sodium molybdate(vi) sodium molybdate(VI): RN given refers to molybdic acid, di-Na salt. sodium molybdate (anhydrous) : An inorganic sodium salt having molybdate as the counterion.	2.25	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	poison
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	3.96	13	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
lead selenide [no description available]	2.13	1	0
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	3.95	13	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	2.91	4	0
methylallyl trisulfide methylallyl trisulfide: platelet aggregation inhibitor in garlic	2.21	1	0
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	3.17	5	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
vanillyl alcohol vanillyl alcohol: structure. vanillyl alcohol : A monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	benzyl alcohols; guaiacols	plant metabolite
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.8	3	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
cuprous chloride cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.	2.69	3	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	agrochemical; molluscicide
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	4.75	2	1
halofuginone [no description available]	2.77	3	0	quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.5	2	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	6.47	160	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.	2.81	3	0	pentachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	7.86	164	1	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	8.86	12	0
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.14	5	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
ursolic acid [no description available]	4.31	17	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	2.77	3	0
3-aminoisobutyric acid 3-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-aminoisobutyric acid : A beta-amino-acid that is isobutyric acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by an amino group.	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	3.4	1	1	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	5.01	38	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.	1.99	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
betulinic acid [no description available]	3.93	11	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	2.61	2	0	lignan
baicalin [no description available]	4.47	20	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
allicin [no description available]	5.24	11	1	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	5.61	6	1	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	7.77	59	3	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.45	2	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
alpha-terthienyl [no description available]	2.5	2	0	terthiophene
deoxyuridine triphosphate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	deoxyuridine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	2.44	2	0	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
6-sulfatoxymelatonin 6-sulfatoxymelatonin: metabolite of melatonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	7.05	1	0	acetamides
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	3.8	11	0
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.31	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	2.81	3	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	1.95	1	0	iodine oxoacid
neocuproine neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.	2.41	2	0	phenanthrolines	chelator; copper chelator
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	2.73	3	0
o-(6)-methylguanine O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.	1.99	1	0	methylguanine	mutagen
surfactin peptide surfactin peptide: antineoplastic product isolated from Bacillus sp.	2.25	1	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	4.05	14	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	4.25	18	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	13.87	213	14	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.01	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
n-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	3.61	9	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
cedrol cedrol: a cyclic terpenoid from cedarwood oil; 8-epicedrol is an epimer	2.25	1	0	cedrane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol
erdosteine [no description available]	4.68	27	0	N-acyl-amino acid
st 679 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
dicarbine dicarbine: minor descriptor (77-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBOLINES (77-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.61	9	0
physodic acid physodic acid: lichen constituent	1.98	1	0	carbonyl compound
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	2.5	2	0	beta-carbolines
atrinositol [no description available]	1.98	1	0
etofibrate etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
milnacipran Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.	2.25	1	0	acetamides
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	1.97	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
raxofelast Raxofelast: prodrug of IRFI-005	2.92	4	0
repaglinide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	4.1	14	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
bergenin bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure	3.15	5	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether) hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	stilbenoid
boron nitride [no description available]	2.15	1	0	nitride
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	7.02	1	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
hexaconazole 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.5	2	0	dichlorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	chelator
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.51	2	0
protoanemonin protoanemonin: a furanone found in RANUNCULACEAE plants; structure given in first source; has antifungal & antibiotic properties; ranunculine is hydrolyzed to protoanemonin which dimerizes to anemonin	2.17	1	0	butenolide
phenoxazine phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.	1.98	1	0	phenoxazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
4-chlorophenethylamine 4-chlorophenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	5.75	20	1	phenanthroline
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole [no description available]	2.25	1	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	6.56	44	1	1,2,3-triazole
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid perfluorononanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is nonanoic acid in which all of the hydrogens in the alkyl chain are replaced by fluorines.	2.52	2	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	persistent organic pollutant; surfactant; xenobiotic
pinocembrin pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.	2.07	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; dihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
tangeretin tangeretin: structure given in first source; from citrus plants; inhibits invasion of MO4 mouse cells into embryonic chick heart in vitro. tangeretin : A pentamethoxyflavone flavone with methoxy groups at positions 4', 5, 6 , 7 and 8.. pentamethoxyflavone : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a five methoxy groups.	2.55	2	0	pentamethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
dictamnine dictamnine: furanoquinoline alkaloid; crosslinks DNA in presence of ultraviolet light	2.31	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
djenkolic acid djenkolic acid: amino acid isolated from djenkol bean; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure. L-djenkolic acid : A dithioacetal consisting of two molecules of L-cysteine joined via their sulfanyl groups to methylene.	2.02	1	0	dithioacetal; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	plant metabolite; toxin
comenic acid comenic acid: an ingredient of Baliz-2 that may have antibacterial and antioxidant activities	2.53	2	0
coumalic acid coumalic acid: RN given for parent cpd	2.07	1	0	pyranone
phenylacetylglycine phenylacetylglycine : A N-acylglycine that is glycine substituted on nitrogen with a phenylacetyl group.	3.53	1	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydracrylic acid 3-hydroxypropionic acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the terminal carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.3	6	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; omega-hydroxy-short-chain fatty acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
1-hexacosanol 1-hexacosanol: RN given for parent cpd. hexacosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-six carbon atoms.. hexacosan-1-ol : A very long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	hexacosanol; very long-chain primary fatty alcohol	insecticide; plant metabolite
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	2.41	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	3.44	7	0	benzodioxoles
1,2-dithiol-3-thione 1,2-dithiol-3-thione: has antioxidant activity; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	1,2-dithiole
1-octacosanol 1-octacosanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. octacosan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is octacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	fatty alcohol 28:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol	plant metabolite
toltrazuril toltrazuril: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	2.1	1	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	3.02	4	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
rilmenidine Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.	3.38	1	1	isourea
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.05	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
schizandrol b schizandrol B: from Schizandra chinensis, plant used as tonic in traditional Chinese medicine	2.07	1	0	tannin
delta sleep-inducing peptide Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.	2.95	4	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	3.33	6	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
propacetamol propacetamol: prodrug for acetaminophen; structure given in UD; RN given refers to HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 5/90	2.01	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
tianeptine tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.	2.45	2	0	dibenzothiazepine; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
drospirenone drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; steroid lactone	aldosterone antagonist; contraceptive drug; progestin
cloricromen cloricromen: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	coumarins
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	3.03	4	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
1-triacontanol 1-triacontanol: constituent of Apocynum venetum leaf & Cirsium segetum. triacontan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is triacontane in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.11	1	0	fatty alcohol 30:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol
1-methylhydantoin 1-methylhydantoin: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	bacterial metabolite
dimethyl itaconate dimethyl itaconate: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde: from African medicinal plants: Mondia whitei (Apocynaceae), Rhus vulagaris (Anacardiaceae), Sclerocarya caffra (Anacardiaceae)	2.13	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
n'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide N'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide: structure. N-methyl-6-pyridone-3-carboxamide : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted with a carboxamide group at C-5 and a methyl group at N-1.	2.03	1	0	methylpyridines; pyridinecarboxamide; pyridone	metabolite; mouse metabolite
indole-3-carboxylic acid indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.	2.01	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
2,3-diaminonaphthalene [no description available]	2.44	2	0
2-(aminomethyl)phenol [no description available]	2.66	2	0
3-chloroperbenzoic acid 3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; peroxy acid
2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde carrying hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.44	2	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	4.14	5	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.72	3	0
dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.	2.11	1	0	razoxane	antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	2.46	2	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	3.26	6	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
trichlorosucrose trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.	2.17	1	0	disaccharide derivative; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
secnidazole [no description available]	3.56	1	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; secondary alcohol	epitope
octylonium octylonium: RN given refers to bromide; structure	2.31	1	0	benzamides
parsalmide parsalmide: anti-inflammatory analgesic with possible antianxiety action; minor descriptor (79-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (79-86)	1.96	1	0	benzamides
tioxaprofen tioxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
fagomine fagomine: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	piperidines
hesperetin [no description available]	3.48	7	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
magnolol [no description available]	3.66	9	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	3.14	5	0	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	3.82	10	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
coptisine coptisine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	alkaloid	metabolite
jatrorrhizine jatrorrhizine: isolated from bark of Enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae); structure given in first source	2.5	2	0	alkaloid
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	3.18	5	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	3.3	5	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lycorine lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.	2.07	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
mesoporphyrin ix mesoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; mesoheme is the iron salt of mesoporphyrin IX. mesoporphyrin IX : A member of the class of mesoporphyrins obtained by formal hydrogenation of the two vinyl groups in protoporphyrin.	2.21	1	0
leupeptin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
2,2'-dithiobis(n-2-hydroxypropylbenzamide) 2,2'-dithiobis(N-2-hydroxypropylbenzamide): platelet aggregation inhibitor; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
cryptand 2.2 cryptand 2.2: a macrocyclic diaza-crown ether; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
indole-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
vexibinol vexibinol: flavanol from Sophora; structure in first source; RN given refers to (S-(R,S))-isomer. sophoraflavanone G : A tetrahydroxyflavanone having a structure of naringenin bearing an additional hydroxyl substituent at position 2' as well as a (2R)-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-1-yl (lavandulyl) substituent at position 8'.	2.13	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone	antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
xylenol orange xylenol orange: carboxylate anion which exhibits characteristic visible spectrum when attached to a metal	7.03	1	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	3.65	9	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
Tormentic acid tormentic acid: aglycone of Rosamultin	2.25	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	2.82	3	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
gliclazide 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor	2.11	1	0
brusatol brusatol: quassinoid from B. javanica; structure	2.25	1	0	triterpenoid
monotropein monotropein: isolated from the root of Morinda officinalis; structure in first source. monotropein : An iridoid monoterpenoid that is 1,4a,7,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 1, a carboxylic acid group at position 4, and at position 7 by a hydroxy and hydroxymethyl groups respectively (the 1S,4aS,7R,7aS diastereomer).	2.25	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; iridoid monoterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid; monosaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; metabolite
cornin iridoid cornin iridoid: structure	2.05	1	0	terpene glycoside
panaxadiol panaxadiol: a protopanaxadiol with the side chain cyclized into a pyran which is an artifact of acidic hydrolysis; RN refers to (3 beta,12 beta,20R)-isomer	2.99	4	0	triterpenoid saponin
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	3	4	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sakuranetin sakuranetin: major rice phytoalexin; RN given for ((S)-(-))-isomer; structure in first source. sakuranetin : A flavonoid phytoalexin that is (S)-naringenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.21	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; flavonoid phytoalexin; monomethoxyflavanone	antimycobacterial drug; plant metabolite
bilobalide [no description available]	3.18	5	0	sesquiterpene lactone
panaxatriol panaxatriol: a protopanaxatriol with the side chain cyclized into a pyran which is an artifact of acidic hydrolysis	2.05	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
indicine indicine: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R,3S),7abeta))-isomer	2.03	1	0	carboxylic ester; pyrrolizines
arjunolic acid arjunolic acid: oleanane type; isol from Cochlospermum tinctorium (Bixaceae); structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2alpha,3beta,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/89. arjunolic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 23 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). Isolated from Symplocos lancifolia and Juglans sinensis, it exhibits antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.	2.77	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antioxidant; metabolite
maslinic acid (2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria	2.1	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	5.09	8	1	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	4.32	17	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
pentafluorobenzyl bromide pentafluorobenzyl bromide : A member of the class benzyl bromides that is benzyl bromide in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the phenyl ring are replaced by fluoro groups. It is a versatile derivatization agent in chromatography and mass spectrometry.	7.13	1	0	benzyl bromides; fluorobenzenes
ethylene diurea [no description available]	2.17	1	0
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	2.11	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
monoethyl phthalate monoethyl phthalate: structure in first source. monoethyl phthalate : A phthalic acid monoester resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with ethanol.	2.54	2	0	ethyl ester; phthalic acid monoester	metabolite
2-aminoethylmethacrylate aminoethyl methacrylate: cell-adhesive dextran hydrogel	2.07	1	0	enoate ester
n-acetylhistidine N-acetylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetylhistidine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens of the alpha-amino group is substituted by an acetyl group.. N-acetyl-L-histidine : A histidine derivative that is L-histidine having an acetyl substituent on the alpha-nitrogen.	6.98	1	0	L-histidine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acetylhistidine	animal metabolite
9-oxononanoic acid 9-oxononanoic acid: effects lipogenesis in rat liver. 9-oxononanoic acid : A medium-chain oxo-fatty acid that is the 9-oxo derivative of nonanoic acid.	2.06	1	0	aldehydic acid; medium-chain fatty acid; omega-oxo fatty acid	EC 6.4.1.2 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) inhibitor
perfluoropentanoic acid perfluoropentanoic acid: an ion-pairing agent. perfluoropentanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated pentanoic acid.	2.17	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
1-methyl-2-phenylindole [no description available]	5.26	4	1
3(2h)-pyridazinone, 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-phenyl- [no description available]	1.96	1	0
g 25671 G 25671: metabolite of sulfinpyrazone; inhibits human platelet cyclo-oxygenase activity	1.96	1	0	aryl sulfide
isouramil isouramil: aglycone of convicine	1.99	1	0
ethyl protocatechuate ethyl protocatechuate: structure. ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol. It is the anti-oxidative component of peanut seed testa.	2.11	1	0	catechols; ethyl ester	antibacterial agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine tris(2-aminoethyl)amine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	tetramine
rivastigmine [no description available]	2.85	3	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	7.6	22	7	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
5-hydroxymethyluracil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidone	human metabolite
1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid: used in urinary test for smoking	7.39	2	0
2,4,6-trichlorophenylhydrazine 2,4,6-trichlorophenylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.71	3	0
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	2.31	1	0
tetraconazole tetraconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-tetraconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of fungal infections including powdery mildew, rusts, bunt, loose smut and scab.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl group.	2.31	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; organofluorine compound; triazoles
hydroxyguanidine N-hydroxyguanidine : A member of the class of guanidines that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent
3,7-dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol Geranium: A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. Geranium is also used as a common name for PELARGONIUM.	2.04	1	0
methiin methiin: distributed in Liliaceae(garlic, onions, etc.) & Cruciferae (cabbage, radish, etc.); one of greater sources of sulfur-containing amino acids in Japan; studied for nutritional value; increased splenic iron decrease erythrocyte counts; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0	alpha-amino acid
bexarotene [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
s20098 [no description available]	3.23	5	0	acetamides
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	4.27	17	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
propagermanium propagermanium: inhibits the calcium inward currents & the potassium outward currents	2.44	2	0	organogermanium compound
n-hydroxymethylformamide N-hydroxymethylformamide: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
4-phenylbutylamine 4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	3.8	1	1	benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound
eriocitrin eriocitrin: structure in first source. eriocitrin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of eriodictyol substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.31	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; rutinoside; trihydroxyflavanone	antioxidant
acetaminophen cysteine acetaminophen cysteine: an acetaminophen metabolite	2.21	1	0	S-conjugate
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	7.74	11	2	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	3.31	6	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
alpha-tocopherol quinol [no description available]	1.96	1	0
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	2.93	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
cyproconazole cyproconazole: inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi. cyproconazole : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-cyproconazole in ratio 1:1 with the enantiomeric pair (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-cyproconazole. A broad spectrum fungicide, it is used on cereals and other field crops used to control Septoria, rust, powdery mildew and other diseases.. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-2-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group at position 2, a cyclopropyl group at position 3 and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group at position 1.	2.13	1	0	cyclopropanes; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
carfentrazone-ethyl carfentrazone-ethyl: structure in first source. carfentrazone-ethyl : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-carfentrazone-ethylcarfentrazone-ethyl. A proherbicide for the herbicide carfentrazone (by hydrolysis of the ester group to the corresponding acid), it is used to control broad-leafed weeds in potatoes and cereal crops.. ethyl 2-chloro-3-{2-chloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-4-fluorophenyl}propanoate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-chloro-3-{2-chloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-4-fluorophenyl}propanoic acid with ethanol.	2.41	1	0	ethyl ester	proherbicide
1-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cp094 1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one: structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
thifluzamide thifluzamide: a fungicide; structure in first source. thifluzamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dibromo-4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline. Used to control Rhizoctonia spp. diseases on rice, potatoes, maize, grass and other crops.	2.17	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; anilide fungicide; aromatic amide; aromatic ether; dibromobenzene; organofluorine compound	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
s-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate S-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate: induces system acquired resistance in wheat; structure in first source. acibenzolar-S-methyl : A benzothiadiazole that is the S-methyl thioester derivative of acibenzolar. A profungicide (by hydrolysis of the thioester group to give the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as a fungicide and plant activator on a variety of crops, including cotton, chili peppers, lettuce, onions, spinach, tobacco, and tomatoes.	2.66	2	0	benzothiadiazole; thioester	antifungal agrochemical; plant activator; profungicide
cloransulam-methyl cloransulam-methyl: structure in first source. cloransulam-methyl : The methyl ester of cloransulam. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), it prevents the synthesis of amino acids in plants and is used as a herbicide for the control of post-emergence control of broad-leaved weeds in soybeans. It is not approved for use within the European Area.	2.6	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide; triazolopyrimidines	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: cyclic condensation product of ribose and cysteine; structure given in first source; prodrug of L-cysteine; stimulates glutathione biosynthesis; has protective effect against radiation-induced injury and oxidative stress	3.01	3	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.82	2	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
loganin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; iridoid monoterpenoid; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide 2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide: thiation agent; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
fenozan fenozan: do not confuse with the phenothiazine phenosan	1.97	1	0
gentiopicroside gentiopicroside: a secoiridoid in Gentiana with rearrangement to two pyran rings	2.08	1	0	glycoside
dihydroisotanshinone i dihydroisotanshinone I: isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; structure given in first source	2.47	2	0
acetyl methyl tetramethyl tetralin acetyl methyl tetramethyl tetralin: musk fragrance; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0	tetralins
mebeverine gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol	2.49	2	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	8.34	47	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
bay 93820 isocarbophos: an organophosphorus insecticide	2.31	1	0	isopropyl ester; organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester; salicylates	agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	9.23	48	7	iditol	fungal metabolite
beta-thujone [no description available]	2.11	1	0	beta-thujone
aucubin [no description available]	2.98	4	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
cholestanol, (3alpha, 5beta)-isomer epicoprostanol: antioxidant; a major constituent of ambergris	2.03	1	0	cholestanoid
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	5.24	11	1	hydroxyisoflavans
friedelin 3-friedelanone: from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis; structure in first source. friedelin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork.	2.11	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; plant metabolite
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	8.43	7	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
cholest-4-en-3-one cholest-4-en-3-one : A cholestanoid that is cholest-4-ene substituted by an oxo group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cholestanoid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
3,4-(dichloro)-5-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone 3,4-(dichloro)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
galaxolide galaxolide: musk fragrance; structure given in first source. galaxolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydrocyclopenta[g]isochromene substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 6, 7, 8 and 8 respectively. It is a synthetic musk used as a fragrance in cosmetics.	3	4	0	isochromenes; organic heterotricyclic compound	fragrance
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.84	3	0
goethite [no description available]	2.21	1	0
1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane 1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	1.99	1	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile): free radical initiator in liposome systems	2.69	3	0
glycidamide glycidamide: metabolite of acrylamide; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	12.93	139	25	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
salsolinol salsolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; EP to SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); on-line search SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); Index Medicus search ISOQUINOLINES (78-82). (S)-salsolinol : A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.	3.01	4	0	1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol	human urinary metabolite
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt	2.06	1	0
tolclofos-methyl tolclofos-methyl: a fungicide used in the cultivation of cotton, sugar beets, and ornamental plants. tolclofos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is 2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group group has been replaced by a dimethoxyphosphorothioyl group. Tolclofos-methyl is a phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor and fungicide that is used for controlling soil-borne diseases caused by Typhula incarnata, Corticium rolfsii, Typhula ishikariensis, and Rhizoctonia solani.	2.21	1	0	dichlorobenzene; organic thiophosphate	antifungal agrochemical
raiser raiser: an herbicide	2.1	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; organochlorine compound; pyrrolidines	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; herbicide
coronatine coronatine: consists of a coronafacic acid joined by an amide bond to coronamic acid by coronafacate ligase; phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4(1R,2R),6beta,7alpha))-isomer;	3.19	5	0	N-acyl-amino acid
kathon 930 Kathon 930: cp was added to finishing agents in textile factories; caused contact dermatitis; structure given in first source. 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone : A 1,2-thiazole that is 1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one substituted by chloro groups at positions 4 and 5 and an octyl group at position 2. It is used as a fungicide.	2.21	1	0	1,2-thiazoles; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; fungicide; xenobiotic
penconazole penconazole: structure given in first source. penconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-penconazole. A fungicide used to control powdery mildew, scab and other pathogenic Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the classof triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl group.	2.63	2	0	dichlorobenzene; triazoles
quinclorac quinclorac: an herbicide. quinclorac : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-8-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 have been replaced by chlorines. It is used (particularly as its dimethylamine salt, known as quinclorac-dimethylammonium) as a (rather persistent) herbicide for the post-emergence control of weeds in rice, grass and turf. It is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	agrochemical; herbicide; synthetic auxin
halosulfuron methyl halosulfuron methyl: an herbicide; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	pyrazoles
ac 263,222 imazapic: imidazolinone herbicide. imazapic : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazapic. It is a selective imidazolinone herbicide for pre- and post-emergent control of some annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds. It kills plants by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS).. 5-methyl-2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is 5-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl group, which in turn is substituted at positions 4, 4, and 5 by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups, respectively.	2.13	1	0	imidazolines; imidazolone; methylpyridines; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
delta-tocopherol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food antioxidant; plant metabolite
sarsasapogenin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	sapogenin
succinyl-coenzyme a [no description available]	2.05	1	0	omega-carboxyacyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; inhibitor; mouse metabolite
tetrakis-mu-acetylsalicylato-dicopper(ii) tetrakis-mu-acetylsalicylato-dicopper(II): used in treatment of arthritis	1.99	1	0
levobupivacaine Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.	3.86	2	1	1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide	adrenergic antagonist; amphiphile; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; local anaesthetic
zofenopril zofenopril: structure given in first source; SQ 26900 refers to K salt & SQ 26991 to Ca salt. zofenopril : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.	2.11	1	0	aryl sulfide; L-proline derivative; N-acyl-L-amino acid; thioester	anticonvulsant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug; vasodilator agent
trinexapac-ethyl trinexapac-ethyl: structure in first source. trinexapac-ethyl : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of trinexapac with ethanol.	2.15	1	0
aluminum maltolate aluminum maltolate: aluminum cpd, not an aluminum salt	2.21	1	0
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	8.2	16	3	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
propionyl-coenzyme a propionyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	acyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
annatto annatto: coloring matter from seeds of Bixa orellana L., Bixaceae; contains bixin and pigments that give carotene reactions; induces hyperglycemia	2.84	3	0
n(alpha)-acetyllysine N(alpha)-acetyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. acetyl-L-lysine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-lysine.. N(2)-acetyl-L-lysine : An acetyl-L-lysine where the acetyl group is located at the N(2)-posiiton.	2.42	2	0	acetyl-L-lysine; amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite
arginine methyl ester arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.58	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	3.52	2	0
xanthorrhizol xanthorrhizol: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
n-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl)maleimide N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl)maleimide: fluorescent thiol reagent; structure	1.97	1	0
n-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
cv 6504 CV 6504: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
methyl beta-galactoside methyl beta-galactoside: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer. methyl galactoside : A methyl glycoside in which the H of the OH group on C-1 of galactose is replaced by a methyl group.. methyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.11	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; methyl D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	4.34	4	1
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.31	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
pyrroline pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.	2.42	2	0	pyrroline
1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one [no description available]	1.97	1	0
dansyl hydrazine [no description available]	2.25	1	0
sesaminol sesaminol: structure given in first source; RN given from CAS Index Guide 1990; RN given refers to the (1S-(alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/90. sesaminol : A furofuran that is cis-tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by a 6-hydroxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 1S and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 4S. It is metabolite found in sesame seeds.	2.41	1	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; organic hydroxy compound	antioxidant; plant metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	3	4	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
osajin osajin: from Maclura pomifera	2.03	1	0	isoflavanones
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [no description available]	3.53	7	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound
oxymethacil oxymethacil: structure	1.98	1	0
canthin-6-one canthin-6-one: from Zanthoxylum usambarense; structure in first source. canthin-6-one : An indole alkaloid that is 6H-indolo[3,2,1-de][1,5]naphthyridine substituted by an oxo group at position 6.	2.06	1	0	enone; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimycobacterial drug; metabolite
s-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.	2.41	2	0	glutathione conjugate
methylmalondialdehyde methylmalondialdehyde: structure given in first source	3.49	8	0
6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) 6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure	2.87	4	0
diosgenin [no description available]	3.92	11	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
aurofusarin aurofusarin: from Fusarium graminearum; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	2.11	1	0
arctiin arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	3.31	6	0	glycoside; lignan
bimolane bimolane: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
berbine berbine: structure	2	1	0	berberine alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; organic heterotetracyclic compound
sesamolin sesamolin: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to the (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha)-isomer); inhibits proliferation of human lymphocytic leukemia cells in culture	2.11	1	0	benzodioxoles
homopterocarpin homopterocarpin: an insect antifeedant isolated from Pterocarpus marcocarpus; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	pterocarpans
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).	2.15	1	0	nitrile; phenols	estrogen receptor agonist
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	4.77	30	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.12	5	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	3.31	6	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.43	2	0	oligopeptide
wr 1065 WR-1065 : An alkanethiol that is the N-3-aminopropyl derivative of cysteamine. Used as the S-phosphorylated prodrug, amifostine, for cytoprotection in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	2.13	1	0	alkanethiol; diamine	antioxidant; drug metabolite; radiation protective agent
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	8.42	12	5
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	4.48	5	1
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.4	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
cremophor el cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A	2.45	2	0
sr141716 [no description available]	2.59	2	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	2.03	1	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	3.44	7	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
u 74006f tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox	5.44	8	2	corticosteroid hormone
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	3.9	12	0
cyfluthrin cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.	2.48	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
u 74389f U 74389F: a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant (lazaroids); inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; structure in first source	6.39	22	2
ly 117018 LY 117018: from Eli Lilly; less estrogenic & more estrogen-antagonistic than tamoxifen & trioxifene in rats & mice; LY 139478 is the HCl salt of LY 117018; LY 139478 is an estrogen agonist; structure in first source; a raloxifene analog. LY 117018 : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is raloxifene in which the piperidin-1-yl group has been replaced by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group.	1.99	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-alkylpyrrolidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.42	2	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure	1.98	1	0	imidazo[2,1-i]purine	mutagen
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	2	1	0	aromatic ketone
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.73	3	0
beauvericin beauvericin: 18-membered cyclodepsipeptides. beauvericin : A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.	2.05	1	0
artesunic acid [no description available]	3.34	6	0
dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes	2.71	3	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.93	4	0
bradykinin, des-arg(9)- bradykinin, des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	2.45	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	3.4	2	0
pregnenolone sulfate pregnenolone sulfate: RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer	2.03	1	0	steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	2	1	0
3,4-dihydroxypyridine 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone: structure in first source	1.97	1	0	4-pyridones; dihydroxypyridine
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.53	2	0
indobufen indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist	8.75	2	1	isoindoles
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	3.05	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	2.71	3	0	oligopeptide
u 78517f U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl	3.7	10	0
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
cyproterone acetate, ethinyl estradiol drug combination [no description available]	2.04	1	0
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	4.34	4	1	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
inositol 1-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.	2.08	1	0
propionylcarnitine propionylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	6.16	4	3	O-acylcarnitine	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cardiotonic drug; human metabolite; peripheral nervous system drug
cv 6209 CV 6209: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
saikosaponin d [no description available]	3.37	6	0
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	4.55	5	1	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	aminosulfinic acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
tryptoline tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.44	2	0	beta-carbolines
geniposide [no description available]	3.37	6	0	terpene glycoside
1,n(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine 1,N(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine: structure & RN given in first source	3.79	3	0	carbohydrate derivative; nucleobase-containing molecular entity
3-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone 3-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	9.49	82	5	proanthocyanidin
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	5.64	17	1	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	2.46	2	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.66	2	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
u 74500a U 74500A: potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental CNS trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; RN given is for 3,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd; Cancer Lett 1992;64(1):61-6 uses 5,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd for U 74500A	2.67	3	0
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	3.94	2	1	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
parinaric acid parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15.	2.7	3	0	octadecatetraenoic acid
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid
triptolide [no description available]	3.04	4	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX	3.15	5	0
r 56865 R 56865: prevents electrical & mechanical signs of ouabain intoxication in guinea pig papillary muscle	1.97	1	0
asiaticoside [no description available]	2	1	0
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	6.76	21	1
parthenolide [no description available]	2.55	2	0	germacranolide
benzamil [no description available]	2.03	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	4.04	14	0
dynorphin (1-8) dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin	2.31	1	0
pentacaine pentacaine: pentacaine is the (trans-(+-))-isomer; structure in first source	1.97	1	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	4.47	23	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
hexachloronaphthalene [no description available]	2.05	1	0
bifendate 7,7'-dimethoxy-(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source	2.94	4	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	6.38	8	2
tadalafil [no description available]	5.94	22	1	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
3-chloro-L-tyrosine 3-chloro-L-tyrosine : A chloroamino acid comprising a tyrosine core with a chloro- substituent ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	chloroamino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monochlorobenzenes; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; human metabolite
anserine Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.	2.92	4	0	beta-alanine derivative; dipeptide; zwitterion	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine 6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine: compound used in second source was chlorhydrate; has been used as retinoprotector	2.71	3	0
4-hydroxyochratoxin a 4-hydroxyochratoxin A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	3.24	5	0	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	1.96	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	2.58	2	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
liquiritigenin liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.	2.17	1	0	4',7-dihydroxyflavanone	hormone agonist; plant metabolite
selenomethylselenocysteine selenomethylselenocysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.75	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; selenocysteines	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite
