pyrazines profile

Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	9261
CHEMBL ID	15797
CHEBI ID	30953
MeSH ID	M0018225

Synonym
einecs 206-027-6
nsc 400221
ccris 1331
CHEBI:30953 ,
1,4-diazin
pyrazin
pyrazine
inchi=1/c4h4n2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h1-4
290-37-9
paradiazine
piazine
nsc400221
1,4-diazabenzene
p-diazine
nsc-400221
1,4-diazine
pyrazine, >=99%, fg
pyrazine, >=99%
pyrazines
CHEMBL15797
fema no. 4015
P0544
EN300-72616
NCGC00260457-01
tox21_202911
dtxsid8049410 ,
cas-290-37-9
dtxcid7029370
A819731
AKOS006223200
2jke371789 ,
unii-2jke371789
BP-10420
FT-0602797
STL373491
pyrazine [fhfi]
pyrazine [mi]
BBL027560
STR04325
Q-100368
F0001-0907
pyrazine, purum, >=98.0% (gc)
mfcd00006122
pyrazine, analytical standard
piazine (obsol.)
1, 4-diazabenzene
Q424284
AMY2647
A935224
CS-W013756
pyrazine phase iv
pyrazine phase iii

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pyrazines are a class of active aromatic substances existing in various foods. "	( Pyrazines in food samples: Recent update on occurrence, formation, sampling, pretreatment and analysis methods. Bian, Y; Feng, XS; Liu, YJ; Ren, A; Ren, CJ; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YX; Zhou, Y, 2024)	4.33
"Pyrazines are an important group of natural products widely used as food additives and fragrants. "	( Identification of alkylpyrazines by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Attygalle, AB; Errabelli, R; Feener, DH; Noble, K; Xu, S, 2019)	2.27
"Pyrazines are a common class of compounds used or produced by a wide variety of organisms, even humans."	( Alkyldimethylpyrazines in the defensive spray of Phyllium westwoodii: a first for order Phasmatodea. Dossey, AT; Edison, AS; Gottardo, M; Roush, WR; Whitaker, JM, 2009)	1.44
"Pyrazines are a class of compounds that occur almost ubiquitously in nature. "	( Pyrazines: occurrence, formation and biodegradation. Müller, R; Rappert, S, 2010)	3.25
"Pyrazines are a group of 1,4 dinitrogen substituted benzenes. "	( Microbial metabolism of pyrazines. Aparna, P; Rajini, KS; Ramana, ChV; Sasikala, Ch, 2011)	2.12
"Pyrazines are a class of compounds that occur in nature and various methods have been worked out for their synthesis."	( Pyrazine derivatives: a patent review (2008 - present). Ferreira, SB; Kaiser, CR, 2012)	1.1
"Alkylpyrazines are a very important class of Maillard flavor compounds, but their mechanism of formation is complex and consists of different pathways. "	( Formation of pyrazines and a novel pyrrole in Maillard model systems of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone and 2-oxopropanal. Adams, A; De Kimpe, N; Polizzi, V; van Boekel, M, 2008)	1.23

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Human BFU-e were greatly inhibited by PZDH, whereas murine BFU-e were relatively resistant to its toxic effects."	( Comparative toxicity of fostriecin, hepsulfam and pyrazine diazohydroxide to human and murine hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. Du, DL; Grieshaber, CK; Murphy, MJ; Volpe, DA, 1991)	0.28
" Taken together, these results indicate that oltipraz is very effective in ameliorating the toxic effects of AFB1 in rats."	( Protection by 5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiol-3-thione (oltipraz) against the hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in the rat. Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Liu, YL; Roebuck, BD; Yager, JD, 1988)	0.27
"Administration of tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole or of two dithiolthiones to female CD-1 mice protected against the acute toxic effects of two hepatotoxic agents, acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride."	( Chemoprotective effects of two dithiolthiones and of butylhydroxyanisole against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen toxicity. Ansher, SS; Bueding, E; Dolan, P, )	0.13
"The toxic effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on pancreatic islet beta-cells and the preventive effect of ligustrazine (LIG) on CsA-associated beta-cell toxicity in SD rats were investigated."	( [Prevention of toxicity of cyclosporine A on rat pancreatic islet beta-cells by Ligustrazine]. Gu, MJ; Liu, ZM, 1993)	0.29
"3 mmol dithiolethiones/kg body wt and challenged with toxic doses of AFB1 (50 micrograms/100 g rat/day) on 2 successive days."	( Protection against aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic toxicity as short-term screen of cancer chemopreventive dithiolethiones. Curphey, TJ; Kensler, TW; Maxuitenko, YY; Roebuck, BD, 1996)	0.29
" We concluded that NAC/OLZ modulates some end points related to GSH but is too toxic for chemoprevention at the doses used."	( Phase I/pharmacodynamic study of N-acetylcysteine/oltipraz in smokers: early termination due to excessive toxicity. Bolanowska-Higdon, W; Creaven, PJ; Hitt, S; Lawrence, D; Murphy, M; Pendyala, L; Schwartz, G; Zdanowicz, J, 2001)	0.31
" If the impairment of cellular cholesterol efflux to plasma is sustained with long-term treatment, this potentially adverse effect should be considered when treating diabetic dyslipidaemia with Acipimox."	( Short-term Acipimox decreases the ability of plasma from Type 2 diabetic patients and healthy subjects to stimulate cellular cholesterol efflux: a potentially adverse effect on reverse cholesterol transport. Dullaart, RP; van Tol, A, 2001)	0.31
"Cardiac FDG single photon emission computed tomography after Acipimox is a simple and safe approach that renders comparable image quality to that obtained during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamping."	( Safety and feasibility of cardiac FDG SPECT following oral administration of Acipimox, a nicotinic acid derivative: Comparison of image quality with hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamping in nondiabetic patients. Bax, JJ; Boersma, E; Elhendy, A; Poldermans, D; Sloof, GW; Van Lingen, A; Visser, CA; Visser, FC, )	0.13
"This article reviews the precautions and adverse effects associated with vesnarinone use, and the potential mechanisms responsible for these complications as well as suggested treatment strategies."	( Precautions for use and adverse effects of vesnarinone: potential mechanisms and future therapies. Bertolet, BD, 2004)	0.32
" Their toxic profile is favorable, but during the drug development process some severe (sometimes lethal) toxicities have been observed, such as interstitial lung disease in patients treated with drugs targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor."	( Side effects of anti-cancer molecular-targeted therapies (not monoclonal antibodies). Awada, A; de Castro, G, 2006)	0.33
" Adverse events, including thrombocytopenia and peripheral neuropathy, have affected 30% to 60% of patients overall, and interrupted therapy in 10% to 20%."	( A multicenter retrospective analysis of adverse events in Korean patients using bortezomib for multiple myeloma. Bang, SM; Cho, KS; Jo, DY; Kim, CC; Kim, CS; Kim, K; Lee, JH; Lee, JJ; Lee, KH; Lee, NR; Min, CK; Min, YH; Park, S; Seong, CM; Sohn, SK; Suh, C; Yoon, HJ; Yoon, SS, 2006)	0.33
" The incidence of hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal adverse experiences was not significantly different between sitagliptin and placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Caria, C; Hanefeld, M; Khatami, H; Raz, I; Williams-Herman, D; Xu, L, 2006)	0.33
" There was no increased risk of hypoglycemia or gastrointestinal adverse experiences with sitagliptin compared with placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Charbonnel, B; Karasik, A; Liu, J; Meininger, G; Wu, M, 2006)	0.33
" This article speculates that cyclosporine eye drops would also be useful for any disease causing ectropion or eclabion of the eye as well as toxic epidermal necrolysis-related eye pathology (in particular corneal scarring)."	( A review of deferasirox, bortezomib, dasatinib, and cyclosporine eye drops: possible uses and known side effects in cutaneous medicine. Scheinfeld, N, 2007)	0.34
" As in the total APEX population, rates of grade 3/4 adverse events were higher in bortezomib- versus dexamethasone-treated patients aged > or =65 years and with >1 prior line, while rates of serious adverse events were similar; toxicities generally proved manageable."	( Safety and efficacy of bortezomib in high-risk and elderly patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Anderson, KC; Ben-Yehuda, D; Cavenagh, JD; Facon, T; Harousseau, JL; Irwin, D; Lonial, S; Richardson, PG; San Miguel, JF; Schuster, MW; Sonneveld, P; Stadtmauer, EA, 2007)	0.34
" Grade 3/4 hematologic or neurologic toxicities (graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE; version 3]) were reported to occur in 9 patients and 1 patient, respectively, whereas 6 patients experienced possible or documented infections."	( Efficacy and safety of bortezomib in patients with plasma cell leukemia. D'Arena, G; Ferrara, F; Filardi, N; Gay, F; Guariglia, R; Guglielmelli, T; Musto, P; Palumbo, A; Pitini, V; Rossini, F, 2007)	0.34
"Bortezomib appears to be an effective drug for PCL that could significantly improve the usually adverse clinical outcome of these patients."	( Efficacy and safety of bortezomib in patients with plasma cell leukemia. D'Arena, G; Ferrara, F; Filardi, N; Gay, F; Guariglia, R; Guglielmelli, T; Musto, P; Palumbo, A; Pitini, V; Rossini, F, 2007)	0.34
" Awareness of the various potential gastrointestinal toxic effects of bortezomib is of relevance given the growing number of patients undergoing treatment with this important and effective new cancer drug."	( Bortezomib-induced paralytic ileus is a potential gastrointestinal side effect of this first-in-class anticancer proteasome inhibitor. Brugnatelli, S; Brunetti, L; Corazza, GR; Gobbi, PG; Palladini, G; Perfetti, V; Sgarella, A, 2007)	0.34
" 47%) and drug-related adverse experiences (AEs) (15 vs."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin. Fanurik, D; Hermansen, K; Khatami, H; Kipnes, M; Luo, E; Stein, P, 2007)	0.34
" Careful postmarketing surveillance for adverse effects, especially among the DPP4 inhibitors, and continued evaluation in longer-term studies and in clinical practice are required to determine the role of this new class among current pharmacotherapies for type 2 diabetes."	( Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Amori, RE; Lau, J; Pittas, AG, 2007)	0.34
" The most frequently reported adverse events were thrombocytopenia (34%), peripheral neuropathy (31%), diarrhoea (20%) and fatigue (19%)."	( Daily practice use of Bortezomib in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Safety/efficacy results of a compassionate use program in Switzerland. Calderoni, A; Cornu, P; Freimann, H; Olie, R, 2007)	0.34
"Our results in daily oncology practice confirm findings from clinical trials, demonstrating high response rates and predictable adverse events in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma treated with bortezomib."	( Daily practice use of Bortezomib in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Safety/efficacy results of a compassionate use program in Switzerland. Calderoni, A; Cornu, P; Freimann, H; Olie, R, 2007)	0.34
" Clinical and laboratory adverse experiences were similar between treatments, with no reported hypoglycemia adverse events with sitagliptin."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ahmed, T; Davies, MJ; Fujimoto, G; Hirayama, Y; Kakikawa, T; Kato, N; Nonaka, K; Okuyama, K; Sato, A; Stein, PP; Suzuki, H, 2008)	0.35
" Compared with placebo, sitagliptin had a neutral effect on body weight and did not significantly increase the risk of hypoglycemia or gastrointestinal adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Alba, M; Amatruda, JM; Chen, Y; Hussain, S; Kaufman, KD; Langdon, RB; Raz, I; Stein, PP; Wu, M, 2008)	0.35
" With dexamethasone, grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs), serious AEs and discontinuations for AEs were significantly elevated in patients with CrCl < or =50 vs >50 ml min(-1)."	( Efficacy and safety of bortezomib in patients with renal impairment: results from the APEX phase 3 study. Anderson, KC; Ben-Yehuda, D; Bladé, J; Boccadoro, M; Boral, AL; Cavenagh, JD; Esseltine, DL; Facon, T; Goldschmidt, H; Harousseau, JL; Irwin, D; Lonial, S; Neuwirth, R; Reece, D; Richardson, PG; San-Miguel, JF; Schuster, MW; Sonneveld, P; Stadtmauer, EA, 2008)	0.35
" Both active treatments were generally well tolerated, with no increased risk of hypoglycaemia or gastrointestinal adverse events compared with placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin when added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Davies, MJ; Engel, SS; Loeys, T; Scott, R, 2008)	0.35
" The data and information available, including a prolonged history of safe use, indicate that at the current level of intake, the food flavoring use of 2-ethyl-3,(5 or 6)-dimethylpyrazine is safe."	( Safety assessment of 2-ethyl-3,(5 or 6) dimethylpyrazine as a food ingredient. Burdock, GA; Carabin, IG, 2008)	0.35
" Coexposure of LBH589 and bortezomib at minimally toxic doses of either drug alone resulted in a striking induction of apoptosis in established U251, U87, and D37 GBM cell lines, as well as in GBM8, GBM10, GBM12, GBM14, and GBM56 short-term cultured cell lines."	( Mitochondrial Bax translocation partially mediates synergistic cytotoxicity between histone deacetylase inhibitors and proteasome inhibitors in glioma cells. Adjei, AA; Atadja, P; Friday, BB; Sarkaria, J; Wigle, D; Yang, L; Yu, C, 2008)	0.35
" The most common grade 3/4 hematologic adverse events (AEs) were neutropenia (31%/0%), thrombocytopenia (25%/2%), and anemia (13%/0%)."	( Safety and efficacy of bortezomib and melphalan combination in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: updated results of a phase 1/2 study after longer follow-up. Berenson, JR; Hilger, J; Lee, SP; Mapes, R; Morrison, B; Nassir, Y; Swift, R; Vescio, RA; Wilson, J; Yang, HH; Yellin, O, 2008)	0.35
" The overall incidence of adverse experiences was generally similar between groups."	( Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency. Amatruda, JM; Arjona Ferreira, JC; Chan, JC; Davies, MJ; Gonzalez, E; Kaufman, KD; Scott, R; Sheng, D; Stein, PP; Williams-Herman, D, 2008)	0.35
" We also show that T-705 is as effective as, and less toxic than, ribavirin, as infected T-705-treated hamsters on average maintain their weight better and recover more rapidly than animals treated with ribavirin."	( Treatment of late stage disease in a model of arenaviral hemorrhagic fever: T-705 efficacy and reduced toxicity suggests an alternative to ribavirin. Bailey, KW; Furuta, Y; Gowen, BB; Hall, JO; Jung, KH; Morrey, JD; Smee, DF; Stevens, JR; Wong, MH, 2008)	0.35
" However, patients with impaired renal function were at a slightly increased risk of a drug-related serious adverse event (28% vs."	( Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus bortezomib in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: efficacy and safety in patients with renal function impairment. Bladé, J; Cibeira, MT; Hajek, R; Harousseau, JL; Nagler, A; Orlowski, RZ; Robak, T; San Miguel, JF; Sonneveld, P; Spencer, A; Sutherland, HJ; Zhuang, SH, 2008)	0.35
" Clinical adverse events (AEs) were reported in 23."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes in China, India, and Korea. Amatruda, JM; Kaufman, KD; Langdon, RB; Mohan, V; Noble, L; Son, HY; Stein, PP; Xu, L; Yang, W, 2009)	0.35
" The incidence of gastrointestinal adverse experiences with the co-administration of sitagliptin and metformin was similar to that observed with metformin alone."	( Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 54-week study. Amatruda, JM; Davies, MJ; Goldstein, BJ; Johnson, J; Kaufman, KD; Luo, E; Teng, R; Williams-Herman, D, 2009)	0.35
"Bortezomib has been shown to be a safe and efficacious for the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM)."	( Safety and efficacy results from an international expanded access programme to bortezomib for patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma: a subset analysis of the Australian and New Zealand data of 111 patients. Butcher, BE; Cannell, P; Horvath, N; Mikhael, JR; Prince, HM; Quach, H, 2009)	0.35
" Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events were reported in 57 patients (52%); the most common were thrombocytopenia (25."	( Safety and efficacy results from an international expanded access programme to bortezomib for patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma: a subset analysis of the Australian and New Zealand data of 111 patients. Butcher, BE; Cannell, P; Horvath, N; Mikhael, JR; Prince, HM; Quach, H, 2009)	0.35
"Our analysis confirms that bortezomib is safe and effective in relapsed and refractory MM in a real-life clinical setting."	( Safety and efficacy results from an international expanded access programme to bortezomib for patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma: a subset analysis of the Australian and New Zealand data of 111 patients. Butcher, BE; Cannell, P; Horvath, N; Mikhael, JR; Prince, HM; Quach, H, 2009)	0.35
" DPP-4 inhibitors are safe and tolerable with no increased risk of adverse events compared to placebo and have a low risk of hypoglycaemia."	( Clinical results of treating type 2 diabetic patients with sitagliptin, vildagliptin or saxagliptin--diabetes control and potential adverse events. Ahrén, B, 2009)	0.35
" In conclusion, bortezomib-based regimens are safe and effective and should be considered as appropriate treatment options for MM patients with any degree of RI."	( Safety and efficacy of bortezomib-based regimens for multiple myeloma patients with renal impairment: a retrospective study of Italian Myeloma Network GIMEMA. Baldini, L; Boccadoro, M; Bringhen, S; Callea, V; Casulli, AF; Catalano, L; Cavo, M; Ciolli, S; Di Raimondo, F; Galimberti, S; Gentile, M; Mannina, D; Mele, G; Morabito, F; Musto, P; Offidani, M; Palmieri, S; Palumbo, A; Petrucci, MT; Pinotti, G; Piro, E; Tosi, P, 2010)	0.36
"During the first 6 weeks of follow-up, only two major adverse cardiac events occurred (one de novo stenosis and one instent-restenosis) in the first 36 patients."	( Safety and efficacy of SITAgliptin plus GRanulocyte-colony-stimulating factor in patients suffering from Acute Myocardial Infarction (SITAGRAMI-Trial)--rationale, design and first interim analysis. Brenner, C; Engelmann, MG; Franz, WM; Henschel, V; Huber, B; Mansmann, U; Reiser, M; Steinbeck, G; Theiss, HD; Wintersperger, B; Zaruba, MM, 2010)	0.36
"Our data demonstrate that the combined application of Sitagliptin and G-CSF seems to be safe on the short term and feasible after acute myocardial infarction and may represent a new therapeutic option in future."	( Safety and efficacy of SITAgliptin plus GRanulocyte-colony-stimulating factor in patients suffering from Acute Myocardial Infarction (SITAGRAMI-Trial)--rationale, design and first interim analysis. Brenner, C; Engelmann, MG; Franz, WM; Henschel, V; Huber, B; Mansmann, U; Reiser, M; Steinbeck, G; Theiss, HD; Wintersperger, B; Zaruba, MM, 2010)	0.36
" The incidence of gastrointestinal-related adverse experiences was substantially lower with sitagliptin (11."	( Efficacy and safety of monotherapy of sitagliptin compared with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Aschner, P; Goldstein, BJ; Guo, H; Katzeff, HL; Kaufman, KD; Sunga, S; Williams-Herman, D, 2010)	0.36
" Although both treatments were generally well tolerated, a lower incidence of gastrointestinal-related adverse experiences was observed with sitagliptin."	( Efficacy and safety of monotherapy of sitagliptin compared with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Aschner, P; Goldstein, BJ; Guo, H; Katzeff, HL; Kaufman, KD; Sunga, S; Williams-Herman, D, 2010)	0.36
"VD regimen might be an efficient, rapid effective and safe regimen in the treatment of AL amyloidosis."	( [The effects and safety of bortezomib combined with dexamethasone in the treatment of primary systemic amyloidosis]. Li, J; Su, C; Wang, HH; Zeng, LJ; Zhao, Y, 2009)	0.35
"Bortezomib/ PLD/dexamethasone combination is safe and effective in elderly patients with resistant-relapsing MM."	( Weekly bortezomib, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, and dexamethasone is a safe and effective therapy for elderly patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Bocchia, M; Defina, M; Fabbri, A; Gozzetti, A; Lauria, F; Marchini, E; Oliva, S, 2010)	0.36
" Most adverse events were of mild degree and manageable."	( Bortezomib, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone combination therapy followed by thalidomide and dexamethasone consolidation as a salvage treatment for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: analysis of efficacy and safety. Bang, SM; Chung, J; Do, YR; Jin, JY; Joo, YD; Kang, HJ; Kim, BS; Kim, HY; Kim, K; Lee, DS; Lee, GW; Lee, JH; Lee, JJ; Lee, MH; Lee, SS; Park, J; Ryoo, HM; Shim, H; Suh, C; Yoon, SS, 2010)	0.36
" The incidences of gastrointestinal adverse experiences were generally lower in the sitagliptin group and similar between the metformin monotherapy and combination groups."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin and metformin as initial combination therapy and as monotherapy over 2 years in patients with type 2 diabetes. Amatruda, JM; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, G; Johnson, J; Kaufman, KD; Teng, R; Williams-Herman, D, 2010)	0.36
" The major adverse events associated with these treatments are somnolence (thalidomide), venous thromboembolism (thalidomide and lenalidomide), myelosuppression (lenalidomide and bortezomib), gastrointestinal disturbance, and peripheral neuropathy (thalidomide and bortezomib)."	( Management of treatment-related adverse events in patients with multiple myeloma. Mateos, MV, 2010)	0.36
" The most frequent adverse events with exenatide and sitagliptin were nausea (n=38, 24%, and n=16, 10%, respectively) and diarrhoea (n=29, 18%, and n=16, 10%, respectively); upper-respiratory-tract infection (n=17, 10%) and peripheral oedema (n=13, 8%) were the most frequent events with pioglitazone."	( Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus sitagliptin or pioglitazone as an adjunct to metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes (DURATION-2): a randomised trial. Bergenstal, RM; Macconell, L; Malloy, J; Malone, J; Porter, LE; Walsh, B; Wilhelm, K; Wysham, C; Yan, P, 2010)	0.36
" After 12 weeks, the incidences of clinical adverse experiences (AEs), drug-related AEs and gastrointestinal AEs in the sitagliptin group (48."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin monotherapy compared with voglibose in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind trial. Amatruda, JM; Arjona Ferreira, JC; Iwamoto, Y; Kadowaki, T; Nishii, M; Nonaka, K; Tajima, N; Taniguchi, T, 2010)	0.36
"The study was aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of PAD (bortezomib + adriamycin + dexamethasone) and VAD (vincristine + adriamycin + dexamethasone) as chemotherapy regimens in multiple myeloma patients."	( [Adverse effects of PAD and VAD regimens in multiple myeloma patients]. Bo, J; Dou, LP; Gao, CJ; Han, XP; Huang, WR; Jing, Y; Li, F; Li, HH; Wang, FF; Wang, QS; Wang, SH; Yu, L; Zhao, Y; Zhu, HY, 2010)	0.36
" Nonhematologic grade 3/4 adverse events were reported in 35% of once-weekly patients and 51% of twice-weekly patients (P = ."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly bortezomib in multiple myeloma patients. Benevolo, G; Boccadoro, M; Bringhen, S; Callea, V; Cangialosi, C; Cavalli, M; Cavo, M; De Rosa, L; Evangelista, A; Falcone, AP; Gaidano, G; Gentili, S; Genuardi, M; Grasso, M; Guglielmelli, T; Larocca, A; Levi, A; Liberati, AM; Musto, P; Nozzoli, C; Palumbo, A; Patriarca, F; Ria, R; Rizzo, V; Rossi, D, 2010)	0.36
" Both treatments were generally well tolerated; incidence and types of adverse events were comparable between groups."	( Efficacy and safety of saxagliptin in combination with metformin compared with sitagliptin in combination with metformin in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Charpentier, G; Gause-Nilsson, I; Hellqvist, A; Ostgren, CJ; Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
"To compare the efficacy and adverse effects of bortezomib + adriamycin + dexamethasone (PAD) and vincristine + adriamycin + dexamethasone (VAD) regimens in untreated multiple myeloma (MM)."	( [The efficacy and safety of PAD and VAD regimens for untreated multiple myeloma]. Bo, J; Dou, LP; Gao, CJ; Han, XP; Huang, WR; Jing, Y; Li, HH; Wang, QS; Wang, SH; Yu, L; Zhao, Y; Zhu, HY, 2010)	0.36
" Both clinical effects and adverse effects were observed."	( [The efficacy and safety of PAD and VAD regimens for untreated multiple myeloma]. Bo, J; Dou, LP; Gao, CJ; Han, XP; Huang, WR; Jing, Y; Li, HH; Wang, QS; Wang, SH; Yu, L; Zhao, Y; Zhu, HY, 2010)	0.36
" Safety endpoints included adverse events (AEs) and hypoglycaemia."	( Efficacy and safety of insulin detemir once daily in combination with sitagliptin and metformin: the TRANSITION randomized controlled trial. Hollander, P; Liutkus, JF; Raslova, K; Råstam, J; Skjøth, TV, 2011)	0.37
" Exenatide once-weekly was generally well tolerated and adverse events were predominantly mild or moderate in intensity."	( DURATION-2: efficacy and safety of switching from maximum daily sitagliptin or pioglitazone to once-weekly exenatide. Bergenstal, R; Malloy, J; Malone, J; Taylor, K; Walsh, B; Wysham, C; Yan, P, 2011)	0.37
" However, these benefits are accompanied by increases in treatment-related adverse events (AEs), which may be particularly pronounced in older individuals."	( Practical management of adverse events in multiple myeloma: can therapy be attenuated in older patients? Bringhen, S; Mateos, MV; Palumbo, A; San Miguel, JF, 2011)	0.37
"Toxicity data from cancer trials are summarized into a single outcome, dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), which does not account for multiple lower grade toxic effects nor differentiates between toxicity types and gradations within DLT."	( Toxicity burden score: a novel approach to summarize multiple toxic effects. Cheung, YK; Hershman, DL; Lee, SM; Leonard, JP; Martin, P, 2012)	0.38
"17 for each grade 3 or higher nonhematologic toxic effects unrelated to treatment."	( Toxicity burden score: a novel approach to summarize multiple toxic effects. Cheung, YK; Hershman, DL; Lee, SM; Leonard, JP; Martin, P, 2012)	0.38
" It includes information from the grades and types of multiple toxic effects and can be applied in all phases of drug development."	( Toxicity burden score: a novel approach to summarize multiple toxic effects. Cheung, YK; Hershman, DL; Lee, SM; Leonard, JP; Martin, P, 2012)	0.38
" The most common adverse events were mild to moderate (grades 1, 2)."	( [The efficacy and safety of bortezomib plus thalidomide in treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma]. Chen, SL; Gao, W; Jiang, B; Qiu, LG; Yu, L; Zhong, YP, 2011)	0.37
" They provide lesser effect on PPG, similar reduction in body weight, and result in a potentially favorable adverse event profile compared with exenatide twice daily."	( Efficacy and safety of long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists compared with exenatide twice daily and sitagliptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hurren, KM; Pinelli, NR, 2011)	0.37
"To establish the clinical use of bortezomib with fewer adverse events, we retrospectively analyzed the efficacy and safety of bortezomib plus dexamethasone (BD) therapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma."	( Efficacy and safety of bortezomib plus dexamethasone therapy for refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma: once-weekly administration of bortezomib may reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events. Fujita, Y; Fukushima, T; Iwao, H; Masaki, Y; Miki, M; Motoo, Y; Nakajima, A; Nakajima, H; Nakamura, T; Sakai, T; Sato, T; Sawaki, T; Tanaka, M; Umehara, H, 2011)	0.37
" Initially, bortezomib was administered twice-weekly, but some severe adverse events developed; therefore, from January 2008, bortezomib was administered twice-weekly for the first two courses, followed by once-weekly for the subsequent courses."	( Efficacy and safety of bortezomib plus dexamethasone therapy for refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma: once-weekly administration of bortezomib may reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events. Fujita, Y; Fukushima, T; Iwao, H; Masaki, Y; Miki, M; Motoo, Y; Nakajima, A; Nakajima, H; Nakamura, T; Sakai, T; Sato, T; Sawaki, T; Tanaka, M; Umehara, H, 2011)	0.37
"Once-weekly administration of bortezomib in BD therapy may reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events without reducing the clinical efficacy of this therapy for refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma."	( Efficacy and safety of bortezomib plus dexamethasone therapy for refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma: once-weekly administration of bortezomib may reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events. Fujita, Y; Fukushima, T; Iwao, H; Masaki, Y; Miki, M; Motoo, Y; Nakajima, A; Nakajima, H; Nakamura, T; Sakai, T; Sato, T; Sawaki, T; Tanaka, M; Umehara, H, 2011)	0.37
" A numerically higher incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events and a significantly lower incidence of oedema were observed with SITA/MET vs."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin and the fixed-dose combination of sitagliptin and metformin vs. pioglitazone in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. Engel, SS; Goldstein, BJ; Kaufman, KD; Lee, MA; Pérez-Monteverde, A; Seck, T; Sisk, CM; Williams-Herman, DE; Xu, L, 2011)	0.37
" In both arms, greater rates of severe hematologic adverse events were associated with RI (eGFR < 50 mL/min), however, therapy discontinuation rates were unaffected."	( Safety and efficacy of bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide followed by bortezomib-thalidomide maintenance (VMPT-VT) versus bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone (VMP) in untreated multiple myeloma patients with renal impairment. Baldini, L; Benevolo, G; Boccadoro, M; Bringhen, S; Cascavilla, N; Cavo, M; Di Raimondo, F; Gentile, M; Grasso, M; Guglielmelli, T; Majolino, I; Marasca, R; Mazzone, C; Montefusco, V; Morabito, F; Musolino, C; Musto, P; Nozzoli, C; Offidani, M; Palumbo, A; Patriarca, F; Petrucci, MT; Ria, R; Rossi, D; Vincelli, I, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse reactions to bortezomib or a treatment regimen that included it occurred in 32 (54%) patients, highlighting neurotoxicity in 19 patients (32%) and gastrointestinal toxicity in 12 (20%)."	( [Observational retrospective study to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of treatment schemes with bortezomib for multiple myeloma in our hospital]. de Arriba de la Fuente, F; Iranzo Fernández, MD; León-Villar, J; Moreno Belmonte, MJ; Titos-Arcos, JC, )	0.13
" Common adverse events were as follows: EQW, nausea (11."	( Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus metformin, pioglitazone, and sitagliptin used as monotherapy in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-4): a 26-week double-blind study. Boardman, MK; Chan, M; Cuddihy, RM; González, JG; Hanefeld, M; Kumar, A; Russell-Jones, D; Wolka, AM, 2012)	0.38
"The combination therapy with sitagliptin and low dosage sulphonylureas was safe and effective for glycaemic control."	( Sitagliptin add-on to low dosage sulphonylureas: efficacy and safety of combination therapy on glycaemic control and insulin secretion capacity in type 2 diabetes. Aono, M; Fukushima, T; Harashima, SI; Inagaki, N; Koizumi, T; Murata, Y; Ogura, M; Seike, M; Tanaka, D; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
"A 74-year-old female with relapsed multiple myeloma was treated with twice-weekly bortezomib plus dexamethasone (BD)therapy, but severe gastrointestinal adverse events(grade 3 paralytic ileus and constipation)developed."	( [Once-weekly bortezomib plus dexamethasone therapy induced complete response, reducing severe gastrointestinal adverse events for a patient with relapsed multiple myeloma - a case report]. Fujita, Y; Fukushima, T; Iwao, H; Masaki, Y; Miki, M; Nakajima, A; Nakamura, T; Sakai, T; Sato, T; Sawaki, T; Tanaka, M; Umehara, H, 2012)	0.38
" CK-2017357 was well tolerated, with dizziness and general fatigue being the most frequent adverse events."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of a skeletal muscle activator in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cedarbaum, JM; Chen, M; Cudkowicz, ME; Hansen, RL; Jones, D; Lee, J; Mahoney, K; Malik, F; Mao, J; Maragakis, N; Russell, AJ; Saikali, K; Shefner, J; Watson, ML; Wolff, AA, 2012)	0.38
"Combined curcumin and PS-341 treatment has been reported to enhance cytotoxicity and minimize adverse effects through ERK and p38MAPK mechanisms in human multiple myeloma cells."	( Curcumin enhances cytotoxic effects of bortezomib in human multiple myeloma H929 cells: potential roles of NF-κB/JNK. Bai, QX; Zhang, XY, 2012)	0.38
" Changes in body weight and the rates of adverse events overall, hypoglycemia, and gastrointestinal adverse events were similar in the sitagliptin and placebo groups during the 54-week study."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin and rosiglitazone combination therapy in a randomized placebo-controlled 54-week trial in patients with type 2 diabetes. Amatruda, JM; Aschner, P; Chen, Y; Dobs, AS; Duran, L; Ferreira, JC; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Hill, JS; Horton, ES; Kaufman, KD; Langdon, RB; Umpierrez, GE; Williams-Herman, DE, 2013)	0.39
"Patients were graded for bortezomib-related toxicities: hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicities by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events and peripheral neuropathy by modified Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy questionnaire and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events."	( Prospective evaluation of the toxicity profile of proteasome inhibitor-based therapy in renal transplant candidates and recipients. Alloway, RR; Girnita, AL; Hanseman, DJ; Sadaka, B; Schmidt, N; Shields, AR; Walsh, RC; Woodle, ES, 2012)	0.38
" Evidence from animal models of chemotherapy-induced painful peripheral neuropathy produced by the taxane agent, paclitaxel, and the platinum-complex agent, oxaliplatin, indicate that they produce neuropathy via a common mechanism-a toxic effect on the mitochondria in primary afferent sensory neurons."	( Mitotoxicity and bortezomib-induced chronic painful peripheral neuropathy. Bennett, GJ; Xiao, WH; Zheng, H, 2012)	0.38
" The present findings demonstrate the adverse effects of smoke constituents of mammalian reproduction and the differences in sensitivity to smoke components between male and female gametes."	( In vitro assessment of reproductive toxicity of cigarette smoke and deleterious consequences of maternal exposure to its constituents. Liu, M; Wu, SC, 2012)	0.38
" The incidences of reported adverse events were generally similar between the treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin and pioglitazone combination therapy in a randomized, placebo-controlled, 26-week trial in patients with type 2 diabetes. Fonseca, V; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kaufman, KD; Morgan, JD; Shentu, Y; Staels, B; Steinberg, H, )	0.13
" However, adverse effects and drug resistance have been observed in patients, which is now emerging as a great challenge for the extended application of bortezomib."	( Dissecting bortezomib: development, application, adverse effects and future direction. Cao, B; Li, J; Mao, X, 2013)	0.39
" These agents have specific adverse event (AE) profiles, and it is especially important to consider severe AEs that may lead to premature discontinuation, negatively affecting outcomes."	( How to maintain patients on long-term therapy: understanding the profile and kinetics of adverse events. Mateos, MV, 2012)	0.38
" The secondary aims were to evaluate the side effect profiles of lorcaserin and CP-809101 and to determine the plasma levels of lorcaserin at a dose (1 mg/kg) that reduces both food and nicotine reinforcement for comparison to plasma concentrations reported in human trials."	( Evaluation of chemically diverse 5-HT₂c receptor agonists on behaviours motivated by food and nicotine and on side effect profiles. Coen, K; de Lannoy, IA; Fletcher, PJ; Higgins, GA; Izhakova, J; Lau, W; Le, AD; Lee, DK; Silenieks, LB, 2013)	0.39
" Finally, there may be differences in the side effect profiles between lorcaserin and CP-809101, raising the possibility for tolerability differences amongst 5-HT2C agonists."	( Evaluation of chemically diverse 5-HT₂c receptor agonists on behaviours motivated by food and nicotine and on side effect profiles. Coen, K; de Lannoy, IA; Fletcher, PJ; Higgins, GA; Izhakova, J; Lau, W; Le, AD; Lee, DK; Silenieks, LB, 2013)	0.39
" There was a lower incidence of symptomatic hypoglycemia adverse events (AEs) with sitagliptin versus glipizide (6."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin versus glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic renal insufficiency. Arjona Ferreira, JC; Barzilai, N; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Guo, H; Kaufman, KD; Marre, M; Sisk, CM, 2013)	0.39
" Most drug-related adverse events (AEs) (all grades, all cycles) were mild."	( Efficacy and toxicity of two schedules of bortezomib in patients with recurrent or refractory follicular lymphoma: a randomised phase II trial from the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA). Bosly, A; Bouabdallah, R; Boue, F; Bron, D; Casasnovas, O; Coiffier, B; Delarue, R; Feugier, P; Haioun, C; Offner, F; Ribrag, V; Tilly, H, 2013)	0.39
" Patient-level data were used in this analysis of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including ischaemic events and cardiovascular deaths."	( Cardiovascular safety of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis. Davies, MJ; Engel, SS; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Kaufman, KD; Shapiro, D, 2013)	0.39
" There was no increased risk of adverse effects with this dose of gemigliptin compared with sitagliptin 100 mg qd."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor gemigliptin compared with sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Chung, CH; Jang, HC; Kim, JA; Kim, SW; Lee, WY; Min, KW; Nam-Goong, IS; Rhee, EJ; Shivane, VK; Sosale, AR, 2013)	0.39
" The most common adverse event was hypoglycemia, and the most common adverse event responsible for discontinuation was constipation."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in the treatment of Japanese Type 2 diabetes (ASSET-K1) to a target of HbA1c <7%. Kanamori, A; Kubota, A; Maeda, H; Matsuba, I; Tanaka, Y; Terauchi, Y, 2013)	0.39
"Cutaneous toxicity is a frequent side effect of new anticancer targeted therapies."	( Cutaneous adverse reactions linked to targeted anticancer therapies bortezomib and lenalidomide for multiple myeloma: new drugs, old side effects. Brandi, G; Dika, E; Maibach, H; Patrizi, A; Tacchetti, P; Venturi, M, 2014)	0.4
"This study evaluates the impact of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cADR) of the new therapies bortezomib and lenalidomide and presents a review of their skin side effects."	( Cutaneous adverse reactions linked to targeted anticancer therapies bortezomib and lenalidomide for multiple myeloma: new drugs, old side effects. Brandi, G; Dika, E; Maibach, H; Patrizi, A; Tacchetti, P; Venturi, M, 2014)	0.4
" Three adverse events linked to bortezomib and 4 to lenalidomide forced to a complete withdrawal of the drug, while 3 reactions due to bortezomib mandated a dose reduction."	( Cutaneous adverse reactions linked to targeted anticancer therapies bortezomib and lenalidomide for multiple myeloma: new drugs, old side effects. Brandi, G; Dika, E; Maibach, H; Patrizi, A; Tacchetti, P; Venturi, M, 2014)	0.4
" Our study suggests that cutaneous toxicities, when researched by Dermatologists, are a side effect even more frequent than the reported data."	( Cutaneous adverse reactions linked to targeted anticancer therapies bortezomib and lenalidomide for multiple myeloma: new drugs, old side effects. Brandi, G; Dika, E; Maibach, H; Patrizi, A; Tacchetti, P; Venturi, M, 2014)	0.4
"Bortezomib retreatment regimen is demonstrated a higher response rate in patients who achieved deeper response in initial treatment, with no more adverse events."	( [The efficacy and safety analysis of bortezomib retreatment in 76 patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma]. Du, J; Fan, JL; Fu, WJ; Hou, J; Jiang, H; Jin, LN; Lan, HF; Lu, J; Yuan, ZG; Zeng, TM; Zhang, CY; Zhou, F; Zhou, LL, 2013)	0.39
