Page last updated: 2024-12-05

zinc chloride

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Occurs in Manufacturing Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5727
MeSH IDM0067083

Synonyms (72)

Synonym
zinc dichloride
zinc chloride
zinc chloride (zncl2)
zinkchlorid
chlorure de zinc
wln: zn g2
zinco (cloruro di)
zinc (chlorure de)
zinkchloride
un2331
zinkchloride [dutch]
nsc 529648
ccris 3509
hsdb 1050
zinco (cloruro di) [italian]
einecs 231-592-0
zine dichloride
chlorure de zinc [french]
zinc chloride fume
epa pesticide chemical code 087801
zinkchlorid [german]
un1840
caswell no. 910
zintrace
zinc (chlorure de) [french]
ai3-04470
7646-85-7
nsc529648
zinc chloride, anhydrous, powder, >=99.995% trace metals basis
zinc chloride, anhydrous, beads, amorphous, -10 mesh, 99.999% trace metals basis
zinc chloride, bioreagent, for molecular biology, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture
zinc chloride, bioreagent, for molecular biology, >=97.0%
zinc chloride, anhydrous, beads, amorphous, -10 mesh, 99.99% trace metals basis
zinc chloride (jp17/usp)
D02058
zinc chloride (tn)
zinc chloride, 99.999% trace metals basis
dichlorozinc
zinc(ii) chloride
BRD-K46586998-001-01-1
AKOS016017250
zinc chloride [usp:jan]
zinc chloride in plastic container
zinc chloride, anhydrous [un2331] [corrosive]
unii-86q357l16b
ec 231-592-0
86q357l16b ,
FT-0645122
zinc chloride, 1.9m in 2-methf
mfcd00011295
zinc chloride, ultra dry
zinc chloride, anhydrous, free-flowing, redi-dri(tm), acs reagent, >=97%
zinc chloride, for molecular biology
zinc chloride, anhydrous, free-flowing, redi-dri(tm), reagent grade, >=98%
zinc chloride (99.99%-zn) puratrem
zinc chloride, 1m in diethyl ether, packaged under argon in resealable chemseal bottles
zinc chloride, acs reagent, >=97%
zinc chloride, puriss. p.a., acs reagent, reag. iso, reag. ph. eur., >=98%
zinc chloride, puriss., meets analytical specification of ph. eur., bp, usp, 98-100.5%
zinc chloride, reagent grade, >=98%
zinc chloride, saj first grade, >=95.0%
zinc chloride, jis special grade, >=98.0%
zinc chloride, lr, >=97%
zinc chloride, p.a., 97.0%
Q204714
chlorzink
zinc chloride, (anhydrous)
cloluro di zinco
caswell no 910
zinc chloride (usp:jan)
zincchlorid
usepa/opp pesticide code: 087801

Research Excerpts

Overview

summarize : Zinc chloride is a powerful corrosive agent.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zinc chloride is a powerful corrosive agent. "( A case of zinc chloride ingestion.
Pringle, KC; Wyeth, J; Yamataka, A, 1998
)
2.15

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zinc chloride has been used previously as a preservative in directly brined olives with promising results. "( The effect of ZnCl2 on green Spanish-style table olive packaging, a presentation style dependent behaviour.
Arroyo-López, FN; Bautista-Gallego, J; Garrido-Fernández, A; Rodríguez-Gómez, F; Romero-Gil, V, 2015
)
1.86

Treatment

Zinc chloride treatment of latent prints previously exposed to ninhydrin enhances their detectability upon laser examination. Treatment of zinc chloride to exponentially-growing cells remarkably increased the thioltransferase transcription.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zinc chloride treatment decreased AChE activity in male and female cerebral cortex, with no obvious effect in the hippocampus."( Gender effects of acute malathion or zinc exposure on the antioxidant response of rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
Borowski, C; Dafre, AL; Farina, M; Franco, JL; Maris, AF; Mitozo, PA; Paviani, G; Trevisan, R; Uliano-Silva, M, 2010
)
1.08
"Zinc chloride treatment of latent prints previously exposed to ninhydrin enhances their detectability upon laser examination."( Sensitivity enhancement of ninhydrin-treated latent fingerprints by enzymes and metal salts.
Everse, KE; Menzel, ER, 1986
)
0.99
"Treatment of zinc chloride to exponentially-growing cells remarkably increased the thioltransferase transcription, whereas the treatment of mercury chloride greatly reduced the transcription."( Transcription of Schizosaccharomyces pombe thioltransferase-1 in response to stress conditions.
Kim, D; Kim, M; Lim, CJ, 2002
)
0.67