3-deoxyglucosone 3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.	2	1	0	deoxyglucose; deoxyketohexose
higenamine higenamine: structure; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	2.48	2	0	norcoclaurine
oxymatrine oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	alkaloid; tertiary amine oxide
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	8	39	2
glutathione monoisopropyl ester glutathione monoisopropyl ester: prevents mitochondrial damage in muscle after marked depletion of glutathione	2.41	2	0
pd 123177 PD 123177: nonpeptide angiotensin AII-2 inhibitor	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
aporphine aporphine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. aporphine : An isoquinoline alkaloid that is the N-methyl derivative of 5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline.	2.25	1	0	aporphine alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; tertiary amino compound
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	4.78	29	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane 1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable	2.04	1	0	straight-chain fatty acid
listerine Listerine: hydroalcohol solution containing thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate & alcohol	1.98	1	0
gastrodin gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;	3.56	7	0	glycoside
way 100135 WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	piperazines
amarogentin amarogentin: secoiridoid glycoside. amarogentin : A secoiridoid glycoside that consists of (4aS,5R,6R)-5-ethenyl-6-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one having a 2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)carbonyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group attached at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.15	1	0	monosaccharide derivative; secoiridoid glycoside	EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; metabolite
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	4.45	19	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	3.13	4	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
stachydrine stachydrine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (S)-isomer; structure. L-proline betaine : An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; amino-acid betaine; N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid	food component; human blood serum metabolite; plant metabolite
taraxasterol taraxasterol: from Cirsium segetum. taraxasterol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is taraxastane with a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.21	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; metabolite
nitroaspirin nitroaspirin: a nitric oxide donor	2.74	3	0	carbonyl compound
prunasin prunasin: cyanogenic glycoside; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	prunasin
asiatic acid [no description available]	3.41	6	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	angiogenesis modulating agent; metabolite
cynaropicrin cynaropicrin: structure given in first source; RN given for ((3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha,8beta,9aalpha,9bbeta)))-isomer	2.21	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate: structure given in first source. mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate : A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-ethyl-5-oxohexan-1-ol.	3	1	0	methyl ketone; phthalic acid monoester	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
efonidipine efonidipine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.. 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethanol.	2.87	3	0	C-nitro compound; carboxylic ester; dihydropyridine; tertiary amino compound
lithospermate b lithospermate B: major biologically active component of dan shen ; improves renal failure	2.08	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde : A phenylacetaldehyde in which the 3 and 4 positions of the phenyl group are substituted by hydroxy groups.	2.44	2	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; catechols; phenylacetaldehydes	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dioscin [no description available]	3.05	4	0	hexacyclic triterpenoid; spiroketal; spirostanyl glycoside; trisaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
astilbin astilbin: dihydroflavonol from Kohki tea processed from Engelhardtia chrysolepis (huang-qui); astilbin is the (2R-trans)-isomer; neoisoastilbin is the (2S-cis)-isomer and is Sweetening Agents; isoastilbin is the (2R-cis)-isomer; structure in first source;. astilbin : A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.45	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; alpha-L-rhamnoside; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; tetrahydroxyflavanone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol: has gastric antisecretory activity; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.95	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	5.54	14	1	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	thiadiazole
1-hydroxyethyl radical ethoxide : An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ethanol.	4.95	4	0	organic anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	2.15	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
pentosidine pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.	7.95	14	1	imidazopyridine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; cross-linking reagent
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.45	2	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
parecoxib parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.	2.57	2	0	isoxazoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
carboxypolymethylene carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance	2.07	1	0
carglumic acid carglumic acid: carglumic acid could be helpful in lowering plasma ammonia levels over 400 micromol/L more rapidly. carglumic acid : A urea that is the N-carbamoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. An orphan drug used to treat a deficiency in the enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase, which leads to acute hyperammonaemia.	2.13	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; ureas	carbamylphosphate synthetase I activator; orphan drug
hydroquinidine hydroquinidine: urinary quinine metabolite; RN given refers to (9S)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4703	2.01	1	0	cinchona alkaloid
1-propyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one [no description available]	1.97	1	0
a 63162 N-hydroxy-N-(1-(4-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl)ethyl)-acetamide: structure given in first source	2	1	0
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	2.17	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
xymedon xymedon: nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound; Russian patent; antiatherogenic; used for treatment of burns; used on varicose ulcer	2.1	1	0
(20s)-20-hydroxycholesterol 20-hydroxycholesterol: RN given refers to (20S)-isomer. 20-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	1.98	1	0	20-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
beta-casomorphin 7 beta-casomorphin 7: opioid peptide isolated from casein peptone; corresponds to sequence 60-66 of beta-casein; from a variety of organisms; see also record for general term beta-casomorphin	2.79	3	0
perftoran [no description available]	2.05	1	0
2-aminoacridone [no description available]	7.52	2	0	acridines
methylthio-adp [no description available]	1.96	1	0
5-fluorodihydrouracil 5-fluorodihydrouracil: metabolite of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	pyrimidone
6,6'-methylenebis(2,2-dimethyl-4-methanesulfonic acid-1,2-dihydroquinoline) 6,6'-methylenebis(2,2-dimethyl-4-methanesulfonic acid-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure given in first source	2.65	3	0
sgb 1534 SGB 1534: RN given refers to mono-HCl	1.96	1	0
cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl) cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl): cyclic pentapeptide somatostatin analog with reduced gastric inhibitory activity	2.03	1	0
tenax tenax: porous polymer based on 2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide; used for trapping volatile organic compounds	2.07	1	0
soyasaponin bb soyasaponin Bb: has activity against polycystic kidney disease; isolated from soybean; structure in first source. soyasaponin I : A triterpenoid saponin that is composed of soyasapogenol B having an alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid moiety attached at the 3-position via a glycosidic linkage.	2.1	1	0	carbohydrate acid derivative; pentacyclic triterpenoid; trisaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin	sialyltransferase inhibitor
luzindole luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.	3.05	4	0	acetamides; indoles	melatonin receptor antagonist
dimephosphon dimephosphon: previous RN 86003-41-0	2.44	2	0
2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-1-norleucine 2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-1-norleucine: formed by Maillard recaction of bovine serum albumin with glucose; RN refers to (S)-isomer. 1-(L-norleucin-6-yl)pyrraline : An N-substituted pyrraline formed via Maillard reaction of L-lysine with glucose.. pyrraline : A pyrrole having formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively; useful as indicator of advanced stages of the Maillard reaction, which produces advanced glycation end-products (AGEs).	4.53	4	0	L-lysine derivative; N-substituted pyrraline; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
mebikar mebikar: structure	1.99	1	0	imidazolidinone
emoxypine succinate emoxypine succinate: has antihypoxic effects	4.72	6	1
saccharolactone saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.1	1	0	aldarolactone; delta-lactone
florox reagent Florox Reagent: reagent for analysis of ketosteroids; structure	1.99	1	0
astragaloside a [no description available]	4.32	18	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.85	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
procyanidin b2 procyanidin B2 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine.	2.77	3	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite
4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin: structure in first source. 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is the 9- epimer of 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin.	2.42	2	0	furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound; phenols	antineoplastic agent
aromadedrin aromadedrin: inhibits protein kinase C; the dihydro makes it a flavone rather than a flavonol. (+)-dihydrokaempferol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone having hydroxy groupa at the 3-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions.	2.31	1	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroflavonols; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetrahydroxyflavanone	metabolite
trichloromethyl free radical trichloromethyl free radical: able to react with amino acid esters	2.08	1	0	organic radical
phenoxy radical phenoxy radical : An organic radical generated from phenol.	2.45	2	0	organic radical
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.06	1	0	carbene; methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	5.25	48	0	nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	2.11	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	4.26	17	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.93	3	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663 [no description available]	3.24	5	0	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	2.01	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
cholesterol hydroperoxide cholesterol hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer	4.53	4	0
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain	2.05	1	0
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	9.55	29	3	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	3.54	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
ro 8-0576 benserazide, levodopa drug combination: combination of L-Dopa and seryltrihydroxybenzylhydrazine; used in treatment of parkinsonism	2.11	1	0
angiotensin ii, des-asp(1)-des-arg(2)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-: 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II; smallest potent angiotensin II antagonist	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
citrate phosphate dextrose citrate phosphate dextrose: anticoagulant used in blood preservation	2.17	1	0
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	11.72	47	10	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
cyclic adp-ribose Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.	2.99	4	0	cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleotide-sugar	metabolite; ryanodine receptor agonist
3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate: structural analog of gamma-butyrobetaine, also of carnitine; antianginal compound; MET-88 is dihydrate; structure given in first source. meldonium : An ammonium betaine that is beta-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a trimethylamino group. A clinically used cardioprotective drug that is used for treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.	3.98	2	1	ammonium betaine	cardioprotective agent; EC 1.14.11.1 (gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
interleukin-1beta (163-171) interleukin-1beta (163-171): nonapeptide which has in vivo immunostimulating activity	3.14	5	0
benzoylarginine ethyl ester benzoylarginine ethyl ester: used as substrate for trypsin; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
tak 044 TAK 044: endothelin receptor antagonist	2.43	2	0
hydroxycitric acid hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.75	3	0	carbonyl compound
galactose-1-phosphate alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate : A D-galactopyranose 1-phosphate having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.08	1	0	alpha-D-hexose 1-phosphate; D-galactopyranose 1-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
pristanic acid pristanic acid : A branched, long-chain saturated fatty acid composed of pentadecanoic acid having methyl substituents at the 2-, 6-, 10- and 14-positions.	2.1	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid	human metabolite
alanylglutamine alanylglutamine: RN refers to (L-Glu)-isomer; dipeptiven is for parenteral use. Ala-Gln : A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-glutamine residues.	4.41	4	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
gamma-glutamylcysteine L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.	3.34	6	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
procyanidin b5 procyanidin B5 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 6' in beta-configuration. It can be found in grape seeds, in Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) root and bark, in apple and in cacao.	2	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	metabolite
proanthocyanidin a2 procyanidin A2: structure in first source. proanthocyanidin A2 : A proanthocyanidin obtained by the condensation of (-)-epicatechin units.	2.13	1	0	hydroxyflavan; proanthocyanidin	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-HIV agent; antioxidant; metabolite
glabridin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	hydroxyisoflavans	antiplasmodial drug
rubiadin rubiadin: highly genotoxic in Salmonella typhimurium. rubiadin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 and a methyl group at position 2. It has been isolated from Rubia yunnanensis.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	antibacterial agent; antioxidant; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
tetrahydrocurcumin tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.	2.99	4	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; polyphenol	metabolite
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	4.16	3	1	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
copper bleomycin copper bleomycin: Merck reference is for bleomycins	1.97	1	0
ferric bleomycin iron bleomycin: iron-bleomycin complexes	2.37	2	0
ra 642 RA 642: has central hypertensive properties; structure	2.67	3	0
8-oxo-dado 2'-deoxy-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenosine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
s-propylcysteine S-propylcysteine: RN given refers to (DL-Cys)-isomer	2.44	2	0	cysteine derivative; organic sulfide
at 2153 probimane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.39	2	0
2,6-dimethyl-4-furyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-5-dicarboxylate [no description available]	2.38	2	0
ectoine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; monocarboxylic acid; zwitterion	osmolyte
methotrexate [no description available]	9.27	85	1	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
pyrrolidine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid [no description available]	2	1	0
clausenamide clausenamide: Chinese drug isolated from leaves of Clausena lansium (Lour) Skeels; used in treatment of viral hepatitis; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	3.66	3	0
delphinidin delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.	2.13	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; plant metabolite
cyanidin cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.	2.7	3	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
tamsulosin [no description available]	3.46	1	1	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
sipi 549 SIPI 549: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
5-ethoxy-2-ethylmercaptobenzimidazole 5-ethoxy-2-ethylmercaptobenzimidazole: has activating effect on peritoneal macrophages; RN given does not give position for ethoxy group	2.07	1	0
planinin planinin: from Zanthoxylum planispinum; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	lignan
opc 15161 OPC 15161: degradation product of OPC-15160; structure given in first source; superoxide inhibitor	1.99	1	0
4-amino-4-methyl-2-pentyne-1-al [no description available]	2.38	2	0
4-(rhamnosyloxy)phenylacetonitrile 4-(rhamnosyloxy)phenylacetonitrile: from roasted seeds of Moringa oleifera; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0	glycoside
2-(2-furoyl)-4(5)-(2-furanyl)-1h-imidazole 2-(2-furoyl)-4(5)-(2-furanyl)-1H-imidazole: fluorescent chromophore from reaction of polypeptides with glucose; structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine: used for determination of hydroperoxides; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	3.05	4	0	biphenyls
dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid	4.14	14	0	amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cholinergic drug; provitamin
mdl 73404 MDL 73404: structure given in first source; a hydrophilic cardioselective free radical scavenger; analog of alpha-tocopherol	1.97	1	0
buthionine sulfoximine ethyl ester [no description available]	2.1	1	0
1-hexadecyl-3-trifluoroethylglycero-sn-2-phosphomethanol [no description available]	2.13	1	0
u 92032 U 92032: inhibits lipid peroxidation; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
4-phenylpiracetam 4-phenylpiracetam: for the rehabilitation of stroke patients	2.06	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	3.71	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
rupatadine rupatadine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to trihydrochloride	2.41	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine
ml-3000 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
castasterone castasterone: a brassinosteroid; RN refers to ((2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 6-oxo steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	9.94	7	1	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
carbapenems [no description available]	2.15	1	0
butoxamine Butoxamine: A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS.	1.99	1	0
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	2.77	3	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
aspartame [no description available]	3.34	6	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	3.28	6	0	D-xylose
3,4-diaminobenzophenone [no description available]	7.15	1	0
3-(2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)pyrimido(1,2-a)purin-10(3h)-one 3-(2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)pyrimido(1,2-a)purin-10(3H)-one: a malondialdehyde-deoxyguanosine adduct; structure given in first source	3.25	6	0
m 8218 M 8218: structure given in first source	3.58	8	0
phytol [no description available]	2.4	2	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	7.13	304	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	4.87	12	0
3,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone 3',4'-dihydroxyflavonol: a neuroprotective agent	2.21	1	0	hydroxyflavan
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.48	2	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2.94	4	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	3.26	5	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	5.65	6	3	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
silybin dihemisuccinate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
gamma-glutamyl-leucine gamma-glutamyl-leucine: RN given for (L,L)-isomer. gamma-Glu-Leu : A glutamyl-L-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the gamma-carboxy group of glutamic acid with the amino group of leucine.	2.31	1	0	glutamyl-L-amino acid	human metabolite
1-methylcyclopropene 1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.	3.18	5	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes	agrochemical; plant growth regulator
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.74	3	0
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
evodiamine [no description available]	2.8	3	0	beta-carbolines
methylmercury cysteine methylmercury cysteine: degradation product of methylmercury glutathione; RN given refers to (L-cysteinato)-isomer	2.31	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion
4-hydroxypipecolic acid 4-hydroxypipecolic acid: an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone: isolated from Artemisia argyi	2.08	1	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
mn(iii) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(n-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
borneo Borneo: An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)	2.63	2	0	organofluorine acaricide
ruboxistaurin ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
centchroman Centchroman: A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties.	1.96	1	0
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2.65	3	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
kolaviron kolaviron: antihepatotoxic fraction of biflavonones from Garcinia kola seeds; phalloidine antagonist. kolaflavanone : A biflavonoid isolated from the seeds of Garcinia kola that has been shown to exhibit hepatoprotective activity.	3.86	11	0	4'-methoxyflavanones; biflavonoid; dihydroflavonols; ring assembly; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
moracin c [no description available]	2.04	1	0	benzofurans
schizandrin a schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities	2.48	2	0
8-hydroxynorcocaine 8-hydroxynorcocaine: cocaine metabolite which stimulates in vitro lipid peroxidation	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	5.12	10	1	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	11.84	176	3	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
lactitol lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.	3.47	1	1	glycosyl alditol	cathartic; excipient; laxative
25-hydroxyprotopanaxadiol 25-hydroxyprotopanaxadiol: anti-cancer ginsenoside; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	3.36	6	0	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
curculigoside [no description available]	2.17	1	0
rhodioloside [no description available]	4.63	24	0	glycoside
adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphate adenosine 3',5'-bismonophosphate : An adenosine bisphosphate having two monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions.	2.21	1	0	adenosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
yttria yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3	2.11	1	0
potassium titanylphosphate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
glucosone glucosone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	1.98	1	0	ketoaldohexose
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	3.97	13	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
chromocarb diethylamine chromocarb diethylamine: treatment for certain forms of hemorrhagic anal inflammations	2.41	2	0
ukrain ukrain: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; semisynthetic product from alkaloids of Chelidonium majus L. & thiophosphoric triaciridide acid	2.15	1	0
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	2.74	3	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	3.97	13	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.45	2	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	1.96	1	0	carbodiimide
cycloartane cycloartane : A triterpene that is lanostane in which there is a methylene bridge between the 5- and 9-positions.	2.13	1	0	triterpene
5-androstene-3,17-dione androst-5-ene-3,17-dione : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 3 and 17.	2.11	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid
phenylethyl isocyanate 2-phenylethyl isocyanate : An isocyanate having a 2-phenylethyl group attached to the nitrogen.	1.99	1	0	isocyanates	hapten
allysine L-allysine : An optically active form of allysine having L-configuration.	3.84	2	1	allysine; amino acid zwitterion; aminoadipate semialdehyde; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
liensinine liensinine: RN given for (R-(R,R))-isomer	2.08	1	0	isoquinolines
n'-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sweroside [no description available]	2.08	1	0	glycoside
cerous chloride cerous chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeCl3	2.04	1	0	cerium coordination entity
leonurine leonurine: has neuroprotective activity; isolated from leaves of Leonurus artemisia; has uterotonic effect; structure	3.48	7	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	3.84	10	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
syringopicroside syringopicroside: from leaves of Syringa oblata Lindl.; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
pinusolide pinusolide: RN given for (1S-(1alpha,4aalpha,5a,8abeta))-isomer; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	diterpene lactone	metabolite
2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ribonolactone	metabolite
calcium aluminium phosphate calcium aluminium phosphate: a porous ceramic	2	1	0
isovitexin [no description available]	2.25	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
citrulline malate citrulline malate: an anti-fatigue cpd	4.35	1	1
acyloin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
platycodin d platycodin D: triterpenoid saponin from a root of Platycodon grandiflorum; RN refers to (2beta,3beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.81	3	0	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
sclareol sclareol: structure given in first source. sclareol : A labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea.	2.07	1	0	labdane diterpenoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; fragrance; plant metabolite
schizandrer a schizandrer A: from Fructus Schizandrae chinensis (Schisandraceae); structure given in first source	2.78	3	0
1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino)propane [no description available]	2.72	3	0
manganese desferioxamine manganese desferioxamine: mimic of superoxide dismutase	1.97	1	0
atx 70 ATX 70: structure given in first source; a gallium-porphyrin complex	2.07	1	0
u 78518f U 78518F: a member of the lazaroid family of 21-amino steroid derivatives; RN given is for HCl	2.39	2	0
monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate: monoisoamyl ester of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid	2.94	4	0
methylinositol methylinositol: from Ebenus haussknechtii; structure in first source. pinitol : A cyclitol ether formed by etherification of the 3-hydroxy group of chiro-inositol. It is plant metabolite isolated from the leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens.. 1D-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6S-isomer).. D-pinitol : The D-enantiomer of pinitol.	2.1	1	0
4-oxopentanal 4-oxopentanal: an indoor pollutant; structure in first source. 4-oxopentanal : A ketoaldehyde that is pentanal substituted by an oxo group at position 4.	2.25	1	0	ketoaldehyde	metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	2.4	2	0
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	3.54	7	0
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	2.04	1	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
mirestrol miroestrol: from tuberous roots of P. candollei var. mirifica; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
gulonolactone gulonolactone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.93	1	0	gamma-lactone
2-aminomethyl-4-tert-butyl-6-propionylphenol 2-aminomethyl-4-tert-butyl-6-propionylphenol: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
mokko lactone mokko lactone: isolated from mokko, Saussurea lappa; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
anacardic acid anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.	2.08	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybenzoic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
8-gingerol 8-gingerol: isolated from Zingiber officinale	2.15	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
boswellic acid boswellic acid: ursane type; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; active principle of salai guggal; see also record for salai guggal	3.07	3	0	triterpenoid
symmetric dimethylarginine N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions	2.76	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
aminochrome 1 dopaminechrome: structure given in first source. dopaminechrome (enol form) : A member of the class of indolones that is 3,5-dihydro-2H-indole substituted by an oxo group at position 5 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. dopaminechrome (keto form) : A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.	2.05	1	0	indoledione; orthoquinones	neurotoxin
mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate: a metabolite of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate : A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the primary hydroxy group of 2-ethylhexane-1,5-diol	3	1	0	phthalic acid monoester	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	5.39	2	2
n-acetyl-n-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine: metabolite of melatonin; structure in first source	2.58	2	0	aromatic ketone
n,n'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(ii) N,N'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(II): structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.43	2	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isofuranodiene isofuranodiene: structure	2.13	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	7.76	85	2	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
pinoresinol diglucoside pinoresinol diglucoside: major antihypertensive principle of Tu-Chung (Eucummia ulmoides, Oliver); structure	2.31	1	0
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium: structure given in first source. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is ethyl.	2.1	1	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	9.86	7	1
stronger neominophagen c stronger neominophagen C: consists of glycyrrhizin, cysteine, and glycine	2.42	2	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	9.45	20	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	4.02	2	1	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
oleanolic acid 3-o-monoglucuronide oleanolic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid
sb 203580 [no description available]	3.88	11	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	3.56	1	1	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	3.35	6	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
spirodiclofen spirodiclofen: an acaricide	2.31	1	0	dichlorobenzene; gamma-lactone; organochlorine acaricide; oxaspiro compound
antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).	3.23	1	0	pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
dialuric acid dialuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dialuric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which a hydrogen attached to a ring carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.96	1	0	barbiturates
limonin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel monoxide [no description available]	2.31	1	0
gvs 111 [no description available]	2.51	2	0
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	2.15	1	0	very long-chain fatty acid
3-hydroxyglutaric acid 3-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 3 hydroxy carboxylic acid that is glutaric acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a diagnostic marker for glutaric aciduria type I.	2.02	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	5.26	11	1	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
propargylglycine propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3	4	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	6.34	35	1	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
kaikasaponin iii kaikasaponin III: RN given for (3beta,22beta)-isomer; has antihepatotoxic activity; isolated from Abrus cantoniensis; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
2-ethylhydracrylic acid 2-ethylhydracrylic acid: newly described urinary organic acid; a metabolite of L-isoleucine; structure. 2-ethylhydracrylic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that is butanoic acid substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite derived from the isoleucine metabolism.	1.96	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; hydroxy fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	human metabolite
tert-butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginal tert-butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginal: inhibits thrombin induced platelet aggregation; also a serine protease inhibitor	1.96	1	0
cavidine cavidine: structure	2.06	1	0
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	4.43	1	1	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
4-methyl-3-(phenylsulfonyl)furoxan 4-methyl-3-(phenylsulfonyl)furoxan: structure given in first source; a human guanylate cyclase activator	1.98	1	0
etravirine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
uk 34787 UK 34787: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
1-((4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thiazoyl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine 1-((4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thiazoyl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.07	3	1	iron coordination entity
annetocin annetocin: an oxytocin-vasopressin related peptide from Eisenia foetida; potentiates spontaneous contractions of the gut , pulsatory contractions & bladder-shaking movement of the nephridia	2.07	1	0
cadmium metallothionein cadmium-binding protein: metallothionein which serves in a metal-sequestering mechanism	1.97	1	0
lapatinib [no description available]	2.11	1	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	4	2	1	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	2.53	2	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
alagebrium alagebrium: an advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) cross-link breaker	2.1	1	0
succinobucol succinobucol: monosuccinic acid ester of probucol; a metabolically stable modification of probucol, an equipotent antioxidant to probucol but is pharmacologically distinct	3.12	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	2.89	3	0	N-acyl-amino acid
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.93	4	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.94	4	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	3.02	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	7.44	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
equilin Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.	1.98	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid
cellulose triacetate cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration	2	1	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	12.13	187	5	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
allylestrenol Allylestrenol: A synthetic steroid with progestational activity.	1.98	1	0	steroid
epinastine dexamethasone acetate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer	1.96	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	3.08	4	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	2.78	3	0
lanosterol [no description available]	2.85	3	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
6-hydroxynicotine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	monohydroxypyridine
mitopodozide mitopodozide: an ethylhydrazide derivative of podophyllic acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;	2.01	1	0	lignan
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	6.24	43	0
lupeol [no description available]	3	4	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
cyclovirobuxine d cyclovirobuxine D: active priciple of Buxus microphylla var. sinica; has anti-arrhythmic & arrhythmia-inducing actions	2.96	4	0
solanine Solanine: A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.. solanine : A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol].	2.49	2	0
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.05	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
Harringtonine harringtonin: alkaloid C from Caphalotaxus fortunei	1.99	1	0	alkaloid
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.1	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
allylpyrocatechol allylpyrocatechol: extracted from leaves of Piper betel; has healing properties against indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
wortmannin [no description available]	3.32	6	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.83	3	0
sorbinil sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.	1.97	1	0	azaspiro compound; chromanes; imidazolidinone; organofluorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
latifolin latifolin: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
dentatin dentatin: from Clausena excavata; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	coumarins	metabolite
cercosporin cercosporin: phyytotoxin from Cercospora beticola Sacc; posses photodynamic action on mice, bacteria & plants. cercosporin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is perylo[1,12-def][1,3]dioxepine-6,11-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 12, by methoxy groups at positions 7 and 10, and by 2-hydroxypropyl groups at positions 8 and 9 (the R,R-stereoisomer). It is a phytotoxin which was first isolated from the pathogenic soybean fungus, Cercospora kikuchii and later found in multiple members of the genus Cercospora.	1.95	1	0
guatteguamerine guatteguamerine: a neuroprotective agent with antioxidant properties; isolated from bark of Guatteria gaumer; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (R-(R,R))-isomer	2.05	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
pomolic acid pomolic acid: from Rosa woodsii & Hyptis capitata; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	1.99	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
evodine evodine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
Bardoxolone [no description available]	2.41	1	0	cyclohexenones
bardoxolone methyl methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	cyclohexenones
mequindox Mequindox: a synthetic quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivative which can effectively improve growth and feed efficiency in animals; structure in first source	2.75	3	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	7.99	25	3
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	3.66	9	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
nsc 141537 diacetoxyscirpenol: mycotoxin belonging to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; structure	1.98	1	0	trichothecene
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.99	4	0
carboplatin [no description available]	3.64	9	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	4.59	8	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
schisanhenol schisanhenol: a dibenzyl cyclooctane from kernels of Schisandra rubriflora; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2.92	4	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.	2.07	1	0	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	mouse metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	9.61	71	4
arabinose [no description available]	2.59	2	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	5.83	34	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.93	4	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	5.01	9	1	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	7.51	2	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.	2.72	2	0	D-galacturonic acid
elastin [no description available]	10.42	7	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	8.27	35	2	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.08	1	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	4.85	33	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	5.39	20	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	6.14	28	1
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	3.23	1	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	4.41	20	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	2.63	2	0
pantetheine Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.	2.37	2	0	pantetheines; thiol	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
dithioerythritol [no description available]	2.36	2	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
theanine theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.	4.78	6	1	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine	geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	4.18	15	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	1.99	1	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	3.3	6	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	4.06	3	1	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
allose [no description available]	2.58	2	0	allopyranose; D-allose	antioxidant
puromycin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
stachyose stachyose: RN given refers to parent cpd. stachyose : A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose.	2.13	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; tetrasaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	3.95	11	0	taxifolin	metabolite
isomaltulose 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose : A glycosylfructose that is D-fructofuranose attached to a alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage. It is found in honey and sugarcane.	3.53	1	1	glycosylfructose	animal metabolite; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
mannuronic acid mannuronic acid: hydrolysis product of alginic acids from ALGAE; has anti-inflammatory activity. D-mannopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-mannonic acid.	2.15	1	0	D-mannonic acid
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	1.96	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	2	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	2.15	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	2.05	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
protochlorophyllide Protochlorophyllide: A photo-active pigment localized in prolamellar bodies occurring within the proplastids of dark-grown bean leaves. In the process of photoconversion, the highly fluorescent protochlorophyllide is converted to chlorophyll.. protochlorophyllide : An analogue of chlorophyll that lacks the phytol side-chain. The parent of the protochlorophyllide class.	2.25	1	0
5-o-methyl-myo-inositol 1D-5-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1R,2S,3r,4R,5S,6r-stereoisomer).	2.5	2	0	cyclohexanols
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.42	7	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
5-methyldeoxycytidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	2'-deoxycytidine
homoglutathione [no description available]	2.13	1	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	8.27	25	3	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
eriodictyol eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.61	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone
pelargonidin pelargonidin: influences flower phenotype. pelargonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'.	2.48	2	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	plant metabolite
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.21	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	2.02	1	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.17	1	0	cellotriose
psicose, (d)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0	monosaccharide
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.44	2	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.01	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.93	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	3.81	2	1	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	1.99	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	2.8	3	0
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.31	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	2.01	1	0
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	3.45	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
saponarin saponarin: structure in first source. 7-O-(beta-D-glucosyl)isovitexin : A C-glycosyl compound that is isovitexin in which the hydroxyl hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	2.52	2	0	C-glycosyl compound; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	metabolite
linezolid [no description available]	7.48	2	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
indican [no description available]	3.04	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	1.98	1	0
silychristin silychristin : A flavonolignan isolated from Silybum marianum and has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activities against lipoxygenase and prostaglandin synthetase.	2.15	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; flavonolignan; polyphenol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
furostanol i furostanol I: from Dioscorea deltoidea; intermediate in in vivo diosgenin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. protodioscin : A spirostanyl glycoside that consists of the trisaccharide alpha-L-Rha-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Rha-(1->2)]-beta-D-Glc attached to position 3 of 26-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3beta,22-dihydroxyfurost-5-ene via a glycosidic linkage. Found in several plant species including yams, asparagus and funugreek.	2.21	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclic hemiketal; pentacyclic triterpenoid; steroid saponin; trisaccharide derivative	metabolite
ginsenoside re [no description available]	3.19	5	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	4.17	15	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
notoginsenoside r1 notoginsenoside R1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.87	3	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
carnosol carnosol: isolated from Lepechinia hastata	2.15	1	0	diterpenoid
brucine brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94	2.21	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound
ingenol [no description available]	2.21	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	2.52	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