" The reduction of prescribed sulfonylurea dose in DPP-4 patients following the safety alert coincided with a decrease of adverse event reports."	( Effects of a sitagliptin safety alert on prescription behaviour for oral antihyperglycaemic drugs: a propensity score-matched cohort study of prescription receipt data in Japan. Kimura, H; Masuda, S; Sato, D; Sato, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Low-dose lenalidomide therapy was effective and safe against MM with a bortezomib-associated lung disorder."	( Safety and effectiveness of low-dose lenalidomide therapy for multiple myeloma complicated with bortezomib-associated interstitial pneumonia. Ihara, K; Inomata, H; Kato, J; Kikuchi, S; Koyama, R; Muramatsu, H; Nagamachi, Y; Nishisato, T; Nozawa, E; Okamoto, T; Ono, K; Tanaka, S; Yamada, H; Yamauchi, N; Yano, T, 2013)	0.39
" Overall adverse events (AEs) were similar in both groups."	( Efficacy and safety of adding pioglitazone or sitagliptin to patients with type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Chen, WC; Chien, KL; Leung, CH; Liu, SC; Wang, CH, )	0.13
"Results of this pilot indicate that treatment with sitagliptin alone or in combination with basal insulin is safe and effective for the management of hyperglycemia in general medicine and surgery patients with T2D."	( Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin therapy for the inpatient management of general medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot, randomized, controlled study. Farrokhi, F; Gianchandani, R; Jacobs, S; Lathkar-Pradhan, S; Newton, C; Pasquel, F; Peng, L; Reyes, D; Smiley, D; Umpierrez, GE; Wesorick, DH, 2013)	0.39
" Combination therapy was generally well tolerated; adverse events (AEs) of hypoglycaemia were reported with similar incidence (7."	( Efficacy and safety of initial combination treatment with sitagliptin and pioglitazone--a factorial study. Chou, MZ; Fonseca, VA; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Henry, RR; Kaufman, KD; Langdon, RB; Staels, B; Steinberg, H; Teng, R, 2014)	0.4
" Safety endpoints included hypoglycemia and any adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin as add-on therapy on glycemic control and blood glucose fluctuation in Japanese type 2 diabetes subjects ongoing with multiple daily insulin injections therapy. Araki, E; Furukawa, N; Goto, R; Ichimori, S; Iwashita, S; Kawashima, J; Kondo, T; Maeda, T; Matsumura, T; Matsuo, T; Matsuo, Y; Motoshima, H; Nishida, K; Sekigami, T; Shimoda, S, 2013)	0.39
" Results showed that tirasemtiv was well tolerated, with dizziness the most common adverse event."	( A study to evaluate safety and tolerability of repeated doses of tirasemtiv in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Meng, L; Shefner, JM; Watson, ML; Wolff, AA, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin compared with placebo and sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin monotherapy: a randomised trial. Canovatchel, W; Davidson, J; Januszewicz, A; Lavalle-González, FJ; Meininger, G; Qiu, R; Tong, C, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise: findings from the 52-week CANTATA-M study. Alba, M; Canovatchel, W; Cefalu, WT; Edwards, R; Jodar, E; Kim, KA; Meininger, G; Stenlöf, K; Tong, C, 2014)	0.4
"4%) experienced grade 3 or higher adverse events, while only one (5."	( [Efficacy and safety study of subcutaneous injection of bortezomib in the treatment of de novo patients with multiple myeloma]. Fu, CC; Gu, B; Jin, S; Li, WY; Liu, H; Ma, L; Sun, AN; Wu, DP; Wu, Q; Xin, X; Xue, SL; Zhao, SF; Zhu, XM, 2013)	0.39
"The improved PAD regimen by changing bortezomib from intravenous administration to subcutaneous injection significantly reduced adverse events, improved the safety of clinical application of bortezomib without affecting curative effect, and had great progress."	( [Efficacy and safety study of subcutaneous injection of bortezomib in the treatment of de novo patients with multiple myeloma]. Fu, CC; Gu, B; Jin, S; Li, WY; Liu, H; Ma, L; Sun, AN; Wu, DP; Wu, Q; Xin, X; Xue, SL; Zhao, SF; Zhu, XM, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 63."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of empagliflozin, sitagliptin, and metformin: an active-controlled, parallel-group, randomized, 78-week open-label extension study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Berk, A; Broedl, UC; Ferrannini, E; Hach, T; Hantel, S; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" Peripheral neuropathy is likely to be a class side effect of these drugs, although its severity is largely variable, and it deserves to be further investigated, since the mechanisms of BTZ-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (BiPN) are still unknown."	( Evaluation of tubulin polymerization and chronic inhibition of proteasome as citotoxicity mechanisms in bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy. Bennett, DL; Canta, A; Carozzi, VA; Cavaletti, G; Ceresa, C; Chiorazzi, A; Colombo, M; Foudah, D; La Russa, F; Marmiroli, P; Meregalli, C; Miloso, M; Nicolini, G; Oggioni, N; Sala, B, 2014)	0.4
" There are limited available oral drugs to treat hyperglycaemia in this population owing to reduced renal function, potential interactions with immunosuppressive drugs and adverse effects such as hypoglycaemic events that may increase the cardiovascular risk."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of sitagliptin treatment in long-term stable renal recipients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Åsberg, A; Hartmann, A; Jenssen, T; Strøm Halden, TA; Vik, K, 2014)	0.4
" No serious adverse events were observed."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of sitagliptin treatment in long-term stable renal recipients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Åsberg, A; Hartmann, A; Jenssen, T; Strøm Halden, TA; Vik, K, 2014)	0.4
" The short-term treatment was well tolerated, and sitagliptin seems safe in this population."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of sitagliptin treatment in long-term stable renal recipients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Åsberg, A; Hartmann, A; Jenssen, T; Strøm Halden, TA; Vik, K, 2014)	0.4
"In each study, investigators reported serious and non-serious adverse events that occurred during the study, and serious adverse events occurring within 14 days following the last dose of study drug."	( Safety of sitagliptin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 25 clinical studies. Davies, MJ; Engel, SS; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Kaufman, KD; Round, EM, 2014)	0.4
"Summary measures of adverse events overall were similar between the sitagliptin and non-exposed (active comparator or placebo) groups, except for higher incidences of deaths and drug-related adverse events in the non-exposed group."	( Safety of sitagliptin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 25 clinical studies. Davies, MJ; Engel, SS; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Kaufman, KD; Round, EM, 2014)	0.4
" Overall adverse event (AE) incidence over 52 weeks was 69."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin and pioglitazone. Forst, T; Goldenberg, R; Guthrie, R; Meininger, G; Stein, P; Vijapurkar, U; Yee, J, 2014)	0.4
" So, Sitagliptin in combination with CSII therapy can be a new safe and effective therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2diabetes."	( Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin in combination with transient continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Dong, S; Jia, J; Mao, C; Qian, W; Tang, B; Wang, D; Yang, L; Ye, J; Yu, S; Yuan, G; Zhang, C; Zhou, L; Zhu, T, 2014)	0.4
"2%); grade 3/4 drug-related non-hematologic adverse events included fatigue (3."	( Efficacy and safety of radotinib in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients with resistance or intolerance to BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cho, DJ; Choi, CW; Chung, JS; Do, YR; Jeong, SH; Jootar, S; Kim, DW; Kim, DY; Kim, H; Kim, HJ; Kim, JA; Kim, SH; Kim, YK; Kwak, JY; Lee, GY; Menon, H; Oh, SJ; Park, HL; Park, JS; Park, S; Saikia, T; Shin, HJ; Shin, JS; Sohn, SK; Zang, DY, 2014)	0.4
" Imeglimin was generally well tolerated, with a safety profile comparable to placebo and no related treatment-emergent adverse events."	( The efficacy and safety of imeglimin as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with sitagliptin monotherapy. Bailey, CJ; Diamant, M; Fouqueray, P; Inzucchi, SE; Lebovitz, HE; Pirags, V; Schernthaner, G, 2014)	0.4
"This review considers the pharmacokinetic profile, adverse effects and drug interactions of DPP-4 inhibitors."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" However, DPP-4 inhibitors have certain differences in their pharmacokinetic properties that may be associated with different clinical effects and adverse event profiles."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" Rates of serious adverse events in the albiglutide group were similar to comparison groups."	( HARMONY 3: 104-week randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of albiglutide compared with placebo, sitagliptin, and glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes taking metformin. Ahrén, B; Cirkel, DT; Feinglos, MN; Johnson, SL; Perry, C; Stewart, M; Yang, F, 2014)	0.4
"Sitagliptin for the treatment of NAFLD with type2 DM was safe and showed similar antidiabetic effects as reported for type 2 DM, suggesting that tight glycemic control would contribute to the improvement of NAFLD based from the findings of correlation between the changes of HbA1c and transaminases."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aikata, H; Chayama, K; Fujino, H; Fukuhara, T; Hiramatsu, A; Honda, Y; Hyogo, H; Imamura, M; Kan, H; Kawakami, Y; Kawaoka, T; Miyaki, D; Naeshiro, N; Ochi, H; Tsuge, M, )	0.13
" The outcomes and adverse effects of two groups were retrospectively evaluated and compared."	( [Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous administration of bortezomib in the treatment of multiple myeloma]. Ding, SH; Wang, QS; Wang, YS; Wang, ZT; Wu, F, 2014)	0.4
" No significant differences of other adverse events between the two groups were observed."	( [Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous administration of bortezomib in the treatment of multiple myeloma]. Ding, SH; Wang, QS; Wang, YS; Wang, ZT; Wu, F, 2014)	0.4
" Results of safety assessments were similar between groups, and most adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate."	( Efficacy and safety of the once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist albiglutide versus sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment: a randomized phase III study. Carr, MC; Handelsman, Y; Jones-Leone, A; Leiter, LA; Scott, R; Stewart, M; Yang, F, 2014)	0.4
" The recent results from the HARMONY 3 and HARMONY 6 trials suggest that albiglutide is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Diabetes: safety and efficacy of albiglutide-results from two trials. Derosa, G; Maffioli, P, 2014)	0.4
" Because a safe Bu exposure was unknown in patients receiving this combination, Bu was initially targeted to a total area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of 20,000 μM × minute."	( Safety and efficacy of targeted-dose busulfan and bortezomib as a conditioning regimen for patients with relapsed multiple myeloma undergoing a second autologous blood progenitor cell transplantation. Akpek, G; Armstrong, E; Elekes, A; Freytes, CO; Kato, K; Patil, S; Ratanatharathorn, V; Reece, DE; Rodriguez, TE; Sahovic, E; Shaughnessy, PJ; Smith, A; Solomon, SR; Stadtmauer, EA; Toro, JJ; Tricot, GJ; White, DJ; Yeh, RF; Yu, LH; Zhao, C, 2014)	0.4
" Salvage therapy must be tailored according to an individual patient's clinical profile, with the risks and potential effects of treatment-related adverse events being major determinants of the choice of therapy."	( Treatment-related adverse events in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Vij, R, 2011)	0.37
" Both doses of tirasemtiv were well tolerated; there were no premature terminations or serious adverse events."	( A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Single Doses of Tirasemtiv in Patients with Acetylcholine Receptor-Binding Antibody-Positive Myasthenia Gravis. Dimachkie, MM; Malik, FI; Meng, L; Rosenfeld, J; Sanders, DB, 2015)	0.42
"To explore the biomarker for predicting the occurrence of adverse events in myeloma patients treated by intravenous bortezomib, we measured proteasome activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells."	( Measurement of Proteasome Activity in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as an Indicator of Susceptibility to Bortezomib-Induced Severe Neurological Adverse Events in Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Cho, Y; Fujisawa, F; Hori, M; Kamoshita, M; Katsura, Y; Kojima, H; Komeno, T; Kudo, D; Mukai, HY; Okoshi, Y; Ota, I; Sasaki, K; Shimizu, S; Shinagawa, A; Tanaka, K; Yoshida, C, 2015)	0.42
" Dropouts and serious adverse events occurred more frequently in the tirasemtiv group."	( A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase IIb trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of tirasemtiv in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Andrews, JA; Barragan, D; Bian, A; Lee, J; Meng, L; Shefner, JM; Wolff, AA, )	0.13
"0 for adverse events (AEs), and the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors, version v1."	( A first-in-Asian phase 1 study to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics and clinical activity of VS-6063, a focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Chavan, A; Fukuoka, K; Horobin, J; Iwasa, T; Keegan, M; Nakagawa, K; Padval, M; Shimizu, T; Takeda, M; Vaickus, L; Yoshida, T, 2016)	0.43
"The potential for adverse respiratory effects following exposure to electronic (e-) cigarette liquid (e-liquid) flavorings remains largely unexplored."	( Airway epithelial cell exposure to distinct e-cigarette liquid flavorings reveals toxicity thresholds and activation of CFTR by the chocolate flavoring 2,5-dimethypyrazine. Boitano, S; Sherwood, CL, 2016)	0.43
" Response rates, overall survival, progression-free survival, and adverse effects were retrospectively analyzed."	( [A cohort study comparing the efficacy and safety of bortezomib plus dexamethasone versus bortezomib, epirubicin and dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma]. Chen, H; Hao, QY; Huang, XJ; Liu, KY; Lu, J; Wen, L, 2016)	0.43
" (4) Grade 3 and 4 adverse events were recorded with a higher number of patients in the PAD group than those in the BD group."	( [A cohort study comparing the efficacy and safety of bortezomib plus dexamethasone versus bortezomib, epirubicin and dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma]. Chen, H; Hao, QY; Huang, XJ; Liu, KY; Lu, J; Wen, L, 2016)	0.43
" The incidence of adverse events was comparable among groups."	( Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy and safety of oltipraz, a liver X receptor alpha-inhibitory dithiolethione in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Chang, MS; Cho, JY; Kim, BG; Kim, H; Kim, JH; Kim, SG; Kim, W; Kim, YJ; Lee, CK; Lee, J; Lee, JH; Lee, JS; Yeon, JE; Yi, S, 2017)	0.46
" With remarkable efficacy, good oral bioavailability, and modest adverse events profile, ibrutinib use is likely to continue to increase."	( Ibrutinib in CLL: a focus on adverse events, resistance, and novel approaches beyond ibrutinib. Kaur, V; Swami, A, 2017)	0.46
" Some have hypothesized that the active metabolites of toxic ribonucleoside analogs, the triphosphate forms, inadvertently target human mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT), thus inhibiting mitochondrial RNA transcription and protein synthesis."	( Structure-activity relationship analysis of mitochondrial toxicity caused by antiviral ribonucleoside analogs. Behera, I; Beigelman, L; Chaudhuri, S; Deval, J; Dyatkina, N; Jekle, A; Jin, Z; Kinkade, A; Rajwanshi, VK; Smith, DB; Symons, JA; Tucker, K; Wang, G, 2017)	0.46
" The adverse events in the selexipag group were consistent with the known side effects of prostacyclin, including headache, nausea, jaw pain, and diarrhea."	( Clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of selexipag for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Bruderer, S; Dingemanse, J; Hurst, N; Remenova, T, 2017)	0.46
"Nowadays, physicochemical approach to understanding toxic effects remains underdeveloped."	( Variability of fluorescence spectra of coelenteramide-containing proteins as a basis for toxicity monitoring. Alieva, RR; Kudryasheva, NS, 2017)	0.46
" Other outcome measures included Raynaud's Condition Score (RCS), RP attack duration, and treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Selexipag in Adults With Raynaud's Phenomenon Secondary to Systemic Sclerosis: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II Study. Denton, CP; Frenoux, JM; Frey, A; Hachulla, É; Herrick, AL; Le Brun, FO; Riemekasten, G; Schwarting, A, 2017)	0.46
" The vibrating solid micro-needle was effective and safe for the transdermal administration of hydrophilic drugs."	( Skin drug permeability and safety through a vibrating solid micro-needle system. Chen, K; Liu, TT; Wang, Q, 2018)	0.48
" During the study, 3 patients discontinued selexipag due to adverse events."	( Safety and tolerability of transition from inhaled treprostinil to oral selexipag in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Results from the TRANSIT-1 study. Benza, RL; Chin, KM; Eggert, M; Farber, HW; Fisher, M; Fortin, TA; Fritz, JS; Frost, A; Janmohamed, M; Kim, NH; McConnell, JW; McEvoy, C; McLaughlin, V; Miller, CE; Pfister, T; Poch, D; Shiraga, Y, 2019)	0.51
" The current work shows that antioxidant additives can reduce the toxic effect of CPAs on porcine chondrocytes."	( Evaluation of five additives to mitigate toxicity of cryoprotective agents on porcine chondrocytes. Dong, R; Elliott, JAW; Jomha, NM; Laouar, L; Wu, K, 2019)	0.51
"25 mL) was well-tolerated in NZ white rabbits, with no adverse inflammation or irritation."	( Next tier in vitro and in vivo nonclinical studies further elucidating the safety and toxicity profile of MB-102, a novel fluorescent tracer agent for measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Bugaj, JE; Dorshow, RB, 2019)	0.51
" Outcomes assessed included overall response rate (ORR), complete response (CR) rate, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events."	( Matching-adjusted Indirect Comparisons of the Efficacy and Safety of Acalabrutinib Versus Other Targeted Therapies in Relapsed/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Abhyankar, S; Kabadi, SM; Signorovitch, J; Song, J; Telford, C; Yao, Z; Zhao, J, 2019)	0.51
"Inhaled AZD7594 was safe and well tolerated up to and including the highest dose 1600 µg tested."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator AZD7594, following inhalation in healthy Japanese volunteers. Aggarwal, A; Arfvidsson, C; Chen, Y; Forsman, H; Prothon, S; Tehler, U; Wählby Hamrén, U; Yoon, E, 2019)	0.51
"This meta-analysis demonstrated that SMLHI may be more effective and safe for the treatment of perioperative period of fracture."	( Efficacy and safety of the injection of the traditional Chinese medicine salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride for the treatment of perioperative period of fracture: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chen, S; Ding, S; Xie, J, 2020)	0.56
"Oral selexipag use in children with PAH is well tolerated and safe when closely monitored."	( Selexipag for the treatment of children with pulmonary arterial hypertension: First multicenter experience in drug safety and efficacy. Bukova, M; Chouvarine, P; Hansmann, G; Koestenberger, M; Meinel, K; Wåhlander, H, 2020)	0.56
" All adverse events were mild in severity."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Ranirestat in Patients With Hepatic Impairment. Fujita, T; Inoue, K; Ishii, D; Itou, M; Kakuyama, H; Takagaki, T; Uchida, N, 2020)	0.56
" Treatment-related adverse events (AEs) can have a negative effect on treatment adherence."	( Acalabrutinib: Managing Adverse Events and Improving Adherence in Patients With Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Badillo, M; Chen, W; Guerrero, M; Nava, D; Rosa, M; Wang, M, 2020)	0.56
" Adverse events were recorded and pharmacokinetic samples were collected during the whole study period."	( Phase I safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic studies of tetramethylpyrazine nitrone in healthy Chinese volunteers. Cui, H; Liu, Y; Lv, Y; Ma, Y; Tian, J; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wei, M; Wu, J; Xia, Y; Zhang, P; Zhao, C; Zhu, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Adverse events were observed in 36% of favipiravir and 8% of control patients."	( Efficacy and safety of favipiravir, an oral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, in mild-to-moderate COVID-19: A randomized, comparative, open-label, multicenter, phase 3 clinical trial. Barkate, H; Caracta, CF; Kadam, J; Patil, S; Pendse, A; Rangwala, S; Singh, P; Tandon, M; Udwadia, ZF; Wu, W, 2021)	0.62
" Regarding adverse effects, except for the occurrence of rash (higher in the FPV group), safety was comparable to SOC."	( Systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety of favipiravir in the management of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) patients. Bhattacharyya, A; Dhibar, DP; Kaur, H; Medhi, B; Prakash, A; Sarma, P; Semwal, A; Singh, H, )	0.13
" The most frequently reported PTC596-related treatment-emergent adverse events were mild to moderate gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea (54."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of PTC596, a Novel Tubulin-Binding Agent, in Subjects With Advanced Solid Tumors. Baird, JD; Bedard, PL; Branstrom, A; Colacino, J; Gao, L; Goodwin, E; Infante, J; Kaushik, D; Kong, R; Laskin, OL; O'Keefe, K; O'Mara, E; Shapiro, GI; Spiegel, RJ; Weetall, M, 2021)	0.62
"The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic posed a serious public health concern and started a race against time for researchers to discover an effective and safe therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2."	( The History, Efficacy, and Safety of Potential Therapeutics: A Narrative Overview of the Complex Life of COVID-19. Abou-Sleymane, G; Al Faraj, A; Badro, DA; Daou, F; Khanafer, N; Tobaiqy, M, 2021)	0.62
" Fifteen patients had adverse events (AEs), most were mild, and none resulted in discontinuation."	( Temporarily switching from oral to intravenous selexipag in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic results from an open-label, phase III study. Axelsen, LN; Chin, KM; Ewert, R; Gall, H; Hsu Schmitz, SF; Klose, H; Parambil, J; Poch, D; Preston, IR; Seyfarth, HJ; Stein, C, 2021)	0.62
" Outcomes were 28-day mortality, clinical improvement, viral load evolution, and adverse events (AEs)."	( A multicenter non-randomized, uncontrolled single arm trial for evaluation of the efficacy and the safety of the treatment with favipiravir for patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Azuma, T; Furumoto, A; Haku, T; Hidaka, M; Himeji, D; Ikeda, K; Ishida, M; Ishimaru, T; Kadowaki, N; Kakihana, Y; Kamikokuryo, C; Kaneko, M; Kawamura, M; Kurosu, T; Ohge, H; Saijo, M; Sakabe, S; Shimojima, M; Suemori, K; Takahashi, T; Takenaka, K; Taniguchi, T; Yamanaka, A; Yasukawa, M; Yoshikawa, T, 2021)	0.62
" The scientific community is studying and testing numerous compounds that can be effective and safe for treating people with covid-19."	( [The praise of uncertainty: a systematic living review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of drug treatments for patients with covid-19.] Amato, L; Cruciani, F; Davoli, M; De Crescenzo, F; Mitrova, Z; Saulle, R; Vecchi, S, 2021)	0.62
" No differences for the risk of any adverse events are observed between convalescent plasma and remdesivir compared to standard treatment."	( [The praise of uncertainty: a systematic living review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of drug treatments for patients with covid-19.] Amato, L; Cruciani, F; Davoli, M; De Crescenzo, F; Mitrova, Z; Saulle, R; Vecchi, S, 2021)	0.62
" Treatment-related adverse events (AEs) occurred in 88% of patients (grade ≥3, 36%); the most common were headache (28%) and purpura (24%), both grade 1/2."	( Safety and antitumor activity of acalabrutinib for relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies: A Japanese phase I study. Ando, K; Ennishi, D; Hayashi, N; Ichikawa, S; Iizumi, S; Izutsu, K; Kato, K; Kawasumi, H; Kumagai, K; Murayama, K; Nagai, H; Patel, P; Shibayama, H; Suzumiya, J; Yamamoto, K, 2021)	0.62
" Favipiravir is a safe effective alternative for hydroxychloroquine in mild or moderate COVID-19 infected patients."	( Safety and efficacy of favipiravir versus hydroxychloroquine in management of COVID-19: A randomised controlled trial. Dabbous, HM; Ebeid, FFS; El Assal, G; El-Sayed, MH; Elgaafary, M; Elghazaly, H; Fawzy, E; Hassany, SM; Riad, AR; Sherief, AF; TagelDin, MA, 2021)	0.62
" Therapy adherence and strategies to mitigate adverse events must be pursued."	( The safety profile of FLT3 inhibitors in the treatment of newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Bagnato, G; Cerchione, C; Giannini, MB; Marconi, G; Martinelli, G; Mosquera Orgueira, A; Musuraca, G; Simonetti, G, 2021)	0.62
" The most common adverse events (AEs) were headache (38%), diarrhea (37%), upper respiratory tract infection (22%), contusion (22%), nausea (22%), fatigue (21%), and cough (21%)."	( Pooled analysis of safety data from clinical trials evaluating acalabrutinib monotherapy in mature B-cell malignancies. Baek, M; Brown, JR; Byrd, JC; Chernyukhin, N; Christian, B; Dyer, MJS; Furman, RR; Ghia, P; Hamdy, AM; Hillmen, P; Izumi, R; Jurczak, W; Lezhava, T; O'Brien, SM; Owen, RG; Pagel, JM; Patel, P; Rule, S; Sharman, JP; Stephens, DM; Streetly, MJ; Sun, C; Wang, M, 2021)	0.62
" In this study; it was aimed to investigate the presence of gene mutations that alter ivermectin metabolism and cause toxic effects in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, and to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ivermectin use in the treatment of patients without mutation."	( Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of adding ivermectin to treatment in severe COVID-19 patients. Avcı, İY; Çetinkaya, RA; Demirtürk, N; Eser, F; Güner, R; Karalezli, A; Kayaaslan, B; Konya, P; Okumuş, N; Orhan, S; Savaşçı, Ü; Şaylan, B; Taşkın, G; Yamanel, L; Yılmaz, G, 2021)	0.62
" Transferred to ICU and adverse events were not statistically different between two groups."	( The efficacy and safety of Favipiravir in treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Amani, B; Arab-Zozani, M; Fathalipour, M; Hassanipour, S; Heidarzad, F; Martinez-de-Hoyo, R, 2021)	0.62
"Based on the existing evidence, that Salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine injection in the adjuvant treatment of early-stage diabetic kidney disease is safe and effective."	( Efficacy and safety of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) and ligustrazine injection in the adjuvant treatment of early-stage diabetic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dai, S; Dong, F; Jin, B; Xie, F; Zhang, B; Zhang, T, 2021)	0.62
" Case fatality rates (CFRs), clinical progress, and adverse effects were compared."	( Clinical efficacy and safety evaluation of favipiravir in treating patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Cui, N; Fang, LQ; Li, H; Li, JC; Liu, W; Lu, QB; Lv, SM; Peng, XF; Song, YB; Wang, HQ; Yang, T; Yao, WS; Yuan, C; Yuan, Y; Zhang, DN; Zhang, XA; Zhao, J, 2021)	0.62
"FPV was safe in treating SFTS patients but showed no benefit for those aged >70 years."	( Clinical efficacy and safety evaluation of favipiravir in treating patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Cui, N; Fang, LQ; Li, H; Li, JC; Liu, W; Lu, QB; Lv, SM; Peng, XF; Song, YB; Wang, HQ; Yang, T; Yao, WS; Yuan, C; Yuan, Y; Zhang, DN; Zhang, XA; Zhao, J, 2021)	0.62
" This analysis characterizes pooled CV adverse events (AE) data in patients with CLL who received acalabrutinib monotherapy in clinical trials (clinicaltrials gov."	( Cardiovascular adverse events in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia receiving acalabrutinib monotherapy: pooled analysis of 762 patients. Brown, JR; Byrd, JC; Ferrajoli, A; Furman, RR; Ghia, P; Hillmen, P; Jurczak, W; Kuptsova-Clarkson, N; Moslehi, J; Pagel, JM; Patel, P; Sharman, JP; Stephens, DM; Sun, C; Tao, L, 2022)	0.72
" Patients were followed for adverse events (AE) and survival from selexipag initiation up to 3 days and 30 days after end of treatment, respectively."	( Long-Term Survival, Safety and Tolerability with Selexipag in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Results from GRIPHON and its Open-Label Extension. Channick, R; Chin, KM; Coghlan, JG; Gaine, S; Galiè, N; Hoeper, MM; Hsu Schmitz, SF; Lang, IM; Lassen, C; McLaughlin, VV; Rubin, LJ; Sitbon, O; Tapson, VF, 2022)	0.72
" The adverse reactions of selexipag were mild with headache, diarrhea and nausea reported as the main symptoms."	( Efficacy and safety of selexipag, an oral prostacyclin receptor agonist for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension: A meta-analysis. Chen, M; Chen, R; Hong, C; Lai, Y; Liu, H; Lu, J; Wang, D; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Z; Zhong, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Selexipag is a new drug with mild adverse reactions and is safe for the treatment of PAH."	( Efficacy and safety of selexipag, an oral prostacyclin receptor agonist for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension: A meta-analysis. Chen, M; Chen, R; Hong, C; Lai, Y; Liu, H; Lu, J; Wang, D; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Z; Zhong, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Higher frequencies of grade 3-4 treatment-emergent adverse events (AE; 65% vs."	( Safety and Efficacy of Pembrolizumab in Combination with Acalabrutinib in Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Phase 2 Proof-of-Concept Study. Adkins, D; Algazi, A; Betts, CB; Cohen, EEW; Coussens, LM; Goldschmidt, JH; Guarino, MJ; Jimeno, A; Maloney, L; Munugalavadla, V; Nadler, E; Nemunaitis, J; Patel, P; Tao, L; Taylor, MH, 2022)	0.72
" In summary, single oral dose of 50-mg acalabrutinib was safe and well tolerated in subjects with mild, moderate, and severe hepatic impairment and in healthy control subjects."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a Single Dose of Acalabrutinib in Subjects With Hepatic Impairment. Izumi, R; Kuo, H; Kwan, A; Madere, J; Marbury, T; Nguyen, H; Podoll, T; Preston, RA; Sharma, S; Slatter, JG; Smith, W; Vishwanathan, K; Ware, JA; Xu, Y, 2022)	0.72
" ICU admission, length of stay (LOS) in hospital, in-hospital mortality, and the incidence of adverse events were also measured."	( Efficacy and safety of favipiravir plus interferon-beta versus lopinavir/ritonavir plus interferon-beta in moderately ill patients with COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. Bazram, A; Farshidi, H; Fathalipour, M; Gharibzadeh, A; Hassaniazad, M; Khalili, E; Noormandi, A, 2022)	0.72
"This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and adverse events of favipiravir in patients with COVID-19."	( The efficacy and adverse effects of favipiravir on patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published clinical trials and observational studies. Abdelaal, AH; Abozaid, AA; Ads, AM; Alhijazeen, S; Aziz, JMA; Ghula, S; Hirayama, K; Hung, DT; Huy, NT; Ibrahim, AM; Iiyama, T; Karmally, Z; Kita, K; Kouz, B; Le, TN; Makram, AM; Nakhare, S; Nam, NH; Pancharatnam, RA; Phuong, NQ; Shabouk, MB; Tawfik, GM; Turnage, M, 2022)	0.72
" Regarding adverse events, favipiravir groups had higher rates of hyperuricemia (RR = 9."	( The efficacy and adverse effects of favipiravir on patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published clinical trials and observational studies. Abdelaal, AH; Abozaid, AA; Ads, AM; Alhijazeen, S; Aziz, JMA; Ghula, S; Hirayama, K; Hung, DT; Huy, NT; Ibrahim, AM; Iiyama, T; Karmally, Z; Kita, K; Kouz, B; Le, TN; Makram, AM; Nakhare, S; Nam, NH; Pancharatnam, RA; Phuong, NQ; Shabouk, MB; Tawfik, GM; Turnage, M, 2022)	0.72
" The most common side effect was liver dysfunction, in 26 (7."	( Adverse effects associated with favipiravir in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a retrospective study. Ergür, FÖ; Kavurgacı, S; Ozturk, A; Şener, MU; Yıldız, M, )	0.13
" The primary endpoints here considered were any adverse events observed or reported during the treatment cycle with estimates of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), until November 6, 2021."	( A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis for comparative safety assessment of favipiravir interventions in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Chen, M; Dai, W; Yang, F; Yang, K; Zeng, J, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The pharmacokinetic behaviour was dominated by rapid metabolism and pronounced first-pass metabolism of praziquantel, which greatly limits the value of results obtained by GC analysis of unchanged drug in serum."	( Clinical pharmacology in normal volunteers of praziquantel, a new drug against schistosomes and cestodes. An example of a complex study covering both tolerance and pharmacokinetics. Diekmann, HW; Groll, E; Leopold, G; Nowak, H; Ungethüm, W; Wegner, DH, 1978)	0.26
"5-, 15-, 30-, 60-, 120-, or 240-mg dose in a sequentially ascending order to 21 male healthy volunteers to determine the pharmacokinetic profile."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of OPC-8212 in humans: a new, nonglycosidic, inotropic agent. Ishizaki, T; Ohnishi, A, 1988)	0.27
" Acipimox plasma levels, monitored during the study, proved in agreement with those expected on a theoretical pharmacokinetic basis."	( A pilot study of the pharmacokinetics and triglyceride lowering activity of acipimox in dialyzed uremic patients. Bonadonna, A; Bruno, R; Cascone, C; De Luca, M; Maggi, E; Munaretto, G; Tamassia, V, 1985)	0.27
" After oral doses of 10 mg/kg of 14C- OPC -8212 to rats and beagle dogs, the Tmax, Cmax and T1/2 values of OPC -8212 were 4 h, 2995 ng eq/ml, and 3-4 h in rats and 1 h, 2244 ng eq/ml and 5-6 h in beagle dogs, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new positive inotropic agent, 3, 4-dihydro-6-[4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-2(1H)-qu inolinone (OPC-8212), in the rat, rabbit, beagle dog and rhesus monkey. Miyamoto, G; Sasabe, H, 1984)	0.27
" Plasma elimination was fit to one (12/16) or two (4/16) compartment model with a mean k10 half-life of 11."	( Pyrazine diazohydroxide (NSC-361456). Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic studies. Ames, MM; Dhodapkar, MV; Reid, JM; Richardson, RL, 1994)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetic properties were investigated in the remaining control group and test group."	( [Pharmacokinetic characteristics of tetramethylpyrazine and study on hemorheology in rat model of spleen deficiency syndrome]. Huang, X; Ren, P; Wen, AD, 1994)	0.29
" It might be one of the pharmacokinetic mechanisms of TMP in the SDS model of rats."	( [Pharmacokinetic characteristics of tetramethylpyrazine and study on hemorheology in rat model of spleen deficiency syndrome]. Huang, X; Ren, P; Wen, AD, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic evaluations were performed on 28 of the 31 patients using an analytical method including derivatization of the parent drug to 2-chloropyrazine."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of a new antineoplastic agent: pyrazine diazohydroxide (NSC 361456). Berezin, F; Janisch, L; Mick, R; Ratain, MJ; Schilsky, RL; Vogelzang, NJ, 1994)	0.29
""Blood stasis syndrome pharmacokinetics" means the pathophysiological state of blood stasis syndrome affectes significantly the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Study on pharmacokinetic characteristics of tetramethylpyrazine and hemodynamics of heart blood stasis in dogs]. Huang, X; Jiang, YP; Zang, YM, 1996)	0.29
" Pharmacodynamic analysis revealed no significant correlation between plasma levels at 5, 60, and 120 min; WBCs; absolute neutrophil and platelet count nadirs; and initial serum chloride or blood pH levels."	( Phase II and pharmacodynamic studies of pyrazine diazohydroxide (NSC 361456) in patients with advanced renal and colorectal cancer. Ansari, RH; Brockstein, BE; Garcia, JC; Mani, S; Meyer, SC; Mick, R; Ratain, MJ; Rhinehart, SN; Schilsky, RL; Stadler, WM; Taber, D; Vogelzang, NJ; Vokes, EE, 1998)	0.3
" A significant decrease in maximum concentration (Cmax) and increase in time to Cmax (tmax) was observed for vesnarinone during treatment with famotidine, whereas area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was similar for both treatments."	( Effect of increasing gastric pH with famotidine on the absorption and oral pharmacokinetics of the inotropic agent vesnarinone. Bramer, SL; Cowart, DT; Kisicki, J; Koneru, B; Noorisa, M, 1998)	0.3
" After intravenous administration of 2-AP, 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg, to rabbits, the pharmacokinetic parameters of 2-AP, such as the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 12 h (261, 672, and 1190 micrograms min/ml), the total body clearance (38."	( Pharmacokinetics of a chemoprotective agent, 2-(allylthio)pyrazine, after intravenous administration to rabbits. Han, KS; Koo, CH; Lee, MG; Woo, SJ, 1998)	0.3
"To explore relationship between the essence of Spleen Deficiency Syndrome (SDS) and pharmacokinetic characteristics (PK)."	( [Effect of sijunzi decoction on motilin and pharmacokinetic characteristics of tetramethylpyrazine in rat model of spleen deficiency syndrome]. Huang, X; Jiang, YP; Ren, P, 1997)	0.3
" administration, the pharmacokinetic parameters of 2-AP were dose-independent at the dose ranges studied."	( Pharmacokinetics of a chemoprotective agent, 2-(allylthio)pyrazine, after intravenous and oral administration to rats: hepatic and gastric first-pass effects. Han, KS; Lee, MG, 1999)	0.3
"To establish the maximum tolerated dosage (MTD), the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and pharmacokinetic parameters of CI-980, a novel tubulin binder, in children with solid tumors refractory to standard therapy."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of CI-980 in recurrent pediatric solid tumor cases: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Baruchel, S; Bernstein, ML; Blaney, S; Devine, S; Markoglou, N; Moghrabi, A; Vietti, T; Wainer, IW; Williams, M; Winick, N, )	0.13
" Mean Cmax was significantly decreased after food intake."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of oral MMI270B (CGS 27023A), a novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Choi, L; Eskens, FA; Harris, AL; Levitt, NC; Mather, R; Sparreboom, A; Verweij, J, 2000)	0.31
"To evaluate the maximum-tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and pharmacokinetic profile of vesnarinone given once daily in combination with gemcitabine."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer. Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, SA; Garner, AM; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Mallikaarjun, S; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL; Tammara, BK; Von Hoff, DD, 2000)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic studies of vesnarinone revealed significant interpatient variability at any given dose level."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer. Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, SA; Garner, AM; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Mallikaarjun, S; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL; Tammara, BK; Von Hoff, DD, 2000)	0.31
" There is no evidence of pharmacokinetic interaction between vesnarinone and gemcitabine."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer. Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, SA; Garner, AM; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Mallikaarjun, S; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL; Tammara, BK; Von Hoff, DD, 2000)	0.31
" There were indications of dose-dependent pharmacokinetic properties because apparent clearance and volume of distribution at steady state increased with dose, although these changes were not statistically significant as a result of high interpatient variability."	( Pharmacokinetics of the chemopreventive agent oltipraz and of its metabolite M3 in human subjects after a single oral dose. Brennan, JM; Gallo, JM; Laub, PB; O'Dwyer, PJ; Szarka, C, 2000)	0.31
" The elimination half-life of tetramethylpyrazine in rat blood and brain were 82."	( Pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine in rat blood and brain using microdialysis. Liang, C; Tsai, TH, 2001)	0.31