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" CdMT has also been demonstrated to be more toxic than Cd in cultured kidney cells, but it is not known if CdMT is more toxic to all cultured cells or if there is a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo toxicity."( Comparisons of the toxicity of CdCl2 and Cd-metallothionein in isolated rat hepatocytes.
Bracken, WM; Klaassen, CD; Sendelbach, LE, 1989
)
0.28
" In contrast, Zn-HC smoke was very toxic and caused lethal injuries to the experimental animals, even at relatively low concentrations."( A comparative study of the acute inhalation toxicity of smoke from TiO2-hexachloroethane and Zn-hexachloroethane pyrotechnic mixtures.
Bergman, F; Cassel, G; Fängmark, I; Karlsson, N, 1986
)
0.27
" This order was the same in oligocalcic water with Echinogammarus berilloni; with Gammarus pulex, CuCl2 was more toxic than Triphenmorph."( [Comparative study of the toxicity of metal chlorides and a synthetic organic molluscacide, N-tritylmorpholine, in 2 fresh-water amphipods, Gammarus pulex and Echinogammarus berilloni].
Debord, J; Penicaut, B; Vincent, M, 1986
)
0.27
" These results suggest the existence of a novel zinc-inducible mechanism which protects cells against the toxic effects of alkylating agents."( Zinc-induced resistance to alkylating agent toxicity.
Enger, MD; Griffith, JK; Hildebrand, CE; Tobey, RA, 1982
)
0.26
"The kidney, in particular the proximal convoluted tubule, is a major target site for the toxic effects of various metals."( Exposure of cultured human proximal tubular cells to cadmium, mercury, zinc and bismuth: toxicity and metallothionein induction.
Hawksworth, GM; Jenner, W; Miles, AT; Rodilla, V, 1998
)
0.3
"The protective role of zinc against the toxic effects of 2, 5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), the main neurotoxic metabolite of n-hexane, was investigated by studying the interference of zinc on the toxicokinetics of 2,5-HD."( Evidence for zinc protection against 2,5-hexanedione toxicity by co-exposure of rats to zinc chloride.
Batoreu, MC; Mateus, ML; Santos, AP,
)
0.35
"In a previous work, it was shown that in cells after a decrease of cellular glutathione content, toxic zinc effects, such as protein synthesis inhibition or GSSG (glutathione, oxidized form) increases, were enhanced."( Zinc toxicity in various lung cell lines is mediated by glutathione and GSSG reductase activity.
Fichtl, B; Mückter, H; Walther, S; Walther, UI; Wilhelm, B, 2000
)
0.31
" These results suggest that zinc-induced MT expression protects dopaminergic neurons via preventing the accumulation of toxic reactive oxygen species and halting the decrease in ATP levels."( Metallothionein provides zinc-mediated protective effects against methamphetamine toxicity in SK-N-SH cells.
Ajjimaporn, A; Ebadi, M; Govitrapong, P; Shavali, S; Swinscoe, J, 2005
)
0.33
" Bioaccumulation of assayed metals was higher at lowest salinity and increased with increasing toxic concentrations."( Heavy metal toxicity in Exosphaeroma gigas (Crustacea, Isopoda) from the coastal zone of Beagle Channel.
Amin, O; Comoglio, L; Giarratano, E, 2007
)
0.34
" Zinc-citrate and zinc-sulphate turned out to be the most toxic salts particularly at low concentrations."( Comparative in vitro toxicity of seven zinc-salts towards neuronal PC12 cells.
Gaunitz, F; Gebhardt, R; Pavlica, S, 2009
)
0.35
" Our data suggest that zinc and selenium, in the concentrations mentioned above, provide no protection against adverse actions induced by sodium metavanadate at concentration levels of 50, 100 and 200 microM."( Preliminary studies on the effect of zinc and selenium on vanadium-induced cytotoxicity in vitro.
Zaporowska, H; Zwolak, I, 2009
)
0.35
" This begs the question as to how prostate cells avoid the toxic effects of zinc."( Survivin mediates prostate cell protection by HIF-1alpha against zinc toxicity.
Cho, YS; Chun, YS; Li, SH; Park, JW; Yun, YJ, 2010
)
0.36
" We conclude that zinc ions released from NP determine the observed toxic effects rather than ZnO particle size."( Chronic toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles, non-nano ZnO and ZnCl2 to Folsomia candida (Collembola) in relation to bioavailability in soil.
Kool, PL; Ortiz, MD; van Gestel, CA, 2011
)
0.37
"01 mM kept for 3h) is not toxic to cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) while kainate (0."( Stimulation of kainate toxicity by zinc in cultured cerebellar granule neurons and the role of mitochondria in this process.
Alieva, IB; Arbeille, B; Isaev, NK; Lozier, ER; Novikova, SV; Stelmashook, EV; Uzbekov, RE; Zorov, DB; Zorov, SD, 2012
)
0.38
" Either the blockade of ionotropic glutamate NMDA-receptors with MK-801 or APV or supplementation the medium with ruthenium red (mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter blocker) almost entirely protected CGNs from the toxic effect of ZnCl(2) during glucose deprivation (GD)."( Glucose starvation stimulates Zn2+ toxicity in cultures of cerebellar granule neurons.
Isaev, NK; Lozier, ER; Novikova, SV; Silachev, DN; Stelmashook, EV; Zorov, DB, 2012
)
0.38
" ZnCl₂ was notably toxic in eliminating the production of cocoons."( Toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles, ZnO bulk, and ZnCl₂ on earthworms in a spiked natural soil and toxicological effects of leachates on aquatic organisms.
Álvarez, JM; Babin, M; Fernández, MD; García-Gómez, C; Obrador, A, 2014
)
0.4
" magna is solely caused by toxic metal ions."( Gene transcription patterns and energy reserves in Daphnia magna show no nanoparticle specific toxicity when exposed to ZnO and CuO nanoparticles.
Adam, N; Blust, R; Knapen, D; Vergauwen, L, 2015
)
0.42
" In conclusion, malathion was toxic to the liver and kidney and must be avoided and protected by the addition of ginger and zinc mixture."( Protective effect of ginger and zinc chloride mixture on the liver and kidney alterations induced by malathion toxicity.
Attia, HF; Baiomy, AA; Makrum, O; Soliman, MM, 2015
)
0.7
"This work compared the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), ZnO bulk, and ZnCl2 on microbial activity (C and N transformations and dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities) and their uptake and toxic effects (emergence, root elongation, and shoot growth) on three plant species namely wheat, radish, and vetch in a natural soil at 1000 mg Zn kg(-1)."( Integrating ecotoxicity and chemical approaches to compare the effects of ZnO nanoparticles, ZnO bulk, and ZnCl2 on plants and microorganisms in a natural soil.
Álvarez, JM; Babin, M; Fernández, MD; García-Gómez, C; Obrador, A, 2015
)
0.42
"Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) can potentially generate adverse effects at the tissue, organ, cellular, subcellular, DNA, and protein levels due to their unique physico-chemical properties."( Genotoxic effects and gene expression changes in larval zebrafish after exposure to ZnCl2 and ZnO nanoparticles.
Boran, H; Ulutas, G, 2016
)
0.43
" If this balance becomes destroyed the free zinc level might increase and cause toxic effects."( Toxic effects of zinc ions on kinesin - Potential molecular cause of impaired intracellular transport.
Böhm, KJ, 2017
)
0.46
" Zn supply has completely corrected the most of these toxic effects."( Involvement of testicular DAAM1 expression in zinc protection against cadmium-induced male rat reproductive toxicity.
Boughamoura, S; Chemek, M; Messaoudi, I; Mimouna, SB; Minucci, S; Venditti, M, 2018
)
0.48
" However, it is toxic to cell growth when present in excess."( Identification of the Genetic Requirements for Zinc Tolerance and Toxicity in
Cao, CL; Deng, Y; Li, J; Li, SY; Liu, YL; Wang, J; Zhao, YY, 2020
)
0.56
" The results suggest that GK-2 does not affect the functional properties of synaptic transmission under normal conditions, but protects neurons from the toxic effects of zinc, which creates prerequisites for GK-12 use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases."( GK-2 Reduces Death of Cultured Granule Neurons in Cerebellum Induced by the Toxic Effects of Zinc Ions.
Aleksandrova, OP; Genrikhs, EE; Gudasheva, TA; Isaev, NK; Novikova, SV; Rogozin, PD; Sharonova, IN; Skrebitsky, VG; Stelmashook, EV, 2020
)
0.56