patchouli alcohol patchouli alcohol: major component of the essential oil of patchouli; perfumery raw material. patchouli alcohol : A carbotricyclic compound and sesquiterpenoid tertiary alcohol that is tricyclo[5.3.1.0(3,8)]undecan-3-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 2, 6 and 8 by methyl groups (the 1R,3R,6S,7S,8S-diastereoisomer).	2.52	2	0
farrerol farrerol: expectorant principle isolated from leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L; structure	2.53	2	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
genipin [no description available]	2.55	2	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	4.22	15	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isonaringin isonaringin: structure in first source. narirutin : A disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.08	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
swertiamarin swertiamarin: seco-iridoid glucoside from Swertia japonica;	2.84	3	0	glycoside
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	11.45	23	2	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	3.73	9	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	6.61	75	0
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	3.43	7	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	4.47	5	1	tripeptide
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	4.37	18	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
mepirodipine mepirodipine: RN & structure given in first source; RN refers to (S,S)-isomer	2.11	1	0	dihydropyridine
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.02	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
gestonorone caproate Gestonorone Caproate: A long-acting potent progestogen structurally related to PROGESTERONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1185)	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	2.4	2	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
oxendolone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	3.38	6	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
tibolone tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.	2.02	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	bone density conservation agent; hormone agonist
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	3.8	1	1	organic molecular entity
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	5.26	6	2	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	1.98	1	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	3.22	6	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	3.19	5	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.77	3	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.98	4	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.97	13	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	17.63	167	8	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.	3.36	7	0	olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.06	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	2.04	1	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.	2.53	2	0	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	10.04	175	4	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	13.12	199	31	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	4.54	22	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
palmitoleic acid hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.54	2	0	hexadec-9-enoic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	7.41	42	3	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	6.53	25	2	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	5.05	39	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	3.94	12	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	8.31	26	3	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	14.48	44	10	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.99	13	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
gw 6471 GW 6471: a PPARalpha antagonist; structure in first source	2.53	2	0
lycopene [no description available]	13.4	115	12	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.04	1	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.31	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.41	1	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
apstatin apstatin: inhibits aminopeptidase P; structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	5.13	8	0	enal
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	2.08	1	0
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	3.66	9	0	aromatic amide
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	3.11	5	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.92	4	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
zeatin Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)	2.49	2	0	zeatin	plant metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.41	2	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
aclarubicin Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.	2.03	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; methyl ester; phenols; polyketide; tetracenequinones; trisaccharide derivative; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
decitabine [no description available]	2.49	2	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
pantethine pantethine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. pantethine : An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.	2.37	2	0	organic disulfide	coenzyme; nutraceutical
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	5.87	34	0
laminaran laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan	2.51	2	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.9	4	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	3.53	7	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	1.99	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.01	1	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.92	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.78	3	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.89	3	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
schizandrin schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name	2.97	4	0
euscaphic acid euscaphic acid: isolated from medicinal plant, Euscaphis japonica Pax.; structure; RN given refers to 2alpha,3alpha-isomer. euscaphic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 19 respectively (the 2alpha,3alpha-stereoisomer). It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.	2.05	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	plant metabolite
Echinocystic acid 3-glucoside ecliptasaponin A: has anti-fibrotic activity; isolated from Ecliptae Herba extract; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.81	3	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
23-hydroxytormentic acid 23-hydroxytormentic acid: from the unripe fruits of Rubus coreanus (Rosaceae); structure in first source. 19alpha-hydroxyasiatic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is asiatic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 19. It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.	2.06	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tetrol	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	5.86	12	2	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
lisofylline lisofylline: metabolite of pentoxifylline; structure given in first source. (R)-lisofylline : A 1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione that has (R)-configuration. A synthetic small molecule which was under development for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus.	2.01	1	0	1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione	anti-inflammatory agent; immunomodulator
likviriton liquiritin: isoalted from Glycyrrhizae radix. liquiritin : A flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.	2.46	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; flavanone glycoside; monohydroxyflavanone; monosaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; plant metabolite
m40401 M40401: structure in first source	2.93	4	0
ammonium metavanadate [no description available]	2.42	2	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.97	4	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.81	3	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
vanadium trioxide [no description available]	2.17	1	0
3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-n-oxyl 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-N-oxyl: structure given in first source	2.94	4	0	aminoxyls; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
tetronic acid tetronic acid: structure; in fifth source	2.17	1	0
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	2.43	2	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
2-acetyl-1-pyrroline 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline: volatile component of uncooked Khao Dawk Mali 105 brown rice were extracted using indirect steam distillation under reduced pressure and controlled temperature in order to prevent cooking. 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline : A pyrroline that is 1-pyrroline in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an acetyl group. It is an aroma and flavour compound present in jasmine rice and basmati rice. It is responsible for the 'popcorn' aroma in a large variety of cereal and food products. It is one of the key odourants of the crust of bread and considered to be responsible for the cracker-like odour properties. In bread, it is primarily generated during baking but amounts are influenced by ingredient composition and fermentation conditions.	2.21	1	0	acylimine; methyl ketone; pyrroline	flavouring agent; Maillard reaction product; metabolite
4,5-epoxy-2-decenal 4,5-epoxy-2-decenal: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	enal
cholestane-3,5,6-triol cholestane-3,5,6-triol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.42	2	0
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	3.28	6	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
diisononyl phthalate diisononyl phthalate: dielectric (electric insulating) fluid. diisononyl phthalate : The diisononyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.72	2	0	diester; phthalate ester	plasticiser
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.02	1	0	triterpenoid
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	3.02	4	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
camalexin camalexin : An indole phytoalexin that is indole substituted at position 3 by a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group.	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; indole phytoalexin	metabolite
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	3.72	9	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
elaidic acid [no description available]	2.5	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	food component
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	3.22	5	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.	1.98	1	0	anethole	flavouring agent
2,4-hexadienal 2,4-hexadienal: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. hexadienal : An enal that is hexadiene carrying an oxo group at position 1.. (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal : A hexadienal that is hexanal with trans double bonds at positions 2 and 4. It is found in tomatoes, kiwi fruit, mangoes, potato chips, herbs and spices.	1.98	1	0	hexadienal; polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde; volatile organic compound	flavouring agent; plant metabolite
geraniol [no description available]	3.31	5	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	3.23	5	0	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	5.43	57	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	4.43	20	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	3.01	3	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.12	15	0	isomethyleugenol
piplartine piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source	2.49	2	0	cinnamamides; dicarboximide
s18986-1 S18986-1: a positive AMPA receptor modulator	2.05	1	0
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	3.4	6	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
beta-ionone beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.	2.01	1	0	ionone	antioxidant; fragrance
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.66	3	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	6.69	19	3	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
retinol acetate retinol acetate: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	acetate ester
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	3.38	7	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	9.4	175	2	stilbene
3-chloroacrylic acid 3-chloroacrylic acid: structure given in first source. 3-chloroacrylic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by chlorine.	1.97	1	0
diethyl fumarate diethyl fumarate : A dieter obtained by the formal condensation of fumaric acid with ethanol.	1.96	1	0	diester	metabolite
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	3.01	4	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	3.62	9	0
xanthohumol xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; chalcones; polyphenol	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
isochaihulactone isochaihulactone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
cardamonin cardamonin: found in Zingiberaceae; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	chalcones
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	4.73	6	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
citraconic acid citraconic acid: was MH 1975-92 (see under MALEATES 1975-90); METHYLMALEIC ACID was see CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; use MALEATES to search CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; SO refers to (E)-isomer. citraconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.72	3	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
norcocaine norcocaine: N-demethylated cocaine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	3.14	5	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	3.14	5	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	2.44	2	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	3.51	2	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	3.35	6	0	benzamides
s 1033 [no description available]	2.84	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.	2.02	1	0	tetrapeptide	protease inhibitor
amygdalin [no description available]	2.21	1	0
ferlixit ferlixit: used to induce siderosis in femal Wistar albino rats	4.28	4	1	polymer
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	2.59	2	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
benidipine benidipine: RN refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer	3.03	4	0
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	3.3	6	0	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
fludarabine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	purine nucleoside
dithizone Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.	1.97	1	0
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	6.3	19	2	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	5.93	12	2
physostigmine salicylate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	azaheterocycle salicylate salt; salicylates
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	5.14	42	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	4.82	7	1	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2.06	1	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.63	2	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
1-methyltryptophan 1-methyltryptophan: an immunomodulator. 1-methyltryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan carrying a single methyl substituent at position 1 on the indole.	2.21	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
thiobenzamide thiobenzamide: structure; hepatotoxin in rats	1.95	1	0	benzenes
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	4.44	20	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
4-methoxycinnamic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	cinnamic acids
xc 386 XC 386: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
isoferulic acid isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.	2.01	1	0	ferulic acids	antioxidant; biomarker; metabolite
clostridium perfringens delta-toxin 5,6-dihydrocyclopenta-1,2-dithiole-3-thione: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
n-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide: Cardioprotective Agent; a small-molecule activator of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 that reduces ischemic damage to the heart	2.88	3	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	1.99	1	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	7.54	18	3	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	3.23	6	0	diarylmethane
tetrahydropalmatine [no description available]	2.72	3	0
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	2.71	3	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	14.19	233	10	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
ucf 101 UCF 101: an Omi/HtrA2 inhibitor with cardioprotective activity; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	4.14	3	1	thiazolidinone
n-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-n-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)amine N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)amine: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
nootkatone nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).	2.66	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; enone; sesquiterpenoid	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	1.93	1	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	1.99	1	0
3-(1-azepanylsulfonyl)-n-(3-bromphenyl)benzamide 3-(1-azepanylsulfonyl)-N-(3-bromphenyl)benzamide: a sirtuin 2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	10.12	10	1	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
urb 597 cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.59	2	0	biphenyls
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.89	4	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	4.5	5	1	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	5.67	29	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
coniferyl alcohol coniferyl alcohol: structure. coniferol : A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring.	2.25	1	0	guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	animal metabolite; monolignol; mouse metabolite; pheromone; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.	4.14	3	1	monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
aurapten aurapten: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. auraptene : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties.	1.99	1	0	coumarins; monoterpenoid	antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; dopaminergic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; gamma-secretase modulator; gastrointestinal drug; hepatoprotective agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; PPARalpha agonist; vulnerary
3-methylglutaconic acid (E)-3-methylglutaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid comprising (E)-glutaconic acid carrying a 3-methyl substituent.	2.1	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.1	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	5.8	31	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
neotetrazolium [no description available]	2.39	2	0
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	13.42	201	4	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	4.2	17	0
mucochloric acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	4.77	31	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	8.63	54	3	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
potassium oxonate potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice	2.84	3	0	organic molecular entity
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	5.21	45	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	2.38	2	0
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	3.1	5	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	3.88	12	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
aflatoxin b aflatoxin B2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. aflatoxin B2 : An aflatoxin having a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	1.97	1	0	aflatoxin
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	2.41	2	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
1,6-anhydro-beta-glucopyranose 1,6-anhydro-beta-glucopyranose: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer. levoglucosan : A anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose.	2.08	1	0	anhydrohexose	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; biomarker; human metabolite
epsilon-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-lysine epsilon-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-lysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2	1	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	3.01	4	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	3.91	12	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.52	2	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	4.9	13	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.95	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
indoxyl glucuronide indoxyl glucuronide: substrate for the detection of E coli in urine	2.15	1	0	glucosiduronic acid
tocopherylquinone tocopherylquinone: RN refers to (3R-(3R,7R,11R*))-isomer; structure	2.66	3	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium: structure in first source	2.54	2	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride: use as an ionic liquid solution. 3-methyl-1-octylimidazolium chloride : An organic chloride salt in which the cationic component is 3-methyl-1-octylimidazolium.	2.13	1	0	organic chloride salt
buclizine 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 3-methyl-1-octylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is octyl.	3.35	6	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: is a nonaqueous ionic liquid	2.55	2	0
nadp [no description available]	10.47	146	1
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	7.65	129	1
sc 514 SC 514: inhibits IkappaB kinase-2; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	ring assembly; thiophenes
sirtinol [no description available]	2.17	1	0	aldimine; benzamides; naphthols	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.54	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	2.72	3	0	macrolide
rhyncophylline rhyncophylline: an oxindole; RN given refers to (7beta,16E,20alpha)-isomer	2.42	2	0
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	4.55	5	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.49	2	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	4.05	14	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
gomisin j gomisin J: a lignan from Schizandra fruits	1.99	1	0
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.99	4	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
dieckol dieckol: found in brown Eisenia and Ecklonia algae, have several pharmacologically beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation; structure in first source. dieckol : A phlorotannin isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava which exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant activities.	2.48	2	0	aromatic ether; oxacycle; phlorotannin	anticoagulant; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; radical scavenger
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.55	2	0
oxalomalic acid oxalomalic acid: structure	2.01	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	3.63	9	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.82	11	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	6.04	15	2	nitrogen oxide
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	2.85	3	0
phosphamidon Phosphamidon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	3.13	5	0
triethyl phosphine gold triethyl phosphine gold: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
thiophanate Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.	2.15	1	0	benzimidazole precursor fungicide; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; thioureas	antifungal drug
mucobromic acid mucobromic acid: in Chemline, RN above is for the gamma-lactone form; asparagine synthetase antagonist; structure	1.99	1	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	5.02	3	3	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene idoxifene: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	stilbenoid
quinine [no description available]	2.85	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
zofenoprilate zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.	2.04	1	0	aryl sulfide; L-proline derivative; N-acyl-L-amino acid; thiol	anticonvulsant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
kaurenoic acid kaurenoic acid: isolated from leaves of Montanoa tomentosa; structure given in first source. ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is ent-kauran-19-oic acid in which a double bond is present at position 16(17); exhibits anticancer and anti-HIV 1 activity.	2.01	1	0
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	3.42	6	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
nitenpyram nitenpyram: a nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source. (E)-nitenpyram : A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.. nitenpyram : A C-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine where one of the nitrogens bears ethyl and (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl while the other nitrogen carries a methyl group.	2.58	2	0	chloropyridyl insecticide; nitenpyram
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0
indium oxine indium oxine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric indication for indium	1.96	1	0
glycodeoxycholic acid Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.	2.96	4	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene sulfonic acid [no description available]	2.77	3	0
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	2.44	2	0	primary aliphatic amine
5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin 5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin: structure given in first source	2.57	2	0
cystine [no description available]	2.93	4	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	2.53	2	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.08	1	0	benzazepine
clamikalant clamikalant: inhibits ATP-sensitive potassium channel; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
glucitol hexanicotinate glucitol hexanicotinate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
safingol safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R,S))-isomer	2.42	2	0	amino alcohol
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	2.13	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
fipronil sulfone fipronil sulfone: insecticide fipronil and its metabolite fipronil sulphone inhibit the rat alpha1beta2gamma2L GABA(A) receptor. fipronil-sulfone : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl, and amino groups, respectively. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical fipronil.	2.54	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; pyrazoles; sulfone	marine xenobiotic metabolite
2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	benzofurans
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
deuterohemin deuterohemin: structure	2.15	1	0
obtusifolin obtusifolin: isolated from Cassia obtusifolia; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	3.38	6	0
wogonoside wogonoside: from Scutellaria baicalensis; structure in first source. wogonin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of wogonin.	2.13	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monohydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	6.74	85	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	1.99	1	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
compound 968 compound 968: a glutaminase inhibitor. 5-[3-bromo-4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-2,2-dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[a]phenanthridin-4(1H)-one : A partially hydrogenated benzophenanthridine carrying an oxo group at C-4, geminal methyl groups at C-2 and a 3-bromo-4-(dimethylamino)phenyl group at C-5.	2.31	1	0	benzophenanthridine	EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	11.21	30	1
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.68	3	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
butin butin: isolated from seeds of Butea monosperma; structure given in first source. butin : A trihydroxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 3', 4' and 7. It is found in Acacia mearnsii, Vernonia anthelmintica and Dalbergia odorifera and has a protective affect against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.	2.55	2	0	flavanones
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	5.98	36	0
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	4.21	6	0
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	2.77	3	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
methyl ethyl ketone peroxide methyl ethyl ketone peroxide: synthetic product hardener & polyester varnish; methylethylketone peroxide in dimethylphthalate; used as fiberglass hardener; very toxic to eyes	1.97	1	0
flavan-3-ol flavan-3-ol: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.06	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	5.66	25	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	4.76	29	0
3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3h)-quinazolinone 3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone: a mitochondrial division inhibitor	2.53	2	0
ocotillol ocotillol: cardioprotective agent; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
metanil yellow metanil yellow: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. metanil yellow : An organic sodium salt having 3-[(4-anilinophenyl)diazenyl]benzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used in one variant of Masson's trichrome to stain collagen yellow in contrast to the red muscle, but is not in common used.	2.66	2	0	organic sodium salt	histological dye
3-nitrophenylhydrazine 3-nitrophenylhydrazine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	4.49	5	1
alpinetin alpinetin: from Alpinia henryi K. Schum.; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	ether; flavonoids
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	3.88	9	0	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
rhodamine b hydrazide rhodamine B hydrazide: structure in first source	7.08	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.59	8	0
am 630 iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.54	2	0	N-acylindole
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
alpha-carotene alpha-carotene: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer; see also related record beta-carotene. alpha-carotene : A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively.	4.63	3	2	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	plant metabolite; provitamin A
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	4.52	8	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.45	2	0
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
reductone [no description available]	4.34	21	0	carbonyl compound
timosaponin b-ii timosaponin B-II: from Anemarrhenae asphodeloides; improved memory and learning dysfunction induced by cerebral ischemia in rats; structure in first source	2.53	2	0	steroid saponin
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.81	3	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
4-cresol sulfate p-cresol sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.	2.1	1	0	aryl sulfate	gut flora metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	3.41	7	0
pyrroloquinoline pyrroloquinoline: check to see if actually PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE (PQQ COFACTOR)	2.49	2	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.57	2	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	2.59	2	0	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
dimethyl maleate dimethyl maleate: structure. dimethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with methanol. It is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2.1	1	0	diester; maleate ester; methyl ester
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	3.59	9	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
ginkgetin ginkgetin: from Cephalotaxus drupacea; biflavone; active against HSV-1; structure given in first source. ginkgetin : A biflavonoid that is the 7,4'-dimethyl ether derivative of amentoflavone. Isolated from Ginkgo biloba and Dioon, it exhibits anti-HSV-1, antineoplastic and inhibitory activities towards arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase 2.	2.69	2	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; methoxyflavone; ring assembly	anti-HSV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; metabolite
fraxin fraxin: found in Fraxinus excelsior leaves; structure given in first source. fraxin : A beta-D-glucoside that is fraxetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage. It is a natural product isolated from the leaves of Fraxinus excelsior and exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	anti-inflammatory agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
fraxetin fraxetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is 6-methoxycoumarin in which the hydrogens at positions 7 and 8 have been replaced by hydroxy groups.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxycoumarin	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; apoptosis inhibitor; Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent
5,6-dehydrokawain 5,6-dehydrokawain: from Alpinia speciosa rhizoma; RN given for cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
eupatilin eupatilin: isolated from Artemisia argyi. eupatilin : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-7 and methoxy groups at C-6, C-3' and C-4' respectively. Isolated from Citrus reticulata and Salvia tomentosa, it exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antineoplastic activities.	2.21	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; anti-ulcer drug; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; metabolite
isoliensinine isoliensinine: isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine lotus plumule; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	isoquinolines
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	3.32	6	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	12.19	218	6	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2 Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	5.48	5	1	ubiquinones
bilirubin [no description available]	16.61	147	5	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	10.73	141	2	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	15.09	147	23	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.83	3	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	3.01	4	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
sterigmatocystin [no description available]	2.25	1	0	sterigmatocystins	metabolite
12-oxophytodienoic acid 12-oxophytodienoic acid: structure given in first source; a jasmonate precursor that induces phytoalexin synthesis	2.03	1	0	carbocyclic fatty acid; olefinic fatty acid; oxo carboxylic acid
3,7-dimethoxy-5,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone 3,7-dimethoxy-5,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone: isolated from Veronia eremophila; structure given in first source. 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone : A dimethoxyflavone that the 3,7-di-O-methyl derivative of quercetin.	2.03	1	0	dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
vitexin [no description available]	3.47	6	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	5.14	39	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	4.8	29	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone 7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.	2.81	3	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antioxidant; metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	8.96	43	6	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	3.72	9	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
quercitrin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
ubiquinone 9 ubiquinone 9: a form of coenzyme Q found in many foods; RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	3.26	6	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; human metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	5.8	8	1
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	12.73	144	24	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.36	2	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	6.52	23	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	3.62	9	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	8.57	48	3	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.	6.16	7	1	all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.02	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin [no description available]	2.87	3	0	hydroxycoumarin
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	3.07	5	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
luteolin-7-glucoside luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.74	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
chrysoeriol chrysoeriol: isolated from leaves of Eurya japonica & E. emarginata. 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone : The 3'-O-methyl derivative of luteolin.	2.05	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
apigetrin apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.48	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alprostadil [no description available]	3.81	11	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	3.6	3	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
(all-e) phytoene (all-E) phytoene: C40 carotenoid biosynthesized in bacteria; minor descriptor (75-84); EP to CAROTENOIDS (85); on-line & Index Medicus search CAROTENOIDS (75-85); RN given refers to (all-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-phytoene : The all-trans-isomer of phytoene.	2.06	1	0	phytoene	plant metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	3.34	6	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.88	3	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	7.15	18	5	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	9.38	56	2	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	4.84	12	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	3.42	1	1	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
prostaglandin g2 [no description available]	2.39	2	0	prostaglandins G	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
15-ketoprostaglandin f2alpha [no description available]	2.44	2	0	prostaglandins Falpha
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	13.1	55	1	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin e1 6-ketoprostaglandin E1: potent direct dilator of pulmonary & systemic circulations of newborn lamb. 6-oxoprostaglandin E1 : A prostaglandin E that is prostaglandin E1 bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2	1	0	prostaglandins E	metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	3.38	1	1	thromboxane	human metabolite
arachidonic acid omega-9 hydroperoxide 12-HPETE: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; 12-HPETE may be used inconsistently in literature as synonym for cpds with various tetraene-locants; caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries. 12(S)-HPETE : The (S)-enantiomer of 12-HPETE.	2.39	2	0	HPETE	mouse metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	5.32	12	1	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	3.26	5	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	5.84	12	2	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	6.64	28	2	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin e3 prostaglandin E3: Structure	2.03	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	3.11	5	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
prostaglandin f3alpha prostaglandin F3alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 9alpha, 11alpha and 15.	2.02	1	0	prostaglandins Falpha
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.54	2	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	7	39	2	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	3.38	7	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.52	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	2.13	1	0
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.11	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	4.87	32	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
paricalcitol [no description available]	3.2	5	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
nervonic acid (15Z)-tetracosenoic acid : A tetracosenoic acid having a cis-double bond at position 15.	2.55	2	0	tetracosenoic acid
11-octadecenoic acid 11-octadecenoic acid: vaccenic acid is the (E)-isomer. trans-vaccenic acid : The trans- isomer of vaccenic acid.	2.13	1	0	vaccenic acid
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	4.41	19	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
2-hexenal, z-isomer 2-hexenal: product of lipid peroxidation in the rat liver; a green odor chemical; do not confuse with the hexabarbital synonym, hexenal; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hexenal : A hexenal having the double bond at the 2-position.. (2E)-hexenal : A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.	3.01	4	0	2-hexenal	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	8.51	42	2	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.	4.04	5	0	carotenone	biological pigment; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fungal metabolite
cryptoxanthins Cryptoxanthins: Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors.. beta-cryptoxanthin : A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.	2.93	4	0	carotenol	antioxidant; biomarker; plant metabolite; provitamin A
fucoxanthin fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.	2.54	2	0
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	7.22	34	3	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
torularhodin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
okanin okanin: hypoglycemic from Coreopsis tinctoria; structure in first source. okanin : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4, 2', 3', and 4' respectively.	2.21	1	0	benzenetriol; chalcones	plant metabolite
azadirachtin azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).	2.53	2	0	acetate ester; azadirachtin; cyclic hemiketal; enoate ester; epoxide; methyl ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	2.21	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
esculin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	2.11	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
xanthatin xanthatin: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,7beta,8abeta))-isomer; structure	2.17	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.52	2	0	alpha-humulene
harpagoside harpagoside: glycoside of a cyclopenta[c]pyran from root of S. African plant Harpagophytum procumbens DC; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #5281, 7th ed #9921; Harpagophytum extract WS 1531 is plant extract containing harpagoside; Antidiabetic Agent	2.15	1	0	terpene glycoside
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	10.16	16	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
garcinol garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi	2.59	2	0
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	6.56	24	2	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
amentoflavone [no description available]	2.49	2	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalein [no description available]	4.98	8	1	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	4.56	21	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmetin [no description available]	2.39	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
diosmin [no description available]	4.05	13	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
fisetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	2.52	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
gossypin gossypin: do not confuse with gossypin(e) which is synonym for choline. gossypin : A glycosyloxyflavone that is gossypetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.41	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; pentahydroxyflavone	neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
bellidifolin bellidifolin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source. bellidifolin : A member of the xanthone family that is bellidin substituted with a methyl group at O-3. A natural product found particularly in Swertia chirata and Gentianella campestris.	2.1	1	0	polyphenol; xanthones	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
demethylbellidifolin demethylbellidifolin: protects the myocardium against damage due to ischemia-reperfusion in rats. bellidin : A member of the class of xanthones that is xanthone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 5, and 8. A natural product found particularly in Iris nigricans and Gentiana campestris.	2.07	1	0	tetrol; xanthones	antioxidant; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; mutagen; radical scavenger
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	3.42	7	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	4.39	19	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.83	3	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	3.45	7	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
kuwanon g kuwanon G: a non-peptide bombesin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (1S-(1alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer; structure given in first source. kuwanone G : A tetrahydroxyflavone isolated from the root barks of Morus alba and has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.	2.13	1	0	resorcinols; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	3.75	10	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	3.85	11	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
myricitrin myricitrin: isolated from root bark of Myrica cerifera L.; structure. myricitrin : A glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity.	2.54	2	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; pentahydroxyflavone	anti-allergic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; plant metabolite
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	2.42	2	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.63	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	2.01	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	4.01	13	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol	2.17	1	0	stilbenoid
pterostilbene [no description available]	3.08	4	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
echinacoside echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity	3.25	5	0	oligosaccharide
forsythiaside forsythiaside: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source; from the unripe fruit of Forsythia suspensa (qinglianquiao)	2.72	2	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
3,4-di-o-caffeoylquinic acid 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid: isolated from Siphonostegia chinensis	2.03	1	0	quinic acid
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	6.75	73	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	7.02	22	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia	4.44	21	0	stilbenoid
shogaol shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	enone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	3.57	8	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
tectorigenin tectorigenin: tectoridin is glycosylated form. tectorigenin : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' respectively.	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones; methoxyisoflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	4.93	33	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	3.33	6	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	14.76	106	23	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.25	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	2.02	1	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