" The objective was to study toxicity and the modulation of pharmacodynamic end points."	( Phase I/pharmacodynamic study of N-acetylcysteine/oltipraz in smokers: early termination due to excessive toxicity. Bolanowska-Higdon, W; Creaven, PJ; Hitt, S; Lawrence, D; Murphy, M; Pendyala, L; Schwartz, G; Zdanowicz, J, 2001)	0.31
" In rats with PCMC, some pharmacokinetic parameters of 2-AP restored fully or more than the levels of control rats."	( Effects of cysteine on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous 2-(allylthio)pyrazine, a new chemoprotective agent, in rats with protein-calorie malnutrition. Cho, MK; Kim, DH; Kim, SG; Kwon, JW; Lee, MG; Yim, YG, 2003)	0.32
"The aim of this study was to report the pharmacokinetic interaction between oltipraz (50 mg kg(-1)) and dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate (DDB, 10 mg kg(-1)) after single intravenous and oral administration to rats."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between oltipraz and dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate (DDB) after single intravenous and oral administration to rats. Bae, SK; Chung, SJ; Kim, EJ; Kim, SG; Lee, MG, 2003)	0.32
" We assessed the feasibility and pharmacokinetic interactions of combining MMI270 with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and folinic acid (FA)."	( A dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor MMI270 (previously termed CGS27023A) with 5-FU and folinic acid. Blackey, R; Cassidy, J; Choi, L; Devlin, M; Eatock, M; Johnson, J; Morrison, R; Owen, S; Twelves, C, 2005)	0.33
" Bortezomib is rapidly distributed into tissues after administration of a single dose, with an initial plasma distribution half-life of less than 10 minutes, followed by a terminal elimination half-life of more than 40 hours."	( Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and practical applications of bortezomib. Davidson, T; Schwartz, R, 2004)	0.32
" Interspecies scale-up of plasma concentration-time data for the four species using pharmacokinetic time of dienetichron resulted in similar profiles."	( Interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling of oltipraz in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs, and prediction of human pharmacokinetics. Bae, SK; Kim, JW; Kim, SH; Kim, T; Kim, YG; Lee, MG; Lee, SJ, 2005)	0.33
" Hence, it would be expected that in PCM rats, some pharmacokinetic parameters of oltipraz are fully or partially returned to controls by cysteine."	( Effects of cysteine on the pharmacokinetics of oltipraz in rats with protein-calorie malnutrition. Bae, SK; Kim, JW; Kim, T; Kwon, JW; Lee, MG; Yang, SH, 2005)	0.33
" After a single dose administration of sustained-release tablets and capsules, the pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: AUC were (158 +/- 30) and (147 +/- 37) microg x h x mL(-1); Tmax were (4."	( [The pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of acipimox sustained-release tablets after a single and multiple oral administration in healthy dogs]. Bai, HJ; Nie, SF; Pan, WS; Yang, XG; Zhang, GJ, 2005)	0.33
" The Cmax of sustained-release tablet was lower than that of capsules, while the Tmax and MRT of sustained-release tablet were higher than that of capsule, which indicating a good retarding effect."	( [The pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of acipimox sustained-release tablets after a single and multiple oral administration in healthy dogs]. Bai, HJ; Nie, SF; Pan, WS; Yang, XG; Zhang, GJ, 2005)	0.33
"Sitagliptin was well absorbed (approximately 80% excreted unchanged in the urine) with an apparent terminal half-life ranging from 8 to 14 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Bergman, A; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Musson, D; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Van Dyck, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2005)	0.33
" Sitagliptin possesses pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics that support a once-daily dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Bergman, A; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Musson, D; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Van Dyck, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties and tolerability of multiple oral once-daily or twice-daily doses of sitagliptin."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy male volunteers. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Laethem, M; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W; Zhou, Y, 2006)	0.33
" The present method has been successfully used to provide pharmacokinetic data after oral administration of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate pulsincap capsules and immediate-release tablets to dogs."	( Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate in very small volumes of dog plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ding, H; Wu, F; Zhang, Z, 2006)	0.33
" This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of sitagliptin in obese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of the oral DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin in middle-aged obese subjects. Bergman, A; Blum, R; Chen, L; Dilzer, S; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Lasseter, K; Liu, F; Meehan, AG; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Zeng, W, 2006)	0.33
"As part of the clinical development of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions with other antihyperglycemic agents used in managing patients with type 2 diabetes are being carefully evaluated."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of metformin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when co-administered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bergman, A; Herman, GA; Kipnes, M; Yi, B, 2006)	0.33
" Following dosing on Day 7 of each treatment period, these pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for plasma sitagliptin and metformin: area under the plasma concentrations-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC(0-12h)), maximum observed plasma concentrations (C(max)), and time of occurrence of maximum observed plasma concentrations (T(max))."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of metformin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when co-administered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bergman, A; Herman, GA; Kipnes, M; Yi, B, 2006)	0.33
" Main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared by statistic analysis."	( [The effect of tetramethylpyrazine on the pharmacokinetics of intragastrically administered cyclosporine A in rats]. He, J; Liu, XL; Peng, WX; Song, J; Tang, J; Xu, P, 2006)	0.33
"In the group of water pretreated and co-administrated with CsA, no significantly different pharmacokinetic parameters of CsA were found."	( [The effect of tetramethylpyrazine on the pharmacokinetics of intragastrically administered cyclosporine A in rats]. He, J; Liu, XL; Peng, WX; Song, J; Tang, J; Xu, P, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic evaluation showed a biexponential decline, characterized by a rapid distribution followed by a longer elimination, after dose administration, whereas the area under the concentration-time curve increased proportionately with the dose."	( Phase I and II pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Ando, K; Hotta, T; Itoh, K; Kagami, Y; Kobayashi, Y; Maruyama, D; Minami, H; Morishima, Y; Nakata, M; Ogawa, Y; Ogura, M; Taji, H; Tobinai, K; Tsuchiya, T; Watanabe, T, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacodynamic studies performed included assessment of levels of 20S proteasome activity and ubiquitin-protein conjugates."	( A phase I pharmacodynamic trial of bortezomib in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced cancer. Alberti, D; Binger, K; Eickhoff, J; Geiger, P; Heideman, J; Kolesar, J; LoConte, NK; Marnocha, R; Thomas, JP; Utecht, K; Wilding, G, 2008)	0.35
" The method described is successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of mouse plasma and brain tissue after oral administration of the Fufang TMPP and TMPP tablets to mice."	( A simple gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate and borneol in mouse plasma and brain tissue after oral administration of the fufang tetramethylpyrazine phosphate tablets. Qi-neng, P; Yan-Yu, X; Zhi-peng, C, )	0.13
"The mean AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax for sitagliptin were numerically, but not significantly (p>0."	( Effect of moderate hepatic insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin. Bergman, AJ; Davies, MJ; Dilzer, SC; Herman, GA; Lasseter, KC; Luo, WL; Migoya, EM; Stevens, CH; Wagner, JA, 2009)	0.35
"Oltipraz was given intravenously (10 mg x kg(-1)) or orally (30 mg x kg(-1)) to rats with liver cirrhosis induced by N-dimethylnitrosamine (LC rats) or with diabetes, induced by streptozotocin (DM rats) or to rats with both liver cirrhosis and diabetes (LCD rats) and to control rats, and pharmacokinetic variables measured."	( Pharmacokinetics of oltipraz in diabetic rats with liver cirrhosis. Ahn, CY; Bae, SH; Bae, SK; Jung, YS; Kim, T; Kim, YC; Lee, MG; Shin, WG, 2009)	0.35
"This open-label, crossover, pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study was conducted at seven institutions in the US and Europe between January 2005 and August 2006."	( Effect of the cytochrome P450 2C19 inhibitor omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumours, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or multiple myeloma. Acharya, M; Britten, CD; Chan, K; Cohen, N; Dudov, A; Fuloria, J; Gabrail, N; Nemunaitis, J; Quinn, DI; Yee, L, 2009)	0.35
" Bortezomib pharmacokinetic parameters were similar when bortezomib was administered alone or with omeprazole (maximum plasma concentration 120 vs 123 ng/mL; area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 72 hours 129 vs 135 ng ."	( Effect of the cytochrome P450 2C19 inhibitor omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumours, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or multiple myeloma. Acharya, M; Britten, CD; Chan, K; Cohen, N; Dudov, A; Fuloria, J; Gabrail, N; Nemunaitis, J; Quinn, DI; Yee, L, 2009)	0.35
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between oltipraz and silymarin after intravenous and oral administration of both drugs to male Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between oltipraz and silymarin in rats. Bae, SK; Kang, MK; Kim, JW; Lee, MG, 2009)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of oltipraz did not significantly altered by silymarin."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between oltipraz and silymarin in rats. Bae, SK; Kang, MK; Kim, JW; Lee, MG, 2009)	0.35
"Brain pharmacokinetic behaviors of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) following intranasal (i."	( Brain pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine after intranasal and intravenous administration in awake rats. Abe, Y; Feng, J; Feng, Y; Li, F; Zhao, Y, 2009)	0.35
" Selected compounds proved efficacious in an anxiety model in rats; however, pharmacokinetic properties were not optimal."	( In vitro intrinsic clearance-based optimization of N3-phenylpyrazinones as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists. Ahuja, VT; Arvanitis, AG; Brenner, AB; Bronson, JJ; Combs, AP; Denhart, DJ; Deskus, JA; Ditta, JL; Grace, JE; Hartz, RA; Lelas, S; Lentz, KA; Li, J; Li, YW; Lodge, NJ; Macor, JE; Mattson, RJ; Molski, TF; Olson, RE; Rafalski, M; Schmitz, WD; Wong, H; Yue, EW; Zaczek, R, 2009)	0.35
" Using 20S proteasome inhibition as a pharmacodynamic marker and analyzing bortezomib tumor exposures, we show that efficacy was achieved only when suitable drug exposures drove proteasome inhibition that was sustained over time."	( The relationship among tumor architecture, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of bortezomib in mouse xenograft models. Babcock, T; Bannerman, B; Cao, Y; Hatsis, P; Kupperman, E; Robertson, R; Silva, MD; Terkelsen, J; Williamson, MJ; Xia, C; Yu, L, 2009)	0.35
" Systemic exposures of bortezomib were similar between dose groups considering the relatively narrow dose range and the observed pharmacokinetic variability, although there was no readily apparent deviation from dose-proportionality."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of two doses of bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Acharya, M; Burris, H; Chatta, G; Karol, M; Keith Stewart, A; Lonial, S; Mohrbacher, AF; Neuwirth, R; Reece, DE; Riordan, WJ; Shustik, C; Sullivan, D; Venkatakrishnan, K; von Moltke, LL; Zannikos, P, 2011)	0.37
" PK/pharmacodynamics characteristics, that is, sufficiently prolonged half-life and sustained DPP-4 enzyme inactivation, generally allow one single oral administration per day for the management of T2DM; the only exception is vildagliptin for which a twice-daily administration is recommended because of a shorter half-life."	( Pharmacokinetics of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors. Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
" These compounds display optimal pharmacokinetic properties that warrant further in vivo investigations."	( Novel hinge binder improves activity and pharmacokinetic properties of BRAF inhibitors. Davies, L; Hedley, D; Kirk, R; Lopes, F; Manne, HA; Marais, R; Ménard, D; Niculescu-Duvaz, D; Niculescu-Duvaz, I; Nourry, A; Ogilvie, LM; Preece, N; Springer, CJ; Suijkerbuijk, BM; Whittaker, S; Zambon, A, 2010)	0.36
" In the single-dose study, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), peak plasma concentration (C(max)), and terminal half-life (t(1/2)) of oltipraz as well as the AUC of its RM were dose dependent."	( Pharmacokinetics of oltipraz and its major metabolite (RM) in patients with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis: relationship with suppression of circulating TGF-beta1. Cho, SH; Choi, JY; Choi, YH; Chon, CY; Han, JY; Jang, JJ; Jang, JW; Kim, SG; Kim, YM; Lee, DH; Lee, MG; Lee, YS; Um, SH; Yu, ES, 2010)	0.36
"An extensive literature search was performed to analyze the potential pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions between metformin (first-line drug for the management of type 2 diabetes) and sitagliptin (first commercialized DPP IV inhibitor)."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sitagliptin plus metformin. Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
"The objective of this study was to assess the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for predicting plasma concentration-time profiles of orally available cMet kinase inhibitors, (R)-3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)-ethoxy]-5-(1-piperidin-4-yl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-pyridin-2-ylamine (PF02341066) and 2-[4-(3-quinolin-6-ylmethyl-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyrazin-5-yl)-pyrazol-1-yl]-ethanol (PF04217903), in humans."	( Prediction of oral pharmacokinetics of cMet kinase inhibitors in humans: physiologically based pharmacokinetic model versus traditional one-compartment model. Jones, HM; Koudriakova, T; Romero, D; Skaptason, J; Tan, W; Vekich, S; Wilner, KD; Yamazaki, S, 2011)	0.37
" The current studies assessed the potential for pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between dapagliflozin and pioglitazone, metformin, glimepiride or sitagliptin in healthy subjects following single-dose administration."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between dapagliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor, and metformin, pioglitazone, glimepiride or sitagliptin in healthy subjects. Boulton, DW; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; LaCreta, FP; Li, T; Liu, X; Pfister, M; Shyu, WC; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
"To evaluate 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography imaging ((18)FDG-PET) as a predictive, noninvasive, pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarker of response following administration of a small-molecule insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and insulin receptor (IGF-1R/IR) inhibitor, OSI-906."	( 18FDG-PET predicts pharmacodynamic response to OSI-906, a dual IGF-1R/IR inhibitor, in preclinical mouse models of lung cancer. Bugaj, JE; Gokhale, PC; Guleryuz, S; Manning, HC; Mantis, C; McKinley, ET; Wild, R; Zhao, P, 2011)	0.37
" The present aim was to evaluate pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD) and safety characteristics of sitagliptin following single doses in healthy, young Japanese males."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition following single doses of sitagliptin in healthy, young Japanese males. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Langdon, RB; Larson, PJ; Mistry, GC; Ruckle, JL; Snyder, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2011)	0.37
" The mean apparent terminal half-life for plasma sitagliptin was 9-14h, with the half-life slightly decreasing as the dose increased."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition following single doses of sitagliptin in healthy, young Japanese males. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Langdon, RB; Larson, PJ; Mistry, GC; Ruckle, JL; Snyder, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2011)	0.37
" To study its pharmacokinetic characteristics, a simple and rapid HPLC-UV method was developed and validated to quantitatively determine TBN concentration in rat plasma."	( Pharmacokinetic study of a novel stroke therapeutic, 2-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, by a simple HPLC-UV method in rats. Chen, H; Jiang, J; Li, S; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wu, J, 2011)	0.37
" The applicability of the assay to pharmacokinetic studies was also evaluated."	( Quantification of oltipraz using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rat plasma. Jin, QR; Kim, CY; Kim, DG; Lee, GW; Lee, JH; Lee, KR; Lim, H; Noh, HJ; Park, DH; Woo, YA, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic software 3p97 was applied to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters and the area under the drug concentration-time curve (AUC) in various tissues."	( Pharmacokinetics of ligustrazine ethosome patch in rats and anti-myocardial ischemia and anti-ischemic reperfusion injury effect. He, Z; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, X; Zeng, Z; Zhou, W, 2011)	0.37
" This study evaluated the effects of co-administration of a potent CYP3A4 inducer (rifampicin [rifampin]) and a weak CYP3A4 inducer (dexamethasone) on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profiles of bortezomib."	( Effect of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profiles of bortezomib in patients with multiple myeloma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Feng, H; Girgis, S; Hellmann, A; Louw, VJ; Patel, H; Rule, S; Shpilberg, O; Skee, DM; van de Velde, H; Walewski, J, 2011)	0.37
" Blood samples were collected on days 11 through 14 of cycles 2 and 3 before and after bortezomib administration, at prespecified time points, for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (proteasome inhibition) assessments."	( Effect of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profiles of bortezomib in patients with multiple myeloma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Feng, H; Girgis, S; Hellmann, A; Louw, VJ; Patel, H; Rule, S; Shpilberg, O; Skee, DM; van de Velde, H; Walewski, J, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacodynamic model adequately predicted the observed data."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of sequence-dependent antitumor activity of insulin-like growth factor blockade and gemcitabine. Brundage, RC; Hull, JM; Khatri, A; Kirstein, MN; Williams, BW; Yee, D, 2012)	0.38
" The interindividual differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of sitagliptin were found to be within acceptable limits (coefficient of variation <20%)."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction between gemfibrozil and sitagliptin in healthy Indian male volunteers. B, S; Dubala, A; K P, A; K, E; Kucherlapati, VS; M, D; Meda, VS; P R, AV, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic data showed peak plasma levels of ACY-1215 at 4 hours after treatment coincident with an increase in acetylated α-tubulin, a marker of HDAC6 inhibition, by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis."	( Preclinical activity, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties of a selective HDAC6 inhibitor, ACY-1215, in combination with bortezomib in multiple myeloma. Anderson, KC; Bradner, J; Canavese, M; Cirstea, D; Eda, H; Hideshima, T; Jarpe, M; Jones, SS; Kung, AL; Mazitschek, R; Ogier, WC; Raje, N; Rodig, S; Santo, L; Scullen, T; Tamang, D; Tseng, JC; van Duzer, JH; Yang, M, 2012)	0.38
"The mechanism, preclinical testing, and clinical activity of perifosine in CRC and MM are discussed, with supportive pharmacokinetic information presented."	( Perifosine , an oral, anti-cancer agent and inhibitor of the Akt pathway: mechanistic actions, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity. Anderson, KC; Eng, C; Hideshima, T; Kolesar, J; Richardson, PG, 2012)	0.38
" The developed assay was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers."	( Simultaneous determination of sitagliptin and simvastatin in human plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a human pharmacokinetic study. Burugula, L; Kandhagatla, R; Lodagala, DS; Makula, A; Mullangi, R; Pilli, NR, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacodynamic analysis showed FLT3 down-regulation on day 26 of cycle 1 (P = ."	( Clinical and pharmacodynamic activity of bortezomib and decitabine in acute myeloid leukemia. Bloomfield, CD; Blum, W; Byrd, JC; Caligiuri, MA; Chan, KK; Curfman, JP; Devine, SM; Eisfeld, AK; Garr, C; Garzon, R; Geyer, S; Grever, MR; Jacob, S; Kefauver, C; Klisovic, R; Marcucci, G; Perrotti, D; Santhanam, R; Schwind, S; Tarighat, SS; Walker, A; Wang, H; Whitman, S, 2012)	0.38
"This study was designed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of single doses of CK-2017357, an orally bioavailable fast skeletal muscle troponin activator, in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and to explore pharmacodynamic markers related to strength, endurance, and function."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of a skeletal muscle activator in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cedarbaum, JM; Chen, M; Cudkowicz, ME; Hansen, RL; Jones, D; Lee, J; Mahoney, K; Malik, F; Mao, J; Maragakis, N; Russell, AJ; Saikali, K; Shefner, J; Watson, ML; Wolff, AA, 2012)	0.38
" Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic variables were evaluated."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple-ascending doses of the novel glucokinase activator AZD1656 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ericsson, H; Hompesch, M; Knutsson, M; Leonsson-Zachrisson, M; Morrow, LA; Norjavaara, E; Wollbratt, M, 2012)	0.38
" An active metabolite was formed which had a longer half-life than AZD1656, but showed ∼15% of the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from 0 to 24 h compared with that of AZD1656."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple-ascending doses of the novel glucokinase activator AZD1656 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ericsson, H; Hompesch, M; Knutsson, M; Leonsson-Zachrisson, M; Morrow, LA; Norjavaara, E; Wollbratt, M, 2012)	0.38
" Saliva and plasma samples were collected for 3-5 half-life values of sitagliptin, cinacalcet, metformin, montelukast, tolterodine, hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), lornoxicam, azithromycin, diacerhein, rosuvastatin, cloxacillin, losartan and tamsulosin after oral dosing."	( Saliva versus plasma pharmacokinetics: theory and application of a salivary excretion classification system. Arafat, T; Idkaidek, N, 2012)	0.38
"In compatibility with FA, AUC(0-t), Cmax and Tmax showed no significant difference with the single administration of TMP, but t(1/2) and MRT,, were obviously longer than the single administration."	( [Effect of different compatibility of tetramethylpyrazine on its pharmacokinetics in vivo]. Chen, G; Feng, B; Xu, X; Zhang, J, 2012)	0.38
" Taking differences in body weight into account, there were no differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between Western and Japanese subjects."	( Tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the glucokinase activator AZD1656, after single ascending doses in healthy subjects during euglycemic clamp. Ericsson, H; Heijer, M; Leonsson-Zachrisson, M; Norjavaara, E; Persson, M; Röshammar, D; Ueda, S; Wollbratt, M, 2012)	0.38
"Data were analysed from the pharmacokinetic substudy of the randomized phase III MMY-3021 study and the phase I CAN-1004 study of subcutaneous versus intravenous bortezomib in patients aged ≥18 (MMY-3021) or ≤75 (CAN-1004) years with symptomatic relapsed or refractory MM after 1-3 (MMY-3021) or ≥1 (CAN-1004) prior therapies."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and covariate analysis of subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Cakana, A; Deraedt, W; Domnikova, N; Doronin, VA; Esseltine, DL; Facon, T; Feng, H; Girgis, S; Hulin, C; Karamanesht, II; Kyselyova, MY; Leleu, X; Moreau, P; Schmidt, A; Skee, D; van de Velde, H; Venkatakrishnan, K; Vilchevska, KV, 2012)	0.38
" Blood 20S proteasome inhibition pharmacodynamic parameters were also similar with subcutaneous versus intravenous bortezomib: mean maximum effect (E(max)) was 63."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and covariate analysis of subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Cakana, A; Deraedt, W; Domnikova, N; Doronin, VA; Esseltine, DL; Facon, T; Feng, H; Girgis, S; Hulin, C; Karamanesht, II; Kyselyova, MY; Leleu, X; Moreau, P; Schmidt, A; Skee, D; van de Velde, H; Venkatakrishnan, K; Vilchevska, KV, 2012)	0.38
"Subcutaneous administration results in equivalent bortezomib plasma exposure to intravenous administration, together with comparable blood 20S proteasome inhibition pharmacodynamic effects."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and covariate analysis of subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Cakana, A; Deraedt, W; Domnikova, N; Doronin, VA; Esseltine, DL; Facon, T; Feng, H; Girgis, S; Hulin, C; Karamanesht, II; Kyselyova, MY; Leleu, X; Moreau, P; Schmidt, A; Skee, D; van de Velde, H; Venkatakrishnan, K; Vilchevska, KV, 2012)	0.38
"Abstract This phase I study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor 17-allyamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) in combination with bortezomib, and to provide pharmacokinetic data in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML)."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose escalation of the heat shock protein inhibitor 17-allyamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in combination with bortezomib in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Binkley, P; Blum, KA; Blum, W; Byrd, JC; Garzon, R; Geyer, S; Grever, MR; Jiang, Y; Johnston, JS; Kefauver, C; Klisovic, R; Marcucci, G; Phelps, MA; Walker, AR, 2013)	0.39
"The objectives of this study were to determine if ABCB1 polymorphisms are associated with interindividual variability in sitagliptin pharmacokinetics and if atorvastatin alters the pharmacokinetic disposition of sitagliptin in healthy volunteers."	( Effect of ABCB1 polymorphisms and atorvastatin on sitagliptin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Aquilante, CL; Kosmiski, LA; Predhomme, JA; Sidhom, MS; Wempe, MF, 2013)	0.39
" A 24-h pharmacokinetic study followed each sitagliptin dose, and the study phases were separated by a 14-day washout period."	( Effect of ABCB1 polymorphisms and atorvastatin on sitagliptin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Aquilante, CL; Kosmiski, LA; Predhomme, JA; Sidhom, MS; Wempe, MF, 2013)	0.39
"Sitagliptin pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly between ABCB1 CGC/CGC, CGC/TTT, and TTT/TTT diplotype groups during the monotherapy phase."	( Effect of ABCB1 polymorphisms and atorvastatin on sitagliptin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Aquilante, CL; Kosmiski, LA; Predhomme, JA; Sidhom, MS; Wempe, MF, 2013)	0.39
"The study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters and relative bioavailability of a newly generic acipimox 250-mg tablets (test formulation) with a branded 250-mg tablets (reference formulation)."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two acipimox tablets: a single-dose, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Chen, R; Guo, R; Huang, J; Li, R; Liu, X; Wang, B; Wei, C; Yuan, G, 2013)	0.39
"0 was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters and assess bioequivalence of the 2 formulations."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two acipimox tablets: a single-dose, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Chen, R; Guo, R; Huang, J; Li, R; Liu, X; Wang, B; Wei, C; Yuan, G, 2013)	0.39
"No period, formulation, or sequence effects were observed on any pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two acipimox tablets: a single-dose, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Chen, R; Guo, R; Huang, J; Li, R; Liu, X; Wang, B; Wei, C; Yuan, G, 2013)	0.39
" The single and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic profiles of TMP administrated by TMP transdermal patch were characterized in healthy volunteers using an in vivo, randomized, open-label, two-way crossover design."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of a novel tetramethylpyrazine reservoir-type transdermal patch versus tetramethylpyrazine phosphate oral tablets in healthy normal volunteers, and in vitro/in vivo correlation. Shen, T; Weng, W; Xu, H; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.39
"To verify established the total quantum statistic moments model with astragaloside IV, paeoniflorin, tetramethylpyrazine in Buyanghuanwu injection, in order to establish a pharmacokinetic experimental method with multi-component traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound system."	( [Experimental studies on pharmacokinetics of three components in Buyanghuanwu injection on base of total quantum statistical moment]. Deng, KW; He, FY; He, QP; Li, B; Liu, W; Liu, WL; Shi, JL; Wu, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic parameters for single component were dealt with DAS and the total quantum statistical moment (TQSM) parameters were calculated using formulations."	( [Experimental studies on pharmacokinetics of three components in Buyanghuanwu injection on base of total quantum statistical moment]. Deng, KW; He, FY; He, QP; Li, B; Liu, W; Liu, WL; Shi, JL; Wu, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The TQSM pharmacokinetic parameters of the three components in Buyanghuanwu injection showed that AUC(t), MRT(t), VRT(t), CL(t), V(t), were (119."	( [Experimental studies on pharmacokinetics of three components in Buyanghuanwu injection on base of total quantum statistical moment]. Deng, KW; He, FY; He, QP; Li, B; Liu, W; Liu, WL; Shi, JL; Wu, Y, 2013)	0.39
"The TQSM can be used to study pharmacokinetic parameters of multi-component TCM compound, because the method can characterize the pharmacokinetic regularity of quantum-time change in a multi-component system."	( [Experimental studies on pharmacokinetics of three components in Buyanghuanwu injection on base of total quantum statistical moment]. Deng, KW; He, FY; He, QP; Li, B; Liu, W; Liu, WL; Shi, JL; Wu, Y, 2013)	0.39
"Pharmacokinetics of drug may be altered by abnormal physiological functions in illness, which will affect its pharmacodynamic efficacy in turn."	( Pharmacokinetic variations of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate after oral administration in hepatic precancerous mice and its hepatoprotective effects. Cai, D; Feng, L; Jiao, Y; Liu, X; Mao, W; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, D; Zhang, J; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
"To assess the preventive effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMPZ) phosphate on hepatocarcinogenesis and its pharmacokinetic differentiations in model mice."	( Pharmacokinetic variations of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate after oral administration in hepatic precancerous mice and its hepatoprotective effects. Cai, D; Feng, L; Jiao, Y; Liu, X; Mao, W; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, D; Zhang, J; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic variations of TMPZ between control and model mice were measured for single oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetic variations of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate after oral administration in hepatic precancerous mice and its hepatoprotective effects. Cai, D; Feng, L; Jiao, Y; Liu, X; Mao, W; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, D; Zhang, J; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
" In pharmacokinetic study, values of AUC and Tmax of TMPZ became significantly greater with increase of doses in both control and model mice, which elucidated the absorption was enhanced and delayed; meanwhile, its elimination was not affected markedly."	( Pharmacokinetic variations of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate after oral administration in hepatic precancerous mice and its hepatoprotective effects. Cai, D; Feng, L; Jiao, Y; Liu, X; Mao, W; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, D; Zhang, J; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
" In addition, a simple and rapid HPLC-UV method was developed and validated to study the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the compound."	( A new ligustrazine derivative--pharmacokinetic evaluation and antitumor activity by suppression of NF-kappaB/p65 and COX-2 expression in S180 mice. Cheng, Y; Guo, J; Lei, H; Li, Q; Pang, D; Wang, P; Xu, K; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Colesevelam (3750mg once daily) was dosed throughout the pharmacokinetic sampling period."	( Lack of effect of colesevelam HCl on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, phenytoin, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin. He, L; Lee, J; Mendell-Harary, J; Tao, B; Walker, J; Wickremasingha, P; Wight, D, 2014)	0.4
"For all six test drugs, 90% CIs for geometric least-squares mean ratios of AUC and Cmax for the measured analytes were within specified limits, indicating no interaction between the test drug and colesevelam."	( Lack of effect of colesevelam HCl on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, phenytoin, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin. He, L; Lee, J; Mendell-Harary, J; Tao, B; Walker, J; Wickremasingha, P; Wight, D, 2014)	0.4
" Although the phenytoin study indicated no pharmacokinetic interaction, phenytoin should continue to be taken ≥4h before colesevelam in accordance with current prescribing information."	( Lack of effect of colesevelam HCl on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, phenytoin, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin. He, L; Lee, J; Mendell-Harary, J; Tao, B; Walker, J; Wickremasingha, P; Wight, D, 2014)	0.4
"This review considers the pharmacokinetic profile, adverse effects and drug interactions of DPP-4 inhibitors."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" However, DPP-4 inhibitors have certain differences in their pharmacokinetic properties that may be associated with different clinical effects and adverse event profiles."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" A validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) approach with a detection limit of 5 ng/mL was used for pharmacokinetic evaluation of ADTM in rat plasma."	( Pharmacokinetic and Metabolic Studies of ADTM: A Novel Danshensu Derivative Confers Cardioprotection by HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS. Li, S; Li, W; Liao, K; Shan, L; Sheng, X; Wang, Y; Yu, P; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.42
" The present study evaluated the possiblility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between favipiravir and acetaminophen, in vitro and in vivo."	( Favipiravir inhibits acetaminophen sulfate formation but minimally affects systemic pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen. Court, MH; Epstein, CR; Giesing, D; Greenblatt, DJ; Harmatz, JS; Kadota, T; Kurosaki, C; Nakagawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.42
" In human volunteers, both acute (1 day) and extended (6 days) administration of favipiravir slightly but significantly increased (by about 20 %) systemic exposure to acetaminophen (total AUC), whereas Cmax was not significantly changed."	( Favipiravir inhibits acetaminophen sulfate formation but minimally affects systemic pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen. Court, MH; Epstein, CR; Giesing, D; Greenblatt, DJ; Harmatz, JS; Kadota, T; Kurosaki, C; Nakagawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.42
" The validated method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study in rats after intravenous administration of Shenxiong glucose injection."	( A UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of danshensu, protocatechuic aldehyde, rosmarinic acid, and ligustrazine in rat plasma, and its application to pharmacokinetic studies of Shenxiong glucose injection in rats. Gong, Z; Huang, Y; Lan, Y; Liu, Y; Lu, Y; Wang, A; Wang, Y; Xie, Y; Zheng, L, 2015)	0.42
" A pharmacodynamic model was developed that included three critical proteins (phospho-NFκB, BclxL, and cleaved poly (ADP ribose) polymerase)."	( Logic-Based and Cellular Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Bortezomib Responses in U266 Human Myeloma Cells. Abernethy, DR; Chudasama, VL; Mager, DE; Ovacik, MA, 2015)	0.42
" Chf197 is one of the structurally modified ligustrazine derivatives in a purpose of overcoming the rapid metabolism and short half-life of original."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of Chf197, a ligustrazine derivative, in rats. Chen, H; Guo, R; Kong, X; Li, W; Liu, H; Liu, X; Tang, M; Wei, C; Wei, X, 2015)	0.42
" Here, we review the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information presently available for these drugs, using data obtained in healthy volunteers for pharmacokinetics and data obtained in human clinical trials or animal models for pharmacodynamics."	( Ebola Virus Infection: Review of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Drugs Considered for Testing in Human Efficacy Trials. de Lamballerie, X; Guedj, J; Madelain, V; Mentré, F; Nguyen, TH; Olivo, A; Taburet, AM, 2016)	0.43
" Possible pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between selexipag and warfarin in healthy individuals were investigated."	( Investigation of Potential Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Selexipag and Warfarin in Healthy Male Subjects. Bruderer, S; Dingemanse, J; Mant, T; Mukai, H; Okubo, K, 2016)	0.43
"Steady-state levels of selexipag and ACT-333679 after repeated doses of 400 μg selexipag had no influence on the warfarin pharmacodynamic variables."	( Investigation of Potential Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Selexipag and Warfarin in Healthy Male Subjects. Bruderer, S; Dingemanse, J; Mant, T; Mukai, H; Okubo, K, 2016)	0.43
" Gastrodin (GAS), a bioactive component of tianma, its pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior significantly changed after oral administration of DCXDCP compared with the extract of tianma."	( Pharmacokinetic comparative study of gastrodin after oral administration of Gastrodia elata Bl. extract and its compatibility with the different indigents of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. to rats. Hu, PY; Liu, D; Wu, B; Yang, M; Yue, PF; Zhang, GS; Zheng, Q, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of TMP were investigated in brain microdialysates after oral and intravenous administration of TMP (4 mg/kg) to rats in the absence and presence of FA (5 mg/kg)."	( Effect of ferulic acid on the brain pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine in conscious rats. Deng, X; Liao, F; Liao, W; Meng, Y; Wang, L; Wu, Y; Yu, J; Zheng, H, 2017)	0.46
" Because the drug had never been used before for this indication and that high concentrations of the drugs were needed to achieve antiviral efficacy against EBOV, a pharmacokinetic model had been used to propose relevant dosing regimen."	( Favipiravir pharmacokinetics in Ebola-Infected patients of the JIKI trial reveals concentrations lower than targeted. Anglaret, X; Baize, S; Bore, JA; Carazo, S; Carbonnelle, C; Conde, MN; de Lamballerie, X; Gala, JL; Guedj, J; Jacquot, F; Laouénan, C; Madelain, V; Malvy, D; Mentré, F; Nguyen, TH; Pastorino, B; Piorkowski, G; Raoul, H; Rodallec, A; Sissoko, D; Taburet, AM, 2017)	0.46