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" There are claims that zinc methionine (ZnMet) forms a stable complex that is preferentially transported into tissues, and this has contributed to uncertainty about conflicting reports on the bioavailability of various Zn compounds."( Equivalent uptake of organic and inorganic zinc by monkey kidney fibroblasts, human intestinal epithelial cells, or perfused mouse intestine.
Beutler, KT; Brautigan, DL; Pankewycz, O, 1998
)
0.3
" Iron and zinc bioavailability were assessed using mass spectrometry."( Bioavailability of iron and zinc from a multiple micronutrient-fortified beverage.
Abrams, SA; Avalos Mishaan, AM; Griffin, IJ; Hawthorne, KM; Hilmers, DC; Zavaleta, N, 2004
)
0.32
" It is generally assumed that nanoparticles will persist as small particles in aquatic systems and that their bioavailability could be significantly greater than that of larger particles."( Comparative toxicity of nanoparticulate ZnO, bulk ZnO, and ZnCl2 to a freshwater microalga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata): the importance of particle solubility.
Apte, SC; Batley, GE; Casey, PS; Franklin, NM; Gadd, GE; Rogers, NJ, 2007
)
0.34
" Bioavailability appears to be governed primarily by the dissolved Zn content of the water, whereby Zn uptake occurs via the aqueous phase and/or the ingestion of sediment particles with adsorbed Zn from dissolution of ZnO particles."( Tracing bioavailability of ZnO nanoparticles using stable isotope labeling.
Bridgestock, LJ; Dogra, Y; Dybowska, A; Fabrega, J; Galloway, TS; Goodhead, R; Larner, F; Lead, JR; Moger, J; Rehkämper, M; Stolpe, B; Tyler, CR; Valsami-Jones, E; Weiss, DJ, 2012
)
0.38
" The nanocomplex ZnX could interact directly with enzyme activity or indirectly by the disruption of mineral elements' bioavailability in cells."( Interaction between nanoparticles generated by zinc chloride treatment and oxidative responses in rat liver.
Abdelmelek, H; Azzouz, I; Ferchichi, S; Hanini, A; Sakly, M; Tebourbi, O; Trabelsi, H, 2014
)
0.66
" baumannii employs several mechanisms to ensure bioavailability of Zn during infection, with ZigA functioning predominately during Zn starvation, but HutH operating in both Zn-deplete and -replete conditions to mobilize a labile His-Zn pool."( The Response of Acinetobacter baumannii to Zinc Starvation.
Braymer, JJ; Calcutt, MW; Chazin, WJ; de Crécy-Lagard, V; Giedroc, DP; Gilston, BA; Lisher, JP; Lonergan, ZR; Nairn, BL; Skaar, EP; Wang, J; Zhang, Y, 2016
)
0.43