astragalin kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	2.78	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
ethyl linoleate ethyl linoleate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linoleic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.43	2	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
geranylgeranylacetone geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).	2.78	3	0
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	1.97	1	0	stilbenoid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	13.78	118	19	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	2.05	1	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
tocotrienol, alpha alpha-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been found in palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis.	1.99	1	0	tocotrienol; vitamin E	ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
tocotrienol, delta delta-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2.	2.08	1	0	tocotrienol; vitamin E	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-hydroxychalcone 4-hydroxychalcone: structure in first source. 4-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.	2.41	1	0	chalcones; phenols	antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite
4'-hydroxychalcone 4'-hydroxychalcone: inhibits TNFalpha-induced NF-κB activation; structure in first source. 4'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4'.	2.41	1	0	chalcones; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	3.39	1	1	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	4.1	3	1	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	3.19	5	0
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	4.71	3	2	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.	2	1	0
9,11-linoleic acid 9,11-linoleic acid: a conjugated dienoic linoleate (CLA); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline. (9E,11E)-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid having 9-trans,11-trans-stereochemistry.	1.98	1	0	octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antiatherogenic agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human metabolite
9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid 9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN refers to (E,E)-isomer	2.05	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid 9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. 9-HODE : A HODE that consists of (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid with the hydroxy substituent located at position 9.	2.73	3	0	HODE; octadecadienoic acid	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: chemorepellant factor which maintains blood vessel wall thromboresistance; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer	2.21	1	0	octadecadienoic acid
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.	4.5	5	1	ketone; prostaglandins Falpha	metabolite
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	1.98	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	12.12	135	10	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
muconaldehyde muconaldehyde: potential toxic intermediate in benzene metabolism; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	fatty aldehyde
4-hydroxy-2-hexenal 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal: metabolite from senecionine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.36	19	0	fatty aldehyde
4-hydroxy-2-octenal 4-hydroxy-2-octenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0	fatty aldehyde
2-nonenal, (trans)-isomer 2-nonenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. non-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-non-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1.	2.47	2	0	enal; medium-chain fatty aldehyde; monounsaturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	17.24	407	8	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
n-oleoylethanolamine N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.	2.11	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1	EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	3.69	2	0
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.61	2	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
codeine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
methyl linoleate [no description available]	2.68	3	0	fatty acid methyl ester	plant metabolite
perhexiline maleate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.31	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	3	4	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	3.59	8	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	4.83	12	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	2.21	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	2.44	2	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	4.14	14	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	4.21	3	1	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	2.08	1	0
6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone 6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone: structure in first source. 4',6,7-trihydroxyisoflavone : A hydroxyisoflavone that is daidzein bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 6.	2.17	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	anti-inflammatory agent; antimutagen; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite; PPARalpha agonist; PPARgamma agonist
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	3.23	1	0	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	6.93	26	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyoverdin pyoverdin: a partly cyclic octapeptide linked to a chromophore, derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline, which confers color and fluorescence to the molecule; yellow-green pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; pyoverdin Pf from P. fluorescens; structure has been determined	1.98	1	0
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	2.88	4	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.15	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	1.99	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	16.73	49	9	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	2.58	2	0	oligopeptide
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	3.8	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	2	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	2.44	2	0	organic molecular entity
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	6.88	25	1	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.	2.01	1	0	prostaglandins J	electrophilic reagent; insulin-sensitizing drug; metabolite
lacidipine [no description available]	4.88	4	2	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.17	1	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.02	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	3.38	7	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	2.46	2	0
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.06	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.4	1	1	phenylalanine derivative
ciguatoxins Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.	2	1	0	ciguatoxin	metabolite
ono 3708 ONO 3708: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist	1.99	1	0
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	2.01	1	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	3.16	5	0
caulerpenyne caulerpenyne: from the marine algae Caulerpa taxifolia; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	indolecarboxamide
12-hydroxy-8,10-heptadecadienoic acid 12-hydroxy-8,10-heptadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.37	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid: metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood platelet suspension; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.22	6	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid	metabolite
biliverdine [no description available]	2.45	2	0
syringin syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.15	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dimethoxybenzene; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
linarin linarin: flavone glycoside isolated from leaves of Linaria japonica MIQ	2.06	1	0
glycitein glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.	3.5	1	1	7-hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone	fungal metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	3.47	7	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isorhapontigenin isorhapontigenin: isolated from the seeds of Aiphanes aculeata Willd. (Arecaceae); structure in first source	2.42	2	0	stilbenoid
kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside: isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plants of Diodia teres through repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography; structure in first source. kaempferol-3-rutinoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Solanum campaniforme.	2.41	1	0	disaccharide derivative; kaempferol O-glucoside; rutinoside; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
kukoamine a kukoamine A: inhibits Crithidia fasciculata trypanothione reductase; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	amine
icaritin icaritin: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
icariin [no description available]	4.44	20	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
licochalcone a licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	2.21	1	0	chalcones
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	2.77	3	0	butenolide	metabolite
loureirin a loureirin A: a biologically active component of longxuejie, prepared from Dracaena cochinchinensis; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
martynoside martynoside: isolated from Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
4-methylesculetin 4-methylesculetin: has antiinflammatory activity. 6,7-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-methylcuomarin which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. A hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor. It has also been used as a fluorescent sensor to monitor the consumption of a boronic acid in Suzuki coupling reactions; fluorescence is readily detectable by the naked eye using a standard 365 nm UV lamp.	2.07	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor
methyl helicterate methyl helicterate: isolated from roots of Helicteres angustifolia L.; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
methyl linolenate [no description available]	2.44	2	0	fatty acid methyl ester	insect attractant; plant metabolite
nasunin nasunin: an anthocyanin isolated as purple colored crystals from eggplant peels;	2.06	1	0
neoisoliquiritin neoisoliquiritin: inhibits angiogenesis; isolated from licorice root; isoliquiritin is the (E)-isomer; structure in first source; isoliquiritin is also available	2.57	2	0	flavonoids; glycoside
nerolidol nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.	2.17	1	0	nerolidol
shihulimonin a shihulimonin A: isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	limonoid
sophoricoside sophoricoside: from fruit of Sophora japonica; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	acrovestone; isoflavonoid
squamosamide squamosamide: natural compound from Annoma squamosa; FLZ is the synthetic cyclic analog; structure in first source	2.73	3	0
trilinolein trilinolein: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. 1,2,3-trilinoleoylglycerol : A triglyceride formed by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with linoleic acid.	3.01	1	0	1,2-diacyl-3-linoleoylglycerol; 1,3-diacyl-2-linoleoylglycerol; linoleoyl containing 1,2,3-triacyl-sn-glycerol; TG(18:2/18:2/18:2); triglyceride	mouse metabolite
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.87	3	0
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.77	3	0
ag 556 AG 556: structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.8	3	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
bosutinib 4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; N-methylpiperazine; nitrile; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
su 11248 [no description available]	3.01	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
mitoguazone Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.	2.05	1	0	guanidines; hydrazone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.49	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
4-nerolidylcatechol 4-nerolidylcatechol: scavenges peroxyl radicals; inhibits Fe(II)-dependent DNA damage; isolated from Pothomorphe; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
guttiferone a guttiferone A: antibacterial from Clusiaceae family; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	9.68	228	2	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.9	4	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
sulindac sulfide sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.	2.21	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2.37	2	0
13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z)-isomer; RN for unspecified isomer not in Chemline 8/12/83. 13-HPODE : An HPODE (hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroperoxy group is at position 13.	2.43	2	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.67	3	0
6,7-dihydroxyflavone 6,7-dihydroxyflavone: intensifies effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	2.55	2	0
4-amylcinnamoylanthranilic acid 4-amylcinnamoylanthranilic acid: phospholipase A2 inhibitor. N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 4-pentylcinnamoyl group. It is a transient receptor potential (TRP) channel blocker and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor.	2.21	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; secondary carboxamide	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; TRP channel blocker
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.81	3	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	2.47	2	0	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	3.37	7	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	3.22	6	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	3.71	9	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin: possess strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activities; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine: structure given in first source	3.42	7	0
muconic acid muconic acid: a metabolite of benzene; reported to be a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene; structure given in first source. trans,trans-muconic acid : The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.. muconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid with unsaturation at positions 2 and 4.	2.79	3	0	muconic acid	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.01	1	0	alkali metal atom
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	3.01	4	0
auriculasin auriculasin: isolated from the fruits of Maclura pomifera; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	isoflavanones
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	7.01	70	1	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.25	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	2.15	1	0	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	3.13	5	0	boron group element atom
alternariol alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.	2.1	1	0	benzochromenone; phenols	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	7.02	92	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	4.99	7	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.75	3	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.44	2	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	3.11	5	0	boron group element atom
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	2.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.84	11	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.05	1	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	6.76	13	5	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.06	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	10.79	20	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	2.17	1	0	azoxy compound
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
musk musk: pure essence from secretion of preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus L.	2.05	1	0	macrolide
2,3-oxidosqualene 2,3-oxidosqualene: an oxidized derivative of SQUALENE that can fold in several ways: chair-boat-chair-boat to LANOSTEROL; chair-chair-chair-boat to dammarane; or all chair to hopane and on to cycloartenol; RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer. 2,3-epoxysqualene : A squalene triterpenoid obtained by formal epoxidation across the 2,3 C=C bond of squalene.	2.73	3	0	epoxide; squalene triterpenoid
ethyl arachidonate ethyl arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.4	2	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
propetamphos [no description available]	2.45	2	0	isopropyl ester; organophosphate insecticide; phosphoramidate ester	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
plastoquinone [no description available]	2.49	2	0	plastoquinone
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	3.69	10	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
puerarin [no description available]	4.75	28	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
quinocetone quinocetone: structure in first source	2.49	2	0
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	12.44	27	5	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
ternatin (flavonoid) ternatin (flavonoid): from Sceptridium ternatum; also isolated from Egletes viscosa; structure in first source	2	1	0	ether; flavonoids
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	3.05	4	0	morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	3.7	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	3.35	6	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxyribose [no description available]	4.3	19	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	3.92	12	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	2.52	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	12.36	102	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	4.78	28	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	10.15	43	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	4.45	20	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.96	4	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
huperzine b huperzine B: Chinese drug isolated from Huperzia serrata; structure given in first source; also isolated from Phlegmariurus fordii	2.01	1	0	phenanthrol
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	2.72	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
dimethomorph dimethomorph: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (Z)-dimethomorph : An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of (2Z)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid with the amino group of morpholine. The agricultural fungicide dimethomorph is a mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.. dimethomorph : A mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph in an unspecified ratio. It is used as a systemic fungicide used on vines, potatoes, and greenhouse crops; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; enamide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholine fungicide; tertiary carboxamide
gluconasturtiin gluconasturtiin: hydrolysis yields phenylethyl isothiocyanate; structure in first source. gluconasturtiin : An aralkylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose attached to a 3-phenyl-N-(sulfooxy)propanimidoyl group at the anomeric sulfur.	2.02	1	0	aralkylglucosinolic acid; benzenes
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	7.47	24	2
imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
demethoxycurcumin demethoxycurcumin: corresponds to curcumin with one methoxy group replaced by hydrogen; isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa. demethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior.	2.07	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
zerumbone zerumbone: RN given for (E,E,E)-isomer; structure in first source. zerumbone : A sesquiterpenoid and cyclic ketone that is (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene which is substituted by an oxo group at the carbon atom attached to two double bonds. It is obtained by steam distillation from a type of edible ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith, grown particularly in southeast Asia.	3.17	5	0	cyclic ketone; sesquiterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor; plant metabolite
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.45	2	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
hr 810 cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	1.97	1	0	cephalosporin; cyclopentapyridine
monodehydroascorbate semidehydroascorbic acid: structure	2.43	2	0	organic radical	mouse metabolite
pachymic acid pachymic acid: inhibits phospholipase A2; isolated from Poria cocos; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	triterpenoid
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.39	1	1	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
lespenefril lespenefril: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. kaempferol 3,7-di-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residues at positions 3 and 7 respectively via glycosidic linkages. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Vicia faba and Lotus edulis.	2.69	2	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; hypoglycemic agent; immunomodulator; plant metabolite
caesium-137 [no description available]	2.21	1	0	caesium atom
sinigrin sinigrin: glucosinate in mustard seeds etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd. sinigrin : An alkenylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 4-[(sulfooxy)imino]but-1-en-4-yl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.31	1	0	alkenylglucosinolic acid
troxerutin troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides	3.07	4	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	2.57	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
baohuoside i baohuoside I: structure given in first source; isolated from the herb Epimedium davidii	2.17	1	0	glycosyloxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
vitexin rhamnoside vitexin rhamnoside: an apigenin	2.17	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
oxyfedrine Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone
zinc tetra(4-n-methylpyridyl)porphine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.23	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
docosapentaenoic acid docosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid : The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.	4.34	2	2	docosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
gedunin gedunin: isolated from neem (Azadirachta indica); structure in first source. gedunin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid natural product found particularly in Azadirachta indica and Cedrela odorata.	2.41	1	0	limonoid
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	2	1	0	dichlorobenzene
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	5.91	88	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine 3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine: a fluorescent probe	2.05	1	0
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.	1.97	1	0	Cy5 dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
1-(4'-carboxyethyl)-6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene 1-(4'-carboxyethyl)-6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene: fluorescence donor in membrane fusion	1.98	1	0
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.13	5	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
25-hydroxyvitamin d 2 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.	2.07	1	0	hydroxycalciol; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; nutraceutical
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.39	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
quercetin-3'-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside quercetin 3'-O-glucoside: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
quercetin 7-rhamnoside quercetin 7-rhamnoside: has antiviral activity against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. quercetin 7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.17	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; flavonols; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
levuglandin e2 levuglandin E2: secoprostanoid from prostaglandin endoperoxide; gamma-ketoaldehyde cpd; structure given in first source; related to prostaglandin E2	1.99	1	0	levuglandin
1-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine 1-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine: dopamine uptake inhibitor and indirect dopamine agonist	1.98	1	0
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	4.58	5	1	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	1.99	1	0
zearalenol zearalenol: RN given refers to (3S-(3R,7S,11E))-isomer	2.44	2	0
nitroblue formazan nitroblue formazan: RN from CA Index Guide 1982-1986	1.97	1	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.17	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
bisabolol bisabolol: monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with strong bacteriocidal effects, especilly against M. Tuberc.; isolated from seed plant Populus tacamacaha; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric desigation	2.06	1	0
kresoxim-methyl kresoxim-methyl: strobilurin analogue; an industrial fungicide. kresoxim-methyl : A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; oxime O-ether	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2.4	2	0
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.11	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	1.97	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	1.99	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
quercetin-3-o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside: from Rhododendron ovatum Planch; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.75	3	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	16.88	441	46	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
phosphorus pentoxide phosphorus pentoxide: drying agent for bacterial cultural extracts analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography; structure. diphosphonate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphonic acid.	1.99	1	0
selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.	2.98	4	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.84	3	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	3.99	13	0
clinoptilolite clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF	2.81	3	0
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	6.21	9	4	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
ethyl linolenate ethyl linolenate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linolenic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	1.99	1	0
4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester: RN given refers to compound with specified unsaturation and no isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	3.35	1	1
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	4.12	15	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	3.51	8	0	amidobenzoic acid
ferrous fumarate ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt	3.41	1	1	dicarboxylic acid
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	azoxy compound
s-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine: RN given refers to (L-Cys)-isomer; structure given in first source. S-(cis-1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine : An S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in which the dichlorovinyl group has cis- (Z-) geometry.	2.37	2	0	S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	2.03	1	0	polyterpene
cilastatin [no description available]	2	1	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
4-hydroperoxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroperoxy-2-nonenal: RN in first source for 4-hydroxyperoxy-trans-2-nonenal	2.11	1	0	fatty aldehyde
dithiadene dithiadene: minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search DIBENZOTHIEPINS (69-74) & BENZOTHIEPINS (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dithiadene : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydrothieno[2,3-c][2]benzothiepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 4.	2.68	3	0	dithiadene
falcarindiol falcarindiol: from leaves of Schefflera digitata (Araliaceae) and in carrots; inhibits germination of spores of most common dermatophyte fungi	2.31	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
triticonazole triticonazole: a fungicide triticonazole. triticonazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-triticonazole. A seed treatment fungicide for the control of common bunt, loose smut and covered smut on barley, oats and wheat.	2.21	1	0
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.	3.48	8	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
lumefantrine Lumefantrine: A fluorene derivative that is used in combination with ARTEMETHER for the treatment of MALARIA (see ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE DRUG COMBINATION).. lumefantrine : A member of the class of fluorenes that is 9-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-9H-fluorene which is substitutec by chlorine at positions 2 and 7, and by a 2-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. An antimalarial drug used in combination with artemether for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.87	3	0	fluorenes; monochlorobenzenes; secondary alcohol; tertiary amine	antimalarial
piericidin a piericidin A: pyridine-substituted fatty alcohol antibiotic; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search ANTIBIOTICS (75-85); RN given refers to (S-(R,R-(all-E)))-isomer. piericidin A : A member of the class of monohydroxypyridines that acts as an irreversible mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor that strongly associates with ubiquinone binding sites in both mitochondrial and bacterial forms of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; secondary allylic alcohol	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.6.5.3 [NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)] inhibitor; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
sphingosine phosphorylcholine sphingosine phosphorylcholine: a wound healing agent	2.48	2	0
plastochromanol 8 plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol	5.77	4	1
microcystin rr microcystin RR: structure given in first source; isolated cyanobacterium	2.02	1	0	microcystin; organic molecular entity	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine [no description available]	2.41	2	0
op 2507 OP 2507: prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-o-glucopyranoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-glucopyranoside: isolated from dried root tubers of Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source	2.47	2	0
9-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)adenine 9-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)adenine: structure in first source	2.41	2	0
andrographoside andrographoside: from Andrographis paniculata Nees; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
3-(thymin-1'-yl)-2-propenal 3-(thymin-1'-yl)-2-propenal: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid: RN given refers to (Z,Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/91	1.98	1	0
wild 20 WILD 20: a breakdown product of G(M1) ganglioside; has antiplatelet effect & prolonged bleeding time without interfering with the coagulative or fibrinolytic processes	1.98	1	0
zeatin riboside zeatin riboside: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-ribosyl-trans-zeatin : A 9-ribosylzeatin having trans-zeatin as the nucleobase.	2.21	1	0	9-ribosylzeatin; nucleoside analogue	cytokinin; plant metabolite
marein marein: hypoglycemic from Coreopsis tinctoria; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
everolimus [no description available]	2.13	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
meso-zeaxanthin meso-zeaxanthin: diastereomer of zeaxanthin. meso-zeaxanthin : A carotenol that is beta,beta-carotene carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3R,3'S-diastereomer). It is rarely found in diet and is believed to be formed at the macula by metabolic transformations of ingested carotenoids.	2.07	1	0	carotenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	3.39	6	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	3.86	11	0
4-oxo-2-nonenal 4-oxo-2-nonenal: reacts with 2'-deoxyguanosine; a product of lipid peroxidation; structure in first source. (E)-4-oxonon-2-enal : The enal that is (E)-non-2-enal substituted with an oxo group at C-4.	2.51	2	0	enal; enone	human metabolite
chlorophyll chlorophyll a': RN refers to (SP-4-2-(3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21alpha)))-isomer	3.66	8	0
cdw17 antigen [no description available]	2.11	1	0
idb 1016 [no description available]	5.76	3	1
cgp-56697 Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.	2.86	3	0
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	4.41	20	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.	2.07	1	0	galactosylceramide sulfate; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
5,6-epoxycholesterol [no description available]	2.21	1	0
glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate [no description available]	2.42	2	0
(melle-4)cyclosporin (melle-4)cyclosporin: a non-immunosuppressive analog of cyclosporin A	2.08	1	0
indigo carmine 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.	2.13	1	0
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	3.18	5	0	triterpenoid saponin
desmosdumotin c desmosdumotin C: an antitumor agent; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	olefinic compound
panduratin a panduratin A: isolated from Kaempferia pandurata; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	diarylheptanoid	metabolite
3-methylquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid 3-methylquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid: cytotoxic and genotoxic	2.1	1	0
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.13	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
paclobutrazol paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.	3.18	5	0
beta-escin [no description available]	8.54	129	1
glucoraphanin glucoraphanin: precursor of sulforaphane. glucoraphanin : A thia-glucosinolic acid that is glucoerucin in which the sulfur atom of the methyl thioether group has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide.	2.31	1	0	sulfoxide; thia-alkylglucosinolic acid
gw2974 GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2	2.05	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.7	3	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	3.09	5	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
madecassic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	2.9	4	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
shellac shellac: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.31	1	0
beta-tocopherol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food component; plant metabolite
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.57	2	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	3.05	4	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	1.98	1	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
phytofluene phytofluene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.06	1	0	phytofluene
carboxyl radical [no description available]	2.39	2	0	carbon oxide; organic radical anion	xenobiotic metabolite
thiotaurine thiotaurine: structure in first source	2.78	3	0
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
eritoran eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.	2.1	1	0	lipid As
fk 866 N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	benzamides; N-acylpiperidine
songorine songorine: RN given refers to parent cpd; diterpene alkaloid from Aconitum karakolicum Rap.	2.17	1	0
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.94	4	0
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer	1.97	1	0
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	2.41	2	0	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
stepholidine stepholidine: protoberberine alkaloid isolated from opium; dual D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist	2.39	2	0
hexarelin hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6	2.15	1	0
beta-elemene beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.	2.11	1	0	beta-elemene	antineoplastic agent
neomangiferin neomangiferin: from Anemarrhena asphodeloides; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
jwh-133 1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.	2.91	3	0	benzochromene; dibenzopyran; organic heterotricyclic compound	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; CB2 receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; vasodilator agent
vildagliptin [no description available]	3.79	9	0	amino acid amide
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.58	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.25	5	0	borneol
gamma-glutamylvaline gamma-glutamylvaline: improves the bitter taste of valine. gamma-Glu-Val : A glutamyl-L-amino acid that is the N-(L-gamma-glutamyl) derivative of L-leucine.	2.31	1	0	glutamyl-L-amino acid	human metabolite
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.03	1	0	ammonium ion derivative
kopsinine kopsinine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2alpha,3beta,5alpha)-isomer; has hepatoprotective properties	1.97	1	0	indole alkaloid	metabolite
loa lithocholic acid acetate: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	4.38	19	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	7.34	19	2	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cadinane cadinane: structure in first source. cadinane : A sesquiterpene consisting of decalin having two methyl substituents at the 1- and 6-positions, an isopropyl substituent at the 4-position and (1S,4S,4aS,6S,8aS)-configuration.	2.03	1	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	2.17	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	1.98	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	2.13	1	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	4.44	8	0
guanoxabenz [no description available]	2	1	0
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	3.19	5	0	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
phoxim phoxim: structure	2.5	2	0
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	2.76	2	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
impentamine impentamine: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
s-allylcysteine S-allylcysteine: structure in first source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. S-allylcysteine : An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.	3.16	5	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
s-allylmercaptocysteine S-allylmercaptocysteine: a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation	2.07	1	0
disilver oxide [no description available]	2.31	1	0
3-(15-hydroxypentadecyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 3-(15-hydroxypentadecyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one: stimulates arginine vasopressin secretion; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
bo 653 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2,2-dipentyl-4,6-di-tert-butylbenzofuran: an antiatherogenic antioxidant; structure given in first source	3.12	1	0
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	2.98	4	0
acth (4-7), pro-gly-pro- [no description available]	2.11	1	0
jbp 485 JBP 485: has antihepatitis activity	2.08	1	0
bemethyl bemethyl: 2-mercaptobenzimidazole deriv.; alkylating agent and mutagen antagonist	2.07	1	0
acanthoic acid acanthoic acid: from root bark of Acanthopanax koreanum; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
bicyclol bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.	3.29	6	0
kb r7943 2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
davunetide davunetide: AL-108 is a nasal systemic formulation; AL-208 is an intravenous formulation; associated with glial proteins regulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide, are shown now to provide protective intervention in a model of fetal alcohol syndrome	2.06	1	0	oligopeptide
ezetimibe, simvastatin drug combination Ezetimibe, Simvastatin Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of ezetimibe and simvastatin that is used in the treatment of HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.	5.37	2	2
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	3.84	11	0	oligopeptide
capsiate [no description available]	2.73	3	0	carboxylic ester; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; capsaicin receptor agonist; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
fructosyl-lysine fructosyllysine : A glyco-amino acid consisting of a D-fructosyl residue attached to the epsilon-amino group of L-lysine.	2	1	0	fructosamine; glyco-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
licochalcone c licochalcone C: has cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities; isolated from licorice; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
brl 37344 BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomer	2.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
neoandrographolide neoandrographolide: structure in first source; isolated from Andrographis paniculata	1.98	1	0
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	1.99	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ginsenoside m1 ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.06	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	2.11	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine
4-anisyltetrazolium blue tetrazolium blue : An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium blue(1+) as the counterion.	2.05	1	0	organic chloride salt	dye
conophylline conophylline: isolated from the leaves of Ervatamia microphylla; a ras function inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
sm 346 SM 346: 2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivative	2.13	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	18.19	1,427	25	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.52	2	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	2.92	4	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
3,5-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one 3,5-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
dapagliflozin [no description available]	3.4	5	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
gw 4064 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	stilbenoid
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	3.9	11	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
n-acetylcarnosine N-acetylcarnosine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N-acetylcarnosine : A dipeptide that is the N-acetyl derivative of carnosine.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate [no description available]	2.25	1	0
prunin protein, prunus naringenin-7-O-glucoside: from Dracocephalum rupestre; has protective effects against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis	2.04	1	0
mitoquinol mitoquinol: structure in first source	3.7	1	1
secoisolariciresinol diglucoside secoisolariciresinol diglucoside: major precursor of mammalian lignans; structure given in first source; RN given refers to B-D-GLUCO isomer	3.53	8	0
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	3.3	6	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	8.86	24	4	diterpenoid
ethiprole [no description available]	2.21	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
bpc 157 BPC 157: amino acid sequence given in first source; a 15-amino acid fragment of a gastric peptide, BPC, with hepatoprotective effects	2.57	2	0
zeolites [no description available]	3.31	6	0
ubiquinol ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.	7.63	10	6	polyprenylhydroquinone; ubiquinol	biomarker; metabolite
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.95	4	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
medigoxin spirotetramat: for the control of a broad spectrum of sucking insects; structure in first source. spirotetramat : An azaspiro compound that is methoxycyclohexane which is fused at position 4 to the 5-position of a 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one that is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by 2,5-dimethylphenyl and (ethoxycarbonyl)oxy groups, respectively (the cis isomer). It is a proinsecticide (via hydrolysis of the ethyl carbonate group to give the corresponding 4-hydroxypyrrol-2-one, "spirotetramat-enol") and is used for the control of a wide range of sucking insects on fruit and potato crops.	2.81	3	0
diosbulbin b diosbulbin B: from the rhizome of Dioscorea bulbifera; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	naphthofuran
imidocarb dipropionate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
isorenieratene isorenieratene: isolated from Brevibacterium linens; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	carotenoid phi-end group; diterpenoid
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	3.95	12	0
n-caffeoyltyramine N-caffeoyltyramine: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	catechols
3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
2-(2-(4-phenoxy-2-propylphenoxy)ethyl)indole-5-acetic acid 2-(2-(4-phenoxy-2-propylphenoxy)ethyl)indole-5-acetic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cynandione a cynandione A: isolated from Cynanchum wilfordii; structure in first source	2	1	0
methyl 3,5-di-o-caffeoyl quinate 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester: results suggest that the effect of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic esters on CHS is associated with a decrease in the production of interleukins, but not with the inhibition of iNOS expression. Moreover, esterification of the carboxyl group at C-1 enhanced protection against tyrosine nitration in the skin. methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid with methanol. Isolated from Suaeda glauca and Dichrocephala bicolor, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.1	1	0
candicidin Candicidin: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.. candicidin D : A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.. candicidin : A mixture of the antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus. It is composed of candicidins A, B, C and D, with candicidin D being the major component. Candicidin is active against some fungi of the genus Candida, and has been used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.	1.96	1	0	macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antifungal drug; bacterial metabolite
n-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide: inhibits rat renal microsomal arachidonic acid epoxidation	2.04	1	0
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.54	2	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate	3.5	1	1
cystathionine Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.	2.43	2	0	cysteine derivative
tribulus Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.	2.97	4	0
am 1241 AM 1241: a CB(2) receptor-selective agonist; no further information available 11/2001	2.1	1	0
act 058362 1-(2-(4-benzyl-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(2-methylquinolin-4-yl)urea: a urotensin-II receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
n-acetylcysteinamide [no description available]	3.66	9	0
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	6.16	9	1
m 40403 imisopasem manganese: a superoxide dismutase mimetic; structure in first source	2.71	3	0
nps r-467 NPS R-467: calcimimetic compound; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0
struvite Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.	2.06	1	0	hydrate; phosphate mineral	fertilizer
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.13	1	0