"The mechanisms of action of an herb-pair, Chuanxiong-Chishao, were investigated using the network pharmacological and pharmacodynamic strategies involving computational drug target prediction and network analysis, and experimental validation."	( Synergistic effects of Chuanxiong-Chishao herb-pair on promoting angiogenesis at network pharmacological and pharmacodynamic levels. Chen, KJ; Cong, WH; Guo, G; Hu, YJ; Lee, SM; Liao, QW; Wang, Y; Xin, QQ; Yang, BR, 2017)	0.46
" A 24-h pharmacokinetic profile was performed following midazolam administration, and bioequivalence criteria were investigated on an exploratory basis."	( A pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study between selexipag and midazolam, a CYP3A4 substrate, in healthy male subjects. Boehler, M; Bruderer, S; Dingemanse, J; Donazzolo, Y; Juif, PE, 2017)	0.46
" The present study evaluated the possible pharmacokinetic interactions of selexipag with gemfibrozil, a strong CYP2C8 inhibitor, and rifampicin, an inducer of CYP2C8."	( Effect of gemfibrozil and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of selexipag and its active metabolite in healthy subjects. Boehler, M; Bruderer, S; Dingemanse, J; Halabi, A; Petersen-Sylla, M; Remeňová, T, 2017)	0.46
" This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of volitinib and gefitinib after the administration of an intravenous or oral dose, indicating that the developed assay can be used to simultaneously determine the concentrations of volitinib and gefitinib in rat plasma."	( Simultaneous quantification of volitinib and gefitinib in rat plasma by HPLC-MS/MS for application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Chung, SJ; Kim, MS; Lee, JH; Maeng, HJ; Noh, CK, 2017)	0.46
" The pharmacokinetic and brain distribution were studied in SD mice administered intravenously with NMD/TMP-NPs in comparison with NMD-suspension, NMD/TMP-suspension and NMD-NPs, (NMD-NPs+TMP)-suspension."	( [Pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of NMD/TMP-nanoparticles]. He, WJ; He, XW; Hong, Q; Liang, J; Zhu, FJ, 2016)	0.43
" To elucidate on-target and pharmacodynamic effects of acalabrutinib, we evaluated several laboratory endpoints, including proteomic changes, chemokine modulation and impact on cell migration."	( Pharmacodynamics and proteomic analysis of acalabrutinib therapy: similarity of on-target effects to ibrutinib and rationale for combination therapy. Ayres, ML; Balakrishnan, K; Cheung, JP; Gandhi, V; Gay, J; Ivan, C; Keating, MJ; Lamothe, B; Marszalek, JR; Morse, J; Nelson, M; Patel, VK; Wierda, WG, 2018)	0.48
" Pharmacokinetic analyses showed increased clearance and decreased plasma levels compared to healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of favipiravir during continuous venovenous haemofiltration in a critically ill patient with influenza. Favié, LM; Meijer, A; Murk, JL; Nijstad, AL; Sikma, MA; van Maarseveen, EM, 2018)	0.48
"In BYHWI, five candidate Q-marker pharmacokinetic profiles were singly fixed to two compartmental models in rat using classical compartmental analysis, but there were tremendous differences among which the candidate parameters were fluctuated from nearly 3552 folds to equivalency."	( Application of TQSM polypharmacokinetics and its similarity approach to ascertain Q-marker by analyses of transitivity in vivo of five candidates in Buyanghuanwu injection. Deng, KW; He, FY; Liao, Q; Liu, WL; Tang, Y; Xiao, MF; Yang, YT; Zhang, YT; Zhou, YQ, 2018)	0.48
" It is feasible for Q-marker in CMMs to screen on the comparison of single pharmacokinetic behavior and bioavailability to the total quanta."	( Application of TQSM polypharmacokinetics and its similarity approach to ascertain Q-marker by analyses of transitivity in vivo of five candidates in Buyanghuanwu injection. Deng, KW; He, FY; Liao, Q; Liu, WL; Tang, Y; Xiao, MF; Yang, YT; Zhang, YT; Zhou, YQ, 2018)	0.48
"To assess and compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioequivalence of two tetramethylpyrazine phosphate (TMPP) tablets in healthy Chinese male subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence study of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate tablets after single-dose administration in healthy Chinese male subjects . Guo, R; Li, H; Wang, B; Yuan, G, 2018)	0.48
"0 was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters and assess bioequivalence of the two formulations."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence study of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate tablets after single-dose administration in healthy Chinese male subjects . Guo, R; Li, H; Wang, B; Yuan, G, 2018)	0.48
" The main pharmacokinetic parameters of test and reference formulations were as follows: T1/2 was (1."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence study of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate tablets after single-dose administration in healthy Chinese male subjects . Guo, R; Li, H; Wang, B; Yuan, G, 2018)	0.48
"Voxelotor was well tolerated and exhibited a linear pharmacokinetic profile and a half-life ranging from 61 ± 7 h to 85 ± 7 h."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of voxelotor (GBT440) in healthy adults and patients with sickle cell disease. Allen, E; Gretler, DD; Hutchaleelaha, A; Lehrer-Graiwer, J; Mant, T; Oksenberg, D; Patel, M; Siu, V; Washington, C, 2019)	0.51
" A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for acalabrutinib and its active metabolite ACP-5862 to predict potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Evaluation of the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Acalabrutinib and Its Active Metabolite, ACP-5862, Using a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach. Al-Huniti, N; Moorthy, G; Podoll, T; Slatter, JG; Vishwanathan, K; Ware, J; Xu, Y; Zhou, D, 2019)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic assessment of TMP, FA, gastrodin or gastrodigenin in blood or brain interstitial fluid (BIF) has been reported in healthy animals."	( Pharmacokinetic comparative study of tetramethylpyrazine and ferulic acid and their compatibility with different concentration of gastrodin and gastrodigenin on blood-stasis migraine model by blood-brain microdialysis method. Cheng, H; Guo, S; Ke, G; Liu, M; Mao, Y; Mi, Y; Wang, M; Wei, P, 2020)	0.56
"To determine the pharmacodynamic relationship between target occupancy of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and inhibition of downstream signaling."	( Pharmacodynamic Analysis of BTK Inhibition in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treated with Acalabrutinib. Alsadhan, A; Bibikova, E; Cheung, J; Covey, T; Gaglione, EM; Gulrajani, M; Hamdy, A; Herman, SEM; Izumi, R; Nierman, P; Patel, P; Sun, C; Wiestner, A, 2020)	0.56
"Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) enrolled in a phase II clinical trial (NCT02337829) with the covalent, selective BTK inhibitor acalabrutinib donated blood samples for pharmacodynamic analyses."	( Pharmacodynamic Analysis of BTK Inhibition in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treated with Acalabrutinib. Alsadhan, A; Bibikova, E; Cheung, J; Covey, T; Gaglione, EM; Gulrajani, M; Hamdy, A; Herman, SEM; Izumi, R; Nierman, P; Patel, P; Sun, C; Wiestner, A, 2020)	0.56
" Herein, we summarized the pharmacokinetic characteristics of favipiravir and possible drug-drug interactions from the view of drug metabolism."	( Favipiravir: Pharmacokinetics and Concerns About Clinical Trials for 2019-nCoV Infection. Chen, XP; Du, YX, 2020)	0.56
" This article describes the clinical pharmacokinetic profile of gilteritinib."	( Pharmacokinetic Profile of Gilteritinib: A Novel FLT-3 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. Altman, JK; Bahceci, E; James, AJ; Kadokura, T; Levis, MJ; Litzow, M; Liu, C; Lu, Z; Moy, S; Patton, M; Perl, AE; Shepard, D; Smith, CC; Souda, K, 2020)	0.56
"The pharmacokinetic profile of gilteritinib was assessed from five clinical studies."	( Pharmacokinetic Profile of Gilteritinib: A Novel FLT-3 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. Altman, JK; Bahceci, E; James, AJ; Kadokura, T; Levis, MJ; Litzow, M; Liu, C; Lu, Z; Moy, S; Patton, M; Perl, AE; Shepard, D; Smith, CC; Souda, K, 2020)	0.56
" Median maximum concentration was reached 2-6 h following single and repeat dosing of gilteritinib; mean elimination half-life was 113 h."	( Pharmacokinetic Profile of Gilteritinib: A Novel FLT-3 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. Altman, JK; Bahceci, E; James, AJ; Kadokura, T; Levis, MJ; Litzow, M; Liu, C; Lu, Z; Moy, S; Patton, M; Perl, AE; Shepard, D; Smith, CC; Souda, K, 2020)	0.56
"Gilteritinib exhibits a dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile in healthy subjects and in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia."	( Pharmacokinetic Profile of Gilteritinib: A Novel FLT-3 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. Altman, JK; Bahceci, E; James, AJ; Kadokura, T; Levis, MJ; Litzow, M; Liu, C; Lu, Z; Moy, S; Patton, M; Perl, AE; Shepard, D; Smith, CC; Souda, K, 2020)	0.56
" An open-label, single-dose, parallel-group study was conducted to compare pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of an oral dose of ranirestat across subjects with normal hepatic function and patients with mild and moderate hepatic impairment because ranirestat is expected to be used by patients with diabetes mellitus, possibly including those with hepatic impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Ranirestat in Patients With Hepatic Impairment. Fujita, T; Inoue, K; Ishii, D; Itou, M; Kakuyama, H; Takagaki, T; Uchida, N, 2020)	0.56
" Adverse events were recorded and pharmacokinetic samples were collected during the whole study period."	( Phase I safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic studies of tetramethylpyrazine nitrone in healthy Chinese volunteers. Cui, H; Liu, Y; Lv, Y; Ma, Y; Tian, J; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wei, M; Wu, J; Xia, Y; Zhang, P; Zhao, C; Zhu, Y, 2021)	0.62
"In our present experiment, the aim of this paper was to develop and fully validate an accurate and simple ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for simultaneous quantification of acalabrutinib, ibrutinib, and their metabolites (ACP-5862 and PCI-45227) in beagle dog plasma and to survey the pharmacokinetic study of all analytes in beagle dogs."	( Simultaneous measurement of acalabrutinib, ibrutinib, and their metabolites in beagle dog plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Jiang, Z; Lin, G; Shi, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the blood-brain microdialysis in combination with the high-performance liquid chromatography method."	( Pharmacokinetic comparative study of GAS with different concentration of tetramethylpyrazine and ferulic acid on liver-yang hyperactivity migraine model by blood-brain microdialysis method. Cheng, H; Li, S; Liu, M; Mi, Y; Wang, M, 2020)	0.56
" PTC596 had a terminal half-life ranging 12 to 15 hours at all doses except for the highest dose of 10."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of PTC596, a Novel Tubulin-Binding Agent, in Subjects With Advanced Solid Tumors. Baird, JD; Bedard, PL; Branstrom, A; Colacino, J; Gao, L; Goodwin, E; Infante, J; Kaushik, D; Kong, R; Laskin, OL; O'Keefe, K; O'Mara, E; Shapiro, GI; Spiegel, RJ; Weetall, M, 2021)	0.62
" Safety outcomes were monitored throughout, and pharmacokinetic samples were obtained after oral and IV administration."	( Temporarily switching from oral to intravenous selexipag in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic results from an open-label, phase III study. Axelsen, LN; Chin, KM; Ewert, R; Gall, H; Hsu Schmitz, SF; Klose, H; Parambil, J; Poch, D; Preston, IR; Seyfarth, HJ; Stein, C, 2021)	0.62
" Blood samples were collected at the designated time points for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Effect of food on the single-dose pharmacokinetics and tolerability of savolitinib in Chinese healthy volunteers. Chen, Q; Ding, Q; Jia, J; Ou, M; Sai, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhu, H, 2022)	0.72
" Parameter estimates were then combined with a published population pharmacokinetic model in Chinese patients to predict human intracellular FAVI-RTP."	( Pharmacokinetic modelling to estimate intracellular favipiravir ribofuranosyl-5'-triphosphate exposure to support posology for SARS-CoV-2. Khoo, SH; Owen, A; Pertinez, H; Rajoli, RKR, 2021)	0.62
" The aqueous solubility and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties of the FAV-ILs were also evaluated."	( Favipiravir-Based Ionic Liquids as Potent Antiviral Drugs for Oral Delivery: Synthesis, Solubility, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation. Ali, MK; Goto, M; Moniruzzaman, M; Moshikur, RM; Wakabayashi, R, 2021)	0.62
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data of acalabrutinib were also discussed."	( Assessing the pharmacokinetics of acalabrutinib in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Li, J; Miao, Y; Xu, W, 2021)	0.62
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed based on the data of these studies."	( Acalabrutinib CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interactions: Clinical evaluations and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to inform dose adjustment strategy. Chen, B; Cheung, J; Lai, R; Sarvaria, N; Sharma, S; Vishwanathan, K; Ware, J; Wei, H; Yotvat, M; Zhou, D; Zhou, L, 2022)	0.72
" The objectives of these analyses were to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model for voxelotor in both plasma and whole blood in adults and adolescents to support the dose selection for optimal target engagement and to identify covariates that have a significant effect on voxelotor pharmacokinetics (PK) in plasma and whole blood."	( Model-informed drug development of voxelotor in sickle cell disease: Population pharmacokinetics in whole blood and plasma. Green, ML; Jorga, K; Savic, RM; Washington, CB; Zager, M, 2022)	0.72
"To develop a mathematical model combined between physiologically based pharmacokinetic and BTK occupancy (PBPK-BO) to simultaneously predict pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) changes of acalabrutinib (ACA) and active metabolite ACP-5862 in healthy humans as well as PD in patients."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic combined BTK occupancy modeling for optimal dosing regimen prediction of acalabrutinib in patients alone, with different CYP3A4 variants, co-administered with CYP3A4 modulators and with hepatic impairment. Liu, H; Liu, Y; Wang, G; Xu, L; Yi, B; Yu, S, 2022)	0.72
" The method was then successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic comparison between normoxic and hypoxic rats."	( Quantification of Acipimox in Plasma and Tissues by LC-MS/MS: Application to Pharmacokinetic Comparison between Normoxia and Hypoxia. Deng, H; Gao, Y; Lai, C; Li, G; Shen, X; Wang, L; Wang, N; Yu, H; Zhou, L; Zhou, W, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The effects of timolol alone and in combination with a fixed dose of hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride have been studied in a double-blind, controlled study in fifty-four patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension."	( Evaluation of the effect of timolol alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride in the treatment of mild to moderate arterial hypertension: a double-blind, controlled study. Agabiti-Rosei, E; Alicandri, C; Ambrosioni, E; Magnani, B; Miele, N; Muiesan, G, 1976)	0.26
" In these patients, the doubling of diuretic dose (hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg + amiloride 5 mg) in combination with atenolol resulted in a further drop in systolic pressure (to 142."	( Effects of hydrochlorothiazide combined with amiloride in atenolol-resistant hypertensive patients. Bentivoglio, M; Corea, L; Verdecchia, P, 1983)	0.27
" To clarify their role, we studied the influence of inhibition of plasma FFA levels, induced by 500 mg oral acipimox (ACX), an antilipolytic drug, on the GH response to GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) alone or combined with arginine ([ARG] study A) in six normal women ([NS] aged 24 to 37 years; body mass index, 22."	( Effects of acipimox, an antilipolytic drug, on the growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hormone alone or combined with arginine in obesity. Boffano, GM; Camanni, F; Ghigo, E; Grottoli, S; Maccario, M; Oleandri, SE; Procopio, M; Taliano, M, 1996)	0.29
" To evaluate the anti-cancer activity of vesnarinone in combination with irradiation, we investigated the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on human lung cancer cell lines (PC-9 and Lu 134A) using MTT assay and isobologram analysis."	( Effects of quinolinone derivative, vesnarinone, in combination with irradiation on human lung cancer cell lines. Fujita, M; Fujita, T; Higashino, K; Tsuchida, T, )	0.13
" We have studied the anti-cancer effect of vesnarinone in combination with cisplatin, VP-16 (etoposide) and gemcitabine, against human lung cancer cell lines (PC-9 and Lu 134A) using the MTT assay and isobologram analysis."	( Effect of vesnarinone in combination with anti-cancer drugs on lung cancer cell lines. Fujita, M; Higashino, K; Tsuchida, T, 1999)	0.3
"To assess the efficacy of Ligustrazine in combination with propranolol in the prevention of recurrent esophageal varices bleeding following liver cirrhosis, and its act mechanism."	( [A randomized controlled study of ligustrazine in combination with propranolol for prevention of recurrent esophageal varices bleeding]. Chen, D; Li, X; Zou, J, 2000)	0.31
"To evaluate the maximum-tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and pharmacokinetic profile of vesnarinone given once daily in combination with gemcitabine."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer. Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, SA; Garner, AM; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Mallikaarjun, S; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL; Tammara, BK; Von Hoff, DD, 2000)	0.31
"Twenty-six patients were treated with oral vesnarinone once daily on a continuous schedule at doses of 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 mg in combination with intravenous (IV) gemcitabine at a dose of 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer. Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, SA; Garner, AM; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Mallikaarjun, S; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL; Tammara, BK; Von Hoff, DD, 2000)	0.31
"When combined with gemcitabine, the recommended dose of vesnarinone for phase II evaluations is 90 mg orally once daily with gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) IV on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer. Drengler, RL; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, SA; Garner, AM; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Mallikaarjun, S; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL; Tammara, BK; Von Hoff, DD, 2000)	0.31
"Bortezomib and TRAIL represent a synergistic drug combination that warrants further evaluation in in vivo models of prostate cancer."	( Drug interactions between the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and cytotoxic chemotherapy, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in prostate cancer. Adams, J; An, J; Belldegrun, A; Fisher, M; Rettig, MB; Sun, YP, 2003)	0.32
"Bortezomib improves efficacy in combination with gemcitabine and carboplatin in NSCLC, but sequential effects are important and must be considered when developing therapeutic regimens."	( Effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib alone and in combination with chemotherapy in the A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cell line. Bold, RJ; Mortenson, MM; Schlieman, MG; Virudachalam, S, 2004)	0.32
"3 mg/m2 IV days 1, 4, 8, and 11 every 3 weeks for eight cycles in combination with dexamethasone."	( Bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. Berdel, WE; Bisping, G; Kienast, J; Kropff, MH; Tchinda, J; Volpert, S; Wenning, D, 2005)	0.33
"The anti-tumour in vitro activity of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (PS-341, VELCADE) in combination with purine nucleoside analogues, cladribine (2-CdA) and fludarabine (FA) was tested in lymphocytes derived from 26 patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL)."	( In vitro cytotoxic effect of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in combination with purine nucleoside analogues on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Cebula, B; Duechler, M; Linke, A; Robak, T; Schwarzmeier, JD; Shehata, M; Smolewski, P, 2005)	0.33
" The observed increase was especially evident when 5 nm of bortezomib were combined with suboptimal doses of 2-CdA or FA."	( In vitro cytotoxic effect of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in combination with purine nucleoside analogues on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Cebula, B; Duechler, M; Linke, A; Robak, T; Schwarzmeier, JD; Shehata, M; Smolewski, P, 2005)	0.33
"Bortezomib, as a single agent and in combination with dexamethasone, was examined as first-line treatment in 32 consecutive patients with untreated symptomatic multiple myeloma."	( Bortezomib therapy alone and in combination with dexamethasone for previously untreated symptomatic multiple myeloma. Camacho, E; Crowley, J; Durie, BG; Gabayan, E; Irwin, D; Jagannath, S; Lutzky, J; Mazumder, A; McKinley, M; Schenkein, D; Wolf, J, 2005)	0.33
" To address the likelihood of clinical drug-drug interactions, the P450 inhibition potential of bortezomib and its major deboronated metabolites M1 and M2 and their dealkylated metabolites M3 and M4 was evaluated in human liver microsomes for the major P450 isoforms 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4/5."	( Investigation of drug-drug interaction potential of bortezomib in vivo in female Sprague-Dawley rats and in vitro in human liver microsomes. Gallegos, R; Gan, LS; Li, P; Lu, C; Miwa, GT; Nix, D; Pusalkar, S; Uttamsingh, V; Xia, CQ, 2006)	0.33
" We studied the in vitro cytotoxic effects of BOR in combination with anti-CD20 (rituximab, RIT) or anti-CD52 (campath, CAM) monoclonal antibodies on B-CLL cells."	( Additive cytotoxic effect of bortezomib in combination with anti-CD20 or anti-CD52 monoclonal antibodies on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Cebula, B; Duechler, M; Grzybowska-Izydorczyk, O; Linke, A; Robak, T; Shehata, M; Smolewski, P, 2006)	0.33
"We present here a case of severe, but reversible, congestive cardiac failure in a lung cancer patient who had no prior cardiac history, after receiving an experimental treatment of bortezomib combined with chemotherapy."	( Severe reversible cardiac failure after bortezomib treatment combined with chemotherapy in a non-small cell lung cancer patient: a case report. Giaccone, G; Voortman, J, 2006)	0.33
" Two different treatment schedules of bortezomib in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin were tested in this phase I study to evaluate the effects of scheduling on toxicities, pharmacodynamics and clinical activity."	( A phase I and pharmacologic study of sequences of the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (PS-341, Velcade), in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with advanced malignancies. Adjei, AA; Alberts, SR; Bruzek, L; Croghan, GA; Erlichman, C; Hanson, LJ; Jatoi, A; Ma, C; Mandrekar, SJ; Pitot, HC; Reid, JM; Tan, AD; Wright, JJ, 2007)	0.34
" Findings from preclinical studies prompted a Phase I trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of bortezomib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with recurring/refractory advanced solid tumors."	( Phase I clinical trial of bortezomib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. Appleman, LJ; Clark, JW; Cusack, J; Eder, JP; Enzinger, PC; Fidias, P; Fishman, M; Kashala, O; Lynch, T; Ryan, DP; Supko, JG; Zhu, AX, 2006)	0.33
"Bortezomib has modest single-agent activity in patients with relapsed or refractory advanced NSCLC using this schedule, with minor enhancement in combination with docetaxel."	( Randomized phase II study of bortezomib alone and bortezomib in combination with docetaxel in previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Akerley, W; Axelrod, R; Belt, R; Carbone, DP; Crawford, J; Fanucchi, MP; Fidias, P; Fossella, FV; Govindan, R; Kashala, O; Kelly, K; Limentani, SA; Natale, R; Raez, LE; Reimers, HJ; Ribeiro, M; Robert, F; Schiller, JH; Sheng, S, 2006)	0.33
"To investigate the efficacy and toxicity of bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma(MM)."	( [Bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma]. Chen, YB; Fu, WJ; Hou, J; Xi, H; Yang, SL; Yuan, ZG; Zhou, F, 2006)	0.33
"Bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone is an effective therapy with a high response rate and manageable toxicities for patients with relapsed or refractory myeloma."	( [Bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma]. Chen, YB; Fu, WJ; Hou, J; Xi, H; Yang, SL; Yuan, ZG; Zhou, F, 2006)	0.33
"The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 (Bortezomib, Velcade) is currently being combined with taxanes in several clinical trials for treatment of patients with various solid tumors including lung cancers."	( Assessment of apoptosis-inducing effects of docetaxel combined with the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 in human lung cancer cells. Jung, CS; Khuri, FR; Sun, SY; Zhou, Z, 2007)	0.34
"The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bortezomib alone and in combination with harringtonine on apoptosis of HL-60 cells."	( [Induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells by bortezomib alone or in combination with harringtonine in vitro]. Fu, YB; Li, L; Meng, FY; Sun, QX, 2007)	0.34
" Furthermore, early phase I/II clinical trials have shown impressive activity of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and conventional doxorubicin in combination with bortezomib in patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory myeloma."	( Emerging data on the use of anthracyclines in combination with bortezomib in multiple myeloma. Orlowski, RZ; Voorhees, PM, 2007)	0.34
"To establish maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and tolerability of two schedules of bortezomib in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine as first-line treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors."	( A parallel dose-escalation study of weekly and twice-weekly bortezomib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in the first-line treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors. Giaccone, G; Honeywell, R; Kuenen, BC; Peters, GJ; Smit, EF; van de Velde, H; Voortman, J, 2007)	0.34
" Bortezomib combined with DEX and CY is a highly effective treatment for relapsed MM at an acceptable rate of grade 3/4 AE."	( Bortezomib in combination with intermediate-dose dexamethasone and continuous low-dose oral cyclophosphamide for relapsed multiple myeloma. Berdel, WE; Bisping, G; Dechow, T; Einsele, H; Engelhardt, M; Heinecke, A; Hentrich, M; Kienast, J; Kröger, N; Kropff, M; Lang, N; Liebisch, P; Metzner, B; Salwender, H; Schuck, E; Sezer, O; Volpert, S; Wolf, HH, 2007)	0.34
"To investigate the effect of bortezomib alone and in combination with arsenic trioxide on apoptosis of HL-60 cells."	( [HL-60 cell apoptosis induced by bortezomib alone or in combination with arsenic trioxide in vitro]. Fu, YB; Li, L; Meng, FY; Sun, QX; Tian, S, 2007)	0.34
"HL-60 cells were treated with bortezomib alone or in combination with arsenic trioxide for 12 to 48 h and the cell proliferation was analyzed with MTT assay, and cell apoptosis detected by DNA gel electrophoresis, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry."	( [HL-60 cell apoptosis induced by bortezomib alone or in combination with arsenic trioxide in vitro]. Fu, YB; Li, L; Meng, FY; Sun, QX; Tian, S, 2007)	0.34
"Dose escalation studies were performed with eight squamous cell carcinoma cell lines using bortezomib alone or in combination with TAX or CDDP."	( Antiproliferative activity of bortezomib alone and in combination with cisplatin or docetaxel in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Ackermann, H; Baghi, M; Gstöttner, W; Hambek, M; Knecht, R; Strebhardt, K; Wagenblast, J, 2008)	0.35
"To investigate the antiproliferative effect of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor MS-275 on cholangiocarcinoma cells alone and in combination with conventional cytostatic drugs (gemcitabine or doxorubicin) or the novel anticancer agents sorafenib or bortezomib."	( Histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 alone or combined with bortezomib or sorafenib exhibits strong antiproliferative action in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Baradari, V; Höpfner, M; Huether, A; Scherübl, H; Schuppan, D, 2007)	0.34
" Furthermore, additive anti-neoplastic effects were observed when MS-275 treatment was combined with gemcitabine or doxorubicin, while combination with the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib or the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib resulted in overadditive anti-neoplastic effects."	( Histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 alone or combined with bortezomib or sorafenib exhibits strong antiproliferative action in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Baradari, V; Höpfner, M; Huether, A; Scherübl, H; Schuppan, D, 2007)	0.34
"The growth of human cholangiocarcinoma cells can be potently inhibited by MS-275 alone or in combination with conventional cytostatic drugs or new, targeted anticancer agents."	( Histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 alone or combined with bortezomib or sorafenib exhibits strong antiproliferative action in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Baradari, V; Höpfner, M; Huether, A; Scherübl, H; Schuppan, D, 2007)	0.34
" Here, we demonstrate its efficacy, both alone and in combination with other cytotoxic agents, in gastric cancer cell lines."	( Antitumor effects and drug interactions of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (PS341) in gastric cancer cells. Doihara, H; Fujita, T; Ino, H; Murakami, M; Naito, M; Shimizu, N; Washio, K, 2007)	0.34
"This phase I trial evaluated the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib when combined with carboplatin in ovarian cancer patients with recurrent and platinum- and taxane-resistant disease."	( Phase I trial of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in combination with carboplatin in patients with platinum- and taxane-resistant ovarian cancer. Coleman, RL; Gershenson, DM; Johnston, TA; Landen, CN; Levenback, C; Milam, MR; Ramirez, PT, 2008)	0.35
"To assess the antitumor efficacy and adverse effects of bortezomib either used alone or in combination with arsenic trioxide for transplanted tumor in nude mice."	( [Effect of bortezomib used alone or in combination with arsenic trioxide on HL-60 cell xenograft in nude mice]. Cai, YX; Fu, YB; Li, L; Meng, FY; Sun, QX, 2007)	0.34
"Bortezomib alone and in combination with arsenic trioxide could both inhibit the growth of the transplanted tumors, prolong the survival of the nude mice, and induce cell apoptosis and growth inhibition of the HL-60 cells in vivo, and the combined administration exhibited even better effects."	( [Effect of bortezomib used alone or in combination with arsenic trioxide on HL-60 cell xenograft in nude mice]. Cai, YX; Fu, YB; Li, L; Meng, FY; Sun, QX, 2007)	0.34
"Bortezomib in combination with arsenic trioxide has significant antitumor effect in nude mice bearing HL-60 cell xenografts possibly by inducing HL-60 cell apoptosis and growth inhibition without producing no significant adverse effects."	( [Effect of bortezomib used alone or in combination with arsenic trioxide on HL-60 cell xenograft in nude mice]. Cai, YX; Fu, YB; Li, L; Meng, FY; Sun, QX, 2007)	0.34
" The objective of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose and dose-limiting toxicities of bortezomib in combination with celecoxib in patients with advanced solid tumors."	( Bortezomib in combination with celecoxib in patients with advanced solid tumors: a phase I trial. Chaudhary, U; Dunder, S; Green, M; Hayslip, J; Kraft, A; Meyer, M; Montero, AJ; Salzer, S; Sherman, C, 2007)	0.34
"Patients received escalating doses of bortezomib either on a weekly schedule (days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 repeated every 42 days) or on a twice-weekly administration schedule (days 1, 4, 8, and 11 repeated every 21 days), in combination with escalating doses of celecoxib twice daily throughout the study period from 200 mg to 400 mg twice daily."	( Bortezomib in combination with celecoxib in patients with advanced solid tumors: a phase I trial. Chaudhary, U; Dunder, S; Green, M; Hayslip, J; Kraft, A; Meyer, M; Montero, AJ; Salzer, S; Sherman, C, 2007)	0.34
"On May 17, 2007, doxorubicin HCl liposome injection (Doxil) in combination with bortezomib (Velcade) received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma after at least one prior therapy that has not included bortezomib."	( Liposomal doxorubicin in combination with bortezomib for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Dagher, R; Farrell, AT; He, K; Justice, R; Ning, YM; Pazdur, R; Sridhara, R, 2007)	0.34
"Liposomal doxorubicin received FDA approval for use in combination with bortezomib in patients with multiple myeloma who have not previously received bortezomib and have received at least one prior therapy."	( Liposomal doxorubicin in combination with bortezomib for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Dagher, R; Farrell, AT; He, K; Justice, R; Ning, YM; Pazdur, R; Sridhara, R, 2007)	0.34
" Thirty-two patients were treated with bortezomib alone and 25 were treated with chemotherapeutic agents that were given in combination with bortezomib."	( Bortezomib in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents for multiple myeloma compared with bortezomib alone. Eom, KS; Han, K; Kim, CC; Kim, M; Kim, Y; Lee, JW; Lee, MJ; Lee, S; Lim, J; Min, CK; Min, WS, 2007)	0.34
" In patients who received bortezomib combined with chemotherapeutic agents, 19 out of 25 patients (76%) showed an EOR, whereas 12 out of 32 patients (37."	( Bortezomib in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents for multiple myeloma compared with bortezomib alone. Eom, KS; Han, K; Kim, CC; Kim, M; Kim, Y; Lee, JW; Lee, MJ; Lee, S; Lim, J; Min, CK; Min, WS, 2007)	0.34
"Bortezomib in combination with common chemotherapeutic agents is more active in the treatment of relapsed, refractory MM than with bortezomib alone."	( Bortezomib in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents for multiple myeloma compared with bortezomib alone. Eom, KS; Han, K; Kim, CC; Kim, M; Kim, Y; Lee, JW; Lee, MJ; Lee, S; Lim, J; Min, CK; Min, WS, 2007)	0.34
" We conducted a phase I study of gemcitabine and carboplatin in combination with bortezomib."	( The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in combination with gemcitabine and carboplatin in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a California Cancer Consortium Phase I study. Bold, R; Davies, AM; Gandara, DR; Gumerlock, PH; Lara, PN; Lau, DH; Lenz, HJ; Ruel, C; Schenkein, DP; Shibata, S, 2008)	0.35
" We propose that this novel drug combination should receive further evaluation as a potentially effective anticancer therapy."	( Aggravated endoplasmic reticulum stress as a basis for enhanced glioblastoma cell killing by bortezomib in combination with celecoxib or its non-coxib analogue, 2,5-dimethyl-celecoxib. Chen, TC; Golden, EB; Hofman, FM; Kardosh, A; Louie, SG; Petasis, NA; Pyrko, P; Schönthal, AH; Uddin, J, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) combined with bortezomib on the proliferation, apoptosis and beta-catenin level in myeloma cell lines."	( [Effect of arsenic trioxide combined with bortezomib on proliferation, apoptosis and beta-catenin level in myeloma cell lines]. Fu, WJ; Hou, J; Wang, DX; Yuan, ZG; Zhou, LL, 2008)	0.35
" No dose-limiting toxicities were noted at all bortezomib dose levels when administered with full dose capecitabine and oxaliplatin."	( Phase I study of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Beard, M; Cohen, SJ; Engstrom, PF; Langer, CJ; Lewis, NL; McLaughlin, S; Meropol, NJ; Weiner, LM, 2008)	0.35
"Weekly bortezomib can be safely combined with full doses of capecitabine and oxaliplatin."	( Phase I study of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Beard, M; Cohen, SJ; Engstrom, PF; Langer, CJ; Lewis, NL; McLaughlin, S; Meropol, NJ; Weiner, LM, 2008)	0.35
" Here we examined the sensitivity of bone marrow cells from AML patients (34 patients: 25 newly diagnosed, 4 relapsed, 5 refractory) to bortezomib alone or in combination with TRAIL, a member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis in tumor cells while sparing normal cells."	( Antitumor activity of bortezomib alone and in combination with TRAIL in human acute myeloid leukemia. Adamo, L; Anastasi, G; Caruso, L; Conticello, C; Cupri, A; De Maria, R; Di Raimondo, F; Giuffrida, R; Giustolisi, R; Gulisano, M; Iannolo, G; Moschetti, G; Palumbo, GA; Vicari, L, 2008)	0.35
" Bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone was administered as first-line treatment in all 7 newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma."	( [Clinical study of bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma]. Li, JY; Lu, H; Qian, SX; Qiu, HX; Shen, WY; Wang, LX; Wu, HX; Wu, YJ; Zhang, JF, 2008)	0.35
" In this study, escalating doses of Bortezomib were administered along with the standard FOLFOX-4 doses, in order to evaluate the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), toxicity profile and activity of the combination."	( An EORTC phase I study of Bortezomib in combination with oxaliplatin, leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Anthoney, A; Bauer, J; Caponigro, F; Govaerts, AS; Lacombe, D; Marréaud, S; Milano, A; Twelves, C, 2009)	0.35
"To investigate the efficacy and toxicity of bortezomib of different doses in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM)."	( [Effects of bortezomib at different doses in combination with dexamethasone in treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a comparative study]. Bao, L; Huang, XJ; Lu, XJ; Zhang, XH, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of bortezomib combined with epirubicin, dexamethasone, and thalidomide (BADT) for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM)."	( Bortezomib in combination with epirubicin, dexamethasone and thalidomide is a highly effective regimen in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a single-center experience. Hu, X; Huang, C; Lü, S; Ni, X; Qiu, H; Wang, J; Xu, X; Yang, J, 2009)	0.35
" Importantly, tumor cells that are partially or completely resistant to mapatumumab or lexatumumab can often be sensitized when treated in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs."	( Mapatumumab and lexatumumab induce apoptosis in TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 antibody-resistant NSCLC cell lines when treated in combination with bortezomib. Carrell, JA; Humphreys, R; Luster, TA; McCormick, K; Sun, D, 2009)	0.35
"To investigate the effect of bortezomib alone or combined with harringtonine (HT) or arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on the proliferation capacity and apoptosis of HL-60/ADM cell line and fresh cells from refractory/relapse acute leukemia patients."	( [In vitro effect of bortezomib alone or in combination with harringtonine or arsenic trioxide on proliferation and apoptosis of multidrug resistant leukemia cells]. Cai, YX; Fu, YB; Li, L; Meng, FY; Sun, QX, 2008)	0.35
"HL-60/ADM cells or refractory/relapse leukemia cells were incubated with bortezomib at different doses alone and in combination with HT or As2O3."	( [In vitro effect of bortezomib alone or in combination with harringtonine or arsenic trioxide on proliferation and apoptosis of multidrug resistant leukemia cells]. Cai, YX; Fu, YB; Li, L; Meng, FY; Sun, QX, 2008)	0.35
" 15 micromol/L As2O3 or 752 nmol/L HT combined with different doses of bortezomib could inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of HL-60/ADM cells."	( [In vitro effect of bortezomib alone or in combination with harringtonine or arsenic trioxide on proliferation and apoptosis of multidrug resistant leukemia cells]. Cai, YX; Fu, YB; Li, L; Meng, FY; Sun, QX, 2008)	0.35