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"0 mmol/L) in varying amounts and a dose-response relationship was found."( [The increase of protein synthesis by zinc can resist the damage induced by streptozotocin on islet cells].
Li, CH; Tu, YH; Zhu, WY, 1989
)
0.28
" In agreement with others, we find that Tn10 tet exhibits a negative gene dosage effect."( Multicopy Tn10 tet plasmids confer sensitivity to induction of tet gene expression.
Bertrand, KP; Moyed, HS; Nguyen, TT, 1983
)
0.27
" A single small dosage of calcium disodium edetate (150 mg dissolved in 75 ml 1:5 normal saline) was effective in normalizing the serum zinc level."( Acute zinc chloride ingestion in a young child.
Potter, JL, 1981
)
0.74
" Heterogenous binding sites were found since various types of compounds inhibited the binding of 3H-remoxipride with shallow dose-response curves."( Heterogenous binding of 3H-remoxipride to membranes of rat liver and brain.
Ross, SB, 1995
)
0.29
"Change of zinc supplementation dosage from 1000 to 525 mumol/d."( Acrodermatitis enteropathica, zinc metabolism, copper status, and immune function.
Cederblad, A; Lindblad, BS; Lönnerdal, B; Sandström, B, 1994
)
0.29
" The higher dosage of zinc supplementation was found to induce a state of low copper status and immune dysfunction."( Acrodermatitis enteropathica, zinc metabolism, copper status, and immune function.
Cederblad, A; Lindblad, BS; Lönnerdal, B; Sandström, B, 1994
)
0.29
"Zinc and copper status and immune function should be monitored regularly in patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica to provide a proper dosage of zinc during different physiologic stages."( Acrodermatitis enteropathica, zinc metabolism, copper status, and immune function.
Cederblad, A; Lindblad, BS; Lönnerdal, B; Sandström, B, 1994
)
0.29
" The dose-response curve for Zn(2+) inhibition was identical for AC1, AC5, and AC6 as well as for the C441R mutant of AC5 whose defect appears to be in one of the catalytic metal binding sites."( Zinc inhibition of cAMP signaling.
Heyduk, T; Howlett, AC; Hudson, TY; Klein, C; Sunahara, RK, 2002
)
0.31
" A dose-response study using the CoN-sensitized group showed that the concentration of CoCl2 required to elicit a skin reaction of similar extent in comparison with CoN was more than 10 times higher, when skin-reaction scores were compared on the basis of cobalt content."( Allergenicity and cross-reactivity of naphthenic acid and its metallic salts in experimental animals.
Noda, T; Shimizu, M; Yamano, T, 2006
)
0.33
" Tissues were rinsed with water between application and the effects of repeat dosing for up to 6 occasions were investigated."( Retention of o-cymen-5-ol and zinc on reconstructed human gingival tissue from a toothpaste formulation.
Deol, G; Myangar, N; Yang, J, 2011
)
0.37
" It was found that the COD removal rate reached 85% at pH 4 with the SAC (90 wt% CS) dosage of 2% (g/mL) and an adsorption time of 40 min."( Low-cost adsorbent prepared from sewage sludge and corn stalk for the removal of COD in leachate.
He, Y; Liao, L; Liao, X; Shu, W, 2014
)
0.4
" We observed a time and dosage dependent reduction of cellular viability after ZnO NP exposure."( Genotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles.
Brieger, J; Brochhausen, C; Felder, E; Heim, J; Heinrich, UR; Kaltbeitzel, A; Mailänder, V; Tahir, MN; Tremel, W, 2015
)
0.42
" Single-step and sequential light-triggered release and retention of the embedded dye molecules are demonstrated, thereby achieving exquisite temporal, spatial, and dosage control of the release, opening up the possibility of using such lipidic biomaterials as effective matrices in therapy, when a continuous release of active drugs might be toxic."( Design of Light-Triggered Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Mesophases and Their Application as Molecular Switches in "On Demand" Release.
Aleandri, S; Landau, EM; Mezzenga, R; Speziale, C, 2015
)
0.42
" For all metals, the dose-response curve followed a biphasic pattern that is typical of hormesis."( Thyroid Stem Cells But Not Differentiated Thyrocytes Are Sensitive to Slightly Increased Concentrations of Heavy Metals.
Franco, A; Gianì, F; Masto, R; Pandini, G; Trovato, MA; Vigneri, R, 2021
)
0.62
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (10 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product CategoryProducts
Plant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Nuts and their products, Nuts, Macadamia nuts1
Other7
Bratkartoffeln1
Beauty & Personal Care1

Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Babe Original Densifying Hair Serum -- 1.76 ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, butylene glycol, apigenin, arginine, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, gluconolactone, biotin, caffeine, tocopherol, dimethyl sulfone, disodium edta, tocopherol, glycerin, glycine, lactic acid, trisodium ethylenediamine disuccinate, oleanolic acid, phenoxyethanol, phenethyl alcohol, propanediol, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite, sorbic acid, xylitol, zinc chloride2024-11-29 10:47:42

Roles (4)

RoleDescription
Lewis acidA molecular entity that is an electron-pair acceptor and therefore able to form a covalent bond with an electron-pair donor (Lewis base), thereby producing a Lewis adduct.
disinfectantAn antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity.
astringentA compound that causes the contraction of body tissues, typically used to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions.
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitorAn EC 5.3.3.* (intramolecular oxidase transposing C=C bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a cholestenol Delta-isomerase (EC 5.3.3.5).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
inorganic chloride
zinc molecular entity
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (2)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
anthocyanidin acylglucoside and acylsambubioside biosynthesis327
anthocyanidin sambubioside biosynthesis117

Research

Studies (1,424)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990207 (14.54)18.7374
1990's284 (19.94)18.2507
2000's411 (28.86)29.6817
2010's466 (32.72)24.3611
2020's56 (3.93)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 71.75

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index71.75 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.33 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.67 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index128.91 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.02 (0.95)

This Compound (71.75)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials42 (2.82%)5.53%
Reviews19 (1.28%)6.00%
Case Studies50 (3.36%)4.05%
Observational1 (0.07%)0.25%
Other1,376 (92.47%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]