trans-sodium crocetinate trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma	3.67	9	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	5.14	13	0
eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)	2.08	1	0	peptide
sb 204990 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
kukoamine b kukoamine B: an anti-sepsis agent isolated from Lycium chinense; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	amine
3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene 3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene: isolated from Streptomyces mediolani; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
eugenosedin-a eugenosedin-A: antioxidant; protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotension, hyperglycaemia and cytokine immunoreactivity in rats and mice	2.47	2	0
meciadanol meciadanol: catechin metabolite; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
macelignan macelignan: an NSAID with antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and neuroprotective activities; structure in first source	2.49	2	0	lignan
2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone 2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone: has antineoplastic activity; blocks NF-kappaB p65 activation; structure in first source; do not confuse with DMC cpd. 2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and methyl groups at positions 3' and 5'. Isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus, it has been shown to exhibit inhibitory effects on the viral neuraminidases from two influenza viral strains, H1N1 and H9N2.	2.06	1	0	chalcones; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
licochalcone d licochalcone D: isolated from Glycyrrhiza inflata; inhibits phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65 in LPS signaling pathway	2.11	1	0
flurogestone acetate Flurogestone Acetate: A synthetic fluorinated steroid that is used as a progestational hormone.	3.43	1	1	corticosteroid hormone
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	3.11	5	0
ly 338522 LY 338522: des-methyl metabolite of LY333531; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ly 341495 LY 341495: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
digalactosyldiacylglycerol digalactosyldiacylglycerol: two Galactoses bound to diacylglycerol; the mono Gal MGDG is also available; constitutes 20% of plant chloroplast lipids; see also 1,2-distearoyldigalactosyldiglyceride	2.13	1	0
1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide: showed developmental toxicity on Daphnia magna	3.17	5	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	4.33	4	1	D-ribose; ribopyranose
decabromodiphenyl ethane decabromodiphenyl ethane: structure in first source	2.54	2	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.41	1	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure in first source	2.97	4	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	5.24	4	3
fluoxastrobin fluoxastrobin: a fungicide. fluoxastrobin : An oxime O-ether that is the O-methyl oxime of (2-{[6-(2-chlorophenoxy)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}phenyl)(5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-dioxazin-3-yl)methanone. A fungicide used for disease control of potatoes and a wide range of vegetables.	2.58	2	0	aromatic ether; dioxazine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; oxime O-ether; pyrimidines; strobilurin antifungal agent	antifungal agrochemical; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
grayanotoxin iii grayanotoxin III: from leaves of Leucothoe grayana (Ericaceae); RN refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
flumorph flumorph: Fungicides, Industrial; similar to dimethomorph. flumorph : A mixture comprising approximately equal amounts of (E)- and (Z)-fluomorph. It is used as an agrochemical fungicide for the control oomcyetes such as downey mildew on vegetables and grapes.. (E)-flumorph : An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of (2E)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid with the amino group of morpholine.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; enamide; morpholines; organofluorine compound; tertiary carboxamide
aplysin aplysin: Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating, derived from Laurencia tristicha; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
15-methoxypinusolidic acid 15-methoxypinusolidic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	triterpenoid
erastin erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.	3.52	6	0	aromatic ether; diether; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; quinazolines; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer; voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.05	1	0
procyanidin b1 procyanidin B1 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin units joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' respectively in a beta-configuration.. Procyanidin B1 can be found in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark or cortex), in Uncaria guianensis (cat's claw, in the root), and in Vitis vinifera (common grape vine, in the leaf) or in peach.	1.98	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; metabolite
chlorantranilipole chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.	2.41	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organobromine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyrazoles; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.13	1	0	nystatins
pirarubicin [no description available]	2.91	3	0	anthracycline
linoleic acid hydroperoxide linoleic acid hydroperoxide: RN refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. linoleic acid hydroperoxide : A HPODE that is a mono-hydroperoxy derivative of linoleic acid	4.76	7	1
potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO	2.06	1	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound	herbicide
mitoquinone mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity	3.98	2	1
cannabidiol hydroxyquinone cannabidiol hydroxyquinone: structure given in first source; an air oxidation product of cannabidiol; inhibits the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes of mice through the decrease of cytochrome P-450 content; RN given refers to (1R-trans)-isomer	2.03	1	0	prenylquinone
(5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidine (5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidine: KR-32570 possesses potent cardioprotective effects in perfused rat hearts, and its effects may be mediated by inhibition of NHE-1, preservation of high-energy phosphates, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation	2.02	1	0
cyflumetofen cyflumetofen: acaricide; structure in first source. cyflumetofen : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-cyflumetofen. A proacaricide (via ester hydrolysis and subsequent decarboxylation), it is used to control phytophagous mites at all development stages in a variety of fruit crops. It acts as an inhibitor of complex II of mitochondrial electron transport chain.. 2-methoxyethyl 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-cyano-3-oxo-3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propanoate : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by o-trifluoromethylbenzoyl, p-tert-butylphenyl, and (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl groups.	2.6	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 2-methoxyethyl ester; beta-ketoester; nitrile
ginsenoside rk1 ginsenoside Rk1: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
tavaborole tavaborole: has antifungal activity; structure in first source. tavaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborole substituted at position 5 by a fluoro group. A topical antifungal agent used for the treatment of onychomycosis (fungal infection of the toenails and fingernails).	2.41	1	0	benzoxaborole; organofluorine compound	antifungal agent; EC 6.1.1.4 (leucine--tRNA ligase) inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	2.31	1	0	emamectins
apremilast [no description available]	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
cyantraniliprole cyantraniliprole: an insecticide; structure in first source. cyantraniliprole : A carboxamide that is chlorantraniliprole in which the chlorine atom attached to the phenyl ring has been replaced by a cyano group. A ryanodine receptor agonist, it is used as insecticide for the control of whitefly, thrips, aphids, fruitflies, and fruit worms in crops such as onions, potatoes and tomatoes. It is highly toxic to honeybees.	2.6	1	0	nitrile; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	5.12	9	1
chlorophyll b [no description available]	4.72	26	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
lisdexamfetamine dimesylate Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: A dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT and DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.	2.11	1	0
ginsenoside rd ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.	3.57	8	0	beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; immunosuppressive agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
n-(2-(1,1'-bicyclopropyl)-2-ylphenyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1h-pyrazole-4-carboxamide N-(2-(1,1'-bicyclopropyl)-2-ylphenyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide: sedaxane is the (trans)-isomer; structure in first source. sedaxane : A diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of the two possible cis-isomers as well as the two possible trans-isomers of sedaxane. Used in seed treatment for the control of pathogens such as Ascomycetes and Oomycetes species in crops such as fruit and wheat.. N-{2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]phenyl}-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]aniline.	2.17	1	0	aromatic amide; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; ring assembly
sauchinone sauchinone: isolated from Saururus chinensis; structure in first source	2	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	12.53	83	17
d-arg-dmt-lys-phe-nh2 [no description available]	2.52	2	0
tp 7 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
granite granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite	2.1	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
4-methylthiobenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
butafenacil butafenacil: structure in first source. butafenacil : An organofluorine compound that is 1-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione substituted by a 4-chloro-3-({[2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)propan-2-yl]oxy}carbonyl)phenyl group at position 3. It is a herbicide which inhibits the protoporphyrinogen-oxidase enzyme in plant chloroplasts, resulting in rapid knockdown of various broadleaf and grass weeds.	2.08	1	0	benzoate ester; diester; monochlorobenzenes; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
empagliflozin [no description available]	2.72	2	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	3.23	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	4.61	27	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	3.85	10	0
s-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a myristoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of myristic acid.	2.06	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate: (L)-isomer is the biologically active form; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.04	4	0	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.74	3	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	5.23	44	0
copper oxychloride [no description available]	2.06	1	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.06	1	0
podophyllin Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.	2.01	1	0
bacitracin methylenedisalicylic acid bacitracin methylenedisalicylic acid: RN given refers to Bacitracin, methylenebis(2-hydroxybenzoate)	2.21	1	0
pyrostatin a pyrostatin A: inhibits N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source. 5-hydroxyectoine : A carboxamidine heterocycle which is obtained by formal condensation of 4-amino-L-allothreonine with acetic acid.	2.1	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; iminium betaine; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol
n-monoacetylcystine N-monoacetylcystine: antidote for paracetamol poisoning	2.13	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	3.49	7	0
dihydrotachysterol Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.	2.15	1	0
myricetin-3-o-galactoside myricetin-3-O-galactoside: antioxidant and antigenotoxic from Myrtus communis; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	2.42	2	0
neoxanthin neoxanthin: one of the main carotenoids in chloroplasts of higher plants and algae; RN given refers to (9'-cis)-isomer. neoxanthin : An epoxycarotenoid that is 6,7-didehydro-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5',6'-epoxy-beta,beta-carotene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3, 3', and 5 positions.	2.04	1	0
tenuigenin tenuigenin: decreases secretion of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta-protein in cultured cells	2.77	3	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid
silidianin [no description available]	2.15	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	3.25	5	0
ginsenoside rb3 [no description available]	2.78	3	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antidepressant; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; plant metabolite
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	9.71	28	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.44	2	0
homobrassinolide homobrassinolide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha)-isomer)	2.06	1	0
bendazac lysine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.49	2	0
aminoethyl-isothiourea aminoethyl-isothiourea: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and oxygen radical scavenger	2.05	1	0
bleomycetin bleomycetin: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.12	5	0
ataprost [no description available]	1.98	1	0
calcium ascorbate calcium ascorbate: various prepartions exist for drugs listed under this heading	2.08	1	0
4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid 4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
bde 208 2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6,6'-nonabromodiphenyl ether: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
cysteinyldopa Cysteinyldopa: Found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. Cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-S-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells.	1.99	1	0	catecholamine; zwitterion
glaucocalyxin b glaucocalyxin B: chemical constituent of Rabdhosia japonica var. glaucocalyx	2.21	1	0
nodularin nodularin: cyclic pentapeptide toxin from NODULARIA SPUMIGENA	2.55	2	0	ether
swietenine swietenine: hypoglycemic from Swietenia macrophylla seeds; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
furosine [no description available]	8.5	2	0	alpha-amino acid
hypocrellin a hypocrellin A: isolated from fungus Hypocrella bambusae sacc	1.97	1	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2.73	3	0
jujubogenin jujubogenin: dammarane type triterpene	2.05	1	0
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	4.35	4	1
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	5.13	45	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desmosine Desmosine: A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.	1.95	1	0	aromatic amino acid
tin mesoporphyrin tin mesoporphyrin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrogen, (SP-4-2)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 5/88	2.47	2	0
herpetrione herpetrione: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	7	108	0
bisaramil [no description available]	1.99	1	0
calcitonin [no description available]	2.15	1	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.94	3	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	2.43	2	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	6.2	31	1	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	3.85	2	1
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	2.47	2	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	4.84	7	1	polypeptide
oenothein b oenothein B: from Oenothera erythrosepala Bordas; exhibits strong antitumor activity against MM2 ascites tumors & inhibits the growth of Meth-A solid-type tumors in mice; 5 alpha reductase testosterone inhibitor	2.25	1	0
aprotinin gordox: Drugs having as their active substance aprotinin (trasylol, gordox); gordox and contrycal are distinct molecules that both act as kallikrenin protease inhibitors	1.96	1	0
thymalfasin Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.	1.99	1	0	polypeptide
cys(11)-cys(15)-endothelin-1 (11-21) Cys(11)-Cys(15)-endothelin-1 (11-21): antagonist of endothelin B receptor	2.01	1	0
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.52	2	0
humanin humanin: suppresses neuronal cell death induced by the Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein; suppresses neuronal cell death induced by three different types of FAD genes and amyloid beta; amino acid sequence in first source	2.52	2	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	4.51	5	1
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	3.77	10	0	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	4.58	5	1
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	2.57	2	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	9.56	5	1
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	3.85	2	1
astressin astressin : A 30-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence D-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Nle-Ala-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Glu-Ala-His-Lys-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu-Nle-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 19 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 22.	2.05	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist; neuroprotective agent
irl 1620 sovateltide: a potent, specific ligand for the endothelin-B receptor	6.14	8	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) [no description available]	2.11	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	5.9	22	1
oligonucleotides [no description available]	8.73	10	0
liraglutide [no description available]	3.54	7	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	4.13	14	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	5.77	11	2
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	2.1	1	0
exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4	2.08	1	0
pr 39 PR 39: antibacterial peptide from pig intestine; MW 4.719 kDa; contains 39 amino acid residues; has high activity against E coli & Bacillus megaterium; amino acid sequence given in first source. PR-39 : A 39 amino acid porcine cathelicidin that is rich in proline and arginine residues. It plays a pivotal role in the innate immune defence of the pig against infections and exhibits antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities.	2.03	1	0
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	2.65	3	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	12.36	21	6	glycoside
sodium borate borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.	3.01	4	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	17.36	97	12
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	8.52	61	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	3.29	6	0
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	2.52	2	0	21-hydroxy steroid
amikacin [no description available]	2.15	1	0
feaox-6 FeAOX-6: antioxidant derived from a molecular combination of the chromanyl and polyisoprenyl moieties; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	10.82	607	1	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
phentin acetate phentin acetate: see also triphenyltin hydroxide.; structure. fentin acetate : An organotin compound that is the O-acetyl derivative of triphenyltin hydroxide. A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.	2	1	0	acetate ester; organotin compound	antifungal agrochemical
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	4.36	2	2	organotin acaricide
aluminum lactate aluminum lactate: RN given refers to compound with unknown number of aluminum atoms	2.25	1	0	aluminium coordination entity; lactate salt
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	1.95	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
sulfoxaflor sulfoxaflor: insecticide targeting sap-feeding pests; structure in first source. sulfoxaflor : A mixture of the four diastereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres of [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide (the sulfur atom and the carbon attached to position 3 of the pyridine ring). [Both E- and Z-isomers involving the S=N double bond and the cyano group exist, but they interconvert rapidly at r.t.]. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist in insects, sulfoxaflor is used as an insecticide, particularly for the control of aphids.. [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.	2.17	1	0	nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoximide
flupyradifurone flupyradifurone: has insecticidal activity; structure in first source. flupyradifurone : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which the nitrogens have been replaced by (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, and 5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl groups, respectively. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist, it is used as an insecticide to control sucking pests in a variety of crops.	2.41	1	0	butenolide; enamine; monochloropyridine; organofluorine insecticide; tertiary amino compound	insecticide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
boc-d-fmk Boc-D-FMK: Caspase inhibitor and neuroprotective agent	2.02	1	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.1	1	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	3.4	7	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	15.44	160	31
argpyrimidine argpyrimidine: structure given in first source. argpyrimidine : A member of the class of hydroxypyrimidines obtained by cyclocondensation of L-arginine and methylglyoxal; a methyl glyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-product (AGE) in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and human cancers.	3.4	2	0	hydroxypyrimidine; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	epitope
s-nitrosopenicillamine S-nitrosopenicillamine: activates bovine coronary arterial & rat hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase	1.99	1	0
alpha-amanitin Alpha-Amanitin: A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.. alpha-amanitin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.	2.59	2	0
n-(2-methylbenzyl)linoleamide N-(2-methylbenzyl)linoleamide: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer; structure	2.02	1	0	organic molecular entity
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	3.71	9	0
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.99	4	0
oleracein e oleracein E: antioxidant from Portulaca oleracea; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
bacopaside i bacopaside I: isolated from Bacopa monniera Wettst; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
ginsenoside rg2 ginsenoside Rg2: structure in first source; RN given refers to (6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-isomer. ginsenoside Rg2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.96	4	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anticoagulant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
pseudoginsenoside f11 pseudoginsenoside F11: isolated from Panax quinquefolium L.	2.46	2	0
onjisaponin b onjisaponin B: structure in first source. senegin III : A triterpenoid saponin isolated from Polygala senega var latifolia and has been shown to exhibit hypoglycemic activity.	2.17	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
chitosan [no description available]	7.63	67	2
2-chloro-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)aminopurine 2-chloro-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)aminopurine: inhibits cytokine degradation; inhibits AtCKX2 protein	2.1	1	0
chitohexaose [no description available]	2.15	1	0
technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.	3.92	3	0
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2 15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2	2.11	1	0
n(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine: from Streptococcus lactis; RN given is for the L isomer. N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine : A L-lysine derivative formed during the reaction between methylglyoxal and protein. CEL is a homologue of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end-product that is formed on reaction of glyoxal or glycolaldehyde with protein and on oxidative cleavage of fructoselysine, the Amadori adduct formed on glycation of protein by glucose.	2.01	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine 1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-(5-oxovaleryl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine having palmitoyl and 5-oxovaleryl groups at the 1- and 2-positions respectively; major species at pH 7.3.	2.47	2	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; aldehyde	apoptosis inducer
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2.02	1	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	3.43	7	0	organosulfonic acid
sodium houttuyfonate sodium houttuyfonate: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	2.39	2	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.47	8	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.69	3	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	2.52	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	4.25	17	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
tanshinone ii a sodium sulfonate tanshinone II A sodium sulfonate: has cardioprotective activity; water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A; isolated from Salvia militiorrhiza; relieves anginal pain; structure	2.73	3	0
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	3.31	6	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
holothurin a holothurin A: RN given refers to Na salt (3 beta,12 alpha,22S)-isomer	2.59	2	0
sodium hypophosphite sodium hypophosphite: RN given refers to phosphinic acid, Na salt; structure	1.96	1	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	4	12	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
merocyanine dye merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure	1.97	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	3.49	7	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	3.86	3	0
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	2.74	3	0	organic molecular entity
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.39	2	0
borrelidin treponemycin: isolated from Streptomyces albovinaceous; active against Treponema hyodysenteriae. borrelidin : A macrolide that is isolated from several Streptomyces species and displays antibiotic, antineoplastic and antimalarial properties.	2.25	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; diol; macrolide; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	antifungal agent; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
olaparib [no description available]	2.17	1	0	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
gelsemine gelsemine: from Gelsemium sempervirens; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	indole alkaloid
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	4.31	17	0
fps-zm1 FPS-ZM1: a neuroprotective agent and RAGE receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	4.23	17	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
atheronal-b atheronal-B: cholesterol ozonolysis product with proatherogenic effects; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
atheronal-a atheronal-A: cholesterol ozonolysis product with proatherogenic effects; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.06	1	0
canagliflozin canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.	2.63	2	0	C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
madecassoside [no description available]	2.75	3	0	carboxylic ester; pentacyclic triterpenoid; trisaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; antirheumatic drug; plant metabolite; vulnerary
zedoarondiol zedoarondiol: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
insulin, isophane Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.	1.99	1	0
cpu0213 CPU0213: a vasopressor agent; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	3.6	8	0
l 817818 L 817818: somatostatin 5 receptor agonist. L-817818 : A benzoindole that is 1H-benzo[g]indole substituted by naphthalen-2-yl and 2-({(2R)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropoxy]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}amino)-2-oxoethyl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a selective nonpeptidic agonist of the somatostatin subtype-5 (SST5) receptor with Ki of 0.4 nM.	2.31	1	0
albiflorin albiflorin: glucoside in peony roots. albiflorin : A monoterpene glycoside with formula C23H28O11, originally isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.	2.52	2	0	benzoate ester; beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; gamma-lactone; monoterpene glycoside; secondary alcohol	neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
antroquinonol d antroquinonol: isolated from Antrodia camphorata. antroquinonol : An enone that is cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3, a methyl group at position 6 and a (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl group at position 5 (the 4R,5R,6R stereoisomer). It is isolated from the solid-state fermented mycelium of the fungus Antrodia camphorata and has been found to exhibit potent cytotoxicity against a number of human cancer cell lines. However, a synthesis-enabled biological re-examination published in 2016, revealed minimal in vitro and in vivo antitumour activity in preclinical models.	2.83	3	0	enol ether; enone; secondary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite
jzl 184 JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	benzodioxoles
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2.52	2	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.03	1	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.53	2	0	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	6.02	26	1
trelstar Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.	2.31	1	0
cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.	2.15	1	0	oligopeptide	antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist
dynorphins dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)	2.01	1	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.43	2	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
apelin-13 peptide apelin-13 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source. apelin-13 : A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis.	3.06	4	0	oligopeptide	antihypertensive agent; autophagy inhibitor; biomarker; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
incb-018424 [no description available]	2.41	1	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	2.08	1	0	tartrate salt
mannans [no description available]	5.29	11	1
aspirin eugenol ester aspirin eugenol ester: has antineoplastic activity	2.31	1	0
3,4-oxoisopropylideneshikimic acid 3,4-oxoisopropylideneshikimic acid: has antithrombotic activity; name does not agree with structure given in first source	3	4	0
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	2.51	2	0
guanidinosuccinic acid guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.	1.96	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid anion
s-ethylcysteine S-ethylcysteine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. S-ethyl-L-cysteine zwitterion : A S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of S-ethyl-L-cysteine; major species at pH 7.3.	2.74	3	0	S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion; S-alkyl-L-cysteine	antitubercular agent
phosphinothricin phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.	3.03	4	0	organic anion
8-iso-prostaglandin a2 8-isoprostaglandin A2: a cyclopentenone isoprostane	2.03	1	0	prostanoid
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid 11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.	2.43	2	0	11,12-EET	human xenobiotic metabolite
lysophosphatidylserine lysophosphatidylserine: stimulates histamine secretion from isolated mast cells in mouse plasma. lysophosphatidylserine : An acylglycerophosphoserine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylserine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl. Formula C7H13NO9PR, where R represents the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acyl group.. 1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoserine in which the acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).	1.96	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine
zosterin zosterin: a polysaccharide preparation of a sea grass belonging to Zoster	1.99	1	0
triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.	2.37	2	0	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
glycolipids [no description available]	3.44	7	0
alamandine alamandine: heptapeptide generated by catalytic action of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 angiotensin A or directly from angiotensin-(1-7)	2.31	1	0	peptide
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	10.39	73	4
4-nitro-3-phenylphenol 4-nitro-3-phenylphenol: has estrogenic activity; isolated from diesel exhaust; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
cyanidin 3-galactoside cyanidin 3-galactoside: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2.75	3	0
5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside composed of 2'-deoxyuridine having a 5-hydroxymethyl substituent.	2.44	2	0
manassantin a manassantin A: a dineolignan from Saururus cernuus; structure in first source. manassantin A : A lignan isolated from Saururus cernuus and Saururus chinensis and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity.	2.13	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	18.71	118	16
catharinine catharinine: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
inotodiol inotodiol: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
antibiotic cv-1 [no description available]	2.83	3	0
hemopressin hemopressin: hemoglobin alpha-chain fragment	2.25	1	0
physalin a physalin A: an anti-inflammatory agent isolated from Physalis alkekengi var; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	physalin
phillyrin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
punicalagin punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source	2.76	2	0	tannin
isosilybin isosilybin: flavanolignan from Silybum marianum. isosilybin : A flavonolignan isolated from Silybum marianum.	2.13	1	0
mephedrone mephedrone: a beta-keto (bk) designer drug; Central Nervous System Stimulants. mephedrone : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.	2.55	2	0	amphetamines; aromatic ketone; secondary amino compound	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	3.39	6	0
hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.	2.13	1	0
tilmicosin tilmicosin: semi-synthetic antibiotic. tilmicosin : A macrolide antibiotic with formula C46H80N2O13. It is used for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica.	2.48	2	0
tylosin [no description available]	2.48	2	0
fosinopril Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.	2.46	2	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.31	1	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	6.44	14	1
endrin Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.	2.67	3	0
alpha-tocotrienol quinone alpha-tocotrienol quinone: reverses visual loss due to retinal ganglion degeneration	2.08	1	0
licochalcone e licochalcone E: from roots of Glycyrrhiza inflata; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
chymostatin [no description available]	2	1	0
fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer	2.93	4	0
gyy 4137 GYY 4137: has vasodilator, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	3.12	4	0	organic molecular entity
calcipotriene calcipotriene: a topical dermatologic for the treatment of moderate plaque psoriasis; structure in first source. calcipotriol hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.	2.13	1	0	hydrate	antipsoriatic
3-methoxy-n-p-tolylquinoxalin-2-carboxamide 3-methoxy-N-p-tolylquinoxalin-2-carboxamide: a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that possesses both antidepressant and anxiolytic activities	2.11	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.03	1	0
jujuboside a [no description available]	2.05	1	0	triterpenoid
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.81	3	0
dimethylaminomicheliolide dimethylaminomicheliolide: a prodrug of micheliolide; has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	3.4	7	0
antcin k antcin K: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	bile acid	metabolite
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	7.75	25	7	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	5.21	19	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.44	2	0
N-[9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxamide benzovindiflupyr: broad-spectrum fungicide; structure in first source. benzovindiflupyr : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (1R,4S)- and (1S,4R)-benzovindiflupyr. A fungicide that is active agaist a range of cereal diseases.. N-[9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-amine.	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; bridged compound; olefinic compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles
trifloxystrobin trifloxystrobin : The methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino)[2-({[(E)-{1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino]oxy}methyl)phenyl]acetic acid. A foliar applied fungicide for cereals which is particularly active against Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Oomycetes	3.04	3	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	21.27	1,099	132	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	5.24	11	1
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	3.2	5	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	5.09	9	1
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	8.81	10	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	5.46	15	1	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	1.96	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	5.83	12	2	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	5.23	11	1	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	5.67	24	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
dihydroxyfumarate dihydroxyfumarate: RN given refers to ((E)-isomer); structure. dihydroxyfumaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid consisting of fumaric acid having two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions.	2.38	2	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid
tenuazonic acid Tenuazonic Acid: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin.. tenuazonic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is 5-(butan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione carrying an additional acetyl group at position 3. A mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi.	2.01	1	0
bromadiolone [no description available]	2.11	1	0	diarylheptanoid
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	fatty acid ester
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	3.21	5	0
2,4-dihydroxyquinoline 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source. 4-hydroxy-2-quinolone : A heteroaryl hydroxy compound that is 2-quinolone substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; quinolone
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.74	3	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pogostone Pogostone: volatile oil of Pogostemon cablin	3.91	3	0	aromatic ketone
potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate: RN given refers to the potassium salt	2.43	2	0
betalains Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.	2.05	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	5.37	13	1
microcystin microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.	4.07	13	0	peptide
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	2.42	2	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.38	2	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.17	1	0
plasmalyte a Plasmalyte A: resuscitation fluid; contains sodium, potassium, chlorides, calcium, magnesium & bicarbonates	2.51	2	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	10.1	85	4
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	6.26	18	2
myricetin-3-o-rhamnoside myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside: antioxidant and antigenotoxic from Myrtus communis; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
calicheamicin gamma(1)i calicheamicin gamma(1)I: structure given in first source; isolated from Micromonospora echinospora sp. calichensis; acts as a DNA double-stranded cleaving agent. calicheamicin gamma1(I) : A calcheamicin in which contains 3-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnosyl, 2,6-dideoxy-4-thio-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl, and 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2-O-[2,4-dideoxy-4-(ethylamino)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-threo-pentopyranosyl]-alpha-L-idopyranose units and in which the aromatic ring contains an iodo substituent.	1.99	1	0	calicheamicin; enediyne antibiotic; organoiodine compound	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	2.49	2	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	3.57	8	0	ketal
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	3.37	1	1
brass [no description available]	2.11	1	0
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.06	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
gkt137831 setanaxib: NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor; a pyrazolopyridine dione derivative	2.25	1	0
bay 85-3934 [no description available]	2.17	1	0
3-nitrosotyrosine 3-nitrosotyrosine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
rki-1447 RKI-1447: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits ROCK1 and ROCK2; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
bay 94-8862 finerenone: a potent, selective, and orally available nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	6.95	63	1
globotriaosylceramide globotriaosylceramide: receptor for Shigella. alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide : A glycotriaosylceramide having alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl component attached to the primary hydroxy function of a ceramide with undefined sphingoid base.	2.07	1	0
carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman: structure in first source	4.39	1	1
thymic factor, circulating Thymic Factor, Circulating: A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.	1.97	1	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	3.05	4	0
platonin platonin: RN given refers to diiodide; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
maitotoxin [no description available]	2	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.75	3	0
methyl linoleate ozonide methyl linoleate ozonide: causes inhibition of phagocytosis in rat alveolar macrophages	1.98	1	0
cobra cardiotoxin proteins Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins: Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.	1.96	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	8.7	9	0
glutaminase [no description available]	2.42	2	0
ginsenoside rg5 ginsenoside Rg5: a major constituent of steamed Ginseng; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	3.9	11	0
i-antigen I-antigen: used as a marker for well-differentiated leukemia cells; carbohydrate structure of immunodominant epitope is Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3R which is very similar to that of sialyl SSEA-1	2.08	1	0
lysophosphatidylethanolamine lysophosphatidylethanolamine : A glycerophosphoethanolamine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylethanolamine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl.	2.05	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	4.05	14	0
nattokinase nattokinase: isolated from the Japanese soybean cheese Natto; MW: 20,000; pI=8.6	2.1	1	0
limbrel flavocoxid: a mixture of baicalin and catechin used as an NSAID	2.59	2	0
teferrol [no description available]	3.83	2	1
mitotracker green fm [no description available]	2.17	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.37	2	0
morin-5'-sulfonic acid morin-5'-sulfonic acid: an antioxidant	2.07	1	0
asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.	2.9	4	0
ambrein ambrein: a degraded triterpene; ambrein, cholesterol and benzoic acid are major components of ambergris; from intestinal secretion of sperm blue whale (Pyseter carodon). ambrein : A triterpenoid alcohol that is a constituent of ambergris, an intestinal secretion of the sperm whale Physeter catodon.	2.03	1	0	tertiary alcohol; triterpenoid	hypoglycemic agent; mammalian metabolite
g(m3) ganglioside G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).	2.21	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide; sialodiosylceramide; sialotriaosylceramide	mouse metabolite
chromium histidinate [no description available]	2.48	2	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.72	3	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	3.77	10	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	3.46	6	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
hydroxytyrosyl acetate hydroxytyrosyl acetate: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
gsk3235025 GSK3235025: an inhibitor of protein arginine methyltransferase-5 (PRMT5); structure in first source	2.21	1	0
1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin d3 1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3: RN refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer; formulated in ointment at a concentration of 4 microg/g, for treatment of mild psoriasis	2.42	2	0
indolicidin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	3.19	5	0
kaliotoxin kaliotoxin: peptidyl inhibitor of neuronal BK-type calcium-activated K+ channels from Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus venom; MW 4 kDa; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.81	3	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	3.64	8	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
ferric oxide, saccharated Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.	6.41	9	5
cobamamide cobamamide : A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12.	2.13	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	3.22	5	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	4.36	19	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-28): binding of synthetic beta-amyloid peptide fragments to glycosaminoglycan is pH-dependent	3.42	1	1
13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid: inhibits glyoxalase II; RN given refers to (?,Z)-isomer	1.96	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid
bacoside a bacoside A: from Bacopa monnieri; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	3.14	5	0
neoline neoline: Aconitum jaluense; structure in first source. neoline : A diterpene alkaloid with formula C24H39NO6 that is isolated from several Aconitum species.	2.17	1	0
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	2.49	2	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	3.62	8	0
1-isopropyl-3-methylbenzimidazole-2-selenone 1-isopropyl-3-methylbenzimidazole-2-selenone: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ginkgolide k [no description available]	2.48	2	0
carboxyatractyloside carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.72	3	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	3.52	8	0
neferine neferine: isolated from green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn	3.19	5	0
oridonin [no description available]	2.31	1	0