"Bortezomib can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of HL-60/ADM cells and fresh refractory/relapse acute leukemia cells, especially combined with HT or As2O3."	( [In vitro effect of bortezomib alone or in combination with harringtonine or arsenic trioxide on proliferation and apoptosis of multidrug resistant leukemia cells]. Cai, YX; Fu, YB; Li, L; Meng, FY; Sun, QX, 2008)	0.35
" 60 MM patients including 19 de novo patients, out of them 14 patients received the treatment using regimen of bortezomib in combination with thalidomide (BT), 5 patients received bortezomib-methylprednisolone regimen (BMP)."	( [Bortezomib combined with other drugs for treating 60 cases of multiple myeloma]. Chen, SL; Hu, Y; Li, X; Zhang, JJ; Zhong, YP, 2009)	0.35
"A clinical trial was initiated to evaluate the recommended dose of cyclophosphamide in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone as induction treatment before stem cell transplantation for younger patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM)."	( DSMM XI study: dose definition for intravenous cyclophosphamide in combination with bortezomib/dexamethasone for remission induction in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma. Berdel, WE; Einsele, H; Gann, CN; Knop, S; Kropff, M; Liebisch, P; Wand, H; Weisel, K, 2009)	0.35
" Other research groups showed that histone deacetylase inhibitors (valproic acid or benzamide derivative MS-275) in combination with NPI-0052 or PR-171 induced greater levels of acute leukemia cell death than in combination with bortezomib."	( Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of proteasome inhibitors and their combination with histone deacetylase inhibitors on leukemia cells. Fuchs, O; Kuzelova, K; Marinov, I; Provaznikova, D; Spicka, I, 2009)	0.35
"In type 2 diabetes, sitagliptin, in combination with a sulphonylurea, only provides modest efficacy in terms of HbA1c levels and increases the risk of hypoglycaemia."	( Sitagliptin combined with sulphonylureas: new indication. Other treatments are preferable. , 2009)	0.35
"Novel agents have demonstrated enhanced efficacy when combined with other antimyeloma agents especially dexamethasone."	( Bortezomib in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and thalidomide is an effective steroid independent salvage regimen for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: results of a phase II clinical trial. Ailawadhi, S; Barcos, M; Bernstein, ZP; Chanan-Khan, A; Czuczman, MS; Iancu, D; Lee, K; Miller, KC; Mohr, A; Musial, L; Padmanabhan, S; Patel, M; Sher, T; Yu, J, 2009)	0.35
" The present study investigated the effect of bortezomib alone or in combination with a hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase inhibitor, JNJ-26481585 on tumor burden, and MM bone disease in the 5T2MM model."	( Bortezomib alone or in combination with the histone deacetylase inhibitor JNJ-26481585: effect on myeloma bone disease in the 5T2MM murine model of myeloma. Arts, J; Coulton, L; Croucher, P; De Raeve, H; Deleu, S; Lemaire, M; Menu, E; Van Camp, B; Van Valckenborgh, E; Vande Broek, I; Vanderkerken, K, 2009)	0.35
" We report on the extended follow-up of a phase II study in frontline MM of bortezomib alone and in combination with dexamethasone."	( Extended follow-up of a phase 2 trial of bortezomib alone and in combination with dexamethasone for the frontline treatment of multiple myeloma. Camacho, ES; Crowley, J; Durie, BG; Gabayan, AE; Irwin, D; Jagannath, S; Lutzky, J; Mazumder, A; McKinley, M; Potts, P; Vescio, R; Wolf, JL, 2009)	0.35
"A phase I study to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of bortezomib (B) when combined with weekly paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors."	( A dose-finding and pharmacodynamic study of bortezomib in combination with weekly paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors. Bekaii-Saab, T; Byrd, JC; Culler, K; Grever, MR; Lesinski, GB; Lucas, DM; Ramaswamy, B; Ruppert, AS; Schaaf, LJ; Shapiro, CL; Wilkins, D; Wright, JJ; Young, DC, 2010)	0.36
" Preliminary reports from phase I trials using bortezomib in combination with some of these standard cytotoxics have not found any pharmacologic interactions, and toxicities were not significantly increased with these regimens."	( Bortezomib in combination with other therapies for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Orlowski, RZ, 2004)	0.32
"To evaluate the effects and safety of the regimen of bortezomib combined with dexamethasone (VD) in the treatment of primary systemic (AL) amyloidosis."	( [The effects and safety of bortezomib combined with dexamethasone in the treatment of primary systemic amyloidosis]. Li, J; Su, C; Wang, HH; Zeng, LJ; Zhao, Y, 2009)	0.35
"82 ng/ml, but the IC(50) of Jurkat cells treated with bortezomib combined with adriamycin (125 ng/ml) for 24 h was significantly decreased to 20."	( [Apoptosis in Jurkat cells induced by bortezomib combined with adriamycin]. Chen, JF; Jin, J, 2009)	0.35
" The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of bortezomib in combination with chemotherapy and radiation."	( A phase I study of bortezomib in combination with standard 5-fluorouracil and external-beam radiation therapy for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic rectal cancer. Bernard, SA; Calvo, BF; Caskey, LS; Chakravarthy, AB; Chan, E; Goldberg, RM; Ivanova, A; Kim, HJ; Myers, MO; O'Neil, BH; Raftery, L; Sanoff, HK; Tepper, JE; Wise, PE, 2010)	0.36
"The MTD of bortezomib in combination with chemotherapy and radiation may be below a clinically relevant dose, limiting the clinical applicability of this combination."	( A phase I study of bortezomib in combination with standard 5-fluorouracil and external-beam radiation therapy for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic rectal cancer. Bernard, SA; Calvo, BF; Caskey, LS; Chakravarthy, AB; Chan, E; Goldberg, RM; Ivanova, A; Kim, HJ; Myers, MO; O'Neil, BH; Raftery, L; Sanoff, HK; Tepper, JE; Wise, PE, 2010)	0.36
" The apoptotic activity of these molecules, alone or in combination with tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and/or Bortezomib, was tested in melanoma cell lines by MTT viability assays and western blot analysis of activated caspases."	( Novel SMAC-mimetics synergistically stimulate melanoma cell death in combination with TRAIL and Bortezomib. Anichini, A; Bolognesi, M; Delia, D; Drago, C; Kashkar, H; Lecis, D; Manzoni, L; Mastrangelo, E; Scolastico, C; Seneci, P; Walczak, H, 2010)	0.36
" With the purpose of evaluating whether the combination of ATO and bortezomib would be an option for patients with acute leukemia, we incubated HL60 leukemic cells with ATO alone and in combination with bortezomib."	( Synergistic antiproliferative effect of arsenic trioxide combined with bortezomib in HL60 cell line and primary blasts from patients affected by myeloproliferative disorders. Canestraro, M; Cine, N; Galimberti, S; Guerrini, F; Metelli, MR; Nagy, B; Palumbo, GA; Petrini, M; Piaggi, S; Savli, H; Tibullo, D, 2010)	0.36
"Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are generally treated with many pharmacological compounds and are exposed to a high risk of drug-drug interactions."	( Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors (gliptins): focus on drug-drug interactions. Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
" Bortezomib has shown single agent activity of 33% in relapsed MCL and has an additive/synergistic effect in vitro when combined with drugs currently used to treat MCL."	( Phase I trial of bortezomib in combination with rituximab-HyperCVAD alternating with rituximab, methotrexate and cytarabine for untreated aggressive mantle cell lymphoma. Fayad, LE; Feldman, T; Ford, P; Goldberg, S; Goy, A; Hartig, K; Kwak, LW; McLaughlin, P; Pecora, A; Pro, B; Rodriguez, A; Romaguera, JE; Smith, J; Wang, M; Weaver, P, 2010)	0.36
"Velcade combined with dexamethasone is a safe and effective regiment for multiple myeloma with good safety and endurance."	( [Effect of Velcade combined with Dexamethasone on multiple myeloma]. He, Q; He, Y; Tan, D; Zhao, X, 2010)	0.36
" We underwent a dose finding study of bortezomib in combination with a fixed dose of doxorubicin and intermediate-dose dexamethasone (iPAD therapy) in patients with relapsed or refractory myeloma."	( A phase I study of bortezomib in combination with doxorubicin and intermediate-dose dexamethasone (iPAD therapy) for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Choi, I; Hata, H; Higuchi, M; Masaki, Y; Nagafuji, K; Sunami, K; Takamatsu, Y; Tamura, K; Uozumi, K, 2010)	0.36
"Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus when used as monotherapy or in combination with other anti-diabetic drugs (metformin, sulphonylurea, or thiazolidinedione)."	( Efficacy and safety of saxagliptin in combination with metformin compared with sitagliptin in combination with metformin in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Charpentier, G; Gause-Nilsson, I; Hellqvist, A; Ostgren, CJ; Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
"The antiproliferative effects of PQIP, as a single agent and in combination with 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, or SN38, were analyzed against four colorectal cancer cell lines."	( The insulin-like growth factor I receptor/insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor PQIP exhibits enhanced antitumor effects in combination with chemotherapy against colorectal cancer models. Eckhardt, SG; Flanigan, SA; Leong, S; Pitts, TM; Tan, AC; Tentler, JJ; Thorburn, A, 2010)	0.36
" Finally, we show an additive effect of arsenic trioxide on apoptosis when used in combination with ZOL."	( The proapoptotic effect of zoledronic acid is independent of either the bone microenvironment or the intrinsic resistance to bortezomib of myeloma cells and is enhanced by the combination with arsenic trioxide. Abeltino, M; Agnelli, L; Bolzoni, M; Bonomini, S; Colla, S; Giuliani, N; Neri, A; Rizzoli, V; Storti, P; Todoerti, K, 2011)	0.37
"Our in vitro data suggest that the use of ZOL at appropriate doses could be explored clinically in bortezomib-resistant MM patients and combined with arsenic trioxide to increase its proapoptotic effect."	( The proapoptotic effect of zoledronic acid is independent of either the bone microenvironment or the intrinsic resistance to bortezomib of myeloma cells and is enhanced by the combination with arsenic trioxide. Abeltino, M; Agnelli, L; Bolzoni, M; Bonomini, S; Colla, S; Giuliani, N; Neri, A; Rizzoli, V; Storti, P; Todoerti, K, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combination of once-daily insulin detemir (IDet) and sitagliptin (SITA) versus SITA ± sulphonylurea (SU), both in combination with metformin (MET) in insulin-naive subjects."	( Efficacy and safety of insulin detemir once daily in combination with sitagliptin and metformin: the TRANSITION randomized controlled trial. Hollander, P; Liutkus, JF; Raslova, K; Råstam, J; Skjøth, TV, 2011)	0.37
"The combination of once-daily IDet with SITA showed a clinically and significantly better improvement in glycaemic control than SITA in combination with or without SUs."	( Efficacy and safety of insulin detemir once daily in combination with sitagliptin and metformin: the TRANSITION randomized controlled trial. Hollander, P; Liutkus, JF; Raslova, K; Råstam, J; Skjøth, TV, 2011)	0.37
"To determine the safety, target inhibition, and signals of clinical activity of tipifarnib in combination with bortezomib in patients with advanced acute leukemias."	( A phase I clinical-pharmacodynamic study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in advanced acute leukemias. Blaskovich, MA; Burton, M; Cubitt, C; Duong, VH; Lancet, JE; Sebti, S; Stuart, RK; Sullivan, DM; Winton, EF; Wright, JJ; Zhang, S, 2011)	0.37
" Further, the efficacy was enhanced in combination with taxanes and found to be most efficacious when SCH 1473759 was dosed 12-h post-taxane treatment."	( SCH 1473759, a novel Aurora inhibitor, demonstrates enhanced anti-tumor activity in combination with taxanes and KSP inhibitors. Basso, AD; Esposite, S; Gray, K; Hicklin, DJ; Kerekes, AD; Kirschmeier, P; Lee, S; Liang, L; Liu, M; Monsma, FJ; Ponery, A; Smith, EB; Tagat, JR; Tevar, S; Xiao, Y; Yu, T; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.37
"SCH 1473759 demonstrated potent mechanism-based activity, and activity was shown to be enhanced in combination with taxanes and KSP inhibitors."	( SCH 1473759, a novel Aurora inhibitor, demonstrates enhanced anti-tumor activity in combination with taxanes and KSP inhibitors. Basso, AD; Esposite, S; Gray, K; Hicklin, DJ; Kerekes, AD; Kirschmeier, P; Lee, S; Liang, L; Liu, M; Monsma, FJ; Ponery, A; Smith, EB; Tagat, JR; Tevar, S; Xiao, Y; Yu, T; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.37
"To assess effects of proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (Bor) in combination with Daunorubicin (DNR) on proliferation, apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA in primary leukemia cells in vitro."	( [Effects of bortezomib combined with daunorubicin on proliferation and apoptosis in primary adult acute leukemia]. Gong, YP; Yang, X; Zheng, BH; Zhou, RQ, 2010)	0.36
" Combined with Bor (5, 10 nmol/L),the IC50 of DNR decreased from (102 +/- 27) nmol/L to (73 +/- 26), (55 +/- 22) nmol/L respectively."	( [Effects of bortezomib combined with daunorubicin on proliferation and apoptosis in primary adult acute leukemia]. Gong, YP; Yang, X; Zheng, BH; Zhou, RQ, 2010)	0.36
"Bor combined with DNR shows synergetic effect in promoting the apoptosis of adult acute leukemia primary cells as well as inhibitory effect on the proliferation of leukemia cells."	( [Effects of bortezomib combined with daunorubicin on proliferation and apoptosis in primary adult acute leukemia]. Gong, YP; Yang, X; Zheng, BH; Zhou, RQ, 2010)	0.36
" The MTD was determined to be 1·6 mg/m(2) bortezomib on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 in combination with 25 mg temsirolimus on days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29, for a cycle of 35 days."	( Weekly bortezomib in combination with temsirolimus in relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a multicentre, phase 1/2, open-label, dose-escalation study. Anderson, KC; Armand, P; Bagshaw, M; Banwait, R; Chuma, S; Dollard, A; Ghobrial, IM; Harris, B; Jakubowiak, AJ; Kunsman, J; Laubach, J; Leduc, R; Maiso, P; Munshi, NC; Poon, T; Richardson, PG; Roccaro, A; Rodig, S; Sam, A; Schlossman, R; Vij, R; Warren, D; Weller, E, 2011)	0.37
"mTOR inhibitors could have a role in combination with weekly bortezomib for the treatment of patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma without the addition of steroids."	( Weekly bortezomib in combination with temsirolimus in relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a multicentre, phase 1/2, open-label, dose-escalation study. Anderson, KC; Armand, P; Bagshaw, M; Banwait, R; Chuma, S; Dollard, A; Ghobrial, IM; Harris, B; Jakubowiak, AJ; Kunsman, J; Laubach, J; Leduc, R; Maiso, P; Munshi, NC; Poon, T; Richardson, PG; Roccaro, A; Rodig, S; Sam, A; Schlossman, R; Vij, R; Warren, D; Weller, E, 2011)	0.37
" Antitumor activity of bortezomib in combination with EGCG or ascorbic acid was determined using several dosing regimens to evaluate different target plasma concentrations of EGCG and ascorbic acid."	( Preclinical evaluation of the antitumor activity of bortezomib in combination with vitamin C or with epigallocatechin gallate, a component of green tea. Bannerman, B; Berger, A; Bolen, J; Claiborne, C; Dick, L; Fleming, P; Hales, P; Jones, M; Kupperman, E; Manfredi, M; Monbaliu, J; Tsu, C; Xu, L; Yu, J, 2011)	0.37
" However, when combined with EGCG such that the plasma concentrations of EGCG were >200 μM at the time of bortezomib dosing, all antitumor activity was abrogated (TGI = -17."	( Preclinical evaluation of the antitumor activity of bortezomib in combination with vitamin C or with epigallocatechin gallate, a component of green tea. Bannerman, B; Berger, A; Bolen, J; Claiborne, C; Dick, L; Fleming, P; Hales, P; Jones, M; Kupperman, E; Manfredi, M; Monbaliu, J; Tsu, C; Xu, L; Yu, J, 2011)	0.37
" Our findings provide new insights for the treatment of high-risk MDS, using either Bortezomib alone, or in combination with conventional antineoplastic agents."	( Antitumor activity and drug interactions of proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib in human high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome cells. Ding, T; Huang, J; Jin, J; Liu, H; Sun, X; Yang, M, 2011)	0.37
"The activity and safety of bortezomib in combination with rituximab and dexamethasone were investigated in patients with relapsed or chemotherapy-refractory mantle cell lymphoma."	( Bortezomib combined with rituximab and dexamethasone is an active regimen for patients with relapsed and chemotherapy-refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Chott, A; Drach, J; Hoffmann, M; Kaufmann, H; Lamm, W; Raderer, M; Zielinski, C, 2011)	0.37
"Bortezomib combined with rituximab and dexamethasone has promising activity and manageable toxicity in patients with heavily pretreated mantle cell lymphoma."	( Bortezomib combined with rituximab and dexamethasone is an active regimen for patients with relapsed and chemotherapy-refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Chott, A; Drach, J; Hoffmann, M; Kaufmann, H; Lamm, W; Raderer, M; Zielinski, C, 2011)	0.37
"This study was aimed to investigate the apoptosis induced by bortezomib combined with As(2)O(3) in APL cell line NB4 and its mechanism."	( [NB4 cell apoptosis induced by bortezomib combined with As(2)O(3) and its mechanism]. Chen, XW; Xia, HL; Xia, RX, 2011)	0.37
"This study was aimed to investigate the effect of curcumin in combination with bortezomib on the proliferation and apoptosis of human MM cell line H929 in vitro, and to explore its mechanisms."	( [Effect of curcumin in combination with bortezomib on proliferation and apoptosis of human multiple myeloma cell line H929 and its mechanism]. Bai, QX; Chen, JJ; Huang, GS; Yang, LJ; Zhang, XY; Zhao, H, 2011)	0.37
"This study was aimed to investigate the effect of bortezomib alone or combined with arsenic trioxide on the apoptosis of Jurkat cells and expression of livin mRNA."	( [Effects of bortezomib alone or combined with arsenic trioxide on the apoptosis of Jurkat cells and expression of livin mRNA]. Sun, ZQ; Tan, DW, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of this study was to explore the clinical effect and toxicity of bortezomib combined with methylprednisolone in treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM)."	( [Effects of bortezomib combined with methylprednisolone in treatment of 33 cases of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma]. An, N; Chen, SL; Hu, Y; Li, X; Zhang, JJ; Zhong, YP, 2011)	0.37
"To observe the effect of inhalation of aerosolized perfluorocarbon combined with tetramethylpyrazine on the hemodynamics and histopathology in a porcine model of acute lung injury."	( [Inhalation of aerosolized perfluorocarbon combined with tetramethylpyrazine ameliorates hemodynamics and pulmonary histopathology in a porcine model of acute lung injury]. Li, YL; Peng, XM; Shuai, B; Wang, HD; Wang, YP; Wang, ZH; Xie, JH, 2011)	0.37
" Increased platinum accumulation may result in increased platinum-DNA binding so that CS in combination with Bort may produce pronounced cell kill."	( Modulation of cisplatin cytotoxicity due to its combination with bortezomib and the nature of its administration. Al-Eisawi, Z; Beale, P; Chan, C; Huq, F; Yu, JQ, 2011)	0.37
" Mechanistically, SAHA combined with bortezomib enhanced protein ubiquitination synergistically and enhanced histone acetylation by inhibiting the expression of HDACs."	( Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) combined with bortezomib inhibits renal cancer growth by enhancing histone acetylation and protein ubiquitination synergistically. Asano, T; Ito, K; Sato, A; Sumitomo, M, 2012)	0.38
"SAHA combined with bortezomib inhibits the proliferation of renal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and the effectiveness of the combination is due to its synergistic enhancement of histone acetylation and protein ubiquitination."	( Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) combined with bortezomib inhibits renal cancer growth by enhancing histone acetylation and protein ubiquitination synergistically. Asano, T; Ito, K; Sato, A; Sumitomo, M, 2012)	0.38
"This study was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of bortezomib combined with autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoPBSCT) for patients with multiple myeloma (MM)."	( [Bortezomib combined with autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for therapy of patients with multiple myeloma]. Bai, H; Ling, YQ; Wang, CB; Wang, ML; Wu, B; Zhang, Q, 2011)	0.37
" We therefore conducted a phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy of vorinostat in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with recurrent GBM."	( Phase II trial of vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in recurrent glioblastoma: a north central cancer treatment group study. Anderson, SK; Buckner, J; Friday, BB; Galanis, E; Geoffroy, F; Giannini, C; Gross, H; Jaeckle, K; Mazurczak, M; Pajon, E; Schwerkoske, J; Yu, C, 2012)	0.38
" In the present study, we investigated the preclinical activity of ACY-1215, an HDAC6-selective inhibitor, alone and in combination with bortezomib in MM."	( Preclinical activity, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties of a selective HDAC6 inhibitor, ACY-1215, in combination with bortezomib in multiple myeloma. Anderson, KC; Bradner, J; Canavese, M; Cirstea, D; Eda, H; Hideshima, T; Jarpe, M; Jones, SS; Kung, AL; Mazitschek, R; Ogier, WC; Raje, N; Rodig, S; Santo, L; Scullen, T; Tamang, D; Tseng, JC; van Duzer, JH; Yang, M, 2012)	0.38
"To evaluate the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and efficacy of elotuzumab in combination with bortezomib in patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM)."	( Phase I trial of anti-CS1 monoclonal antibody elotuzumab in combination with bortezomib in the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Afar, DE; Anderson, KC; Bensinger, W; Benson, DM; Jakubowiak, AJ; Mohrbacher, A; Richardson, PG; Siegel, DS; Singhal, AK; Zimmerman, TM, 2012)	0.38
"To investigate reversal effect of histone deacetylase inhibitor LBH589 alone or in combination with proteasome inhibitor bortezomib on drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and its mechanism."	( [Reversal effect of LBH589 alone or in combination with bortezomib on drug-resistance in myeloid leukemia and its mechanism]. Chen, WW; Huang, KK; Huang, M; Jiang, XJ; Meng, FY; Wang, Q; Wang, ZX; Wu, FQ; Zhou, HS, 2011)	0.37
" These data suggest that this drug combination may be useful as a therapy for solid tumors."	( Combination with bortezomib enhances the antitumor effects of nanoparticle-encapsulated thiostrepton. Gartel, AL; Wang, M, 2012)	0.38
"This study aimed to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of weekly bortezomib in combination with fixed standard doses of carboplatin and bevacizumab, and to estimate the efficacy (response rate and progression free survival [PFS]) and safety of combination therapy with carboplatin, bortezomib, and bevacizumab as first-line therapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( Phase-I/II study of bortezomib in combination with carboplatin and bevacizumab as first-line therapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Bathini, V; Bradley, K; Hanrahan-Boshes, M; Hutchinson, L; Perez-Soler, R; Piperdi, B; Walsh, WV; Zhou, Z, 2012)	0.38
"8 mg/m weekly on day 1 and day 8 in combination with carboplatin AUC 6 and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg on every 21-day cycle."	( Phase-I/II study of bortezomib in combination with carboplatin and bevacizumab as first-line therapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Bathini, V; Bradley, K; Hanrahan-Boshes, M; Hutchinson, L; Perez-Soler, R; Piperdi, B; Walsh, WV; Zhou, Z, 2012)	0.38
"Bortezomib has demonstrated efficacy in patients with relapsed B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) both alone and in combination with other agents; however, limited data exist regarding its toxicity in combination with common frontline therapies for indolent NHL."	( A phase 1 dose escalation study of bortezomib combined with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, modified vincristine, and prednisone for untreated follicular lymphoma and other low-grade B-cell lymphomas. Bumpers, K; Flowers, CR; Heffner, LT; Hutchison-Rzepka, A; Kaufman, JL; Khoury, HJ; King, N; Lechowicz, MJ; Lewis, C; Lonial, S; Shenoy, PJ; Sinha, R; Tighiouart, M, 2012)	0.38
"Bortezomib combined with modified R-CHOP produced high response rates without substantial increases in toxicity."	( A phase 1 dose escalation study of bortezomib combined with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, modified vincristine, and prednisone for untreated follicular lymphoma and other low-grade B-cell lymphomas. Bumpers, K; Flowers, CR; Heffner, LT; Hutchison-Rzepka, A; Kaufman, JL; Khoury, HJ; King, N; Lechowicz, MJ; Lewis, C; Lonial, S; Shenoy, PJ; Sinha, R; Tighiouart, M, 2012)	0.38
"We performed a phase II study to evaluate the efficacy of bortezomib in combination with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone) as first-line treatment for patients with stage III/IV peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) based on our phase I study results."	( Bortezomib in combination with CHOP as first-line treatment for patients with stage III/IV peripheral T-cell lymphomas: a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Do, IG; Huh, J; Kang, HJ; Kim, HJ; Kim, HK; Kim, JS; Kim, SJ; Kim, WS; Ko, YH; Lee, J; Lee, SS; Min, SK; Park, SK; Ryoo, BY; Suh, C; Yang, WI; Yoon, DH, 2012)	0.38
"To study the influence of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside (SDG) combined with Bortezomib on induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cell line A549 and its relative mechanisms."	( [Effects of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside combined with bortezomib on induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cell line A549]. Li, XW; Yang, JR, 2012)	0.38
"The results demonstrate that SDG combined with Bortezomib can significantly induce apoptosis of A549 cells, its mechanisms may be involved in activation of the JNK pathway."	( [Effects of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside combined with bortezomib on induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cell line A549]. Li, XW; Yang, JR, 2012)	0.38
" This phase I trial was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of weekly bortezomib induction combined with Y-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan followed at the time of count recovery by weekly bortezomib consolidation in patients with relapsed/refractory follicular or transformed non-Hodgkin lymphoma."	( Bortezomib may be safely combined with Y-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan in patients with relapsed/refractory follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a phase I trial of combined induction therapy and bortezomib consolidation. Cilley, J; Evens, AM; Gallot, L; Gordon, LI; Larson, A; Patton, D; Rademaker, A; Roy, R; Spies, S; Variakojis, D; Winter, JN, 2013)	0.39
" We analyzed the proapoptotic effects of both TRAIL versions in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BZB) in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes as well as in intact explants from HCC and healthy liver tissue."	( Increased apoptosis induction in hepatocellular carcinoma by a novel tumor-targeted TRAIL fusion protein combined with bortezomib. Bantel, H; Kontermann, R; Krech, T; Länger, F; Lehner, F; Manns, MP; Nüssler, A; Pfizenmaier, K; Schulze-Osthoff, K; Siegemund, M; Vondran, F; Wahl, K, 2013)	0.39
" We examined this drug combination in advanced relapsing and/or refractory MM patients (n = 34)."	( Phase I trial of vorinostat combined with bortezomib for the treatment of relapsing and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Graef, T; Hardwick, JS; Hussein, M; Jagannath, S; Lupinacci, L; Schiller, GJ; Sobecks, RM; Weber, DM, 2012)	0.38
" Vorinostat combined with bortezomib has demonstrated synergistic antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity in preclinical models of MM."	( Phase I trial of vorinostat combined with bortezomib for the treatment of relapsing and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Graef, T; Hardwick, JS; Hussein, M; Jagannath, S; Lupinacci, L; Schiller, GJ; Sobecks, RM; Weber, DM, 2012)	0.38
"This randomized, open-label, crossover study investigated potential drug-drug interactions between the sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor empagliflozin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor sitagliptin."	( Pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, coadministered with sitagliptin in healthy volunteers. Brand, T; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2012)	0.38
"Abstract This phase I study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor 17-allyamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) in combination with bortezomib, and to provide pharmacokinetic data in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML)."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose escalation of the heat shock protein inhibitor 17-allyamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in combination with bortezomib in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Binkley, P; Blum, KA; Blum, W; Byrd, JC; Garzon, R; Geyer, S; Grever, MR; Jiang, Y; Johnston, JS; Kefauver, C; Klisovic, R; Marcucci, G; Phelps, MA; Walker, AR, 2013)	0.39
"This study was aimed to further explore the apoptosis-inducing effect of bortezomib combined with cytarabine (Ara-C) on U937 cell line."	( [Mechanism of apoptosis synergistically induced by bortezomib combined with cytarabine in U937 cell line]. DU, SH; DU, X; He, C; Jia, PM; Tong, JH; Zhou, L, 2012)	0.38
"This study was aimed to investigate the effect of arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) alone and in combination with bortezomib (Bor) on proliferation and apoptosis of leukemia cell line K562, and to analyze the potential mechanism."	( [Effects of arsenic trioxide combined with bortezomib on proliferation and apoptosis of K562 cells and their mechanism]. Hao, LM; Huang, JQ; Li, XM; Wang, SM; Wei, LY; Wu, HY, 2012)	0.38
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and characterize the dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) of tanespimycin when given in combination with bortezomib."	( Phase I study of tanespimycin in combination with bortezomib in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Ames, MM; Erlichman, C; Hendrickson, AE; Menefee, M; Northfelt, D; Qin, R; Satele, D; Schenk, E; Toft, DO, 2013)	0.39
" A number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the activity and safety of bortezomib either alone or in combination with several cytotoxic agents and radiation."	( Effect of bortezomib in combination with cisplatin and 5‑fluorouracil on 4T1 breast cancer cells. Altıkat, S; Boyaci, I; Cavga, FZ; Irmak, R; Kocacan, SA; Yerlikaya, A, 2013)	0.39
"The protease inhibitor bortezomib attenuates the action of NF-κB and has shown preclinical activity alone and in combination with chemotherapy."	( A phase I trial of bortezomib in combination with epirubicin, carboplatin and capecitabine (ECarboX) in advanced oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma. Eatock, MM; Gallagher, R; James, CR; Law, D; Millar, J; Morris, M; Napier, E; Purcell, C; Turkington, RC; Wilson, RH, 2014)	0.4
"6 mg m(-2) on days 1 and 8 from cycle 2 onwards) in combination with Epirubicin 50 mg m(-2) intravenously on day 1, Carboplatin AUC 5 day 1 and Capecitabine 625 mg m(-2) BD days 1-21 every 21 days (VECarboX regimen), in patients with advanced oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma."	( A phase I trial of bortezomib in combination with epirubicin, carboplatin and capecitabine (ECarboX) in advanced oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma. Eatock, MM; Gallagher, R; James, CR; Law, D; Millar, J; Morris, M; Napier, E; Purcell, C; Turkington, RC; Wilson, RH, 2014)	0.4
"Thalidomide, the first clinically available immunomodulatory drug, reaches monotherapy treatment response in about 1/ 3 of significantly pretreated patients with multiple myeloma, and in combination with glucocorticoids approximately 50% response rate."	( [Thalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma: focus on combination with bortezomib]. Gumulec, J; Hájek, R; Plonková, H, 2013)	0.39
"We conducted a phase I dose escalation study to determine the maximal tolerated dose of bortezomib that could be combined with standard dose lenalidomide in patients with MDS or AML."	( Phase I dose escalation study of bortezomib in combination with lenalidomide in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Amrein, PC; Attar, EC; Ballen, KK; Deangelo, DJ; Fathi, AT; Foster, J; Fraser, JW; McAfee, S; Neuberg, D; Steensma, DP; Stone, RM; Wadleigh, M, 2013)	0.39
"To compare the efficacy and safety of standard or reduced doses of bortezomib combined with adriamycin and dexamethasone (PAD) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM)."	( [Efficacy comparison between standard and reduced doses of bortezomib combined with adriamycin and dexamethasone in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma]. Bai, QX; Chen, XQ; Dong, BX; Gao, GX; Gu, HT; Liang, R; Shu, MM; Yang, L; Zhang, T; Zhang, YQ, 2013)	0.39
" PANORAMA 2 is a phase 2 trial of panobinostat in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone to treat patients with relapsed and bortezomib-refractory multiple myeloma (with ≥2 prior lines of therapy, including an immunomodulatory drug, and patients who had progressed on or within 60 days of the last bortezomib-based therapy)."	( PANORAMA 2: panobinostat in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed and bortezomib-refractory myeloma. Alsina, M; Coutre, SE; Gasparetto, C; Khan, M; Lonial, S; Mukhopadhyay, S; Ondovik, MS; Paley, CS; Richardson, PG; Schlossman, RL; Weber, DM, 2013)	0.39
"We aimed to assess efficacy and tolerability of vorinostat in combination with bortezomib for treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma."	( Vorinostat or placebo in combination with bortezomib in patients with multiple myeloma (VANTAGE 088): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind study. Anderson, KC; Blacklock, H; Dimopoulos, M; Eid, JE; Facon, T; Goldschmidt, H; Graef, T; Hajek, R; Houp, J; Hungria, V; Lonial, S; Palumbo, A; Qi, J; Rosinol, L; Siegel, DS; Spencer, A; Sun, L; Vuocolo, S; Williams, C, 2013)	0.39
" We randomly allocated patients (1:1) using an interactive voice response system to receive 21 day cycles of bortezomib (1·3 mg/m(2) intravenously on days 1, 4, 8, and 11) in combination with oral vorinostat (400 mg) or matching placebo once-daily on days 1-14."	( Vorinostat or placebo in combination with bortezomib in patients with multiple myeloma (VANTAGE 088): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind study. Anderson, KC; Blacklock, H; Dimopoulos, M; Eid, JE; Facon, T; Goldschmidt, H; Graef, T; Hajek, R; Houp, J; Hungria, V; Lonial, S; Palumbo, A; Qi, J; Rosinol, L; Siegel, DS; Spencer, A; Sun, L; Vuocolo, S; Williams, C, 2013)	0.39
"A phase I study to assess the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), pharmacokinetics (PK) and antitumor activity of vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumors."	( A phase I study of vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in patients with advanced malignancies. Alberti, D; Ames, MM; Attia, S; Bailey, HH; Eickhoff, J; Espinoza-Delgado, I; Hoang, T; Holen, KD; Jiang, Z; Kolesar, JM; Marnocha, R; McGovern, RM; Reid, JM; Schelman, WR; Traynor, AM; Wilding, G; Wright, JJ, 2013)	0.39
" We previously examined a once-daily continuous dosing schedule of vorinostat in combination with bortezomib which was well tolerated in cycles 1 and 2; however, there was concern regarding the tolerability through multiple cycles."	( A Phase I study of intermittently dosed vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Alberti, D; Ames, MM; Bailey, HH; Deming, DA; Eickhoff, J; Espinoza-Delgado, I; Kolesar, JM; Marnocha, R; McGovern, RM; Ninan, J; Reid, JM; Schelman, WR; Wilding, G; Wright, J, 2014)	0.4
" We present a case of POEMS syndrome in a 33-year-old woman, who was successfully treated with BorDex (bortezomib and dexamethasone) combined with radiotherapy, and followed by ASCT."	( Successful treatment of POEMS syndrome with bortezomib and dexamethasone, combined with radiotherapy, and followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. Hagihara, M; Hattori, Y; Ishigatsubo, Y; Ishii, Y; Ishiyama, Y; Tomita, N; Yamamoto, E; Yamazaki, E, 2013)	0.39
"This study was aimed to investigate the effect of bortezomib combined with bisphosphonates on serum levels of DKK-1 and RANKL in multiple myeloma patients, and to evaluate its role in the therapy of osteolytic lesion."	( [Effect of bortezomib combined with bisphosphonates on bone metabolism index in multiple myeloma]. Chen, BY; Chen, WM; Liao, LS; Lin, Y; Qu, S; Wei, TN, 2013)	0.39
" RPMI 8266 cells were treated with ATO alone and in combination with bortezomib for 24 hours, and cell viability was assessed by modified MTT."	( Effects of arsenic trioxide alone and in combination with bortezomib in multiple myeloma RPMI 8266 cells. Cui, JW; Elmahi, AY; Hao, SS; Li, D; Li, W; Niu, C; Wang, GJ, 2013)	0.39
" We also investigated the effects of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, alone and in combination with PU-H71 in Ewing sarcoma."	( Pre-clinical efficacy of PU-H71, a novel HSP90 inhibitor, alone and in combination with bortezomib in Ewing sarcoma. Ambati, SR; Chiosis, G; Kosugi, K; Lopes, EC; Meyers, PA; Mony, U; Moore, MA; Moreira, AL; Shah, SK; Taldone, T; Zehir, A, 2014)	0.4
" We hypothesize that nicotine when combined with a high-fat diet (HFD) can also cause ectopic lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle, similar to recently observed hepatic steatosis."	( Nicotine in combination with a high-fat diet causes intramyocellular mitochondrial abnormalities in male mice. Friedman, TC; Ivey, R; Lee, D; Shin, CS; Sinha-Hikim, AP; Sinha-Hikim, I, 2014)	0.4
"We conclude that bortezomib is not effective for the treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma of the GEJ or stomach, whether used alone or in combination with irinotecan, in an unselected patient population."	( Phase II trial of bortezomib alone or in combination with irinotecan in patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction or stomach. Besanceney-Webler, C; Chen, EX; Cheng, J; Christos, P; Dilts, KT; Holloway, S; Keresztes, R; Lane, ME; Lin, J; Matulich, D; Ocean, AJ; Papetti, M; Schnoll-Sussman, F; Shah, MA; Sparano, JA; Ward, M; Wright, JJ; Xiang, J; Yantiss, RK, 2014)	0.4
"To investigate the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing Apollon gene combined with tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562."	( [Effect of Apollon siRNA combined with tetramethylpyrazine on proliferation and apoptosis of leukemia K562 cells]. Jia, XH; Li, JC; Xiao, FF, 2014)	0.4
"Apollon siRNA can significantly inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of K562 cells, and the addition of TMP can further increase the proliferation inhibition rate and apoptosis rate, suggesting that siRNA technology combined with drugs has a significant potential value in the treatment of leukemia."	( [Effect of Apollon siRNA combined with tetramethylpyrazine on proliferation and apoptosis of leukemia K562 cells]. Jia, XH; Li, JC; Xiao, FF, 2014)	0.4
"Sitagliptin was used as monotherapy or in combination with metformin, thiazolidinedione or sulfonylurea."	( Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin in combination with transient continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Dong, S; Jia, J; Mao, C; Qian, W; Tang, B; Wang, D; Yang, L; Ye, J; Yu, S; Yuan, G; Zhang, C; Zhou, L; Zhu, T, 2014)	0.4
"3 mg/m2/dose, 2 doses/week for 2 weeks) in combination with vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone, and L-asparaginase (L-ASP)."	( [Efficacy of chemotherapy combined with bortezomib for two cases of relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. Ashikaga, T; Keino, D; Kinoshita, A; Kondoh, K; Morimoto, M; Ohyama, R; Yamashita, A, 2014)	0.4