morroniside morroniside: from Cornus officinalis; protects cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells from damage by high ambient glucose; a component of cornel iridoid glycoside; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
chebulagic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0
ganoderic acid a ganoderic acid A: isolated from Ganoderma lucidum; structure in first source	2.66	2	0
gibberellins [no description available]	4.39	19	0
moracin p moracin P: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	5.54	15	1
ht-2 toxin HT-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin.	2.61	2	0
copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate) copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate): copper is intricate part of molecule; not copper salt; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methylethyl moieties	2.02	1	0
aldrin Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.	2.17	1	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	4.15	15	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	8.81	26	5
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	3.22	5	0
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	2.85	3	0
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	4.84	2	1
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	3.78	2	1
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	3.32	6	0
isotalatizidine isotalatizidine: structure in first source. isotalatizidine : A diterpene alkaloid that is aconitane bearing hydroxy groups at the 1alpha, 8, and 14alpha positions and substituted at on the nitrogen and at positions 4 and 16beta by ethyl, methoxymethyl, and methoxy groups, respectively.	2.17	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	8.4	90	4
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	5.13	5	2
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	6.51	16	3
triciribine triciribine: structure. triciribine : A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.	2.52	2	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	4.47	8	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.15	1	0
protopanaxadiol protopanaxadiol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; has antineoplastic activity; acid hydrolysis results in panaxadiol. protopanaxadiol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng) that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.46	2	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	3.33	6	0
neohesperidin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
alpha-solanine [no description available]	2.49	2	0
ncx1000 2-methyl-3-(2-((4-nitrooxybutyloxy)carbonyl)vinyl)phenyl ursodeoxycholic acid ester: a nitric oxide donor; has been known in the literature as 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3-(nitrooxymethyl) phenyl ester, but this is an incomplete name	2.03	1	0
ononitol monohydrate ononitol monohydrate: antioxidant from Cassia tora L. leaves; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
rs100642 RS100642: sodium channel blocker, neuroprotectant and anti-seizure agent in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion	2.07	1	0
n-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine N-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine: structure in first source	2.51	2	0
2-cyclopropylimino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazoline hydrochloride 2-cyclopropylimino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazoline hydrochloride: Hypoglycemic Agent	2.08	1	0
asbestos, amosite Asbestos, Amosite: Asbestos, grunerite. A monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. It is used in insulation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.4	2	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.59	2	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.42	2	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	6.7	20	3
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	8.36	56	6
kutkin kutkin: alcoholic extract of the root and rrhizome of Picrorhiza kurrooa; has heptatoprotective activity; contains picroside I, kutkoside, and a small amount of other minor glycosides of P. kurrooa	2.94	4	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	4.24	16	0
liriodendrin, 1r-(1alpha,3abeta,4beta,6aalpha)-isomer eleutheroside E: from Eleutherococcus senticosus extract	2.06	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	3.62	9	0
perlite Perlite: siliceous volcanic rock composed of silicon dioxide & aluminum oxide	2.15	1	0
promega Promega: refined fish-oil product concentrated in long-chain polyunsaturated omega 3 fatty acids; principal fatty acids are 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid & 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid	1.97	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	4.43	4	1
bixin bixin: structure. bixin : A carotenoic acid that is the 6'-monomethyl ester of 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid.	2.52	2	0
protopanaxatriol protopanaxatriol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; acid hydrolysis leads to panaxatriol. protopanaxatriol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.46	2	0
euk-189 EUK-189: a salen Mn compound that mimics the action of catalase; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.	2.04	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	5.03	3	1	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	7.41	43	3	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase	2.01	1	0	sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	17.69	401	33	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.7	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate mannose Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.. GDP-D-mannose : A GDP-mannose in which the mannose fragment has D-configuration.. GDP-alpha-D-mannose : The alpha-anomer of GDP-D-mannose.	2.31	1	0	GDP-D-mannose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	1.99	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.67	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	4.77	30	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	6.61	18	1	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	6.64	29	2	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	1.99	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine diphosphate Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	5.13	5	2	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	3.43	7	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	15.21	50	11	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	3.39	6	0
queuine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	pyrrolopyrimidine	Escherichia coli metabolite
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	2.44	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
7-methylguanine 7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.	6.98	1	0	7-methylguanine
7,8-dihydrobiopterin 7,8-dihydrobiopterin: RN given refers to (S-(R,S))-isomer. 7,8-dihydrobiopterin : A dihydropterin that is biopterin dihydrogenated at positions 7 and 8.. L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin : A 7,8-dihydrobiopterin in which the 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group has (1R,2S)-configuration; naturally occurring form.	2.01	1	0	7,8-dihydrobiopterin
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	6.05	101	0
neopterin [no description available]	6.48	21	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	3.68	9	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	5.62	8	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.9	2	1	dacarbazine
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.99	4	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
pralidoxime pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.	7.78	3	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	2.4	2	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
8-azaxanthine methanochondroitin: a heteropolysaccharide from cell wall which resembles the eukaryotic chondroitin	1.99	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
syringaldazine syringaldazine: used for detection of laccase in sporophores of wood rotting fungi; structure	2.1	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	15.73	371	22	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
8-hydroxyguanosine 8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source	6.33	13	1	purine nucleoside
4-hydroxyquinazoline 4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	quinazolines
furildioxime furildioxime: chelating agent for nickel analysis	2	1	0
pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone: acts as iron chelating agent	1.99	1	0
phthivazide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
cyadox cyadox: structure	2.15	1	0
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
lometrexol lometrexol: RN & structure given in first source;	1.99	1	0
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	4.86	31	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	2.31	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
da 8159 udenafil: a pyrazolo-pyrimidinone similar to sildenafil; phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor;	2.55	2	0	sulfonamide
vardenafil dihydrochloride Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.	3.17	5	0
9-ethylguanine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	8.86	11	0	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	3.09	5	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.94	4	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	17.15	391	35	guanosines	biomarker
g 27550 G 27550: diazinon metabolite. 2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol : A hydroxypyrimidine that is pyrimidine substituted by an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 4.. 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinone : A pyrimidone that is pyrimidin-4(1H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and an isopropyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite of diazinon.	2.11	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine; pyrimidone	marine xenobiotic metabolite
asoxime chloride [no description available]	2.17	1	0
clozapine n-oxide clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	dibenzodiazepine
antipyrylazo iii antipyrylazo III: a metallochromic indicator	1.99	1	0
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	2.25	1	0
echinochrome a echinochrome A: red pigment of sea urchin eggs (Arbacia pustulosa)	2.13	1	0
divicine divicine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate: a signal for protein S-guanylation; structure in first source. 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in which the hydrogen at position 8 on the purine fragment has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.07	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; C-nitro compound	biomarker; Brassica napus metabolite; human metabolite; signalling molecule
3,n(4)-ethanocytosine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound	mutagen
8-nitroguanine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	oxopurine
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	4.74	2	1
fr 167653 FR 167653: structure given in first source	2	1	0
sethoxydim sethoxydim: structure given in Merck Index	2.03	1	0	organic hydroxy compound
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	5.57	14	1	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate 2'-3'-cGAMP : A cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclised via 3',5'- and 2',5'-linkages respectively.	2.15	1	0	adenyl ribonucleotide; cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide
carthamine carthamine: composed of two chalcones; from Carthamus tinctorius; the conjugated bonds cause a red color; derived from precarthamin by a decarboxylase; do not confuse with carthamidin	2.55	2	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
trimedoxime bromide Trimedoxime: Cholinesterase reactivator used as an antidote in alkyl phosphate poisoning.	2.17	1	0
defibrotide defibrotide: Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION	7.68	3	0
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	1.95	1	0
liproxstatin-1 liproxstatin-1: suppress ferroptosis in cells. liproxstatin-1 : An azaspiro compound that is 1'H-spiro[piperidine-4,2'-quinoxaline] in which the hydrogen at position 3' is replaced by a (3-chlorobenzyl)amino group. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis.	2.69	2	0	azaspiro compound; monochlorobenzenes; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	2.6	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
1,n(6)-ethanoadenine [no description available]	3.13	1	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.01	1	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	2.57	2	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	2.39	2	0
eye [no description available]	5.56	26	0
potassium magnesium aspartate Potassium Magnesium Aspartate: An intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects.	3.42	1	1
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	3.44	1	1
scorbamic acid [no description available]	1.93	1	0
mitotempo MitoTEMPO: an antioxidant	2.8	3	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	3.81	2	1
apelin-12 peptide apelin-12 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source	2.49	2	0	oligopeptide	biomarker; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	2.42	2	0
picroside ii picroside II: RN given for (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6abeta))-isomer; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
ganoderic acid b ganoderic acid B: from Ganoderma lucidum in different places and stages by means of HPLC. The results show that contents of ganoderic acid B from different cultured places have differnces, different stages have effect on the amount too.	2.25	1	0
chiisanoside chiisanoside: isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax chiisanensis; structure in first source	2.61	2	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	4.34	19	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	12.96	104	2
yo-pro 1 YO-PRO 1: a generally membrane impermeable fluorescent dye	2.05	1	0
id-6105 11-hydroxyaclacinomycin X: isolated from Streptomyces galilaeus; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2	1	0
2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	2	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	3.5	8	0
galanin-like peptide Galanin-Like Peptide: A neuropeptide that is highly homologous to GALANIN. It is produced by proteolytic processing of a larger protein that is unrelated to prepro-galanin and preferentially binds to GALANIN-2 RECEPTOR.	2.31	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	10.1	63	6
reamberin [no description available]	6.25	9	4
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.4	7	0
araban araban: contains arabinose & galactose	2.08	1	0
porphyran porphyran: agarose highly substituted by 6-O-sulfation of L-galactose units & 6-O-methylation of D-galactose units; from Porphyra umbicicalis & Bangia fuscopurpurea	2.15	1	0
alarin alarin: 25 amino acid peptide; an alternatively-spliced form of Galanin-like peptide with antimicrobial activity	2.31	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	5.18	44	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Anasarca [description not available]	10.76	133	2
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	21.68	969	90
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	10.76	133	2
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	21.68	969	90
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.03	4	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	15.14	787	23
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	19.14	1,679	61
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	19.14	1,679	61
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	9.11	91	8
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	13.68	792	1
Atheroma [description not available]	12.72	30	2
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	12.69	108	25
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	12.69	108	25
Atherogenesis [description not available]	16.85	225	27
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	18.57	2,499	9
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	16.85	225	27
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	7.63	135	1
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.63	135	1
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	6.58	9	2
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	10.87	37	4
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	10.87	37	4
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	6.58	9	2
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	9.43	44	2
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	9.43	44	2
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	9.74	146	9
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	12.46	165	6
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	12.46	165	6
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	3.54	8	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	3.54	8	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	13.97	659	5
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	17.85	573	42
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	13.97	659	5
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	3.65	9	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	6	26	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	6	26	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	15.04	366	20
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	17.18	576	12
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	18.07	160	8
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	10.43	58	2
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	9.66	142	1
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	10.8	21	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	10.43	58	2
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	14.66	142	1
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	5.8	21	1
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	10.7	58	6
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	10.7	58	6
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	10.76	44	8
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	10.76	44	8
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	5.94	13	2
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	5.94	13	2
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	14.15	312	28
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	14.15	312	28
Orchitis Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	2.48	2	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	8.5	45	2
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	8.5	45	2
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	11.44	196	3
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	11.44	196	3
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	3.79	3	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	5.94	14	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	6.61	18	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.79	3	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	5.94	14	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	6.61	18	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	4.26	15	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	13.86	364	6
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	13.43	35	11
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	9.2	58	2
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.79	3	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	8.8	23	4
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	15.09	341	6
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	8.8	23	4
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	15.09	341	6
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	5.48	10	1
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	10.45	125	9
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	10.45	125	9
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	11.48	217	5
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	16.48	217	5
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	8.05	13	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	11.85	77	18
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	6.63	18	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	11.85	77	18
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	8.48	30	5
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	4.58	9	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	10.96	135	1
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.9	2	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	10.96	135	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	13.2	152	9
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	13.2	152	9
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	3.04	3	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	7.08	74	1
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	7.08	74	1
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	3.41	7	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	11.04	93	8
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	11.04	93	8
Astheno Teratozoospermia [description not available]	7.01	14	2
Sterility, Male [description not available]	12.44	90	8
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	12.44	90	8
Anoxemia [description not available]	13.48	238	10
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	13.48	238	10
Cerebral Arterial Diseases Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	18.37	403	98
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	16.04	208	49
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	18.37	403	98
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	16.04	208	49
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	9.05	17	1
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	9.05	17	1
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	9.82	114	0
Aura [description not available]	8.86	55	4
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	9.31	70	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	13.86	55	4
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	14.31	70	1
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	12.91	86	8
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	12.91	86	8
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	2.79	3	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	9.89	124	1
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	9.89	124	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	10.22	54	4
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	16.46	216	41
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	15.22	54	4
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	5.53	25	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	10.53	25	0
Debility [description not available]	3.64	2	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	11.21	66	5
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	12.34	83	8
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	4.4	7	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	11.21	66	5
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	12.34	83	8
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	5.62	16	1
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	5.21	43	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	11.33	50	13
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	11.33	50	13
Cervicitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Uterine Cervicitis Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.31	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	10.84	81	5
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	10.84	81	5
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	4.77	29	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	14.48	153	23
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	4.43	4	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	13.15	177	3
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	18.15	177	3
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	12.89	141	6
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	12.89	141	6
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	10.2	247	2
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	15.2	247	2
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	13.51	269	8
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	2.41	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	13.6	146	18
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	18.6	146	18
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	2.87	3	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	3.48	2	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	5.83	20	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	6.27	7	1
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	3.48	2	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	5.83	20	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	6.27	7	1
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	12.24	44	5
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	12.24	44	5
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	5.19	10	1
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	2.41	1	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	5.19	10	1
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	7.57	197	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	7.57	197	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	13.65	61	1
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	7.03	32	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	7.03	32	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	13.59	86	24
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	13.59	86	24
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	6.96	15	2
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	5.53	24	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	5.49	15	1
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	8.11	120	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	3.21	5	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	6.66	31	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	6.66	31	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2.49	2	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	7.47	71	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	3.89	12	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	3.89	12	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	8.81	35	6
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	8.81	35	6
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	15.62	472	45
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	8.88	65	2
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	13.88	65	2
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	6.33	14	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	7.99	17	2
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	6.33	14	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	7.99	17	2
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	11.04	52	11
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	13.63	130	15
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	15.44	281	33
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	13.63	130	15
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	15.44	281	33
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	11.04	52	11
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	8.94	20	7
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	8.94	20	7
Canine Diseases [description not available]	5.57	16	1
Hip Dislocation Displacement of the femur bone from its normal position at the HIP JOINT.	2.31	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	3.44	7	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	3.44	7	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	6.83	9	3
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	6.46	41	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	9.68	75	4
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	7.06	16	2
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	6.99	26	1
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	9.68	75	4
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	7.06	16	2
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	6.99	26	1
Polyarthritis [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.15	5	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	5.53	15	1
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	5.53	15	1
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	9.53	26	8
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	9.53	26	8
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	7.32	38	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	7.32	38	1
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	6.6	25	2
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	12	131	17
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	12	131	17
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	10.89	198	2
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	7.43	44	1
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	7.43	44	1
Impotence [description not available]	4.71	26	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	9.71	26	0
Brucella Infection [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	3.17	5	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	3.96	12	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	3.96	12	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	4.11	5	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	4.11	5	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	8.65	102	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	8.65	102	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	7.58	18	1
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	7.58	18	1
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	5.06	37	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	5.06	37	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.88	3	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	3.86	10	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	14.38	50	2
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	6.08	23	1
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	6.08	23	1
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	6.46	38	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	13.55	96	11
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	13.55	96	11
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	5.23	5	2
Favism Hemolytic anemia due to the ingestion of fava beans or after inhalation of pollen from the Vicia fava plant by persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes.	2.96	4	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	15.16	205	48
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	15.16	205	48
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	7.64	15	4
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	7.64	15	4
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	8.41	28	5
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	8.41	28	5
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	3.4	6	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	8.16	5	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	2.75	3	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	7.61	195	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	7.61	195	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	2.85	3	0
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.45	7	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	4.93	13	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	4.93	13	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	3.01	4	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	6.25	12	3
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	6.25	12	3
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	6.07	24	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	9.99	146	5
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	14.99	146	5
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	8.99	63	2
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	8.99	63	2
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	4.5	23	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	4.5	23	0
Ache [description not available]	9.18	44	7
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	9.18	44	7
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	5.25	47	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	7.55	27	5
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	5.97	12	2
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	5.97	12	2
Lassitude [description not available]	10.4	68	6
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	10.4	68	6
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	5.43	12	1
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	7.2	34	1
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	7.2	34	1
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	4.6	9	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	4.6	9	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	7.98	26	2
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	12.98	26	2
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	6.64	29	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	6.64	29	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	5.65	8	2
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	5.65	8	2
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	7.49	69	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	7.42	59	2
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	8.56	12	3
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	10.45	49	4
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	8.56	12	3
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	10.45	49	4
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	5.93	22	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	10.29	65	2
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	10.29	65	2
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	7.45	110	1
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	7.45	110	1
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	4.75	11	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	11.4	134	14
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	13.54	101	10
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	11.4	134	14
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	4.8	30	0
Kashin-Beck Disease Disabling osteochondrodysplasia with OSTEOSCLEROSIS, cone-shaped METAPHYSIS, and shortening of the DIAPHYSIS. It is endemic in parts of Siberia and northern China. Mineral deficiencies (e.g., selenium, iodine), fungal cereal contamination, and water contamination may be contributing factors in its etiology.	2.41	1	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	3.8	10	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	7.27	35	3
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	8.34	32	4
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	3.01	3	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	8.34	32	4
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	2.57	2	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	10.61	80	17
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	10.61	80	17
Dermatoses [description not available]	4.02	13	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	4.02	13	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	9.76	30	1
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	5.03	38	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	5.03	38	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	7.45	13	4
ADDH [description not available]	4.83	7	1
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	4.89	32	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	4.83	7	1
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	4.89	32	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	2.72	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	8.18	21	3
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	8.18	21	3
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	3.04	4	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	8.04	4	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	4.79	7	1
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	4.79	7	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	6.63	26	2
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	7.48	65	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	6.12	28	1
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	6.12	28	1
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	7.36	15	3
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	7.36	15	3
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	2.53	2	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	3.95	11	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.76	3	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	9.97	33	6
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	9.97	33	6
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	4.33	19	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	4.33	19	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	6.27	18	2
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	6.27	18	2
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.41	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	5.98	25	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	6.23	17	2
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	5.98	25	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.41	1	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	2.41	1	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	4.81	28	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	3.83	11	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	5.06	9	1
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	5.06	9	1
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	7.23	34	3
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	11.48	79	3
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	2.82	2	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	12.39	204	10
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	12.39	204	10
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	4.4	20	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	4.4	20	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	7.63	75	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	7.63	75	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	7.82	38	1
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	7.82	38	1
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	5.68	64	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	5.68	64	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	6.75	55	1
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	6.75	55	1
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	3.22	5	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	5.51	24	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	5.51	24	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	3.15	5	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	11.19	44	6
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	11.19	44	6
Breast Cancer [description not available]	11.15	72	8
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	11.15	72	8
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	5.73	16	1
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	5.73	16	1
Parodontosis [description not available]	3.99	12	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	3.99	12	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	11.13	90	2
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	11.13	90	2
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	3.88	10	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	3.88	10	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	4.94	8	0
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	4.94	8	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	9.53	110	4
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	9.53	110	4
Scurf [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Dandruff Excessive shedding of dry scaly material from the scalp in humans.	2.63	2	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	11.75	58	4
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	6.13	10	3
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	6.13	10	3
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	3.92	4	0
Abnormal Spermatozoa [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Heatstroke [description not available]	4.21	5	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	4.21	5	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.59	23	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	4.59	23	0
Erosive Duodenitis [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Duodenitis Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.	2.48	2	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.94	12	0
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	8.62	18	2
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	15.32	47	3
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	5.45	14	1
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2.73	3	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	2.55	2	0
Asystole [description not available]	5.65	29	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	5.65	29	0
DRESS Syndrome [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	4.17	5	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	4.17	5	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	7.73	38	5
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	7.73	38	5
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	7.47	46	1
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	7.47	46	1
Acute Mesenteric Arterial Embolus [description not available]	5.3	11	1
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	8.25	39	3
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	8.25	39	3
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	6.62	18	3
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	6.62	18	3
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	3.71	9	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	3.71	9	0
Carditis [description not available]	3.99	13	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	4.7	6	1
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	3.99	13	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Adverse Effects, Long Term [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	3.68	9	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	2.83	3	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	4.87	12	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	4.71	10	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	3.92	12	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	3.57	7	0
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	3.57	7	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	3.3	6	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	9.76	82	7
Muscle Pain [description not available]	5.99	4	2
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	5.99	4	2
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	16.4	164	8
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	5.84	34	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	7.29	28	4
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	2.21	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	12.3	37	12
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	4.01	13	0
Job Stress [description not available]	3.17	4	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	3.38	6	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	16.97	121	21
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	11.97	121	21
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	8.81	62	2
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	8.81	62	2
Apoplexy [description not available]	10.26	80	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	10.26	80	1
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2.21	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	8.32	66	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	8.32	66	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	3.53	2	0
Acute Q Fever [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	3.38	6	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	14.19	216	15
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	14.19	216	15
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	12.1	79	1
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	3.64	9	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	3.64	9	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	4.94	8	1
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	4.94	8	1
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.97	4	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	11.07	62	6
Blood Diseases [description not available]	4.19	3	1
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	8.73	49	4
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	4.19	3	1
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	9.18	38	5
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	9.18	38	5
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	11.14	153	5
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.98	18	3
Allodynia [description not available]	5.87	34	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	12.78	102	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	5.25	47	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	6.55	76	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	2.25	1	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	3.5	7	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	3.04	4	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	3.5	7	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	3.05	4	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	3.05	4	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	6.2	31	1
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	6.2	31	1
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	4.5	21	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	3.43	6	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	4.83	7	1
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	7.86	19	4
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	5.8	21	0
High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions A cytological test finding that shows abnormal lesions of SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL cells.	2.21	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	7.86	19	4
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	5.8	21	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	4.14	3	1
Erythrohepatic Protoporphyria [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of FERROCHELATASE (heme synthetase) in both the LIVER and the BONE MARROW, the last enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include mainly neurological symptoms, rarely cutaneous lesions, and elevated levels of protoporphyrin and COPROPORPHYRINS in the feces.	3.59	1	1
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	4.61	24	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	4.58	9	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	4.58	9	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.6	67	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	5.3	18	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	5.3	18	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	10.11	9	1
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	5.11	9	1
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	4.77	7	1
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	4.77	7	1
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.99	4	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	3.02	4	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	2.73	3	0
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	4.96	4	2
Brain Swelling [description not available]	7.2	85	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	7.2	85	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	2.21	1	0
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	3.03	4	0
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	3.03	4	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	7.24	19	2