"Several clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of bortezomib in combination with various anti-myeloma agents; however, no definitive information is available regarding drugs best suited for use in combination with bortezomib."	( Suitable drug combination with bortezomib for multiple myeloma under stroma-free conditions and in contact with fibronectin or bone marrow stromal cells. Furukawa, Y; Kikuchi, J; Koyama, D; Mukai, HY, 2014)	0.4
" In the present protocol, bortezomib was combined with bendamustine and prednisone, in order to assess the efficacy and safety of this combination therapy in patients with newly diagnosed/untreated MM."	( Bendamustine and prednisone in combination with bortezomib (BPV) in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed/untreated multiple myeloma. Andrea, M; Becker, C; Behre, G; Bourgeois, M; Edelmann, T; Gutsche, K; Hammerschmidt, D; Hennig, E; Heyn, S; Hoffmann, FA; Holzvogt, B; Kaiser, T; Krahl, R; Kreibich, U; Lindner, T; Niederwieser, D; Plötze, M; Pönisch, W; Reifenrath, K; Remane, Y; Schliwa, T; Schwarz, M; Schwarzer, A; Vucinic, V; Winkelmann, C; Zehrfeld, T, 2014)	0.4
" LY2603618 administered in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin demonstrated an acceptable safety profile."	( Preclinical analyses and phase I evaluation of LY2603618 administered in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin in patients with advanced cancer. Barnard, D; Calles, A; Calvo, E; Chen, VJ; Diaz, HB; Dickgreber, N; Huber, L; Hynes, SM; Iversen, P; Kays, L; Kumm, E; Lin, AB; Marshall, M; Merzoug, FF; Ohnmacht, U; Sebastian, M; Voss, B; Wehler, T, 2014)	0.4
"This Phase 2 study tested the tolerability and efficacy of bortezomib combined with reinduction chemotherapy for pediatric patients with relapsed, refractory or secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML)."	( A Phase 2 study of bortezomib combined with either idarubicin/cytarabine or cytarabine/etoposide in children with relapsed, refractory or secondary acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Adlard, K; Alonzo, TA; Ballard, J; Gamis, AS; Gerbing, RB; Horton, TM; Howard, DS; Jenkins, G; Kelder, A; Moscow, JA; Perentesis, JP; Schuurhuis, GJ; Smith, FO, 2014)	0.4
"Patients with <400 mg/m(2) prior anthracycline received bortezomib combined with idarubicin (12 mg/m(2) days 1-3) and low-dose cytarabine (100 mg/m(2) days 1-7) (Arm A)."	( A Phase 2 study of bortezomib combined with either idarubicin/cytarabine or cytarabine/etoposide in children with relapsed, refractory or secondary acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Adlard, K; Alonzo, TA; Ballard, J; Gamis, AS; Gerbing, RB; Horton, TM; Howard, DS; Jenkins, G; Kelder, A; Moscow, JA; Perentesis, JP; Schuurhuis, GJ; Smith, FO, 2014)	0.4
" In conclusion, our results suggest that sTRAIL-SL might be an efficient vehicle for sTRAIL delivery and that its use in clinic, in combination with BTZ, might represent an adjuvant strategy for the treatment of stage IV, sTRAIL-resistant, NB patients."	( sTRAIL coupled to liposomes improves its pharmacokinetic profile and overcomes neuroblastoma tumour resistance in combination with Bortezomib. Becherini, P; Brignole, C; Cilli, M; Cossu, I; Destefanis, E; Di Paolo, D; Emionite, L; Giacomini, A; Loi, M; Pastorino, F; Perri, P; Piaggio, F; Ponzoni, M, 2014)	0.4
"This study was aimed to investigate the effects of bortezomib combined with 5-azacytidine on the apoptosis of K562 cells and expressiom of SHIP mRNA."	( [Effects of bortezomib combined with 5-azacytidine on the apoptosis of K562 cells and expression of SHIP mRNA]. Jia, ZQ; Rong, HQ; Su, W; Tao, J; Wei, YL; Wei, YT; Yu, CX, 2014)	0.4
" Bendamustine was administered with a cumulative dose of up to 200 mg/m(2)."	( Bendamustine in combination with thalidomide and dexamethasone is a viable salvage option in myeloma relapsed and/or refractory to bortezomib and lenalidomide. Aitchison, R; Blesing, N; Lau, IJ; Peniket, A; Rabin, N; Ramasamy, K; Roberts, P; Smith, D; Yong, K, 2015)	0.42
"We hypothesized that bortezomib, an agent that suppresses HIF-1α transcriptional activity, when combined with bevacizumab, would obviate the HIF-1α resistance pathway."	( Targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in combination with antiangiogenic therapy: a phase I trial of bortezomib plus bevacizumab. Amin, HM; Angelo, LS; Falchook, GS; Hess, K; Hong, D; Howard, AN; Huang, M; Jackson, EF; Janku, F; Kurzrock, R; Lawhorn, KN; Naing, A; Ng, CS; Parkhurst, KL; Tannir, NM; Vishwamitra, D; Wheler, JJ, 2014)	0.4
"On August 5, 2013, a marketing authorization valid throughout the European Union (EU) was issued for pomalidomide in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM) who have received at least two prior treatment regimens, including both lenalidomide and bortezomib, and have demonstrated disease progression on the last therapy."	( The European medicines agency review of pomalidomide in combination with low-dose dexamethasone for the treatment of adult patients with multiple myeloma: summary of the scientific assessment of the committee for medicinal products for human use. Camarero, J; Flores, B; Gisselbrecht, C; Hanaizi, Z; Hemmings, R; Laane, E; Pignatti, F; Salmonson, T; Sancho-Lopez, A, 2015)	0.42
" We prospectively evaluated 21 newly diagnosed MM patients with severe renal impairment secondary to tubular-interstitial damage, most of them due to myeloma kidney, who were primarily treated with bortezomib-based therapy combined with high cut-off hemodialysis (HCOD)."	( Bortezomib-based therapy combined with high cut-off hemodialysis is highly effective in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients with severe renal impairment. Borsi, E; Brioli, A; Cavo, M; De Sanctis, LB; Mancini, E; Mancuso, K; Marzocchi, G; Pantani, L; Pezzi, A; Rizzo, R; Rocchi, S; Santoro, A; Santostefano, M; Tacchetti, P; Terragna, C; Zamagni, E; Zannetti, BA, 2015)	0.42
"We investigated the possibilities of drug-drug interactions between luseogliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, and oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in healthy Japanese males."	( Absence of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Luseogliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter-2 Inhibitor, and Various Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in Healthy Japanese Males. Fukatsu, A; Sakai, S; Samukawa, Y; Sasaki, T; Seino, Y; Ubukata, M, 2015)	0.42
" We here compare bortezomib with carfilzomib and LU-102 in MM and MCL in vitro with regard to their effects on pIκB/NF-κB signaling and their cytotoxic activity in combination with ibrutinib."	( The novel β2-selective proteasome inhibitor LU-102 decreases phosphorylation of I kappa B and induces highly synergistic cytotoxicity in combination with ibrutinib in multiple myeloma cells. Bader, J; Besse, L; de Bruin, G; Driessen, C; Geurink, PP; Kisselev, AF; Kraus, J; Kraus, M; Liu, N; Overkleeft, H, 2015)	0.42
"This phase I trial evaluated LY2603618, a selective inhibitor of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase 1, in combination with gemcitabine."	( Phase I study of LY2603618, a CHK1 inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with solid tumors. Doi, T; Fuse, N; Hynes, SM; Lin, AB; Matsubara, N; Naito, Y; Nakamura, T; Shitara, K; Uenaka, K; Yoshino, T, 2015)	0.42
"To investigate the effect of CAL-101, a selective inhibitor of PI3Kδ, in combination with bortezomib on the proliferation and apoptosis in human mantle cell lymphoma cell lines Z138, HBL-2 and Jeko-1 in vitro, to explore its mechanisms and provide the foundation for effective treatment strategies against mantle cell lymphoma."	( [Effects of the phosphoinostitide-3'-kinase delta inhibitor, CAL-101, in combination with Bortezomib on mantle lymophma cells and exploration of its related mechanism]. Guo, S; Li, X; Qu, F; Tian, C; Xia, B; Yu, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"We studied the therapeutic potential of favipiravir (T-705) for Lassa fever, both alone and in combination with ribavirin."	( Efficacy of Favipiravir Alone and in Combination With Ribavirin in a Lethal, Immunocompetent Mouse Model of Lassa Fever. Bockholt, S; Günther, S; Krasemann, S; Lüdtke, A; Muñoz-Fontela, C; Oestereich, L; Pallasch, E; Rieger, T; Ruibal, P; Wurr, S, 2016)	0.43
" Safety and PK of LY2603618 in combination with pemetrexed were favorable."	( Phase II evaluation of LY2603618, a first-generation CHK1 inhibitor, in combination with pemetrexed in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Boyd, TE; Hynes, SM; Kang, JH; Kim, SW; Lin, AB; Lin, J; Myrand, SP; Novello, S; Park, K; Pinder-Schenck, M; Richards, DA; Rosenberg, R; Scagliotti, G; Smith, D; Smyth, EN; Su, WC; Wijayawardana, S, 2016)	0.43
"BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of external application of ligustrazine combined with holistic nursing on pressure sores, as well as the underlying mechanism."	( Therapeutic Effect of External Application of Ligustrazine Combined with Holistic Nursing on Pressure Sores. Gong, F; Han, L; Niu, J, 2016)	0.43
" This phase I study defined the recommended phase II dose of LY2603618 combined with gemcitabine."	( Phase I Study of CHK1 Inhibitor LY2603618 in Combination with Gemcitabine in Patients with Solid Tumors. Becerra, C; Bence Lin, A; Braiteh, F; Calvo, E; Galsky, MD; Hurt, K; Hynes, SM; Jameson, G; Lin, J; McKane, S; McWilliams, R; Richards, D; Von Hoff, D; Wickremsinhe, ER, 2016)	0.43
"The maximum tolerated dose of LY2603618 combined with gemcitabine was 200 mg/m2, but a fixed LY2603618 dose of 230 mg combined with gemcitabine was selected as the recommended phase II dose."	( Phase I Study of CHK1 Inhibitor LY2603618 in Combination with Gemcitabine in Patients with Solid Tumors. Becerra, C; Bence Lin, A; Braiteh, F; Calvo, E; Galsky, MD; Hurt, K; Hynes, SM; Jameson, G; Lin, J; McKane, S; McWilliams, R; Richards, D; Von Hoff, D; Wickremsinhe, ER, 2016)	0.43
" However, due to its low dose and relatively low unbound exposure, selexipag has a low potential for causing drug-drug interactions."	( The metabolism and drug-drug interaction potential of the selective prostacyclin receptor agonist selexipag. Äänismaa, P; de Kanter, R; Delahaye, S; Gnerre, C; Ichikawa, T; Pfeifer, T; Seeland, S; Segrestaa, J; Treiber, A; Yamada, T, 2018)	0.48
"In this Phase II randomised trial, patients without progression following four cycles of first-line platinum-based chemotherapy (N=205) received continuous schedule maintenance oral linsitinib 150 mg or placebo BID combined with erlotinib 150 mg QD for 21-day cycles."	( Randomised Phase 2 study of maintenance linsitinib (OSI-906) in combination with erlotinib compared with placebo plus erlotinib after platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Ahmed, S; Blackhall, F; Chen, J; Ciuleanu, TE; Kim, JH; Mezger, J; Park, K; Poondru, S; Thomas, M; VanTornout, JM; Whitcomb, D, 2017)	0.46
" No drug-drug interaction was implicated."	( Randomised Phase 2 study of maintenance linsitinib (OSI-906) in combination with erlotinib compared with placebo plus erlotinib after platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Ahmed, S; Blackhall, F; Chen, J; Ciuleanu, TE; Kim, JH; Mezger, J; Park, K; Poondru, S; Thomas, M; VanTornout, JM; Whitcomb, D, 2017)	0.46
"0 μM and at 75 nM in combination with cisplatin or melphalan."	( Initial testing (stage 1) of M6620 (formerly VX-970), a novel ATR inhibitor, alone and combined with cisplatin and melphalan, by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Houghton, PJ; Kang, M; Kurmashev, D; Kurmasheva, RT; Reynolds, CP; Smith, MA; Wu, J, 2018)	0.48
" CC-223 was studied in vitro for metabolism and drug-drug interactions (DDI), and in clinic for interaction with ketoconazole."	( Assessment of drug-drug interaction potential and PBPK modeling of CC-223, a potent inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin kinase. Atsriku, C; Li, Y; Liu, H; Narayanan, R; Nissel, J; Surapaneni, S; Tong, Z; Wang, X, 2019)	0.51
" In addition, VU661013 was safely combined with venetoclax for synergy in murine models of AML."	( A Novel MCL1 Inhibitor Combined with Venetoclax Rescues Venetoclax-Resistant Acute Myelogenous Leukemia. Arrate, MP; Ayers, GD; Boyd, KL; Fesik, SW; Fischer, MA; Fuller, L; Gorska, AE; Hogdal, LJ; Lee, T; Olejniczak, ET; Ramsey, HE; Savona, MR; Sensintaffar, J; Strickland, SA, 2018)	0.48
" A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for acalabrutinib and its active metabolite ACP-5862 to predict potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Evaluation of the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Acalabrutinib and Its Active Metabolite, ACP-5862, Using a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach. Al-Huniti, N; Moorthy, G; Podoll, T; Slatter, JG; Vishwanathan, K; Ware, J; Xu, Y; Zhou, D, 2019)	0.51
" This study assessed the in vitro and in vivo functionality of CAR T cells transduced to express the anti-CD19 CAR of liso-cel in combination with ibrutinib or acalabrutinib."	( Antitumor Potency of an Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy, Lisocabtagene Maraleucel in Combination With Ibrutinib or Acalabrutinib. Baturevych, A; Clouser, CR; Hause, RJ; Johnstone, TG; Jones, JC; Krejsa, CM; Ponce, R; Ports, MO; Qin, JS; Ragan, SP; Salmon, RA, 2020)	0.56
" The multi-arm phase Ib TATTON study (NCT02143466) was designed to assess the safety and tolerability of osimertinib in combination with other targeted therapies: selumetinib (MEK1/2 inhibitor), savolitinib (MET-TKI), or durvalumab [anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) monoclonal antibody]."	( TATTON: a multi-arm, phase Ib trial of osimertinib combined with selumetinib, savolitinib, or durvalumab in EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Ahn, MJ; Frigault, MM; Ghiorghiu, D; Goto, K; Horn, L; Kim, SW; Mann, H; Ohe, Y; Oxnard, GR; Ramalingam, SS; Saka, H; Thress, KS; Vishwanathan, K; Yang, JC; Yu, H, 2020)	0.56
" This open-label, phase Ib, sequential dose-escalation and dose-expansion study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of the selective BTK inhibitor tirabrutinib alone, in combination with the PI3K delta (PI3Kδ) inhibitor idelalisib, or with the spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor entospletinib in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL."	( Phase Ib Study of Tirabrutinib in Combination with Idelalisib or Entospletinib in Previously Treated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Bhargava, P; Danilov, AV; Dyer, MJS; Fegan, CD; Herbaux, C; Hillmen, P; Huang, X; Humeniuk, R; Jürgensmeier, JM; Karlin, L; Kio, EA; Mitra, SS; Rule, SA; Walter, HS; Yi, PC; Zhou, Z, 2020)	0.56
"Patients received either tirabrutinib monotherapy (80 mg every day) or tirabrutinib 20-150 mg every day in combination with either idelalisib (50 mg twice a day or 100 mg every day) or entospletinib (200 mg or 400 mg every day)."	( Phase Ib Study of Tirabrutinib in Combination with Idelalisib or Entospletinib in Previously Treated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Bhargava, P; Danilov, AV; Dyer, MJS; Fegan, CD; Herbaux, C; Hillmen, P; Huang, X; Humeniuk, R; Jürgensmeier, JM; Karlin, L; Kio, EA; Mitra, SS; Rule, SA; Walter, HS; Yi, PC; Zhou, Z, 2020)	0.56
"Tirabrutinib in combination with idelalisib or entospletinib was well tolerated in patients with CLL, establishing an acceptable safety profile for concurrent selective inhibition of BTK with either PI3Kδ or SYK."	( Phase Ib Study of Tirabrutinib in Combination with Idelalisib or Entospletinib in Previously Treated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Bhargava, P; Danilov, AV; Dyer, MJS; Fegan, CD; Herbaux, C; Hillmen, P; Huang, X; Humeniuk, R; Jürgensmeier, JM; Karlin, L; Kio, EA; Mitra, SS; Rule, SA; Walter, HS; Yi, PC; Zhou, Z, 2020)	0.56
"In this study, we aimed to develop and validate a sensitive and simple ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of gilteritinib in plasma and to investigate whether CYP3A4 inhibitors (fluconazole and itraconazole) could influence the pharmacokinetics of gilteritinib from a drug-drug interaction study in rats."	( An LC-MS/MS Bioanalytical Assay for the Determination of Gilteritinib in Rat Plasma and Application to a Drug-Drug Interaction Study. Chen, D; Chen, Z; Wang, Q; Ye, XY, 2020)	0.56
" The validated UPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to a drug-drug interaction study between gilteritinib and CYP3A4 inhibitors (fluconazole and itraconazole) in rats."	( An LC-MS/MS Bioanalytical Assay for the Determination of Gilteritinib in Rat Plasma and Application to a Drug-Drug Interaction Study. Chen, D; Chen, Z; Wang, Q; Ye, XY, 2020)	0.56
" In AXL-low-expressing EGFRmut-LC cell-derived xenograft and patient-derived xenograft models, transient IGF-1R inhibition combined with continuous osimertinib treatment could eradicate tumors and prevent regrowth even after the cessation of osimertinib."	( Transient IGF-1R inhibition combined with osimertinib eradicates AXL-low expressing EGFR mutated lung cancer. Arai, S; Atagi, S; Fukuda, K; Han, X; Hanayama, R; Ishimura, A; Kaira, K; Kita, K; Matsumoto, I; Matsumoto, K; Nishiyama, A; Ohtsubo, K; Suzuki, T; Takayama, K; Takeuchi, S; Taniguchi, H; Taniguchi, Y; Tanimoto, A; Terashima, M; Uehara, H; Wang, R; Wang, W; Yamada, T; Yamano, T; Yamashita, K; Yano, S; Yoshimura, A, 2020)	0.56
" However, BTKi have a range of drug-drug and drug-food interactions, which may alter drug efficacy and/or increase toxicity."	( Drug interactions with Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors: clinical implications and management. Fancher, KM; Pappacena, JJ, 2020)	0.56
"The results showed that TMP combined with ucMSCs treatment significantly decreased the neurological deficit score, as well as the cerebral infarct ratio (from 16."	( The Effect of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined with Tetramethylpyrazine Therapy on Ischemic Brain Injury: A Histological Study. Cao, H; Cheng, Y; Ge, L; Xu, M; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
"These data suggest that ucMSCs combined with TMP are able to exert therapeutic effects following ischemic injury by improving neurogenesis, inhibiting inflammation, and ameliorating histological damage."	( The Effect of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined with Tetramethylpyrazine Therapy on Ischemic Brain Injury: A Histological Study. Cao, H; Cheng, Y; Ge, L; Xu, M; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
"To evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of favipiravir combined with inhaled interferon beta-1b in adult patients hospitalized with moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia."	( Randomized controlled open label trial on the use of favipiravir combined with inhaled interferon beta-1b in hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Al Bahrani, M; Al Balushi, Z; Al Barwani, U; Al Lawati, A; Al Naabi, H; Al Salmi, I; Al Sharji, M; Al-Zakwani, I; Ambusaidi, Z; Khamis, F; Pandak, N, 2021)	0.62
" We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab combined with favipiravir in patients with COVID-19."	( Tocilizumab combined with favipiravir in the treatment of COVID-19: A multicenter trial in a small sample size. Chen, G; Chen, X; Li, J; Qin, Y; Wang, G; Wang, K; Wei, M; Wu, Z; Yu, J; Zhang, C; Zhao, H; Zhu, Q, 2021)	0.62
" Patients were randomly assigned (3:1:1) to a 14-day combination of favipiravir combined with tocilizumab (combination group), favipiravir, and tocilizumab."	( Tocilizumab combined with favipiravir in the treatment of COVID-19: A multicenter trial in a small sample size. Chen, G; Chen, X; Li, J; Qin, Y; Wang, G; Wang, K; Wei, M; Wu, Z; Yu, J; Zhang, C; Zhao, H; Zhu, Q, 2021)	0.62
"Tocilizumab combined with or without favipiravir can effectively improve the pulmonary inflammation of COVID-19 patients and inhibit the deterioration of the disease."	( Tocilizumab combined with favipiravir in the treatment of COVID-19: A multicenter trial in a small sample size. Chen, G; Chen, X; Li, J; Qin, Y; Wang, G; Wang, K; Wei, M; Wu, Z; Yu, J; Zhang, C; Zhao, H; Zhu, Q, 2021)	0.62
"We report results of a phase-1 study evaluating the safety and anti-cancer activity of the small molecule insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor, linsitinib combined with bortezomib, and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma."	( A phase-1 trial of linsitinib (OSI-906) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Gul, E; Gyger, M; Jazubowiak, A; Kaufman, J; Khan, S; Lau, A; Le, LW; LeBlanc, R; Li, Z; Paul, H; Trudel, S; White, D, 2021)	0.62
" These variants were subsequently combined with replacement of the cysteine 481 residue to which irreversible inhibitors, such as ibrutinib, acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, bind."	( BTK gatekeeper residue variation combined with cysteine 481 substitution causes super-resistance to irreversible inhibitors acalabrutinib, ibrutinib and zanubrutinib. Berglöf, A; Estupiñán, HY; Mohammad, DK; Schaafsma, GCP; Shi, Y; Smith, CIE; Vihinen, M; Wang, Q; Yu, L; Zain, R; Zhou, L, 2021)	0.62
"Currently, it is unclear whether the salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen Salvia) and ligustrazine hydrochloride (Chuanxiong Chuanxiong) (SMLH) injection combined with mecobalamin can improve diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)."	( Salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection combined with mecobalamin for treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Deng, Z; Fan, Y; Liu, M; Wang, M, 2021)	0.62
" Each database was searched up to 2020 to identify randomized controlled trials on DPN treated with SMLH injection combined with mecobalamin."	( Salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection combined with mecobalamin for treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Deng, Z; Fan, Y; Liu, M; Wang, M, 2021)	0.62
"SMLH injection combined with mecobalamin can improve DPN, compared with mecobalamin alone."	( Salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection combined with mecobalamin for treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Deng, Z; Fan, Y; Liu, M; Wang, M, 2021)	0.62
" Herein, we investigated the effects of the two drugs on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities to evaluate their potential risk for drug-drug interactions (DDIs) via UGT inhibition."	( Comparison of the drug-drug interactions potential of ibrutinib and acalabrutinib via inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. Cao, J; Fan, X; Jiang, L; Liu, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Xia, Y; Yan, M, 2021)	0.62
" However, management of acute seizures in patients with COVID-19 as well as management of PWE and COVID-19 needs to consider potential drug-drug interactions between antiseizure drugs and candidate drugs currently assessed as therapeutic options for COVID-19."	( Management of COVID-19 in patients with seizures: Mechanisms of action of potential COVID-19 drug treatments and consideration for potential drug-drug interactions with anti-seizure medications. Chandra, PP; Jain, S; Potschka, H; Tripathi, M; Vohora, D, 2021)	0.62
" We conducted a phase 2 trial of entospletinib in combination with obinutuzumab, an anti-CD20 antibody, in 17 patients with relapsed/refractory CLL."	( Proapoptotic and immunomodulatory effects of SYK inhibitor entospletinib in combination with obinutuzumab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Best, S; Danilov, AV; Kittai, A; Lam, V; Liu, T; Orand, K; Spurgeon, SE, 2022)	0.72
" (2) The effect of KI of the DDR (ATMi: AZD0156; ATRi: VE-822, dual DNA-PKi/mTORi: CC-115) in combination with IR on HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC and healthy skin cells was analyzed."	( Kinase Inhibitors of DNA-PK, ATM and ATR in Combination with Ionizing Radiation Can Increase Tumor Cell Death in HNSCC Cells While Sparing Normal Tissue Cells. Bürkel, F; Distel, LV; Faulhaber, EM; Fietkau, R; Hecht, M; Jost, T; Scheper, J; Symank, J, 2021)	0.62
"We investigated savolitinib pharmacokinetics (PK) when administered alone or in combination with rifampicin, itraconazole or famotidine, and investigated midazolam PK when administered with or without savolitinib in healthy males."	( Clinical evaluation of the potential drug-drug interactions of savolitinib: Interaction with rifampicin, itraconazole, famotidine or midazolam. Burke, W; Cantarini, M; Frewer, P; Goldwater, R; Han, D; Hara, I; Li, Y; Ren, S; Scarfe, G; Schalkwijk, S; Vishwanathan, K, 2022)	0.72
"Patients received pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks, alone or in combination with acalabrutinib 100 mg orally twice daily."	( Safety and Efficacy of Pembrolizumab in Combination with Acalabrutinib in Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Phase 2 Proof-of-Concept Study. Adkins, D; Algazi, A; Betts, CB; Cohen, EEW; Coussens, LM; Goldschmidt, JH; Guarino, MJ; Jimeno, A; Maloney, L; Munugalavadla, V; Nadler, E; Nemunaitis, J; Patel, P; Tao, L; Taylor, MH, 2022)	0.72
"In this study, the therapeutic efficacy of quercetin in combination with remdesivir and favipiravir, were evaluated in severe hospitalized COVID-19 patients."	( The therapeutic efficacy of quercetin in combination with antiviral drugs in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized controlled trial. Abolnezhadian, F; Alavi, SM; Ghafourian, M; Khodadadi, A; Mahmoudian-Sani, MR; Nashibi, R; Sharhani, A; Shohan, M, 2022)	0.72
" It was observed that FPV and IBP interact in several ways via hydrogen bonding (HB) leading to changes in the activities of the combined drug and IBP…FPV is predicted to be orally bioavailable."	( Theoretical insights of the drug-drug interaction between favipiravir and ibuprofen: a DFT, QTAIM and drug-likeness investigation. Alver, Ö; Bağlayan, Ö; Parlak, C; Ramasami, P, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" TCDD may produce an increased bioavailability of iron which leads to enhanced DNA single strand breaks and lipid peroxidation in hepatic nuclei."	( Factors influencing the induction of DNA single strand breaks in rats by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Lawson, TW; Murray, WJ; Stohs, SJ; Wahba, ZZ, 1989)	0.28
" The compound was well absorbed and rapidly excreted in urine and faeces by all three species."	( The metabolism of 5-(4-acetamidophenyl)pyrazin-2(1H)-one in rat, dog and cynomolgus monkey. Blake, TJ; Chenery, RJ; Metcalf, R; Osborne, PM; Pue, MA; Ross, DA, 1988)	0.27
" The assay has been used for pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies in several species, including rat, dog, and cynomolgus monkey."	( Analysis of 5-(4-acetamidophenyl)pyrazin-2(1H)-one (SK&F 94120) in plasma with an Analytichem automated sample processor liquid chromatography module. Fernandes, KA; Jelly, JA; Leavens, WJ; McDowall, RD; Pearce, JC, 1986)	0.27
"The bioavailability of the new antischistosomal agent, oltipraz, was examined under three different dietary conditions in seven healthy males."	( Diet-controlled blood levels of oltipraz in healthy male subjects. Ali, HM; Bennett, JL; Homeida, MM; Sulaiman, SM, 1984)	0.27
" When 6 healthy adult animals were given oltipraz together with cysteine in a crossover study, peak serum concentrations, areas under the curve and absorption rate constants of oltipraz were on average 7 times greater than when the drug was administered alone."	( Effect of cysteine on oltipraz blood levels in green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Ali, HM; Bennett, JL; Homeida, MM; Sulaiman, SM, 1984)	0.27
" In the second trial the effect of food on the drug bioavailability and pharmacokinetics during repeated administration was investigated in six volunteers."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in man of acipimox, a new antilipolytic and hypolipemic agent. Maggi, E; Moro, E; Musatti, L; Tamassia, V; Valzelli, G, 1981)	0.26
" It demonstrated that the absorption of TMP of LW-SM decoction was slower and the bioavailability of TMP of LW-SM decoction reduced."	( [Influence of combined Salvia miltiorrhiza and Ligusticum wallichii on pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine in rats]. Huang, X; Ren, P; Xia, T, 1994)	0.29
" There was no correlation between the oltipraz dose and the absorption rate or the time to reach Cmax."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oltipraz as a chemopreventive agent. Baker, TM; Benson, AB; Berezin, FK; Dolan, ME; Gupta, E; Mick, R; Olopade, OI; Ratain, MJ, 1995)	0.29
" The extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) values also increased with increasing oral doses; the values were 19."	( Pharmacokinetics of a chemoprotective agent, 2-(allylthio)pyrazine, after intravenous and oral administration to rats: hepatic and gastric first-pass effects. Han, KS; Lee, MG, 1999)	0.3
" To exert optimal target inhibition, MMPI must be given chronically, and therefore, oral bioavailability is important."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of oral MMI270B (CGS 27023A), a novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Choi, L; Eskens, FA; Harris, AL; Levitt, NC; Mather, R; Sparreboom, A; Verweij, J, 2000)	0.31
" Interpretation of OPZ and M3 disposition is confounded by the unknown bioavailability factor; however, the most likely inferences are that bioavailability of OPZ decreases with increasing dose and that metabolism to M3 is saturable."	( Pharmacokinetics of the chemopreventive agent oltipraz and of its metabolite M3 in human subjects after a single oral dose. Brennan, JM; Gallo, JM; Laub, PB; O'Dwyer, PJ; Szarka, C, 2000)	0.31
" The hydroxamate peptidomimetic inhibitor batimastat and its orally bioavailable analogue marimastat, which bind covalently to the zinc atom at the MMP-active site, were the first MMP inhibitors to be studied in detail."	( Development of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer therapy. Eckhardt, SG; Hidalgo, M, 2001)	0.31
" There were no significant differences in the peritoneal fluid absorption rate among the 3 dialysis groups."	( [Experimental study on effect of ligustrazine on peritoneal ultrafiltrative function in rats]. Yang, Q; Yang, X; Ye, R, 2000)	0.31
" A second agent, chlorophyllin, impedes the bioavailability of carcinogens by forming molecular complexes and enhances their elimination in the fecal stream."	( Strategies for chemoprevention of liver cancer. Egner, PA; Gange, SJ; Groopman, JD; Jacobson, LP; Kensler, TW; Kuang, SY; Muñoz, A; Qian, GS; Wang, JB; Zhang, BC; Zhu, YR, 2002)	0.31
"Recent efforts in the field of thrombin inhibitor research have focused on the identification of compounds with good oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics."	( Metabolism-directed optimization of 3-aminopyrazinone acetamide thrombin inhibitors. Development of an orally bioavailable series containing P1 and P3 pyridines. Barrow, JC; Bohn, D; Burgey, CS; Chen, Z; Clayton, FC; Coburn, CA; Cook, JJ; Detwiler, TJ; Dorsey, BD; Gardell, SJ; Holahan, MA; Krueger, JA; Kuo, L; Leonard, YM; Lewis, SD; Lucas, BJ; Lyle, EA; Lyle, TA; Lynch, JJ; McDonough, CM; McMasters, DR; Miller-Stein, C; Robinson, KA; Sanders, WM; Sanderson, PE; Shafer, JA; Singh, R; Sitko, GR; Stranieri, MT; Vacca, JP; Wallace, AA; White, RB; Williams, PD; Wong, B; Yan, Y, 2003)	0.32
", introduction a P3 pyridine N-oxide) of the previous lead compound afforded a new series of potent orally bioavailable P1 N-benzylamide thrombin inhibitors."	( Pharmacokinetic optimization of 3-amino-6-chloropyrazinone acetamide thrombin inhibitors. Implementation of P3 pyridine N-oxides to deliver an orally bioavailable series containing P1 N-benzylamides. Bohn, D; Burgey, CS; Chen, Z; Clayton, FC; Cook, JJ; Gardell, SJ; Isaacs, RC; Krueger, JA; Kuo, L; Lewis, SD; Lucas, BJ; Lyle, EA; Lyle, TA; Lynch, JJ; McMasters, DR; Miller-Stein, C; Nantermet, PG; Pal, S; Pellicore, JM; Robinson, KA; Selnick, HG; Shafer, JA; Singh, R; Stranieri, MT; Vacca, JP; Wallace, AA; Welsh, DC; White, RB; Wong, B; Yan, Y, 2003)	0.32
" BCTC was orally bioavailable in the rat, demonstrating a plasma half-life of approximately 1 h and significant penetration into the central nervous system."	( N-(4-tertiarybutylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine -1(2H)-carbox-amide (BCTC), a novel, orally effective vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist with analgesic properties: I. in vitro characterization and pharmacokinetic properties. Francis, J; Grant, ER; Hachicha, M; Hodges, D; Limberis, J; Malik, S; Rotshteyn, Y; Schmid, L; Sun, Q; Tafesse, L; Valenzano, KJ; Whittemore, ER; Wu, G, 2003)	0.32
" Compound I [2-[6-chloro-3-[(2,2-difluoro-2-pyridin-2-ylethyl)amino]-2-oxopyrazin-1(2H)-yl]-N-[(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methyl]acetamide] is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitor that is being studied as a possible anticoagulant."	( Bioactivation of the 3-amino-6-chloropyrazinone ring in a thrombin inhibitor leads to novel dihydro-imidazole and imidazolidine derivatives: structures and mechanism using 13C-labels, mass spectrometry, and NMR. Braun, MP; Gibson, CR; Ho, JZ; Lin, CC; Pitzenberger, SM; Silva-Elipe, MV; Singh, R; Subramanian, R; Yergey, JL; Yu, X, 2003)	0.32
"The orally bioavailable matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor MMI270 reduces tumour growth metastasis in preclinical models."	( A dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor MMI270 (previously termed CGS27023A) with 5-FU and folinic acid. Blackey, R; Cassidy, J; Choi, L; Devlin, M; Eatock, M; Johnson, J; Morrison, R; Owen, S; Twelves, C, 2005)	0.33
" The compound was efficacious in a defensive withdrawal model of anxiety in rats and had a long half-life and reasonable oral bioavailability in dog pharmacokinetic studies."	( Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and in vivo properties of 3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-2-ones as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists. Combs, AP; Dzierba, CD; Gilligan, PJ; Kasireddy-Polam, P; Lelas, S; Li, YW; McElroy, JF; Molski, TF; Peng, Y; Rafalski, M; Takvorian, AG; Taub, RA; Trainor, GL; Wong, H; Zaczek, RC; Zhang, G, 2004)	0.32
" (2R)-4-Oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine (1) is a potent, orally active DPP-IV inhibitor (IC(50) = 18 nM) with excellent selectivity over other proline-selective peptidases, oral bioavailability in preclinical species, and in vivo efficacy in animal models."	( (2R)-4-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine: a potent, orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Beconi, M; Eiermann, GJ; Fisher, MH; He, H; Hickey, GJ; Kim, D; Kowalchick, JE; Leiting, B; Lyons, K; Marsilio, F; McCann, ME; Patel, RA; Patel, SB; Petrov, A; Roy, RS; Scapin, G; Thornberry, NA; Wang, L; Weber, AE; Wu, JK; Wyvratt, MJ; Zhang, BB; Zhu, L, 2005)	0.33
"It was reported that the mean value of the extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) of oltipraz at a dose of 20 mg/kg was 41."	( Hepatic and intestinal first-pass effects of oltipraz in rats. Bae, SK; Kim, JW; Kim, SG; Kim, YG; Kim, YH; Lee, MG, 2005)	0.33
"Sitagliptin was well absorbed (approximately 80% excreted unchanged in the urine) with an apparent terminal half-life ranging from 8 to 14 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Bergman, A; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Musson, D; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Van Dyck, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2005)	0.33
" The absolute oral bioavailability was high, and the pharmacokinetics were fairly dose-proportional."	( Disposition of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor sitagliptin in rats and dogs. Beconi, MG; Ciccotto, S; Elmore, CS; Hora, DF; Kochansky, CJ; Liu, DQ; Reed, JR; Stearns, RA; Teffera, Y; Vincent, SH; Xia, YQ; Xu, S, 2007)	0.34
"The purpose of this study was to determine the absolute bioavailability of sitagliptin, an orally active, potent and highly selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor recently approved in the United States for the treatment of type 2 diabetes."	( Absolute bioavailability of sitagliptin, an oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. Bergman, A; Chen, L; Dilzer, S; Ebel, D; Herman, G; Krishna, R; Lasseter, K; Liu, F; Stone, J; Wagner, J; Wang, A; Zeng, W, 2007)	0.34
" In vivo, WAY-132983 demonstrated good systemic bioavailability and high brain penetration (>20-fold over plasma levels)."	( Pharmacological characterization of the muscarinic agonist (3R,4R)-3-(3-hexylsulfanyl-pyrazin-2-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (WAY-132983) in in vitro and in vivo models of chronic pain. Adams, W; Adedoyin, A; Barry, A; Cummons, TA; Harrison, J; Jones, PG; Leventhal, L; Lu, P; Piesla, MJ; Ramdass, R; Schantz, J; Smith, VA; Spangler, TB; Strassle, BW; Sullivan, NR; Sun, SC; Uveges, AJ; Whiteside, GT, 2007)	0.34
"0 nM) and selective CRF(1) receptor antagonist with good oral bioavailability (F = 52%) in rats and efficacy in the defensive withdrawal anxiety test in rats."	( In vitro intrinsic clearance-based optimization of N3-phenylpyrazinones as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists. Ahuja, VT; Arvanitis, AG; Brenner, AB; Bronson, JJ; Combs, AP; Denhart, DJ; Deskus, JA; Ditta, JL; Grace, JE; Hartz, RA; Lelas, S; Lentz, KA; Li, J; Li, YW; Lodge, NJ; Macor, JE; Mattson, RJ; Molski, TF; Olson, RE; Rafalski, M; Schmitz, WD; Wong, H; Yue, EW; Zaczek, R, 2009)	0.35
" The purpose of this study was to direct modified release (MR) formulation strategy by comparing the bioavailability of two forms of acipimox (free acid and sodium salt) from the distal small bowel (DSB) and colon with an immediate release formulation."	( The assessment of human regional drug absorption of free acid and sodium salt forms of acipimox, in healthy volunteers, to direct modified release formulation strategy. Cefali, E; Connor, A; Menon, R; Wilding, I; Wray, H, 2009)	0.35
" Borneol and verapamil did enhance the bioavailability of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate after oral administration in rats."	( [The enhancing effect of borneol on the absorption of tetramethylpyrazine]. Chen, HX; Chen, ZP; Ping, QN; Xiao, YY, 2009)	0.35
" INCB16562 was developed as a novel, selective, and orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2 markedly selective over JAK3."	( INCB16562, a JAK1/2 selective inhibitor, is efficacious against multiple myeloma cells and reverses the protective effects of cytokine and stromal cell support. Arvanitis, A; Caulder, E; Combs, AP; Favata, M; Fridman, JS; Kelley, JA; Li, J; Newton, R; Rogers, JD; Scherle, PA; Solomon, KA; Sparks, RB; Thomas, B; Vaddi, K; Wen, X, 2010)	0.36
" For example, the 1,8-naphthyridine 52 was characterized as an orally bioavailable and brain penetrant TRPV1 antagonist."	( Discovery of novel 6,6-heterocycles as transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV1) antagonists. Bakthavatchalam, R; Blum, CA; Boyce, S; Brielmann, H; Burnaby-Davies, N; Caldwell, T; Capitosti, S; Chenard, BL; Conley, R; Cortright, D; Crandall, M; De Lombaert, S; Hodgetts, KJ; Jones, AB; Kershaw, MT; Krause, JE; Martin, WJ; Mason, G; Matson, D; Murphy, BA; Perrett, H; Rycroft, W; Zheng, X, 2010)	0.36
" All together gliptins have a good oral bioavailability which is not significantly influenced by food intake."	( Pharmacokinetics of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors. Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
" Compound 26 was characterized as an orally bioavailable TRPV1 antagonist with moderate brain penetration."	( Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazines, discovery of TRPV1 antagonists with reduced potential for the formation of reactive metabolites. Bakthavatchalam, R; Blum, CA; Boyce, S; Brian Jones, A; Caldwell, T; Capitosti, S; Chenard, BL; Cortright, D; Crandall, M; Hodgetts, KJ; Krause, JE; Murphy, BA; Zheng, X, 2010)	0.73
" Optimization of the solvent accessible 8-position led to improvements in both oral bioavailability and off-target kinase inhibition."	( Discovery of orally bioavailable imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine-based Aurora kinase inhibitors. Basso, AD; Belanger, DB; Curran, PJ; Gray, K; Jones, J; Lee, S; Liang, L; Liu, M; Mandal, AK; Meng, Z; Prelusky, DB; Rainka, MP; Shih, NY; Siddiqui, MA; Smith, EB; Tevar, S; Williams, MJ; Yaremko, B; Yu, T, 2010)	0.36
" We further demonstrate that an example from this series is orally bioavailable and produces antinociceptive activity in vivo in a rodent model of neuropathic pain following oral administration."	( Discovery and biological evaluation of potent, selective, orally bioavailable, pyrazine-based blockers of the Na(v)1.8 sodium channel with efficacy in a model of neuropathic pain. Antonio, B; Atkinson, RN; Chapman, ML; Drizin, I; Faltynek, CR; Gregg, RJ; Honore, P; Jarvis, MF; Johnson, MS; Joshi, S; Knox, A; Kort, ME; Krafte, DS; Krambis, MJ; Liu, D; Liu, Y; Marron, BE; Marsh, KC; Scanio, MJ; Shi, L; Shieh, CC; Simler, GH; Thomas, JB; Werness, S; Zhang, X, 2010)	0.36
" Lead optimization efforts which included the optimization of structure-activity relationships and drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties led to the identification of compound 9m, a potent, selective and orally bioavailable inhibitor of IGF-1R with in vivo efficacy in an IGF-driven mouse xenograft model."	( Potent and selective cyclohexyl-derived imidazopyrazine insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor inhibitors with in vivo efficacy. Bittner, MA; Cooke, A; Dong, H; Foreman, K; Gokhale, PC; Ji, Q; Jin, M; Kleinberg, A; Landfair, D; Mak, G; Mulvihill, KM; Mulvihill, MJ; O'Connor, M; Pachter, JA; Rosenfeld-Franklin, M; Siu, KW; Wild, R; Yao, Y, 2011)	0.37
" Manipulation of this motif provided the means to effect optimization of functional potency, in vivo antithrombotic efficacy and oral bioavailability in a series of 3-aminopyrazinone thrombin inhibitors which contained non-charged groups at the P1 position."	( P3 optimization of functional potency, in vivo efficacy and oral bioavailability in 3-aminopyrazinone thrombin inhibitors bearing non-charged groups at the P1 position. Cook, JJ; Cutrona, KJ; Dorsey, BD; Isaacs, RC; Krueger, JA; Lewis, SD; Lucas, BJ; Lyle, EA; Lynch, JJ; McDonough, CM; Mercer, SP; Michener, MT; Miller-Stein, C; Newton, CL; Wallace, AA; White, RB; Wong, BK, 2011)	0.37
" HTS hits were optimized for potency, selectivity and metabolic stability to provide the orally bioavailable proof of concept compound 4c that demonstrated target inhibition in vivo and concomitant inhibition of tumor growth in an MDA-MB-231 xenograft model."	( Imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazines: orally efficacious inhibitors of mTORC1 and mTORC2. Arnold, LD; Bhagwat, SV; Bittner, MA; Chan, A; Chen, X; Coate, H; Cooke, A; Crew, AP; Dong, H; Gibson, NW; Gokhale, PC; Honda, A; Jin, M; Kahler, J; Mantis, C; Mulvihill, MJ; Pachter, JA; Tavares-Greco, PA; Volk, B; Wang, J; Werner, DS; Wild, R, 2011)	0.73
" And the absolute bioavailability was 36."	( Pharmacokinetic study of a novel stroke therapeutic, 2-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, by a simple HPLC-UV method in rats. Chen, H; Jiang, J; Li, S; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wu, J, 2011)	0.37
"OSI-906 is a novel, potent, selective and orally bioavailable dual IGF-1R/IR kinase inhibitor with favorable preclinical drug-like properties, which has demonstrated in vivo efficacy in tumor models and is currently in clinical testing."	( Discovery of OSI-906: a selective and orally efficacious dual inhibitor of the IGF-1 receptor and insulin receptor. Arnold, LD; Buck, E; Cooke, A; Foreman, K; Gibson, NW; Ji, QS; Landfair, D; Mulvihill, MJ; O'Connor, M; Pirritt, C; Rosenfeld-Franklin, M; Sun, Y; Yao, Y, 2009)	0.35
"One of the main functions of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is to regulate the bioavailability of adhesion molecules and ligands to various cellular-signaling receptors."	( Constitutive activation of metalloproteinase ADAM10 in mantle cell lymphoma promotes cell growth and activates the TNFα/NFκB pathway. Anand, M; Armanious, H; Belch, A; Gelebart, P; Lai, R, 2011)	0.37
" In the fasted dog, oral administration of 3 mg kg(-1) S35972 increased TT rapidly and for at least 8 h, and its pharmacologic bioavailability was 75."	( S35972, a direct-acting thrombin inhibitor with high oral bioavailability and antithrombotic efficacy. De Nanteuil, G; Gloanec, P; Marx, I; Mennecier, P; Rupin, A; Vallez, MO; Verbeuren, TJ, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic results revealed that the relative bioavailability was 209."	( Preparation of a ligustrazine ethosome patch and its evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Ding, C; He, Z; Huang, G; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, X; Zhou, L; Zhou, W, 2011)	0.37
" CYT387 is a novel, orally bioavailable JAK1/2 inhibitor, which has recently been described."	( The novel JAK inhibitor CYT387 suppresses multiple signalling pathways, prevents proliferation and induces apoptosis in phenotypically diverse myeloma cells. Burns, CJ; Khong, T; Monaghan, KA; Spencer, A, 2011)	0.37
" The relative bioavailability of OTSP was studied in six beagle dogs after oral administration using a commercial TMPP tablets as a reference."	( Preparation and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs of once-a-day tetramethylpyrazine phosphate sustained-release pellets. Hongying, L; Jiangxiu, N; Qineng, P; Yanyu, X; Zhigui, S, 2012)	0.38
" In the pharmacokinetic study, the relative bioavailability of TMP-O/W-EVA-TTS was 350."	( Microemulsion-based novel transdermal delivery system of tetramethylpyrazine: preparation and evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Chen, ZQ; Feng, NP; Ji, L; Liu, Y; Wang, H; Zhang, YT; Zhao, JH, 2011)	0.37
" The dietary polyphenol curcumin has been shown to exert anti-cancer activity in several cancer cell lines, but the effects of curcumin in solid tumors have been modest primarily due to poor water solubility and poor bioavailability in tissues remote from the gastrointestinal tract."	( Sensitizing human multiple myeloma cells to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib by novel curcumin analogs. Chan, TH; Dou, QP; Kanwar, J; Mujtaba, T; Wan, SB, 2012)	0.38
"Although the bioavailability of sitagliptin was increased by 54% when co-administered with gemfibrozil, this interaction may not have any clinical significance as sitagliptin has a wide therapeutic index."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction between gemfibrozil and sitagliptin in healthy Indian male volunteers. B, S; Dubala, A; K P, A; K, E; Kucherlapati, VS; M, D; Meda, VS; P R, AV, 2012)	0.38
"This study was designed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of single doses of CK-2017357, an orally bioavailable fast skeletal muscle troponin activator, in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and to explore pharmacodynamic markers related to strength, endurance, and function."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of a skeletal muscle activator in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cedarbaum, JM; Chen, M; Cudkowicz, ME; Hansen, RL; Jones, D; Lee, J; Mahoney, K; Malik, F; Mao, J; Maragakis, N; Russell, AJ; Saikali, K; Shefner, J; Watson, ML; Wolff, AA, 2012)	0.38
" Carfilzomib and its orally bioavailable analog oprozomib, effectively decreased MM cell viability following continual or transient treatment mimicking in vivo pharmacokinetics."	( The epoxyketone-based proteasome inhibitors carfilzomib and orally bioavailable oprozomib have anti-resorptive and bone-anabolic activity in addition to anti-myeloma effects. Blanco, JF; Collins, L; Garayoa, M; Garcia-Gomez, A; Hornick, MC; Hurchla, MA; Kirk, CJ; Li, A; Ocio, EM; Pandiella, A; Piwnica-Worms, D; San Miguel, JF; Tomasson, MH; Vij, R; Weilbaecher, KN, 2013)	0.39
"Poor oral bioavailability limits the use of many chemopreventives in the prevention and treatment of cancer."	( Multi-layer polymeric implants for sustained release of chemopreventives. Aqil, F; Bansal, SS; Gupta, RC; Jeyabalan, J; Kausar, H; Sharma, RJ; Singh, IP; Vadhanam, MV, 2012)	0.38
" The application in transgenic mouse models demonstrated bioavailability and brain permeability for one compound."	( Bis(arylvinyl)pyrazines, -pyrimidines, and -pyridazines as imaging agents for tau fibrils and β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease models. Bauer, S; Berger, R; Bittner, T; Boländer, A; Burgold, S; Czech, C; Goetschy, V; Herms, J; Heyny-von Haußen, R; Hilger, I; Hölzer, J; Kieser, D; Knust, H; Mall, G; Schmidt, B; Schön, C; Voss, C, 2012)	0.74
"6-fold compared with that of the commercially available ligustrazine injection (LI), suggesting enhanced bioavailability from the lipid-based emulsion."	( Development of ligustrazine-loaded lipid emulsion: formulation optimization, characterization and biodistribution. Kim, JO; Li, G; Marasini, N; Quan, Q; Wei, L; Yong, CS, 2012)	0.38
"To prolong the half-life of HTMP and achieve improved bioavailability and efficacy compared to commercially available product of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate injection (TMPP-I)."	( Development of 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine palmitate-loaded lipid emulsion: formulation, optimization, characterization, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and pharmacodynamics. Cao, R; Chu, T; Jin, H; Li, H; Li, Q; Mao, SJ, 2013)	0.39
" Virtual screening led to the discovery of the initial hit, and subsequent exploration of structure-activity relationships and optimization of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties led to the identification of potent, selective and orally bioavailable ACK1 inhibitors."	( Discovery of potent, selective and orally bioavailable imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine derived ACK1 inhibitors. Bhagwat, S; Bittner, MA; Cooke, A; Crew, AP; Epstein, D; Ji, Q; Jin, M; Kadalbajoo, M; Kleinberg, A; Mulvihill, KM; Mulvihill, MJ; Pachter, JA; Rechka, JA; Siu, KW; Thelemann, A; Wang, J; Yao, Y, 2013)	0.39
"The study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters and relative bioavailability of a newly generic acipimox 250-mg tablets (test formulation) with a branded 250-mg tablets (reference formulation)."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two acipimox tablets: a single-dose, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Chen, R; Guo, R; Huang, J; Li, R; Liu, X; Wang, B; Wei, C; Yuan, G, 2013)	0.39
" To resolve these problems, we attempted to develop orally bioavailable proteasome inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of action and identified homopiperazine derivatives (HPDs) as promising candidates."	( Homopiperazine derivatives as a novel class of proteasome inhibitors with a unique mode of proteasome binding. Akutsu, M; Furukawa, Y; Izumi, T; Kano, Y; Kikuchi, J; Nobuyoshi, M; Ohki, M; Park, SY; Shibayama, N; Sugiyama, K; Wada, T; Yamada, S, 2013)	0.39
" For water-insoluble drugs, various formulation approaches are employed to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of lead compounds."	( Preparation and evaluation of solid dispersions of a new antitumor compound based on early-stage preparation discovery concept. Cai, Z; Cao, S; Hou, P; Lei, H; Ni, J; Tan, Q; Yu, F; Zhang, T, 2013)	0.39
" Oral bioavailability of T-OA microemulsion and oleic acid solution were checked by using rat model."	( In-vitro and in-vivo comparison of T-OA microemulsions and solid dispersions based on EPDC. Cai, Z; Cao, S; Hou, P; Lei, H; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Ni, J; Wang, P; Wang, Y; Zhang, T, 2015)	0.42
" This effort led to the discovery of 1-methyl-3-(4-methylpyridin-3-yl)-6-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine (PF470, 14) as a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable mGluR5 NAM."	( Discovery and preclinical characterization of 1-methyl-3-(4-methylpyridin-3-yl)-6-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-b]pyrazine (PF470): a highly potent, selective, and efficacious metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) negative allosteric modulat Balan, G; Barreiro, G; Boscoe, BP; Chen, L; Chenard, LK; Cianfrogna, J; Claffey, MM; Coffman, KJ; Drozda, SE; Dunetz, JR; Fonseca, KR; Galatsis, P; Grimwood, S; Lazzaro, JT; Mancuso, JY; Miller, EL; Reese, MR; Rogers, BN; Sakurada, I; Shaffer, CL; Skaddan, M; Smith, DL; Stepan, AF; Trapa, P; Tuttle, JB; Verhoest, PR; Walker, DP; Wright, AS; Zaleska, MM; Zasadny, K; Zhang, L, 2014)	0.4
"A ligustrazine (TMP) derivative, (E)-2-(2, 4-dimethoxystyryl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine (DLJ14) was synthesized for the improvement of low bioavailability and short half-life of ligustrazine."	( Combination treatment of ligustrazine piperazine derivate DLJ14 and adriamycin inhibits progression of resistant breast cancer through inhibition of the EGFR/PI3K/Akt survival pathway and induction of apoptosis. Chen, J; Guo, X; Liu, X; Wang, H; Wang, W, 2014)	0.4
" Carfilzomib and its orally bioavailable structural analog oprozomib are second-generation, highly-selective, proteasome inhibitors."	( Carfilzomib and oprozomib synergize with histone deacetylase inhibitors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma models of acquired resistance to proteasome inhibitors. Johnson, DE; Kirk, CJ; Zang, Y, 2014)	0.4
" VU0431316 demonstrates an attractive DMPK profile, including moderate clearance and good bioavailability in rats."	( Discovery of VU0431316: a negative allosteric modulator of mGlu5 with activity in a mouse model of anxiety. Bates, BS; Blobaum, AL; Byers, FW; Conn, PJ; Daniels, JS; Emmitte, KA; Felts, AS; Jones, CK; Lawson, KP; Lindsley, CW; Morrison, RD; Niswender, CM; Rodriguez, AL; Venable, DF, 2014)	0.4
" However, due to its too fast elimination and to the undesired related side effects, the improvement of sTRAIL in vivo bioavailability and the specific delivery to the tumour is mandatory for increasing its therapeutic efficacy."	( sTRAIL coupled to liposomes improves its pharmacokinetic profile and overcomes neuroblastoma tumour resistance in combination with Bortezomib. Becherini, P; Brignole, C; Cilli, M; Cossu, I; Destefanis, E; Di Paolo, D; Emionite, L; Giacomini, A; Loi, M; Pastorino, F; Perri, P; Piaggio, F; Ponzoni, M, 2014)	0.4
" ADTM's absolute oral bioavailability value was 30."	( Pharmacokinetic and Metabolic Studies of ADTM: A Novel Danshensu Derivative Confers Cardioprotection by HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS. Li, S; Li, W; Liao, K; Shan, L; Sheng, X; Wang, Y; Yu, P; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.42
" Entinostat is an orally bioavailable class I HDAC inhibitor with a long half-life, which is under evaluation in haematological and solid tumour malignancies."	( Entinostat, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor is active in B-cell lymphoma and enhances the anti-tumour activity of rituximab and chemotherapy agents. Barth, MJ; Czuczman, MS; Frys, S; Gu, JJ; Hernandez-Ilizaliturri, FJ; Hu, Q; Mavis, C; Simons, Z; Skitzki, J; Song, L, 2015)	0.42
" CC-223 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of mTOR kinase, demonstrating inhibition of mTORC1 (pS6RP and p4EBP1) and mTORC2 [pAKT(S473)] in cellular systems."	( CC-223, a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of mTOR Kinase: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization. Apuy, J; Bissonette, R; Canan, SS; Cathers, BE; Fultz, KE; Gamez, JC; Ghoreishi, K; Hickman, M; Khambatta, G; Leisten, J; Moghaddam, MF; Mortensen, DS; Narla, RK; Packard, G; Peng, SX; Perrin-Ninkovic, S; Raymon, HK; Richardson, S; Sankar, S; Shi, T; Tong, Z; Tran, T; Worland, P; Xu, S; Xu, W; Yang, WQ; Zhao, J, 2015)	0.42
" Mouse oral bioavailability was complete (100%) with extensive tumor exposure."	( The clinical development candidate CCT245737 is an orally active CHK1 inhibitor with preclinical activity in RAS mutant NSCLC and Eµ-MYC driven B-cell lymphoma. Aherne, GW; Box, G; Boxall, KJ; Collins, I; De Haven Brandon, AK; Eccles, SA; Eve, PD; Garrett, MD; Hayes, A; Henley, AT; Hunter, JE; Lainchbury, M; Matthews, TP; McHardy, T; Osborne, J; Perkins, ND; Raynaud, FI; Reader, JC; Swales, K; Tall, M; Valenti, MR; Walton, MI, 2016)	0.43
" Herein we describe our initial efforts to develop orally bioavailable analogs of 12 with improved selectivity of Jak1 over Jak2."	( Structure activity optimization of 6H-pyrrolo[2,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazines as Jak1 kinase inhibitors. Aguirre, A; Argiriadi, MA; Davis, H; Edmunds, JJ; Fiamengo, B; Frank, KE; Friedman, M; George, DM; George, JS; Goedken, E; Hyland, D; Li, B; Morytko, M; Murtaza, A; Somal, G; Stewart, K; Tarcsa, E; Van Epps, S; Voss, J; Wang, L; Wishart, N; Woller, K, 2015)	0.65
"CEP-32215 is a new, potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inverse agonist of the histamine H3 receptor (H3R) with drug-like properties."	( 3-(1'-Cyclobutylspiro[4H-1,3-benzodioxine-2,4'-piperidine]-6-yl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridazin-6-one (CEP-32215), a new wake-promoting histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist. Aimone, LD; Ator, MA; Bacon, ER; Gruner, JA; Hudkins, RL; Marino, MJ; Mathiasen, JR; Raddatz, R; Williams, M, 2016)	0.43
" They also exhibit sufficient potency and oral bioavailability in rat to enable extensive in vivo profiling."	( Preclinical characterization of substituted 6,7-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-8(5H)-one P2X7 receptor antagonists. Ameriks, MK; Ao, H; Bhattacharya, A; Carruthers, NI; Letavic, MA; Lord, B; Ravula, S; Rech, JC; Savall, BM; Wall, JL; Wang, Q, 2016)	0.43
" Assay applicability was demonstrated in a first-in-animals study with oral administration, where the maximum plasma concentration (34ng/mL) occurred at 1h, the half-life (1h) was consistent with a previous IV study, and oral bioavailability was poor (F=0."	( A simple and rapid UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of the dual aurora kinase A/B inhibitor SCH-1473759 in murine plasma. Ferraz Nogueira Filho, MA; Figg, WD; Helman, L; McCalla, A; Nguyen, J; Peer, CJ, 2017)	0.46
"The aim of this single-center, open-label study was to assess the absolute bioavailability of an oral (tablet) versus intravenous (i."	( Absolute oral bioavailability of selexipag, a novel oral prostacyclin IP receptor agonist. Astruc, B; Dingemanse, J; Hurst, N; Kaufmann, P, 2017)	0.46
" The absolute oral bioavailability of selexipag (90% CI) was 49."	( Absolute oral bioavailability of selexipag, a novel oral prostacyclin IP receptor agonist. Astruc, B; Dingemanse, J; Hurst, N; Kaufmann, P, 2017)	0.46
" The bioavailability of selexipag after oral administration is approximately 50%."	( Absolute oral bioavailability of selexipag, a novel oral prostacyclin IP receptor agonist. Astruc, B; Dingemanse, J; Hurst, N; Kaufmann, P, 2017)	0.46
"A series of phosphate and ester-based prodrugs of anilinopyrazinone 1 (BMS-665053) containing either a methylene or an (acyloxy)alkoxy linker was prepared and evaluated in rat pharmacokinetic studies with the goal of improving the oral bioavailability of the parent (1)."	( Synthesis and evaluation of prodrugs of corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF Ahuja, VT; Bronson, JJ; Grace, JE; Hartz, RA; Lodge, NJ; Macor, JE; Vrudhula, VM, 2017)	0.46
" OSI-906 (linsitinib), an anti-tumor drug, is an orally bioavailable dual inhibitor of IR and IGF1R."	( Metabolic recovery of lipodystrophy, liver steatosis, and pancreatic β cell proliferation after the withdrawal of OSI-906. Konishi, H; Kyohara, M; Okuyama, T; Shirakawa, J; Tajima, K; Terauchi, Y; Togashi, Y; Yamazaki, S, 2017)	0.46
" The Q-marker was ascertained with transitive similarity and bioavailability in polypharmacokinetics."	( Application of TQSM polypharmacokinetics and its similarity approach to ascertain Q-marker by analyses of transitivity in vivo of five candidates in Buyanghuanwu injection. Deng, KW; He, FY; Liao, Q; Liu, WL; Tang, Y; Xiao, MF; Yang, YT; Zhang, YT; Zhou, YQ, 2018)	0.48
"The results represented that the optimum Q-marker in BYHWI is astragaloside Ⅳ, whose transitivity in vivo similarity was close to the behavior of polypharmacokinetics with maximum bioavailability to the total quanta."	( Application of TQSM polypharmacokinetics and its similarity approach to ascertain Q-marker by analyses of transitivity in vivo of five candidates in Buyanghuanwu injection. Deng, KW; He, FY; Liao, Q; Liu, WL; Tang, Y; Xiao, MF; Yang, YT; Zhang, YT; Zhou, YQ, 2018)	0.48
" The relative bioavailability of TMPP tablets was 102."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence study of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate tablets after single-dose administration in healthy Chinese male subjects . Guo, R; Li, H; Wang, B; Yuan, G, 2018)	0.48
"This study was designed to investigate the effects of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expressed in the intestine on the nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK) of T-3256336, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein inhibitor, and food effects on its bioavailability in rats."	( Impact of P-Glycoprotein on Intestinal Absorption of an Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Antagonist in Rats: Mechanisms of Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics and Food Effects. Hirabayashi, H; Kosugi, Y; Moriwaki, T; Yamamoto, S, 2018)	0.48
" The porcupine inhibitor LGK974, a novel orally bioavailable cancer therapeutic in Phase I clinical trials, induces potent Wnt signaling inhibition and leads to suppressed growth and progression of multiple types of cancers."	( Potent in vivo lung cancer Wnt signaling inhibition via cyclodextrin-LGK974 inclusion complexes. Chung, A; Guimaraes, PPG; Jacks, T; Langer, R; Mitchell, MJ; Oberli, M; Riley, RS; Spektor, R; Tammela, T; Tan, M; Viana, CTR; Wang, K; Wu, K, 2018)	0.48
" These studies demonstrated that NPT200-11 is orally bioavailable and brain penetrating and established target plasma and brain exposures for future studies of potential therapeutic benefit."	( The small molecule alpha-synuclein misfolding inhibitor, NPT200-11, produces multiple benefits in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Bonhaus, D; Khan, A; Koike, MA; Masliah, E; Price, DL; Rockenstein, E; Wrasidlo, W, 2018)	0.48
"Ligustrazine (or Tetramethylpyrazine, TMP) is an active pharmaceutical ingredient that faces the challenges of bitter taste and low oral bioavailability by the commercial phosphate salt (TMP-Pho)."	( Simultaneous taste-masking and oral bioavailability enhancement of Ligustrazine by forming sweet salts. He, X; Hu, S; Li, Q; Sun, CC; Wang, C; Zhao, X, 2020)	0.56
" The above results indicated that TMP had a higher bioavailability of hepatoprotection when encapsulation of LCE-PLA was applied."	( Fabrication of Ligusticum chuanxiong polylactic acid microspheres: A promising way to enhance the hepatoprotective effect on bioactive ingredients. Chen, J; Ge, H; Lin, P; Luo, T; Miao, S; Xiao, J; Yan, Z, 2020)	0.56
"A novel unsymmetrical structural class of orally bioavailable hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 5A protein (NS5A) inhibitors has been generated by improving both the solubility and membrane permeability of the lead compound found in our previous work."	( Orally bioavailable HCV NS5A inhibitors of unsymmetrical structural class. Akagi, Y; Fujioka, S; Inaba, T; Ito, S; Kinoshita, W; Komoda, Y; Kondo, K; Maeda, K; Nakamura, H; Okuda, S; Tamatani, Y; Terui, T; Ukaji, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Second, we tested the therapeutic effect of VP16 combined with CCT245737, an orally bioavailable CHK1 inhibitor, and observed strong synergistic anticancer effects in K562 cells."	( Checkpoint kinase‑1 inhibition and etoposide exhibit a strong synergistic anticancer effect on chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562 by impairing homologous recombination DNA damage repair. Fan, Z; Lai, Q; Li, S; Liang, A; Luo, H; Wang, F; Wang, G; Wang, J; Xu, J; Xu, Y; Zhang, W; Zhou, J, 2020)	0.56
" Proficient bioavailability coupled with no predicted in silico toxicity rendered them as prospective alternatives for designing and development of novel combinatorial therapy formulations for improving existing treatment regimes to combat COVID-19."	( Computational drug re-purposing targeting the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 as an effective strategy to neutralize COVID-19. Banerjee, DI; Darji, SA; Lipsa Rath, S; Toor, HG, 2021)	0.62
" The results of in vivo pharmacokinetic studies show that TAT-TMP-NPs improves the bioavailability of TMP."	( TAT-modified serum albumin nanoparticles for sustained-release of tetramethylpyrazine and improved targeting to spinal cord injury. Du, X; Li, C; Li, J; Li, T; Lin, Y; Liu, Z; Wan, Y; Wei, J; Zhong, Z; Zhou, M, 2021)	0.62
" TAT-TMP-NPs may overcome the poor water solubility and low bioavailability of TMP, showing promise for the clinical treatment of SCI."	( TAT-modified tetramethylpyrazine-loaded nanoparticles for targeted treatment of spinal cord injury. Bai, X; Du, X; Li, C; Li, J; Lin, Y; Liu, Z; Wan, Y; Wei, J; Zhong, Z; Zhou, M, 2021)	0.62
" Unlike other tubulin-binding agents, PTC596 is orally bioavailable and is not a P-glycoprotein substrate."	( Preclinical and Early Clinical Development of PTC596, a Novel Small-Molecule Tubulin-Binding Agent. Baird, JD; Branstrom, A; Cao, L; Colacino, JM; Dali, M; Dumble, M; Furia, B; Jernigan, F; Kim, MJ; Kong, R; Laskin, OL; Mollin, A; Moon, YC; Mühlethaler, T; O'Keefe, K; Prota, AE; Pykett, M; Sheedy, J; Sheridan, R; Spiegel, RJ; Steinmetz, MO; Weetall, M, 2021)	0.62
" Importantly, cocrystallization simultaneously improves bioavailability of both parent drugs."	( Simultaneous improvement of physical stability, dissolution, bioavailability, and antithrombus efficacy of Aspirin and Ligustrazine through cocrystallization. Hao, Y; He, X; Sun, CC; Wang, C; Wang, K; Zhao, X, 2022)	0.72
"The study assessed the relative bioavailability of an acalabrutinib suspension-in regular, degassed Coca-Cola-administered via NG tube (Acala-NG) versus the pharmacokinetics (PK) of an acalabrutinib capsule administered orally with water."	( Bioavailability of acalabrutinib suspension delivered via nasogastric tube in the presence or absence of a proton pump inhibitor in healthy subjects. Cheung, J; Gupta, A; Han, D; Majewski, M; Mann, J; Munugalavadla, V; Patel, P; Pepin, X; Sharma, S; Sheridan, L; Tomkinson, H; Townsley, D; Ware, JA; Wei, H; Zheng, L, 2022)	0.72
"WNT974 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable first-in-class inhibitor of Porcupine, a membrane-bound O-acyltransferase required for Wnt secretion, currently under clinical development in oncology."	( Model-based dose selection to inform translational clinical oncology development of WNT974, a first-in-class Porcupine inhibitor. Huang, PH; Ji, Y; Myers, A; Woolfenden, S, 2022)	0.72
" Previous pharmacokinetics assessments showed that savolitinib is rapidly absorbed but there are limited data on the absolute bioavailability and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of savolitinib."	( A Phase 1 Study to Evaluate Absolute Bioavailability and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Savolitinib in Healthy Male Volunteers. Argue, J; Cantarini, M; Hara, I; Li, Y; Menakuru, SR; Miah, K; Scarfe, G; Vishwanathan, K, 2023)	0.91
" This allows to ensure the bioavailability of the medicinal product of combined action."	( Composites of N-butyl-N-methyl-1-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-3-carboxamide with Polymers: Effect of Crystallinity on Solubility and Stability. Alekseev, KV; Blynskaya, EV; Marakhova, AI; Markeev, VB; Shishonin, AY; Tishkov, SV; Vetcher, AA, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Efficacy of an injectable formulation of praziquantel (given intramuscularly or subcutaneously at a dosage level of 5 mg/kg of body weight) or a tablet formulation (5 mg/kg) against immature Echinococcus granulosus was studied in experimentally infected dogs."	( Efficacy of injectable and tablet formulations of praziquantel against immature Echinococcus granulosus. Anderson, FL; Conder, GA; Marsland, WP, 1979)	0.26
" Dose-response curves in two subjects showed that complete inhibition of rectal difference occurred at 4 x 10(-5) mol/l and 4 x 10(-6) mol/l respectively."	( A comparison of methods for measurement of rectal potential difference in man: effects of rectal infusion of amiloride. McSorley, P; Mohamed, F; Warren, DJ, 1978)	0.26
" The average total daily dosage schedule for timolol ranged between 15 and 20 mg, with the same blood pressure lowering effect whether the divided dose was given twice or three times."	( [The anti-hypertensive effect of timolol maleate (blocadren) in gradated combination with a diuretic]. Vorburger, C, 1976)	0.26
" During the second and third weeks of 1,2-dithiole-3-thione feeding, rats were dosed by gavage with 250 micrograms of AFB1/kg five times a week."	( Potent inhibition of aflatoxin-induced hepatic tumorigenesis by the monofunctional enzyme inducer 1,2-dithiole-3-thione. Curphey, TJ; Eaton, DL; Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Roebuck, BD, 1992)	0.28
" Unfortunately its adverse central nervous system (CNS) stimulant effects can dramatically limit its use, and adjustments in the dosage are often needed."	( Synthesis and antibronchospastic activity of 8-alkoxy- and 8-(alkylamino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines. Bonnet, PA; Boucard, M; Chapat, JP; Laurent, F; Mani, JC; Michel, A; Rechencq, E; Sablayrolles, C, 1992)	0.51
" One wk following cessation of dosing with AFB1, oltipraz was removed from the diet, and all rats were fed the AIN-76A diet for the remainder of the experiment."	( Protection against aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in F344 rats by 5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (oltipraz): predictive role for short-term molecular dosimetry. Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Liu, YL; Roebuck, BD; Rogers, AE, 1991)	0.28
" Oltipraz was found to be active in reducing the number of worms significantly only when administered in a higher dosage 2 hours before infection and 7 days after infection."	( The prophylactic and curative effect of oltipraz in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni in mice. Aboul-Atta, AM, 1990)	0.28
" These results demonstrate the effectiveness of such a well tolerated low dosage combination therapy."	( Acipimox in combination with low dose cholestyramine for the treatment of type II hyperlipidaemia. Bedford, DK; Gaw, A; Kilday, C; Lorimer, AR; Packard, CJ; Series, JJ; Shepherd, J, 1990)	0.28
" Several 5-HT agonists were administered, in a dose-response fashion, to conscious rats and the effect on the levels of prolactin in plasma was measured."	( Effect of selective serotonin (5-HT) agonists and 5-HT2 antagonist on prolactin secretion. Bethea, CL; Lorens, SA; Urban, JH; Van de Kar, LD, 1989)	0.28
" ICI 147,798 produced a dose-dependent shift to the right of the dose-response (chronotropic) curve of isoproterenol with suppression of the maximal tachycardia, an effect characteristic of insurmountable beta receptor blockade."	( Insurmountable beta receptor blockade by ICI 147,798 in rabbits. Giles, RE; Hwang, TF; Kau, ST; Keith, RA; Murthy, VS; Salama, AI; Wurm, R; Zagar, ME, 1989)	0.28
" Acipimox was given at the dosage of one capsule (250 mg), two or three times daily for at least 2 months."	( Results of a phase IV study carried out with acipimox in type II diabetic patients with concomitant hyperlipoproteinaemia. Lavezzari, M; Milanesi, G; Oggioni, E; Pamparana, F, )	0.13
"The disposition of two 1-deaza-7,8-dihydropteridines, NSC 269416 and NSC 350386, was studied in mice dosed iv."	( Pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of two novel 1-deaza-7,8-dihydropteridines in mice. Hill, DL; Kalin, JR; Montgomery, JA; Noker, PE; Temple, CG, )	0.13
" Forty-eight hours after a single injection of mianserin, there was a shift to the right in the dose-response relationship for MK-212-induced hyperthermia."	( Selective desensitization of serotonin (5-HT) receptor-mediated hyperthermia by mianserin and other 5-HT antagonists. Gudelsky, GA; Koenig, JI; Meltzer, HY, 1987)	0.27
" The latter protocol constitutes a tumorigenic dosing regimen."	( Protection by 5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiol-3-thione (oltipraz) against the hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in the rat. Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Liu, YL; Roebuck, BD; Yager, JD, 1988)	0.27
" The mean fraction of the daily dose excreted unchanged in urine over the dosing interval (fe0-r) during days 9 to 15 ranged from 19."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of OPC-8212 in humans: a new, nonglycosidic, inotropic agent. Ishizaki, T; Ohnishi, A, 1988)	0.27
"A field trial has been carried out in Sudan to determine the optimum dosage regimen for the use of Oltipraz in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni in schoolchildren."	( Dose-finding trial using Oltipraz to treat schoolchildren infected with Schistosoma mansoni in Gezira, Sudan. Daffalla, AA; Dixon, HG; el Igail, AB; el Tayeb, M; Fenwick, A; Kardaman, MW, 1985)	0.27
" Accordingly, a dosage schedule of 50 mg or 100 mg of acipimox after each dialysis session was selected for a second, 4-week study in 14 uremic patients with hypertriglyceridemia."	( A pilot study of the pharmacokinetics and triglyceride lowering activity of acipimox in dialyzed uremic patients. Bonadonna, A; Bruno, R; Cascone, C; De Luca, M; Maggi, E; Munaretto, G; Tamassia, V, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response relationship between amiloride and current noise parameters was consistent with a two-state mechanism of blocker interaction with the channel."	( Apical membrane properties and amiloride binding kinetics of the human descending colon. Alles, WP; Binder, HJ; Sandle, GI; Wills, NK, 1984)	0.27
" Analysis of the amiloride dose-response relations revealed a complex "non Michaelis-Menten" behavior."	( Amiloride blockable sodium fluxes in toad bladder membrane vesicles. Garty, H, 1984)	0.27
"Twenty patients with mild to moderate hypertension participated in a single-blind crossover comparison of treatment with 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide plus 50 mg triamterene and 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide plus 5 mg amiloride in once-daily dosage regimens."	( Hydrochlorothiazide in combination with potassium-sparing agents in the treatment of hypertension. Dean, S; Spencer-Mills, L, 1984)	0.27
" Thus, the same parasitological cure could be achieved by oltipraz as well as by praziquantel, but with a lower dosage of oltipraz."	( Comparative trial of oltipraz versus praziquantel in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in the Gabon. Baltes, R; Burchard, GD; Dietrich, M; Kern, P, 1984)	0.27
" We selected a dosage of 10 mg/kg of metrifonate and 25 mg/kg of niridazole."	( [Comparative efficacy of oltipraz (1 dose, 30 mg/kg) and the combination of niridazole (25 mg/kg) and metrifonate (10 mg/kg) against S. haematobium]. Mouchet, F; Rey, JL; Sellin, B; Sellin, E; Simonkovich, E, )	0.13
"An open, multi-centre study was carried out in general practice to compare the efficacy and tolerance of antihypertensive therapy with once-daily and twice-daily dosage of a fixed ratio combination of hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg), amiloride (2."	( Comparison of a fixed ratio combination of hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride and timolol ('Moducren') given once versus twice daily in mild to moderate hypertension. Currie, WJ; Isitt, VL; VandenBurg, MJ; Young, JH, 1984)	0.27
" A dose-response relationship has been established for the actions of amiloride in reducing fractional excretion of magnesium and potassium during furosemide diuresis in rats."	( Magnesium- and potassium-sparing effects of amiloride. Review and recent findings. Ryan, MP, 1984)	0.27
"Total body potassium content, plasma potassium concentration, blood pressure, and plasma concentrations of renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were measured in patients with essential hypertension after a run-in period of 8 wk on a regimen of hydrochlorothiazide (median dosage 75 mg/day)."	( Effects of amiloride on plasma and total body potassium, blood pressure, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in thiazide-treated hypertensive patients. Dige-Petersen, H; Giese, J; Ibsen, H; Leth, A; Nielsen, MD; Rasmussen, S; Svendsen, UG, 1983)	0.27
" The effect of twice the dosage was evaluated in subjects with unsatisfactory blood pressure (BP) on the lower dose."	( Potassium sparing by amiloride during thiazide therapy in hypertension. Andersson, PO; H-Andersen, H; Hagman, A; Henning, R, 1984)	0.27
" The dose-response curve for this discrimination was orderly with an ED50 of about one-half of the training dose (0."	( A neuropharmacological analysis of the discriminative stimulus properties of fenfluramine. Appel, JB; White, FJ, 1981)	0.26
" The results showed that the change in treatment led to a significant reduction in blood pressure in both groups, at a dosage of 1 tablet daily in over half the patients, and the majority (88%) preferred the new form of treatment."	( A general practice study of timolol/hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride ('Moducren'), a new therapy for hypertension, and the doctor's influence on management. Arr, S; Parry, EE; Tait, D, 1983)	0.27
" The dosage problem with HTZ + AMl is discussed."	( Antihypertensive and metabolic effects of a combination of hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride. Leary, WP; Reyes, AJ, 1981)	0.26
" Dosage was 2 tablets per day of the 5 mg amiloride plus 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide combination or of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide alone."	( Potassium conservation with amiloride/hydrochlorothiazide ("Moduret') in thiazide-induced hypokalaemia in hypertension. Campbell, N; Fernandez, PG; Galway, AB; Gill, V; Granter-Button, S; Kim, BK; MacDonald, J; Sharma, JN; Snedden, W, 1982)	0.26
" For up to 20 hr amiloride induced linear log dose-urinary electrolyte response relationships but spironolactone dose-response trends were demonstrated only in the period from 10 to 20 hr after treatment."	( Relative potency of amiloride and spironolactone in healthy man. McInnes, GT, 1982)	0.26
" In a smaller study potassium chloride induced a significant log dose-response on plasma potassium, but the effect was small in absolute terms."	( Amiloride, spironolactone, and potassium chloride in thiazide-treated hypertensive patients. Fraser, R; Hettiarachchi, J; Morton, JJ; Ramsay, LE, 1980)	0.26
" The second intervention strategy utilized a delayed, transient protocol in which oltipraz was fed for 2 weeks beginning 1 week after AFB1 dosing began and ending 2 weeks before AFB1 dosing was completed."	( Levels of aflatoxin-albumin biomarkers in rat plasma are modulated by both long-term and transient interventions with oltipraz. Dolan, PM; Egner, PA; Gange, SJ; Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Muñoz, A, 1995)	0.29
" Ideally, clinical chemopreventive interventions use dosing regimens that maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity."	( Intermittent dosing with oltipraz: relationship between chemoprevention of aflatoxin-induced tumorigenesis and induction of glutathione S-transferases. Egner, PA; Kelloff, GJ; Kensler, TW; Primiano, T; Roebuck, BD; Sutter, TR, 1995)	0.29
" Further research into the appropriate mechanisms of action and proper dosing of these drugs may lead to a renewed interest in the use of positive inotropes for chronic heart failure."	( Reassessment of digoxin and other low-dose positive inotropes in the treatment of chronic heart failure. Gheorghiade, M; Han, D; Tauke, J, 1994)	0.29
" Three dosage levels (1."	( [Effects of scoparone on hemodynamics in anesthetized rabbits]. Huang, JC; Sun, AX; Wang, RX; Wang, XR, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response profile of U-94863 in the alpha 1 beta 2 subtype was largely indistinguishable from that in the alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2 subtype, suggesting no critical role for the gamma 2 subunit in potentiation of the GABA response by the pyrazinones."	( Substituted pyrazinones, a new class of allosteric modulators for gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors. Carter, DB; Gammill, RB; Hamilton, BJ; Im, HK; Im, WB; Judge, TM; Pregenzer, JF, 1993)	0.29
" Oltipraz was fed in the diet from one week prior to OH-BBN dosing until sacrifice, six months later."	( Chemoprevention of OH-BBN-induced bladder cancer in mice by oltipraz, alone and in combination with 4-HPR and DFMO. Detrisac, CJ; Kelloff, GJ; Moon, RC; Sigman, CC; Steele, VE; Thomas, CF, )	0.13
" Mean area under the curve over one dosing interval (8 h) and elimination half-life values of acipimox after repeated dosing were not significantly different from the corresponding values after the single dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of acipimox and of its N-deoxy metabolite following single and repeated oral administration to healthy volunteers. Basileo, G; Efthymiopoulos, C; Musatti, L; Poggesi, I; Ruff, F; Strolin Benedetti, M, )	0.13