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic, Stable Phase [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	4.4	7	0
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	9.4	7	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	5.65	18	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	5.65	18	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	12.44	57	5
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	12.44	57	5
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	6.76	17	4
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	6.76	17	4
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).	2.25	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	5.05	15	0
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	4.21	3	1
Hepato-Pulmonary Syndrome [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome A syndrome characterized by the clinical triad of advanced chronic liver disease, pulmonary vascular dilatations, and reduced arterial oxygenation (HYPOXEMIA) in the absence of intrinsic cardiopulmonary disease. This syndrome is common in the patients with LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	3.17	5	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	7.65	29	2
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	7.65	29	2
Exsanguinating Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	3.95	11	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	16.31	32	12
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	11.31	32	12
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	3.51	2	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	4.5	5	1
Verruca [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	2.48	2	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	10.5	25	16
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	5.99	39	0
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	8.19	35	1
Psychoses [description not available]	5.17	10	1
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	5.17	10	1
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	5.74	10	2
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	10.74	10	2
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	10.16	32	10
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	10.16	32	10
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	8.21	37	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	8.21	37	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	3.9	11	0
Gestational Weight Gain Increase in body weight of the mother during the course of her PREGNANCY.	2.25	1	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	3.9	12	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	4.26	17	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	4.26	17	0
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	5.36	7	2
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	3.01	4	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	3.99	13	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	4.47	21	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	4.47	21	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	4.5	8	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	4.5	8	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	5.65	17	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	5.65	17	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	8.86	31	2
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	8.86	31	2
Disseminated Fungal Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.49	2	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	3.21	5	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	3.21	5	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	4.2	16	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	3.93	2	1
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	3.92	2	1
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	3.93	2	1
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	3.92	2	1
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	4.55	22	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	4.55	22	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	4.88	33	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	4.88	33	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	4.69	6	1
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	4.69	6	1
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	4.99	8	1
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	6.44	15	1
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	6.44	15	1
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	4.74	6	1
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	4.74	6	1
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	5.07	42	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	7.98	4	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	2.98	4	0
Respiratory Aspiration of Gastric Contents Inhaling refluxed gastric or duodenal contents.	2.25	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	7.02	40	2
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	7.02	40	2
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	7.1	17	2
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	7.1	17	2
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	7.27	20	2
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	7.27	20	2
Sepsis Associated Delirium [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	3.5	7	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	4.48	4	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	4.48	4	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	3.06	4	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	3.04	4	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	6.59	10	2
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	6.59	10	2
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	5.52	8	2
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	5.52	8	2
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	2.25	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	5.17	17	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	5.17	17	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2.82	3	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	6.52	17	1
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	2.83	3	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Hyperthermia An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.	2.25	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	3.01	4	0
Adnexal Torsion [description not available]	2.98	3	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	5.69	30	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	7.76	3	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	7.89	21	4
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	7.89	21	4
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	4.5	22	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	4.5	22	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	2.78	3	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	3.38	7	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	5.02	9	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	5.61	28	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	5.61	28	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	7.05	30	1
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	4.63	5	1
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	4.63	5	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	4.95	8	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	4.95	8	1
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	3.91	2	1
As If Personality [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Hemorrhagic Stroke Stroke due to rupture of a weakened blood vessel in the brain (e.g., CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES; CEREBELLUM; SUBARACHNOID SPACE).	3.7	1	1
Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available]	5.24	19	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	6.33	20	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	6.77	22	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	6.33	20	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	6.77	22	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.63	9	0
Arthritis, Spinal [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	4.84	7	1
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	4.84	7	1
alpha-LCAT Deficiency [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	6.68	20	1
Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase Deficiency An autosomal recessive disorder of lipoprotein metabolism caused by mutation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE gene. It is characterized by low HDL-cholesterol levels, and the triad of CORNEAL OPACITIES; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; and PROTEINURIA with renal failure.	2.25	1	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	4.26	3	1
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	4.26	3	1
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	5.67	28	0
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.	2.31	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	4.55	5	1
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	9.55	5	1
Eye Disorders [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	2.94	4	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	8.23	24	2
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	8.23	24	2
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	3.04	4	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	11.35	144	8
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	6.72	30	2
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	6.72	30	2
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	5.94	13	2
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	5.94	13	2
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	6.38	14	3
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	6.38	14	3
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.86	3	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	2.92	4	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	6.33	57	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	7.64	30	2
Arrhythmia [description not available]	9.22	50	4
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	9.22	50	4
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	3.55	8	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	3.55	8	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	7.31	1	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	2.98	4	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Central Serous Retinopathy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	3.69	3	0
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.	7.25	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.	2.61	2	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	4.21	17	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	9.21	17	0
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	2.87	3	0
Suffocation [description not available]	5.95	9	1
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	10.95	9	1
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	7.52	27	2
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	2.31	1	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	5.83	20	1
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	3.7	1	1
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	4.3	4	1
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	3.7	1	1
Cumulative Trauma Disorders Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.	2.73	3	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	3.06	4	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	4.71	6	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	4.71	6	1
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	8.12	54	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	8.12	54	1
Degloving Injuries Avulsions of the superficial tissues of SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE from the underlying FASCIA.	2.31	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.96	4	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.83	3	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	8.04	4	0
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	3.15	5	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	6.21	12	3
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	6.21	12	3
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	9.55	59	5
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	3.57	8	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	5.56	16	1
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	5.56	16	1
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	3.68	9	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	3.68	9	0
MODS [description not available]	8.82	44	3
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	8.82	44	3
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	4.64	10	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	4.64	10	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	7.83	6	4
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	7.83	6	4
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	8.23	38	3
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	8.23	38	3
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	3.46	7	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	3.37	6	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	3.37	6	0
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.	2.75	3	0
Endometrial Hyperplasia Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.	2.75	3	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	4.66	6	1
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	3.72	10	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	6.27	13	3
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	6.27	13	3
Deficiency, IgA [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	5.34	21	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	5.34	21	0
Grippe [description not available]	4.35	4	1
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	4.35	4	1
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	5.78	20	1
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	10.17	19	4
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	15.17	19	4
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	3	4	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	3.56	8	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3.56	8	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	6.31	13	1
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	6.31	13	1
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	5.41	13	1
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	10.41	13	1
Postoperative Cognitive Complications COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.	2.66	2	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	6.39	8	2
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	6.39	8	2
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	5.53	65	0
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	2.57	2	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	5.78	4	2
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	2.72	3	0
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	3.97	2	1
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.63	2	0
Gulf War Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Persian Gulf Syndrome Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	7.92	27	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	7.92	27	1
Diathesis [description not available]	5.77	20	1
Brain Dead [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	3.99	13	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	3.45	7	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	3.45	7	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	2.76	3	0
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	3.3	6	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Flatus [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	2.15	1	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	7.82	3	0
Tardive Dystonia [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Tardive Dyskinesia Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., METOCLOPRAMIDE).	2.55	2	0
Infections, Picornaviridae [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	2.15	1	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	3.75	3	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	3.75	3	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	2.51	2	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	6.61	18	1
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	5.33	12	1
Tooth Mobility Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)	2.15	1	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.65	9	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	3.86	11	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	9.53	23	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	2.15	1	0
Alpha Virus Infections [description not available]	2.15	1	0
SC Disease [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Hemoglobin SC Disease One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia.	2.58	2	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.15	1	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	3.6	8	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	9.67	39	1
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	9.67	39	1
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	3.28	6	0
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	5.3	4	1
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	5.3	4	1
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	9.39	13	5
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	7.9	4	0
Escherichia coli Meningitis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Bone Diseases, Developmental Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.	2.15	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	7.13	31	3
No-Reflow Phenomenon Markedly reduced or absent REPERFUSION in an infarct zone following the removal of an obstruction or constriction of an artery.	4.16	3	1
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	6.1	16	2
Autism [description not available]	11.26	12	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	6.26	12	0
Acne [description not available]	9.7	6	1
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.57	2	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	9.7	6	1
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	3.57	8	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	3.57	8	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	3.25	6	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	3.54	8	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	3.54	8	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	3.57	8	0
Bleeding [description not available]	5.78	33	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	5.78	33	0
Chloasma [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	2.81	3	0
Tetraploid [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	2.47	2	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.52	2	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	2.75	3	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	2.46	2	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	3.31	6	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	4.2	6	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	4.2	6	0
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	2.53	2	0
Multiple Chronic Conditions Two or more concurrent chronic physical, mental, or behavioral health problems in an individual.	2.15	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	2.72	3	0
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	2.57	2	0
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	3.48	7	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.75	3	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	6.95	38	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	6.95	38	0
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	3.9	2	1
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.	3.9	2	1
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	10.35	21	0
Congo Virus Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	6.68	11	2
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	6.68	11	2
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	5.75	12	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	9.53	50	3
EHS Tumor [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	2.15	1	0
Azoospermia A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).	2.48	2	0
Myoglobinuria The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.	4.35	7	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	6.67	20	3
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	6.67	20	3
Labor, Premature [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	5.05	15	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	3.28	6	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	3.45	7	0
Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.	2.99	4	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	3.19	5	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	2.57	2	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Co-infection [description not available]	3.93	2	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	7.36	21	6
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	7.36	21	6
Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	2.15	1	0
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	3.56	1	1
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	2.49	2	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.73	3	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	4.05	5	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	5.33	20	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.49	2	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	5.57	16	1
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	5.57	16	1
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	3.37	7	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	3.36	6	0
Medically Unexplained Symptoms Persistent health symptoms which remain unexplained after a complete medical evaluation. A cluster of symptoms that consistently appear together but without a known cause are referred to as a MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYNDROME (MUS).	2.17	1	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome [description not available]	3.21	5	0
Intra-Abdominal Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Intraabdominal Infections Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.	2.17	1	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	2.86	3	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	8.37	17	3
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	8.92	4	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	3.92	4	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	2.15	1	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	9.39	7	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	4.54	5	1
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	4.54	5	1
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	4.39	7	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	4.66	3	2
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	4.66	3	2
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	9.83	7	1
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	3.27	6	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	5.53	16	1
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	5.53	16	1
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	3.45	7	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	6.84	18	4
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	3.13	5	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	3.71	9	0
Absence Status [description not available]	4.22	16	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	4.22	16	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.57	2	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	7.44	27	5
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	6.93	26	3
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	7.44	27	5
Blood Clot [description not available]	9.34	30	3
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	14.34	30	3
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	3.98	2	1
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	3.98	2	1
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	3.03	4	0
Bacteroidaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.	2.54	2	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	3.19	5	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	4.8	7	1
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	4.8	7	1
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	6.12	19	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	6.12	19	0
Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Hyperemesis Gravidarum Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.	2.99	4	0
Fetal Macrosomia A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.	3.83	2	1
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	3.87	4	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	3.48	8	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	3.69	3	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	5.99	26	1
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	5.99	26	1
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	2.42	2	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	4.16	3	1
Thrombopenia [description not available]	7.37	19	1
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	7.37	19	1
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	5.13	6	0
Intestinal Volvulus A twisting in the intestine (INTESTINES) that can cause INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.	2.17	1	0
Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM.	2.17	1	0
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	4.38	2	0
Aggressive Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.	2.83	3	0
Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	4.13	15	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.75	3	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	2.97	4	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	4.48	4	1
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	4.48	4	1
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	3.17	5	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	3.35	6	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	5.36	7	2
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	6.46	40	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	5.5	15	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.46	40	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	5.5	15	1
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	3.45	7	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	3.45	7	0
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	2.94	4	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	4.1	3	1
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	5.39	13	1
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	5.39	13	1
Palsy [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.44	2	0
Exfoliation Glaucoma [description not available]	4.83	7	1
Exfoliation Syndrome The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)	4.83	7	1
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	4.11	15	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	13.66	159	9
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	3.35	6	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.78	3	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	9.79	7	1
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	6.03	10	1
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	2.15	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	6.03	10	1
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	3.02	4	0
Deficiency, Yang [description not available]	3.43	7	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	3.75	9	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	3.75	9	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	3.6	8	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	3.6	8	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	7.72	14	5
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	7.72	14	5
Burns, Electric Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.	2.76	3	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	4.49	5	1
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	4.49	5	1
White Muscle Disease A myodegeneration most frequent in calves and lambs whose dams have been fed during gestation or longer on feeds, especially legumes (FABACEAE), grown in certain areas where selenium is either deficient or unavailable in the soil. It has been recorded in many countries. It has been produced experimentally in several species of animals on low-selenium intake. A similar myopathy occurs naturally in goats, deer, foals, and dogs but proof of the etiology is lacking. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed)	2.21	1	0
Anaplasma Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	4.19	16	0
Surgical Incision [description not available]	2.55	2	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix A cytological test finding often from PAP SMEARS that shows abnormal lesions of SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS of the CERVIX. It is a diagnostic criterion used in the Bethesda System for UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS and represents the PAP TEST result that is abnormal. Although squamous intraepithelial lesions test result does not mean UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS it requires follow-ups (e.g., HPV DNA TESTS; and COLPOSCOPY).	2.17	1	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.52	2	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.99	4	0
Amnionitis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Chorioamnionitis INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.	2.17	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.17	1	0
Cardiac Edema [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Edema, Cardiac Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).	2.17	1	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	4.72	6	1
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	4.72	6	1
Malnourishment [description not available]	5.96	13	2
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	5.96	13	2
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	2.52	2	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	2.78	3	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	4.69	10	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	5.55	9	2
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2.21	1	0
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	2.21	1	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	6.67	19	3
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	6.67	19	3
Presbycusis Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.	2.8	3	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.84	3	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	4.06	5	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	5.21	11	1
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	5.21	11	1
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	8.97	51	5
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	8.97	51	5
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	6.33	14	1
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	6.33	14	1
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.21	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	11.52	23	17
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	11.52	23	17
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	4.11	3	1
Kahler Disease [description not available]	3.83	11	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	3.83	11	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	2.21	1	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	4.71	6	1
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	11.17	16	2
Dry Eye [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	3.01	4	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	5.88	36	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	3.91	2	1
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.21	1	0
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.21	1	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	2.99	4	0
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	5.71	10	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	2.47	2	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	6.09	11	3
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	4.35	7	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	3.88	12	0
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Neonatal Sepsis Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.	2.17	1	0
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.	2.96	4	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	12.81	37	2
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	2.21	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	3.82	11	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	3.97	13	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Compression Fractures [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.59	1	1
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	2.73	3	0
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	3.59	1	1
Genome Instability [description not available]	3.59	8	0
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	2.21	1	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	3.12	5	0
Hepatorenal Syndrome Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.	2.21	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	3.83	11	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	3.43	7	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	3.83	11	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	3.43	7	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	4.15	3	1
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	4.15	3	1
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	3.7	10	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage, Hypertensive [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	5.45	5	1
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	5.45	5	1
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	2.46	2	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	2.55	2	0
Fetal Distress A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.	10.11	10	1
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	3	4	0
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	3	4	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	3.42	7	0
Alcohol-Induced Disorders Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.	2.5	2	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	2.78	3	0
Acute Radiation Syndrome A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.	2.21	1	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	3.88	4	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2.21	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	3.38	7	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	6.75	8	3
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	6.75	8	3
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	3.02	4	0
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	4.46	8	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	10.57	8	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	2.49	2	0
Segond Fracture [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	3.14	5	0
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	2.47	2	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	5.9	23	1
Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram [description not available]	4.41	2	2
Pyrexia [description not available]	3.82	11	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	3.52	8	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	3.82	11	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	3.52	8	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	2.08	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	4.8	7	1
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	4.51	9	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	4.51	9	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	3.16	5	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	5.17	11	1
B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.55	8	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	3.55	8	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, B-Cell A neoplasm of prolymphocytes affecting the blood, bone marrow, and spleen. It is characterized by prolymphocytes exceeding 55% of the lymphoid cells in the blood and profound splenomegaly.	2.08	1	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	3.02	4	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	5.22	19	0
Abetalipoproteinemia An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.	2.4	2	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	2.43	2	0
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available]	3.46	7	0
Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.	3.46	7	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	3.01	4	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	5.66	18	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	2.08	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.08	1	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	2.08	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	2.49	2	0
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	2.49	2	0
Dental Fluoroses [description not available]	3.59	8	0
Fluorosis, Dental A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)	3.59	8	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	3.74	10	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	3.74	10	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	2.08	1	0
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Porphyria Variegata [description not available]	4.42	2	2
Porphyria, Variegate An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4) in the LIVER, the seventh enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include both neurological symptoms and cutaneous lesions. Patients excrete increased levels of porphyrin precursors, COPROPORPHYRINS and protoporphyrinogen.	4.42	2	2
Crush Syndrome Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.	2.51	2	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	5.03	9	1
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	5.03	9	1
Hives [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	8.14	5	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	10.08	14	9
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	10.08	14	9
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	5.02	9	1
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	5.02	9	1
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Aphthae [description not available]	4.68	6	1
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	4.68	6	1
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	4.17	16	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	4.17	16	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	7.44	2	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.5	2	0
Acute Cholecystitis [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Cholecystitis, Acute Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.	3.86	2	1
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	3.67	3	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	3.19	5	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	4.48	22	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	4.45	8	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	5.5	8	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	7.95	4	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	5.5	8	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.72	3	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	2.72	3	0
Infarct [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.92	4	0
Angiitis [description not available]	4.2	6	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	4.2	6	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	2.08	1	0
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Oophoritis Inflammation of the OVARY, generally caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix.	2.48	2	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	5.59	6	1
Groenblad-Strandberg Syndrome [description not available]	3.84	2	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	5.59	6	1
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.	3.84	2	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	3.42	7	0
Hypernutrition [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Genital Tract Infections [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	2.78	3	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	3.47	1	1
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	2.48	2	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	2.08	1	0
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	2.08	1	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	4.68	10	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	4.68	10	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.27	6	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	2.75	3	0
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.08	1	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.45	2	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	2.69	3	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	3.81	11	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	3.81	11	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	5.49	15	1
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.47	2	0
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	3.03	4	0
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	2.1	1	0
Leanness [description not available]	4.07	5	0
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Severe Dengue A virulent form of dengue characterized by THROMBOCYTOPENIA and an increase in vascular permeability (grades I and II) and distinguished by a positive pain test (e.g., TOURNIQUET PAIN TEST). When accompanied by SHOCK (grades III and IV), it is called dengue shock syndrome.	2.47	2	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	6.45	23	2
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	6.45	23	2
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.75	3	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	2.08	1	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	5.71	10	2
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	5.71	10	2
Pneumoperitoneum A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.	4.85	7	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	2.08	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	3.64	3	0
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	4.65	6	1
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	4.11	5	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	4.11	5	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	3.38	7	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	2.1	1	0
Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome An hereditary hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with variations in the gene that encodes COMPLEMENT FACTOR H, or the related proteins CFHR1 and CFHR3. Disease often progresses to CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE without the prodromal symptoms of ENTEROCOLITIS and DIARRHEA that characterize typical hemolytic uremic syndrome.	7.1	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	2.48	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	2.1	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2.46	2	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.62	9	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	8.62	9	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	4.19	6	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	4.19	6	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	2.76	3	0
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	7.8	3	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	5.23	6	2
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	5.94	13	2
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	5.94	13	2
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	2.99	4	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	5.7	7	1
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	5.7	7	1
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial [description not available]	2.1	1	0
A-Thalassemia [description not available]	4.33	4	1
alpha-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.	4.33	4	1
Boils [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Balkan Endemic Nephropathy [description not available]	7.43	2	0
Erythremia [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	3.48	8	0
Direct Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal [description not available]	5.77	7	1
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	3.72	10	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	6.02	10	1
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.99	4	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	6.02	10	1
Cardiac Death [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	4.8	2	1
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	4.8	2	1
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	2.79	3	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	7.39	14	1
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	2.51	2	0
Nodular Goiter [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.	2.74	3	0
Lead Induced Nervous System Diseases, Adult [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Kraurosis Vulvae [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Atrophy and shriveling of the SKIN of the VULVA that is characterized by the whitish LICHEN SCLEROSUS appearance, inflammation, and PRURITUS.	2.1	1	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Axonotmesis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Trauma, Nervous System Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.	2.1	1	0
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	2.51	2	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	5.08	5	2
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	3.29	6	0
Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous A form of LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS caused by Leishmania aethiopica in Ethiopia and Kenya, L. pifanoi in Venezuela, L. braziliensis in South America, and L. mexicana in Central America. This disease is characterized by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement.	2.1	1	0
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	3.14	5	0
Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.	2.1	1	0
Autoimmune Experimental Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Marasmus [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	3.14	5	0
Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	3.89	12	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	3.89	12	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	2.94	4	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	3.67	3	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	4.15	6	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	4.15	6	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	8.92	12	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	3.92	12	0
Black Fever [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	3.25	6	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	4.05	14	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.76	3	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	2.1	1	0
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	3.7	3	0
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	3.85	2	1
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	2.1	1	0
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.43	2	0
Cramp [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	3.03	1	0
Loa loa Filariasis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Loiasis A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless.	2.1	1	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.53	2	0
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	2.1	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	2.49	2	0
Polyploid [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	5.4	7	2
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	5.4	7	2
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.3	6	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	5.47	8	2
Colitis, Ischemic Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.	2.77	3	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	2.42	2	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	3.17	5	0
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	3.61	9	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	3.61	9	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.97	4	0
Cyclothymia [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	5.83	6	4
Low Back Ache [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	3.87	2	1
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	3.41	7	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	5.33	13	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	5.33	13	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.77	3	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	2.1	1	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	5.46	5	1
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.46	5	1
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	5.24	4	1
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	5.24	4	1
Genital Warts [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	2.11	1	0
Ambulation Difficulty [description not available]	3.94	1	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	3.31	6	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	3.25	6	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	2.71	3	0
Inborn Urea Cycle Disorder [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn Rare congenital metabolism disorders of the urea cycle. The disorders are due to mutations that result in complete (neonatal onset) or partial (childhood or adult onset) inactivity of an enzyme, involved in the urea cycle. Neonatal onset results in clinical features that include irritability, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, NEONATAL HYPOTONIA; RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS; HYPERAMMONEMIA; coma, and death. Survivors of the neonatal onset and childhood/adult onset disorders share common risks for ENCEPHALOPATHIES, METABOLIC, INBORN; and RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS due to HYPERAMMONEMIA.	2.11	1	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	4.33	4	1
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	3.66	3	0
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	3.74	10	0
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	3.74	10	0
Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	2.1	1	0
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	2.49	2	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	2.48	2	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	2.74	3	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	2.73	3	0
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	8.71	3	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	2.11	1	0
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.68	3	0
Headache, Tension [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Tension-Type Headache A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.11	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	6.87	25	1
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	6.87	25	1
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Atresia, Biliary [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Biliary Atresia Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.	2.41	2	0
Keratosis, Oral [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Leukoplakia, Oral A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	3.67	3	0
Blastocystis hominis Infections [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	2.46	2	0
Penile Diseases Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.	2.11	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	5.58	6	3
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.53	2	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	2.11	1	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	7.72	3	0
Snoring Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.	6.1	3	2
Periimplantitis [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Peri-Implantitis An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.	3.04	1	0
Pancreatic Pseudocyst Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.	2.11	1	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.79	3	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Serositis Inflammation of a serous membrane.	2.11	1	0
Central European Encephalitis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	9.56	22	6
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	9.56	22	6
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	4.31	19	0
Cretinism [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.	2.42	2	0
Drowning Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.	7.76	3	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	8.52	8	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	3.52	8	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	3.04	1	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	3.04	1	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	5.41	5	3
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	5.41	5	3
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	3.42	7	0
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	2.13	1	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	2.13	1	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	4.04	5	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	2.73	3	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.52	2	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	2.42	2	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	2.13	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.13	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.13	1	0
Axonal Injury, Diffuse [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	2.75	3	0
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	3.39	7	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	3.89	2	1
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	3	4	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	3	4	0
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	7.96	7	4
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	7.96	7	4
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	2.13	1	0
Abscess, Abdominal [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Abdominal Abscess An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.11	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.13	1	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	4.37	4	1
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	4.37	4	1
Ectopic Lymph Nodes [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	5.46	5	1
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	5	3	1
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	5.46	5	1
Central Nervous System Lyme Disease [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	2.13	1	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	2.43	2	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	3.39	7	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	3.1	5	0
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.	2.13	1	0
Lead Encephalopathy, Childhood [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Frostbite Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.	2.13	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	5.64	11	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	5.64	11	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	2.15	1	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	2.15	1	0
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	3.89	2	1
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Bezoars Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.	2.13	1	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	6.28	13	1
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	6.28	13	1
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	2.74	3	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	4.32	7	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	4.32	7	0
Itching [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	2.15	1	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	2.15	1	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.13	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.95	4	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	2.91	4	0
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	3.41	2	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	2.15	1	0
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	4.03	5	0
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	4.03	5	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	4.64	6	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	4.64	6	1
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	2.15	1	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	4.13	3	1
Bends [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	3.37	7	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.74	3	0
Benign Mastocytoma [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Iron Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.95	4	0
Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.95	4	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.43	2	0
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	2.68	3	0
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	3.36	2	0
Amnesia, Anterograde Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)	2.04	1	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2.7	3	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	5.13	10	1
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	5.13	10	1
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	4.53	5	1
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	4.53	5	1
Azotaemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	2.94	4	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Acute Onset Aura Migraine [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Common Migraine [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Migraine with Aura A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.04	1	0
Migraine without Aura Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.04	1	0
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	3.27	6	0
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.04	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.05	1	0
Pus [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Mediastinitis Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.	7.45	2	0
Deficiency, Yin [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.41	2	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	4.32	4	1
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	4.32	4	1
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	2.04	1	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	7.71	3	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	2.04	1	0
Dictyocauliasis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.72	3	0
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	2.43	2	0
Aspiration, Respiratory [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	3.13	5	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	2.04	1	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	2.94	4	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	4.02	5	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System Injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. Two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD) and adults (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ADULT). In children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. In adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy.	3.15	5	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	2.76	3	0
Double Nuchal Cord [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	4.09	3	1
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.	2.05	1	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.96	4	0
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Leukomalacia, Periventricular Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)	2.46	2	0
Neurologic Voice Disorder [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Voice Disorders Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.	2.05	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.05	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	2.43	2	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	5.11	10	1
Sickle Cell Trait The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.	5.41	5	1
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	2.94	4	0
Great Pox [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	2.05	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	2.73	3	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	2.72	3	0
Compartment Syndromes Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.	2.95	4	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	2.73	3	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	2.73	3	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.74	3	0
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	2.05	1	0
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	2.05	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	4.33	4	1
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.96	4	0
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.	2.44	2	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	6.48	9	2
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	6.48	9	2
Icterus [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	2.94	4	0
High T4 Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Euthyroid Sick Syndromes Conditions of abnormal THYROID HORMONES release in patients with apparently normal THYROID GLAND during severe systemic illness, physical TRAUMA, and psychiatric disturbances. It can be caused by the loss of endogenous hypothalamic input or by exogenous drug effects. The most common abnormality results in low T3 THYROID HORMONE with progressive decrease in THYROXINE; (T4) and TSH. Elevated T4 with normal T3 may be seen in diseases in which THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN synthesis and release are increased.	2.05	1	0
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	3.27	6	0
Foot Rot A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. It is usually caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes or Bacteroides nodosus (see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS). It is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 18th ed)	2.05	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	5.83	8	1
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	5.83	8	1
Fowl Paralysis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Poisoning, Fluoride [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Fluoride Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.	2.95	4	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.05	1	0
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	2.73	3	0
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	2.05	1	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	2.05	1	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	2.39	2	0
Varices [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	2.46	2	0
Opisthorchis felineus Infection [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Opisthorchiasis Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.	2.92	4	0
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available]	7.73	3	0
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.	2.73	3	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	3.09	5	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	2.05	1	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	5.77	11	2
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	5.77	11	2
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	2.46	2	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Leukoma [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	3.81	2	1
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	2.42	2	0
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.7	3	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.05	1	0
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))	2.05	1	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	2.05	1	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	5.08	10	1
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	3.1	5	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	2.05	1	0
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	2.45	2	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.44	2	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	2.05	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.74	3	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	3.66	3	0
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	3.66	3	0
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	2.05	1	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	3.11	5	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	2.96	4	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bigfoot Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Albinism General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.	2.39	2	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	2.72	3	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic Bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM (see BRAIN STEM HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC); and CEREBELLUM.	2.05	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.05	1	0
Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	3.64	3	0
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	2.44	2	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	2.43	2	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	5.24	4	1
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.44	2	0
Enterobiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ENTEROBIUS; E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification.	2.05	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	4.36	4	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	4.36	4	1
Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	2.05	1	0
Anti-GBM Disease [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.	2.45	2	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	3.82	2	1
Adnexal Diseases Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).	2.43	2	0
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	2.05	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	2.67	3	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	2.05	1	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	2.96	4	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	5.21	19	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	10.21	19	0
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.93	4	0
Cervix Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	2.41	2	0
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.	2.47	2	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	6.18	12	1
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	11.18	12	1
Fatigue, Mental [description not available]	3.45	1	1
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	2.45	2	0
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	2.05	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	4.3	4	1
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	4.66	3	2
Buerger Disease [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	2.06	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	9.17	6	0
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	2.93	4	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	2.69	3	0
Gargoylism, Hunter Syndrome [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis II Systemic lysosomal storage disease marked by progressive physical deterioration and caused by a deficiency of L-sulfoiduronate sulfatase. This disease differs from MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS I by slower progression, lack of corneal clouding, and X-linked rather than autosomal recessive inheritance. The mild form produces near-normal intelligence and life span. The severe form usually causes death by age 15.	2.47	2	0
Bilirubin Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Kernicterus A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)	2.06	1	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	3.36	2	0
Impotence, Arteriogenic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Corridor Disease [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	2.06	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	2.42	2	0
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	2.06	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	2.71	3	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	4.33	4	1
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)	3.45	1	1
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	3.84	2	1
Bone Marrow Failure [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	4.28	4	1
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	2.06	1	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Bone Marrow Failure Disorders Inherited or acquired diseases characterized by insufficient and/or dysplastic blood cells.	2.06	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	4.28	4	1
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.06	1	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	2.67	3	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.48	2	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	2.7	3	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2.46	2	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	2.47	2	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	2.46	2	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	2.42	2	0
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	2.73	3	0
Cancer of Jaw [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal Neonatal Form [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Peroxisomal Disorders A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; INFANTILE REFSUM DISEASE; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.	2.47	2	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	2.06	1	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	2.44	2	0
Equine Infectious Anemia Viral disease of horses caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV; INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS, EQUINE). It is characterized by intermittent fever, weakness, and anemia. Chronic infection consists of acute episodes with remissions.	2.07	1	0
Atrophic Muscular Disorders [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Anthracosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by accumulation of inhaled CARBON or coal dust. The disease can progress from asymptomatic anthracosis to massive lung fibrosis. This lung lesion usually occurs in coal MINERS, but can be seen in urban dwellers and tobacco smokers.	2.06	1	0
Diastolic Heart Failure [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Heart Failure, Diastolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.	2.06	1	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	3.08	5	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	2.07	1	0
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	2.07	1	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	2.07	1	0
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	2.07	1	0
Anastomotic Leak Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.	2.07	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	3.36	2	0
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	2.07	1	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	2.43	2	0
Alcohol-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Oliguria Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.	2.07	1	0
Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic An autosomal recessive form of CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA characterized by defective plasmalogen biosynthesis and impaired peroxisomes. Patients have shortened proximal limbs and severely disturbed endochondral bone formation. The metabolic defects associated with the impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form of chondrodysplasia punctata. (From Scriver et al, Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th ed, p1497)	2.07	1	0
Atresia, Esophageal [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Esophageal Atresia Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.	2.07	1	0
Salivary Gland Calculi Calculi occurring in a salivary gland. Most salivary gland calculi occur in the submandibular gland, but can also occur in the parotid gland and in the sublingual and minor salivary glands.	2.07	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.69	3	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	8.39	2	0
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	2.48	2	0
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Adrenoleukodystrophy An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).	2.46	2	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	4.62	6	1
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	4.62	6	1
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	2.42	2	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.72	3	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	2.07	1	0
Acquired Meningomyelocele [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Colonic Diverticulosis [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Bruise [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	2.92	4	0
Francisella tularensis Infection [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Tularemia A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.	2.07	1	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	2.44	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Infections, Microspora [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	2.45	2	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	9.91	8	1
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	4.91	8	1
Infection [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	3.1	5	0
Argyria A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.1	1	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	2.08	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	2.07	1	0
Alcoholic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	2.08	1	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	2.07	1	0
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.44	2	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.08	1	0
BCKD Deficiency [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Maple Syrup Urine Disease An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)	2.08	1	0
Click-Murmur Syndrome [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	2.4	2	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.07	1	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	2.42	2	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	2.08	1	0
Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.08	1	0
Atelectasis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Rachitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	3.12	5	0
Spondylisthesis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Axon Reaction [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	3.38	7	0
Post-Cholecystectomy Syndrome [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	6.24	7	2
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	6.24	7	2
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	2.41	2	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	5.03	5	2
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	5.03	5	2
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	4.09	3	1
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	4.09	3	1
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	2.68	3	0
Burns, Inhalation Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.	2.4	2	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	2.4	2	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	2.93	1	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	2.42	2	0
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available]	4.97	3	1
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	2.01	1	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.01	1	0
Aminoaciduria, Renal [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	2.43	2	0
Sinusitis, Maxillary [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Maxillary Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	7.71	3	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	5.01	9	1
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	2.42	2	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	5.01	9	1
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.01	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Mole, Skin [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	2.38	2	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	3.4	1	1
Hemarthrosis Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.	2.43	2	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	2.7	3	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Vasculitis, Retinal [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Retinal Vasculitis Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.	2.42	2	0
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	4.37	2	2
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	4.37	2	2
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	2.42	2	0
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	7.69	3	0
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	2.01	1	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	2.01	1	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	2.01	1	0
Schistosoma haematobia Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Schistosomiasis haematobia A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.	2.01	1	0
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.	2.01	1	0
Germinoma A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)	2.02	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	2.02	1	0
Pleurisy, Tuberculous [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Acatalasemia [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Pleuropneumonia Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with PLEURISY, inflammation of the PLEURA.	2.02	1	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	2.02	1	0
Adenitis, Salivary Gland [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.02	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	2.02	1	0
Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.	3.4	1	1
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	2.02	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.7	3	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	2.02	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	2.68	3	0
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	7.68	3	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	3.82	2	1
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	4.9	8	1
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Connective Tissue Disease, Mixed [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	2.02	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	2.02	1	0
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	2.9	4	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	2.9	4	0
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	2.02	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	2.02	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	6.17	12	3
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	2.02	1	0
Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.	2.02	1	0
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	2.02	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	2.41	2	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	2.4	2	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	2.02	1	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	2.02	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	2.02	1	0
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	2.02	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	2.02	1	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.85	12	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	3.85	12	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	4.31	4	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	9.31	4	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.02	1	0
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	2.02	1	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	2.02	1	0
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	2.94	1	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.43	2	0
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	2.71	3	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	2.7	3	0
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	2.44	2	0
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	2.03	1	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	2.03	1	0
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	2.03	1	0
Burnout, Professional An excessive stress reaction to one's occupational or professional environment. It may be characterized by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion, coupled with a sense of frustration and failure.	2.03	1	0
Pellagra A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).	2.03	1	0
Hyperidrosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.	2.03	1	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	2.03	1	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	2.03	1	0
Endemic Goiter [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	3.41	1	1
Rida [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Common Bile Duct Diseases Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.	2.41	2	0
Fasciculation Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)	2.41	2	0
Embolus [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	3.8	2	1
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	2.03	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.03	1	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.03	1	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	2.03	1	0
Dupre Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Rubeola [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	3.42	1	1
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	4.38	2	2
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	4.38	2	2
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	3.24	6	0
Dystocia Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.	2.03	1	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	3.79	2	1
Tracheal Diseases Diseases involving the TRACHEA.	2.04	1	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.03	1	0
Gingival Overgrowth Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)	2.03	1	0
Asthmatic Crisis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Status Asthmaticus A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.	2.03	1	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.42	1	1
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	2.03	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	2.03	1	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	2.03	1	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	2.03	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.03	1	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	2.41	2	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	2.04	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	2.03	1	0
Luft Disease [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Mitochondrial Myopathies A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.	2.04	1	0
Cranial Epidural Hematoma [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	2.41	2	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	2.04	1	0
Mumps An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)	2.03	1	0
Dicrocoeliasis Infection with flukes of the genus Dicrocoelium.	2.04	1	0
AIDS, Feline [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	2.04	1	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.04	1	0
Aneurysm, Coronary [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	2.4	2	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	2.04	1	0
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	1.95	1	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	2.67	3	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	3.34	7	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	2.36	2	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	5.66	7	1
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	5.66	7	1
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	2.37	2	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	3.06	5	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	2.36	2	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	1.95	1	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	9.49	9	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	4.49	9	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	8.79	4	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	2.88	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	2.67	3	0
Cardiac Neurosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	1.96	1	0
Bronchial Fistula An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.	1.96	1	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	3.22	6	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.38	2	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	1.96	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary [description not available]	4.49	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.	4.49	3	0
Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.	1.96	1	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	1.98	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	2.38	2	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	3.09	5	0
Duodenal Obstruction Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.	1.98	1	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Muscle [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Parotiditis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	3.09	5	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	7.68	3	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	2.68	3	0
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	1.98	1	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	1.98	1	0
Hemorrhagic Proctocolitis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Proctocolitis Inflammation of the RECTUM and the distal portion of the COLON.	1.98	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	1.98	1	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Sheath [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.	1.98	1	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	2.38	2	0
Dental Granuloma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Tuberculosis, Female Genital MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.38	2	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	1.98	1	0
Porphyria [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	2.68	3	0
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.	2.4	2	0
Injuries, Neck [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Shoulder Injuries Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.	1.98	1	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	2.67	3	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	1.99	1	0
ADPKD [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	1.98	1	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	1.99	1	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	1.99	1	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	1.99	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	1.98	1	0
Neuroses [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	2.67	3	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	3.78	2	1
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	2.4	2	0
Auricular Flutter [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).	1.99	1	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.08	5	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	1.99	1	0
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	1.99	1	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	3.3	2	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	4.46	5	1
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	1.99	1	0
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	1.99	1	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.	1.99	1	0
Oligohydramnios A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.	3.79	2	1
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.	1.99	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	1.99	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	4.99	3	1
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.4	2	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	1.99	1	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	2.9	4	0
Hyaline Membrane Disease A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).	3.79	2	1
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	2.39	2	0
Personality Disorder, Schizoid [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	1.99	1	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.99	1	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	1.99	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	2.4	2	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	1.99	1	0
Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Fungus Poisoning [description not available]	2	1	0
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	2.88	4	0
Cerebromalacia [description not available]	2	1	0
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)	2.4	2	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	2	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	2	1	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	2	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	2	1	0
Lymphangiomyomatosis [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).	3.39	1	1
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	2.39	2	0
Nevi, Melanocytic [description not available]	2	1	0
Nevus, Pigmented A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.	2	1	0
Complete Breech [description not available]	2	1	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	4.08	3	1
Breech Presentation A malpresentation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR with the fetal cephalic pole in the fundus of the UTERUS. There are three types of breech: the complete breech with flexed hips and knees; the incomplete breech with one or both hips partially or fully extended; the frank breech with flexed hips and extended knees.	2	1	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	2	1	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	2	1	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	2	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	2.67	3	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	2	1	0
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	2	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	2	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	2	1	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	2	1	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	2	1	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	2	1	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	7	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	2	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	2	1	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	2	1	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	2	1	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Autotomy Human [description not available]	2	1	0
Intussusception A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.	2	1	0
Adenosis of Breast [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Fibrocystic Breast Disease A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.	3.39	1	1
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	2	1	0
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	2	1	0
Concussive Convulsion [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Otospongiosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Otosclerosis Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.	2.01	1	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	2.01	1	0
Allergy, Peanut [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Peanut Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.	2.01	1	0
Fuch's Endothelial Dystrophy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.	2.01	1	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bone Tuberculosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	1.98	1	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	1.98	1	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	1.98	1	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.98	1	0
Spherocytosis, Hereditary A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.	1.98	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	1.98	1	0
A-alphalipoprotein Neuropathy [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Complex IV Deficiency [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	1.97	1	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.97	1	0
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Meningitis, Pneumococcal An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)	1.97	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hemorrhage, Vitreous [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Vitreous Hemorrhage Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.	2.66	3	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	2.38	2	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	1.97	1	0
Ocular Tuberculosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	1.97	1	0
Uveitis, Posterior Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Smoldering [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.	1.97	1	0
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration A developmental anomaly in which a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacks normal connection with the tracheobroncheal tree and receives an anomalous blood supply originating from the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. The mass may be extralobar, i.e., completely separated from normally connected lung, or intralobar, i.e., partly surrounded by normal lung.	1.97	1	0
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.	1.97	1	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	2.38	2	0
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.	1.97	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	2.37	2	0
Birth Injuries Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.	1.97	1	0
Avian Sarcoma [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Setariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus Setaria. This condition is usually seen in cattle and equines and is of little pathogenic significance, although migration of the worm to the eye may lead to blindness.	1.97	1	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	1.97	1	0
ARC [description not available]	1.97	1	0
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	1.97	1	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	1.96	1	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	1.96	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	1.97	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	1.97	1	0
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	1.97	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	1.96	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	1.96	1	0
Duhring Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	1.96	1	0
Mitral Stenosis [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.	2.88	1	0
Erythermalgia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Erythromelalgia A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.	1.96	1	0
Gallbladder Dyskinesia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Biliary Dyskinesia A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.	1.96	1	0

malondialdehyde

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