" This inhibition of AFM1 excretion was not seen in animals receiving oltipraz by gavage 24 h prior to dosing with AFB1."	( Inhibition of aflatoxin Ml excretion in rat urine during dietary intervention with oltipraz. Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Musser, SM; Scholl, P, 1996)	0.29
" In an attempt to prepare a lung targeting dosage form, ligustrazine hydrochloride gelatin microspheres (LTH-GMS) were prepared by the method of emulsion process, using 2:1 as the weight ratio of LTH to gelatin."	( [Studies on gelatin microsphere loaded ligustrazine hydrochloride for lung targeting]. Deng, XX; Lu, B; Yang, H; Zeng, FB, 1996)	0.29
" Although oltipraz has a very short plasma half-life, elevations in the levels of some GST isoforms can persist up to 1 week after dosing with oltipraz."	( Chemoprevention by inducers of carcinogen detoxication enzymes. Kensler, TW, 1997)	0.3
" To assess the utility of measurements of aflatoxin-albumin adducts to predict risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 123 male F344 rats were dosed with 20 microg of AFB1 daily for 5 weeks after randomization into three groups: no intervention; delayed-transient (500 ppm of oltipraz, weeks 2 and 3 relative to AFB1); or persistent (500 ppm oltipraz, weeks -1 to 5)."	( Predictive value of molecular dosimetry: individual versus group effects of oltipraz on aflatoxin-albumin adducts and risk of liver cancer. Dolan, PM; Egner, PA; Gange, SJ; Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Muñoz, A; Roebuck, BD; Rogers, AE, 1997)	0.3
" Induction of glutathione S-transferase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and DT-diaphorase has been observed in human tissues following the administration of a single oral dosage of oltipraz."	( Chemopreventive activity of oltipraz. Clapper, ML, 1998)	0.3
" Chronic twice-daily oral dosing with D-22888 for three days caused inhibition of 24 h post-challenge BAL eosinophilia, amounting to 88% at 30 mg/kg."	( Effects of a selective PDE4 inhibitor, D-22888, on human airways and eosinophils in vitro and late phase allergic pulmonary eosinophilia in guinea pigs. Branscheid, D; Dent, G; Egerland, J; Magnussen, H; Marx, D; Poppe, H; Rabe, KF; Szelenyi, I, 1998)	0.3
" A dose-response curve was constructed with vesnarinone concentrations ranging from 10(-4 ) to 10(-9 ) mol/L."	( Differential response to vesnarinone by cardiac fibroblasts isolated from normal and aortic regurgitant hearts. Borer, JS; Goldfine, SM; Herrold, EM; Ross, JS, 1998)	0.3
" SM and TP could prolong the multiplication time of fibroblasts and this effect was correlated postively with the dosage of drug."	( [The influence of salvia miltiorrhiza and tetramethyl pyrazine on DNA content of cicatricial fibroblasts and its cellular cycle]. Guan, W; Shang, Q; Zhang, D, 1998)	0.3
" to anesthetized rats and dogs, ZD1611 caused dose-related rightward shifts of partial dose-response curves to the precursor of ET-1, big ET-1."	( Pharmacological profile of ZD1611, a novel, orally active endothelin ETA receptor antagonist. Bialecki, R; Heys, C; Hunt, SJ; James, R; Kelly, E; Mellor, S; Palmer, S; Tang, E; Wilson, C; Wright, N, 1999)	0.3
"To establish the maximum tolerated dosage (MTD), the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and pharmacokinetic parameters of CI-980, a novel tubulin binder, in children with solid tumors refractory to standard therapy."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of CI-980 in recurrent pediatric solid tumor cases: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Baruchel, S; Bernstein, ML; Blaney, S; Devine, S; Markoglou, N; Moghrabi, A; Vietti, T; Wainer, IW; Williams, M; Winick, N, )	0.13
" This dose of ZD2574 markedly blunted the pressor response to ET-1, indicating effective blockade of ET(A) receptors, and also abolished the initial transient depressor response to ET-1, indicating that blockade of endothelial ET(B) receptors also occurred using this dosage regimen for ZD2574."	( Endothelin receptor antagonism does not prevent the development of in vivo glyceryl trinitrate tolerance in the rat. Adams, MA; Bennett, BM; Fraser, AB; Ratz, JD; Rees-Milton, KJ, 2000)	0.31
" This study was designed to test intermittent dosing schedules using two dosage levels: 500 mg as a single weekly dose and 200 mg as a biweekly dose, each for 30 days."	( Oltipraz concentrations in plasma, buccal mucosa cells, and lipids: pharmacological studies. Bennett, JL; Bennink, M; Crowell, J; Dimitrov, NV; Gardiner, J; Hawk, E; Leece, CM; Nashawaty, M; Seymour, E; Tompkins, ER, 2001)	0.31
" There was a dose-response increase of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 with MMI270."	( Phase I and pharmacological study of the oral matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, MMI270 (CGS27023A), in patients with advanced solid cancer. Choi, L; Denis, LJ; Eskens, FA; Foekens, JA; Harris, AL; Levitt, NC; Nakajima, M; O'Byrne, KJ; Owen, SJ; Propper, DJ; Steward, WP; Talbot, DC; Verweij, J; Wilner, S; Wood, JM, 2001)	0.31
" Other metabolites derived from the conjugation and/or oxidation of aflatoxin B(1) measured in the urine of dosed rats included aflatoxin P(1), aflatoxin P(1)-glucuronide, aflatoxin Q(1), aflatoxin M(1), 8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy aflatoxin B(1), aflatoxin B(1)-mercapturic acid, the aflatoxin-cysteine glycine adduct derived from the aflatoxin-glutathione conjugate, aflatoxin M(1)P(1) and the aflatoxin B(1)-dialcohol."	( Liquid chromatography electrospray-mass spectrometry of urinary aflatoxin biomarkers: characterization and application to dosimetry and chemoprevention in rats. Egner, P; Groopman, JD; Kensler, TW; Scholl, PF; Walker, J; Walton, M, 2001)	0.31
" Different dosage of TMP, RSM and norepinephrine (NE) were used to study their effects on the collagen synthesis and proliferation of cultured cardiac Fbs."	( [Effects of tetramethylpyrazine and radix salviae miltiorrhizae on collagen synthesis and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts]. Song, D; Su, H; Wu, M, 1998)	0.3
"Compared with the control group, moderate or high dosage TMP and RSM could significantly inhibit the collagen synthesis and the proliferation of cultured cardiac Fbs."	( [Effects of tetramethylpyrazine and radix salviae miltiorrhizae on collagen synthesis and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts]. Song, D; Su, H; Wu, M, 1998)	0.3
" Two of seven subjects at the 250 mg/m2 dosage required dose reductions, owing to significant fatigue."	( Chronic dosing of oltipraz in people at increased risk for colorectal cancer. Balshem, AM; Clapper, ML; Engstrom, PF; Frucht, H; Goosenberg, EB; Litwin, S; O'Dwyer, PJ; Pfeiffer, GR; Szarka, CE; Yao, KS, 2001)	0.31
" These studies provided the rationale for a twice-weekly dosing schedule employed in ongoing clinical studies."	( Development of the proteasome inhibitor PS-341. Adams, J, 2002)	0.31
"To compare clinical curative effect of acute ischemic cerebrovascular diseases (ICVD) treated with different dosage of ligustrazine and to observe the effect of ligustrazine on hemorrheology."	( [Observation on curative effect of acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease treated with different dosage of ligustrazine]. Cai, Y; Ren, M; Yang, R, 2000)	0.31
" The dose-response relationship of liver injury induced by various doses of econazole was observed simultaneously from serum biochemical assay of SGOT and SGPT, and also from hepatohistological microscopic examination, by determination of the hepatoprotective effects of various concentrations of TMP on SGOT and SGPT elevation induced by a hepatotoxic dose of econazole (300 mg/kg)."	( Hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of tetramethylpyrazine on acute econazole-induced liver injury. Lin, CC; Lin, SC; Liu, CF; Ng, LT, 2002)	0.31
" Additional studies are indicated to determine whether incorporation of dose/body surface area yields a superior PD model to dosing without normalization."	( Phase I trial of the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 in patients with refractory hematologic malignancies. Adams, J; Anderson, JK; Baldwin, AS; Bhagat, R; Depcik-Smith, ND; Elliott, PJ; Esseltine, DL; Guerciolini, R; Lehman, MJ; Mitchell, BS; Novick, SC; O'Connor, OA; Orlowski, RZ; Pien, CS; Shea, TC; Soignet, SL; Stahl, S; Stinchcombe, TE, 2002)	0.31
" Individual variations were observed that were not related to Oltipraz dosing or schedule of administration."	( Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity of human lymphocytes after oral administration of Oltipraz. Contreras, ML; Crowell, J; Dimitrov, NV; Madhukar, BV; Meyer-Leece, C, 2002)	0.31
" The results showed that oltipraz is effective in the inhibition of carcinogenesis prior to or at the same time with Cigarette Smoking Condensate(CSC) treatment; oltipraz can decrease GSTs activity and GST-pi protein content along with its inhibition of HFL carcinogenesis; oltipraz can decrease mp53 expression; oltipraz can prevent but can not reverse the ras gene mutation; oltipraz can induce apoptosis of GLC cell obviously in a dosage of 120 micrograms/ml."	( [Studies on inhibition of human lung carcinogenesis in early stage by oltipraz and its effects on some gene expression and regulation]. Bai, H, 1998)	0.3
" Phase I trials provided evidence of manageable toxicities and support a twice-weekly dosing regimen now being examined in a Phase III study."	( Potential for proteasome inhibition in the treatment of cancer. Adams, J, 2003)	0.32
" and oral dosing in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics, in-situ absorption and protein binding studies of a new neuroleptic agent centbutindole in rats. Gupta, RC; Issar, M; Mishra, B; Singh, SK, 2003)	0.32
" Dose-response studies were undertaken to characterize the cancer chemopreventive activities of several dithiolethiones that are at least as active as oltipraz as inducers."	( Evaluation of the cancer chemopreventive potency of dithiolethione analogs of oltipraz. Baumgartner, KJ; Bodreddigari, S; Curphey, TJ; Gange, SJ; Kensler, TW; Li, Y; Roebuck, BD; Sutter, TR; Yan, J, 2003)	0.32
" Ligustrazine with the dosage of 80 mg twice a day was given to 25 patients in the treatment group by intravenous perfusion besides the medicine used in the control group."	( [Effect of ligustrazine on proliferative glomerulonephritis]. Tang, X, 2003)	0.32
" dosing for the first 2 weeks of each 3-week cycle."	( Velcade: U.S. FDA approval for the treatment of multiple myeloma progressing on prior therapy. Bross, PF; Farrell, AT; Kane, RC; Pazdur, R, 2003)	0.32
" dosing of mice with 1 for 1 week developed tolerance in a similar manner to that of morphine in TF and HP tests, implicating that 1 also acts through a similar mechanism analogous to morphine at mu-opioid receptors."	( Novel 2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine-containing pyrazinone opioid mimetic mu-agonists with potent antinociceptive activity in mice. Ambo, A; Bryant, SD; Jinsmaa, Y; Lazarus, LH; Okada, Y; Sasaki, Y; Shiotani, K; Tsuda, Y, 2004)	0.32
" The chromatographic conditions resolved isobaric interference peaks observed in samples from patients dosed with MMI270B."	( Rapid analysis of MMI270B, an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: matrix interference in patient samples. Majumdar, TK; Tse, FL; Vedananda, S, 2004)	0.32
" Commercial pyrazine standards were purchased, assayed for purity, and tested in dose-response studies on hamster oviducts."	( Pyrazine derivatives in cigarette smoke inhibit hamster oviductal functioning. Arey, J; Riveles, K; Roza, R; Talbot, P, 2004)	0.32
" of the high dosage used in the Vesnarinone Study Group Trial (VSGT), and of both dosages used in the Vesnarinone Trial (VEST)] a dose-dependent increase in mortality was identified for vesnarinone 30-120 mg/day."	( Clinical characteristics of vesnarinone. Feldman, AM, 2004)	0.32
" The results show that both CL intensity and cell mortality of lymphocytes increase with the increase of the radiation dose when the dosage is no more than 3 Gy, suggesting a positive relationship between the degree of lymphocyte cell damage and the amount of ROS generated."	( Evaluation of the degree of medical radiation damage with a highly sensitive chemiluminescence method. Gao, B; Li, X; Wei, Y; Xing, D; Zhu, D, )	0.13
" PY extraction from semi-solid devices approached 100% efficiency demonstrating that the reported assay is suitable for evaluating stability of novel dosage forms intended for ALA delivery."	( Analysis of pyrazine 2,5-dipropionic acid in 5-aminolevulinic acid-loaded urological and topical delivery vehicles: methodology and assay validation. Andrews, GP; Donnelly, RF; McCarron, PA; Woolfson, AD, 2005)	0.33
" The percent removal of trace odorants at any given time for a particular carbon dosage is irrelative to the initial concentration of the odor compounds."	( Removal of earthy-musty odorants in drinking water by powdered activated carbon. Liang, C; Sun, W; Wang, D; Yang, M; Zhang, S, 2005)	0.33
" The dose-response curves for IATP in the absence and presence of 1 mM TMP showed that TMP (1 mM) shifted the concentration-response curve of IATP downward markedly and the two EC50 values were very close (75 vs."	( Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits ATP-activated currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Gao, Y; Li, GL; Liang, SD; Liu, HQ; Xu, CS; Zhou, T, 2005)	0.33
"Ligustrazine could markedly tingle the spontaneous electrical activity of the muscle spindle, and it also showed a good dose-response relationship, while Salvia Miltiorrhiza and Safflower had no such excitative effect."	( [Effects of three Chinese traditional drugs on afferent discharge from single muscle spindle in toads]. Fan, XL; Gao, YF, 2005)	0.33
" These results were compared to analysis using the median-dose effect method, which generated complex drug interactions due to differences in dose-response curve sigmoidicities."	( Bortezomib interactions with chemotherapy agents in acute leukemia in vitro. Berg, SL; Blaney, SM; D'Argenio, DZ; Gannavarapu, A; Horton, TM; Plon, SE, 2006)	0.33
" Phase I clinical trials established an optimal dosing strategy and demonstrated a manageable toxicity profile."	( Bortezomib, a novel proteasome inhibitor, in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Einsele, H; Jackson, G; Miguel, JS; Moreau, P, 2005)	0.33
" Sitagliptin possesses pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics that support a once-daily dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Bergman, A; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Musson, D; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Van Dyck, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2005)	0.33
" AMPA-type channels were competitively inhibited by RPR119990 or RPR117824 with an IC(50) around 10 nM, at GluR6 channels the dose-response relation of the inhibition was shifted to higher concentrations."	( Molecular analysis of the interaction of the pyrazine derivatives RPR119990 and RPR117824 with human AMPA-type glutamate receptor channels. Bufler, J; Cordes, AL; Krampfl, K; Schlesinger, F, 2006)	0.33
" Multiple dosing of sitagliptin exhibited a PK/PD profile consistent with that of a QD regimen and was well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy male volunteers. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Laethem, M; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W; Zhou, Y, 2006)	0.33
" Studies are underway to explore different dosing strategies as well as ways to maximize patient benefit while reducing toxicity."	( Optimizing the efficacy and safety of bortezomib in relapsed multiple myeloma. Colson, K; Jagannath, S; Richardson, P, 2006)	0.33
" Following dosing on Day 7 of each treatment period, these pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for plasma sitagliptin and metformin: area under the plasma concentrations-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC(0-12h)), maximum observed plasma concentrations (C(max)), and time of occurrence of maximum observed plasma concentrations (T(max))."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of metformin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when co-administered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bergman, A; Herman, GA; Kipnes, M; Yi, B, 2006)	0.33
") The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, which induces strong apoptosis in cancer cells, abrogated proliferation and angiogenesis of HUVECs when used at a high concentration (100 nM), yet promoted both functions at a low dosage (10 nM)."	( Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 alpha determines sensitivity of endothelial cells to the proteosome inhibitor bortezomib. Belloni, D; Caligaris-Cappio, F; Cangi, MG; Ferrarini, M; Ferrero, E; Foglieni, C; Veschini, L, 2007)	0.34
"Bortezomib was dosed on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 (i."	( Tissue distribution and depletion kinetics of bortezomib and bortezomib-related radioactivity in male rats after single and repeated intravenous injection of 14 C-bortezomib. De Coster, R; Diels, L; Geerts, R; Hassler, S; Hemeryck, A; Janssen, C; Mamidi, RN; Monbaliu, J; van Beijsterveldt, L; Verhaeghe, T; Verluyten, W, 2007)	0.34
"No undue tissue accumulation of TR and of bortezomib was observed in rats following a full clinical dosing cycle of bortezomib."	( Tissue distribution and depletion kinetics of bortezomib and bortezomib-related radioactivity in male rats after single and repeated intravenous injection of 14 C-bortezomib. De Coster, R; Diels, L; Geerts, R; Hassler, S; Hemeryck, A; Janssen, C; Mamidi, RN; Monbaliu, J; van Beijsterveldt, L; Verhaeghe, T; Verluyten, W, 2007)	0.34
" Oral dosing of 58 reduced food intake in an acute rat feeding model, which could be completely reversed by a selective 5-HT2C antagonist and caused a reduction in body weight gain in a 4-day rat model."	( Discovery of (R)-9-ethyl-1,3,4,10b-tetrahydro-7-trifluoromethylpyrazino[2,1-a]isoindol- 6(2H)-one, a selective, orally active agonist of the 5-HT(2C) receptor. Cao, X; Cullen, MJ; Devenny, J; Hung, CP; Janovitz, E; Keim, WJ; Lehman-McKeeman, L; Malley, MF; Malmstrom, SE; Miller, KJ; Narayanan, R; Pelleymounter, MA; Qu, Q; Robl, JA; Rohrbach, KW; Rossi, K; Thomas, MA; Ung, T; Varnes, JG; Wacker, DA; Wu, G; Zhang, G; Zuvich, E, 2007)	0.34
" The slower response in nodal disease may require prolonged therapy, perhaps with a less intensive dosing schedule to avoid early discontinuation because of toxicity."	( Bortezomib is active in patients with untreated or relapsed Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia: a phase II study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Chen, CI; Eisenhauer, E; Kouroukis, CT; Powers, J; Stadtmauer, E; Stewart, AK; Voralia, M; Walsh, W; White, D; Wright, JJ, 2007)	0.34
" In this gene expression profiling study, we show that H-MM is defined by a protein biosynthesis signature that is primarily driven by a gene dosage mechanism as a result of trisomic chromosomes."	( Molecular dissection of hyperdiploid multiple myeloma by gene expression profiling. Ahmann, G; Bergsagel, PL; Bryant, B; Carpten, J; Chng, WJ; Chung, TH; Dispenzieri, A; Fonseca, R; Gertz, M; Greipp, P; Henderson, K; Kim, S; Kumar, S; Kyle, R; Lacy, M; Mulligan, G; Price-Troska, T; Rajkumar, SV; Vanwier, S, 2007)	0.34
"Bortezomib was uniformly active against the PPTP's in vitro panel, with a median IC(50) of 23 nM and with a steep dose-response curve."	( Initial testing (stage 1) of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Carol, H; Houghton, PJ; Keir, ST; Keshelava, N; Kolb, EA; Lock, R; Maris, JM; Morton, CL; Reynolds, CP; Smith, MA; Wu, J, 2008)	0.35
" Additionally, the glycemic response to sitagliptin 100 mg daily was evaluated as a once-daily (100 mg once-daily) or twice-daily (50 mg twice-daily) dosing regimen."	( Once-daily sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Hanefeld, M; Herman, GA; Mickel, C; Sanchez, M; Stein, PP; Wu, M, 2007)	0.34
" The antitumor efficacy of PR-171 delivered on 2 consecutive days is stronger than that of bortezomib administered on its clinical dosing schedule."	( Antitumor activity of PR-171, a novel irreversible inhibitor of the proteasome. Aujay, MA; Bennett, MK; Buchholz, TJ; Dajee, M; Demo, SD; Ho, MN; Jiang, J; Kirk, CJ; Laidig, GJ; Lewis, ER; Molineaux, CJ; Parlati, F; Shenk, KD; Smyth, MS; Sun, CM; Vallone, MK; Woo, TM, 2007)	0.34
" Effects of GPR109A agonists on lipolysis were measured in both species after oral dosing of compounds, and measuring plasma levels of free fatty acids."	( Comparison of rat and dog models of vasodilatation and lipolysis for the calculation of a therapeutic index for GPR109A agonists. Carballo-Jane, E; Colletti, SL; Forrest, MJ; Gerckens, LS; Luell, S; McCann, ME; Parlapiano, AS; Richman, JG; Taggart, AK; Tata, JR; Waters, MG; Wolff, M, )	0.13
" Once daily oral dosing of PQIP induced robust antitumor efficacy in GEO xenografts."	( A novel, potent, and selective insulin-like growth factor-I receptor kinase inhibitor blocks insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in vitro and inhibits insulin-like growth factor-I receptor dependent tumor growth in vivo. Arnold, LD; Buck, E; Cooke, A; Eyzaguirre, A; Feng, L; Gibson, NW; Ji, QS; Mak, G; Mulvihill, MJ; O'Connor, M; Pachter, JA; Pirritt, C; Rosenfeld-Franklin, M; Yao, Y, 2007)	0.34
" It displays a good pharmacokinetic profile when dosed in rats and no covalent binding with microsomal proteins in both in vitro and in vivo models."	( Dihydroxypyridopyrazine-1,6-dione HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Chen, IW; Culberson, C; Ellis, JD; Embrey, MW; Felock, PJ; Fisher, TE; Gabryelski, LJ; Hazuda, DJ; Jin, L; Kim, B; Lyle, TA; Mallai, R; Schleif, WA; Staas, DD; Vacca, JP; Wai, JS; Williams, PD; Young, SD; Zhuang, L, 2007)	0.34
" We therefore aimed at describing dose-response relationships between amino acid metabolism and circulating FFA concentrations at clamped hormone levels."	( Dose-response effects of free fatty acids on amino acid metabolism and ureagenesis. Christiansen, JS; Gjedde, S; Gjedsted, J; Gormsen, LC; Jørgensen, JO; Møller, N; Nørrelund, H; Schmitz, O, 2008)	0.35
"The combination of bortezomib and celecoxib was well tolerated, without dose limiting toxicities observed throughout the dosing ranges tested, and will be studied further at the highest dose levels investigated."	( Bortezomib in combination with celecoxib in patients with advanced solid tumors: a phase I trial. Chaudhary, U; Dunder, S; Green, M; Hayslip, J; Kraft, A; Meyer, M; Montero, AJ; Salzer, S; Sherman, C, 2007)	0.34
" The sitagliptin dosage recommended by the manufacturer is 100 mg once daily as monotherapy or in combination with metformin or a thiazolidinedione."	( Sitagliptin: a novel agent for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nogid, A; Pham, DQ; Plakogiannis, R, 2008)	0.35
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, dosage and administration, place in therapy, and cost of bortezomib in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma are reviewed."	( Bortezomib: a novel chemotherapeutic agent for hematologic malignancies. Kolesar, J; Utecht, KN, 2008)	0.35
" At the RD, microarray analysis of transcriptional profiles was carried out before and after the first dosing in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)."	( Phase I study of bortezomib with weekly paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumours. Bertoni, F; Capri, G; Catapano, CV; Cresta, S; Gallerani, E; Gianni, L; Maccioni, E; Maur, M; Passalacqua, D; Rinaldi, A; Sessa, C; Tosi, D; Viganò, L, 2008)	0.35
"To investigate the efficacy and toxicity of bortezomib based combination therapy for Chinese patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM), and to determine the combination regimen, dosage and cycles in application of bortezomib for MM therapy."	( [Bortezomib-based combination therapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma]. Chen, YB; Fu, WJ; Hou, J; Wang, DX; Xi, H; Yuan, ZG, 2008)	0.35
" With these drug therapies has come a more targeted approach to treatment enabling not only improved antimyeloma efficacy but also the use of decreased dosing enhancing the safety and tolerability of these regimens."	( New drugs in multiple myeloma. Berenson, JR; Yellin, O, 2008)	0.35
" The clinical condition scores, frequency of attacks and dosage of Terbutaline inhaled were scored and recorded on the first day of hospitalization (before treatment) and after treatment."	( Effect of ligustrazine injection on levels of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma in patients with bronchial asthma. Che, XW; Wang, H; Wang, W; Zhang, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Bortezomib generally showed dose-response curves with a steep slope."	( In vitro activity of bortezomib in cultures of patient tumour cells--potential utility in haematological malignancies. Aleskog, A; Carlson, K; Larsson, R; Lindhagen, E; Nygren, P; Wiberg, K, 2009)	0.35
" Thus, the lipid emulsion with soybean oil and lecithin could be used as a potential dosage form with the liver-targeting property and enhanced stability of sparingly water-soluble 2-AP."	( Preparation and evaluation of 2-(allylthio)pyrazine-loaded lipid emulsion with enhanced stability and liver targeting. Choi, HG; Jang, JH; Kim, CK; Sung, JH, 2009)	0.35
" These events were predictable and often managed by dosage modifications and supportive therapy."	( Pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin: a review of its use in the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Plosker, GL, 2008)	0.35
" 4) The most common adverse events were 1-2 grade and tolerable 3 patients had to reduce the bortezomib dosage because of peripheral neuropathy or sinus bradycardia."	( [Outcome of bortezomib plus chemotherapy with or without stem cell transplantation for treatment of multiple myeloma]. Deng, SH; Qiu, LG; Wang, Y; Wang, YF; Wu, T; Xu, Y; Zhao, YZ; Zou, DH, 2008)	0.35
" The plasma LC/MS biomolecular/biochemical profiles, comprised of thousands of endogenous small molecules, peptides and proteins, were determined for 10 multiple myeloma patients at predose and 24 h after initial dosing with bortezomib."	( Elucidation of potential bortezomib response markers in mutliple myeloma patients. Guerciolini, R; Hsieh, FY; Miwa, G; Pekol, TM; Tengstrand, E, 2009)	0.35
" This effect was abrogated in Nrf2(-/-) mice dosed with oltipraz, attenuated in mice Nrf2(-/-) mice treated with auraptene and imperatorin, and still significant in Nrf2(-/-) mice treated with isopimpinellin."	( Comparison of citrus coumarins on carcinogen-detoxifying enzymes in Nrf2 knockout mice. Childers, A; Itoh, K; Kleiner, HE; Li, Y; Prince, M; Yamamoto, M, 2009)	0.35
" However, while bortezomib was highly cytotoxic to NK-92 cells in vitro, bortezomib treatment in vivo did not decrease NK-92 function, suggesting that through alternative dosing or timing of bortezomib, greater efficacy may occur from combined therapy."	( Sensitization of human breast cancer cells to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by proteasome inhibition. Ames, E; Hallett, WH; Murphy, WJ, 2009)	0.35
" As it had been 10 months since her last dosage adjustment of diltiazem, it was unlikely that the statin-induced rhabdomyolysis was precipitated by diltiazem."	( Rhabdomyolysis caused by a potential sitagliptin-lovastatin interaction. DiGregorio, RV; Pasikhova, Y, 2009)	0.35
" These results support a once-daily dosing regimen in Japanese patients with T2DM."	( Effects of once-daily sitagliptin on 24-h glucose control following 4 weeks of treatment in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Amatruda, JM; Fukao, Y; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Nonaka, K; Okuyama, K; Tsubouchi, H, 2009)	0.35
" Bortezomib-based combination therapies, with consideration for attenuated or intermittent dosing of bortezomib to minimize neuropathy, are under investigation."	( Bortezomib in relapsed or refractory Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Chen, C; Eisenhauer, E; Kouroukis, CT; Powers, J; Stadtmauer, E; Stewart, AK; Voralia, M; Walsh, W; White, D; Wright, JJ, 2009)	0.35
" Exploration of alternative schedules for bortezomib administration that includes weekly dosing should be pursued."	( Primary therapy of Waldenström macroglobulinemia with bortezomib, dexamethasone, and rituximab: WMCTG clinical trial 05-180. Birner, A; Boral, A; Diener, JG; Esseltine, DL; Ghobrial, IM; Ioakimidis, L; Keogh, GP; Matous, J; Mattern, J; Myers, TJ; Nelson, M; Patterson, CJ; Sheehy, P; Soumerai, JD; Treon, SP; Willen, M, 2009)	0.35
" Plasma DPP-4 activity was assessed at trough, 24 h following dosing on day 7; percent DPP-4 inhibition was corrected for sample assay dilution."	( Sitagliptin 100 mg daily effect on DPP-4 inhibition and compound-specific glycemic improvement. Alba, M; Goldstein, BJ; Guan, Y; Herman, G; Kaufman, KD; Larson, P; Sachs, JR; Sheng, D; Thornberry, N; Williams-Herman, D, 2009)	0.35
"Across sitagliptin doses in this study, the similarity of the 24-h WMG concentrations and the similarity of the corrected DPP-4 inhibition values support prior findings that the maximal glucose-lowering efficacy of sitagliptin is achieved with once-daily dosing of 100 mg."	( Sitagliptin 100 mg daily effect on DPP-4 inhibition and compound-specific glycemic improvement. Alba, M; Goldstein, BJ; Guan, Y; Herman, G; Kaufman, KD; Larson, P; Sachs, JR; Sheng, D; Thornberry, N; Williams-Herman, D, 2009)	0.35
"Sitagliptin is recommended for initial and maintenance dosing at 100 mg daily."	( Drug use evaluation of sitagliptin dosing by pharmacist versus nonpharmacist clinicians in an internal medicine department of a private physician-owned multispecialty clinic. Cross, LB; Gentry, C; Gross, B; McFarland, MS; Patel, UP; Tunney, J, 2009)	0.35
"To determine the prevalence of the potentially inappropriate initial dosing of sitagliptin based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at baseline for pharmacist versus nonpharmacist prescribers in an internal medicine department of a private physician-owned multispecialty clinic that included a pharmacist-managed diabetes program."	( Drug use evaluation of sitagliptin dosing by pharmacist versus nonpharmacist clinicians in an internal medicine department of a private physician-owned multispecialty clinic. Cross, LB; Gentry, C; Gross, B; McFarland, MS; Patel, UP; Tunney, J, 2009)	0.35
" For patients prescribed sitagliptin between October 17, 2006, and June 5, 2008, the variables of interest were (a) the initial sitagliptin dose; (b) the GFR, calculated for each patient using the 4-point Modification of Dosing in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula at the time of initiation of sitagliptin; and (c) whether the clinician initiating the dose was a pharmacist or nonpharmacist (i."	( Drug use evaluation of sitagliptin dosing by pharmacist versus nonpharmacist clinicians in an internal medicine department of a private physician-owned multispecialty clinic. Cross, LB; Gentry, C; Gross, B; McFarland, MS; Patel, UP; Tunney, J, 2009)	0.35
" Potentially inappropriate dosing occurred in 1 of 158 patients (0."	( Drug use evaluation of sitagliptin dosing by pharmacist versus nonpharmacist clinicians in an internal medicine department of a private physician-owned multispecialty clinic. Cross, LB; Gentry, C; Gross, B; McFarland, MS; Patel, UP; Tunney, J, 2009)	0.35
"Potentially inappropriate initial dosing of sitagliptin based on assessment of renal function was more likely to occur with nonpharmacist prescribers than with a pharmacist prescriber."	( Drug use evaluation of sitagliptin dosing by pharmacist versus nonpharmacist clinicians in an internal medicine department of a private physician-owned multispecialty clinic. Cross, LB; Gentry, C; Gross, B; McFarland, MS; Patel, UP; Tunney, J, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetics (AUC for R(+) and S(-) warfarin) and pharmacodynamics (INR of R(+) or S(-) warfarin) were not meaningfully altered following coadministration of multiple-dose sitagliptin and single-dose warfarin, indicating that no dosage adjustment for warfarin is necessary when coadministered with sitagliptin."	( Multiple doses of sitagliptin, a selective DPP-4 inhibitor, do not meaningfully alter pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Herman, GA; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Liu, Q; Maes, A; Wagner, JA; Wright, DH, 2009)	0.35
" Serial blood samples were collected over the day-8 dosing interval (immediately prior to bortezomib administration, and from 5 minutes to 72 hours after administration) in cycles 1 and 2 for measurement of plasma bortezomib concentrations for noncompartmental PK analysis and blood 20S proteasome inhibition for PD analysis."	( Effect of the CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumors: a prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized, two-way crossover drug-drug interaction study. Chatta, G; Chen, E; Cooper, M; Egorin, M; Karol, M; Neuwirth, R; Rader, M; Ramalingam, S; Ramanathan, RK; Riordan, W; Trepicchio, W; Venkatakrishnan, K; von Moltke, L, 2009)	0.35
" A baseline blood sample was drawn before oral dosing with a 100-mg tablet of sitagliptin."	( Preprandial single oral dose of sitagliptin does not affect circulating ghrelin and gastrin levels in normal subjects. Hsu, CH; Huang, CL; Huang, KC; Su, HY; Weng, SF, 2010)	0.36
" Moreover, antitumor activity was shown via multiple dosing routes, including oral gavage."	( Evaluation of the proteasome inhibitor MLN9708 in preclinical models of human cancer. Bannerman, B; Berger, A; Blank, J; Bolen, J; Bruzzese, F; Cao, Y; Dick, L; Fitzgerald, M; Fleming, P; Garcia, K; Hales, P; Kupperman, E; Lee, EC; Liu, J; Manfredi, M; Rolfe, M; Tsu, C; Yang, Y; Yu, J; Yu, L, 2010)	0.36
" Tests were performed during treatment and for 4weeks post dosing to evaluate electrophysiological, autonomic, pain sensibility and sensory-motor function changes."	( Neurophysiological, histological and immunohistochemical characterization of bortezomib-induced neuropathy in mice. Alé, A; Bruna, J; Monbaliu, J; Navarro, X; Silverman, L; Udina, E; Vilches, JJ; Vynckier, A, 2010)	0.36
"Low dosage of TMP can reduced myocardial pathology injury, increased Ca(2+)-ATPase activity of myocardial mitochondria, improve cardiac function and [Ca2+]i in cardiocyte and antagonise calcium overload of rats with DHF."	( [Studies on protection and mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine on myocardial injury of rats with DHF]. Fan, C; Liu, W; Zhang, X; Zhou, J, 2009)	0.35
" Plasma clearance decreased with repeat dosing (102-112 L/h for first dose; 15-32 L/h following repeat dosing), with associated increases in systemic exposure and terminal half-life."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of two doses of bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Acharya, M; Burris, H; Chatta, G; Karol, M; Keith Stewart, A; Lonial, S; Mohrbacher, AF; Neuwirth, R; Reece, DE; Riordan, WJ; Shustik, C; Sullivan, D; Venkatakrishnan, K; von Moltke, LL; Zannikos, P, 2011)	0.37
"3 mg/m(2) doses, with recovery toward baseline blood proteasome activity over the dosing interval following repeat dose administration, supporting the current clinical dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of two doses of bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Acharya, M; Burris, H; Chatta, G; Karol, M; Keith Stewart, A; Lonial, S; Mohrbacher, AF; Neuwirth, R; Reece, DE; Riordan, WJ; Shustik, C; Sullivan, D; Venkatakrishnan, K; von Moltke, LL; Zannikos, P, 2011)	0.37
"The impact of cumulative dosing and premature drug discontinuation (PMDD) of bortezomib (V), thalidomide (T), and dexamethasone (D) on overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS), time to next therapy, and post-relapse survival in Total Therapy 3 were examined, using time-dependent methodology, relevant to induction, peritransplantation, consolidation, and maintenance phases."	( Total Therapy 3 for multiple myeloma: prognostic implications of cumulative dosing and premature discontinuation of VTD maintenance components, bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone, relevant to all phases of therapy. Alsayed, Y; Anaissie, E; Barlogie, B; Crowley, J; Hoering, A; Nair, B; Petty, N; Shaughnessy, JD; Szymonifka, J; van Rhee, F; Waheed, S, 2010)	0.36
" Overall, the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of oltipraz suggest that it may be helpful in the treatment of patients with LF or LC, at an optimal dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of oltipraz and its major metabolite (RM) in patients with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis: relationship with suppression of circulating TGF-beta1. Cho, SH; Choi, JY; Choi, YH; Chon, CY; Han, JY; Jang, JJ; Jang, JW; Kim, SG; Kim, YM; Lee, DH; Lee, MG; Lee, YS; Um, SH; Yu, ES, 2010)	0.36
" At the same time, TMP (trade name: Chuanqing, containing 120 mg of TMP in a 2 mL ampoule) was given additionally to patients in Group B at the dosage of 240 mg/d by adding in 250 mL of normal saline via iv dripping."	( [Effects of tetramethylpyrazine on fractalkine and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in patients with chronic pulmonary heart disease]. Dong, YQ; Li, L; Wang, LX, 2010)	0.36
" In addition, both an earlier disease stage and Dex dosage had a significant impact on OS, while the attainment of VGPR within 2 cycles had a significantly longer PFS."	( Bortezomib plus dexamethasone for relapsed or treatment refractory multiple myeloma: the collaborative study at six institutes in Kyoto and Osaka. Akaogi, T; Hatsuse, M; Horiike, S; Iwai, T; Kamitsuji, Y; Kaneko, H; Kawata, E; Kiyota, M; Kobayashi, T; Kobayashi, Y; Koshida, M; Kuroda, J; Matsumoto, Y; Murakami, S; Okano, A; Shimazaki, C; Shimura, K; Tanaka, T; Taniwaki, M; Uchiyama, H; Ueda, S; Ueda, Y; Uoshima, N, 2010)	0.36
"Human T-cell lymphoma cell lines Hut-78 and Jurkat were treated with increasing doses of everolimus, alone or in combination with doxorubicin, etoposide, vincristine, or bortezomib, using different dosing schedules."	( Schedule-dependent inhibition of T-cell lymphoma cells by cotreatment with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus and anticancer drugs. He, XX; Huang, JJ; Huang, Y; Li, ZM; Lin, TY; Tian, Y; Xiao, J, 2012)	0.38
" With certain dosing schedules, everolimus showed synergism with doxorubicin, etoposide, and bortezomib, but antagonism with vincristine."	( Schedule-dependent inhibition of T-cell lymphoma cells by cotreatment with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus and anticancer drugs. He, XX; Huang, JJ; Huang, Y; Li, ZM; Lin, TY; Tian, Y; Xiao, J, 2012)	0.38
" The best use of bortezomib to treat AMR should be evaluated in controlled trials using dosing strategies that include longer courses or retreatment schedules."	( The role of proteasome inhibition with bortezomib in the treatment of antibody-mediated rejection after kidney-only or kidney-combined organ transplantation. Askar, M; Banning, S; Chiesa-Vottero, A; Fatica, R; Flechner, SM; Koo, A; Poggio, E; Srinivas, T; Stephany, BR, 2010)	0.36
" Ingestion of a traditional Japanese breakfast prior to dosing had only a minor effect on PK parameters."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition following single doses of sitagliptin in healthy, young Japanese males. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Langdon, RB; Larson, PJ; Mistry, GC; Ruckle, JL; Snyder, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2011)	0.37
"The PK and PD findings from this study are consistent with once daily dosing of sitagliptin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition following single doses of sitagliptin in healthy, young Japanese males. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Langdon, RB; Larson, PJ; Mistry, GC; Ruckle, JL; Snyder, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2011)	0.37
"We utilized SCH 1473759 and a panel of tumor cell lines and xenograft models to gain knowledge about optimal dosing schedule and chemotherapeutic combinations for Aurora A/B inhibitors."	( SCH 1473759, a novel Aurora inhibitor, demonstrates enhanced anti-tumor activity in combination with taxanes and KSP inhibitors. Basso, AD; Esposite, S; Gray, K; Hicklin, DJ; Kerekes, AD; Kirschmeier, P; Lee, S; Liang, L; Liu, M; Monsma, FJ; Ponery, A; Smith, EB; Tagat, JR; Tevar, S; Xiao, Y; Yu, T; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.37
" We tested various dosing schedules in vivo and demonstrated SCH 1473759 dose- and schedule-dependent anti-tumor activity in four human tumor xenograft models."	( SCH 1473759, a novel Aurora inhibitor, demonstrates enhanced anti-tumor activity in combination with taxanes and KSP inhibitors. Basso, AD; Esposite, S; Gray, K; Hicklin, DJ; Kerekes, AD; Kirschmeier, P; Lee, S; Liang, L; Liu, M; Monsma, FJ; Ponery, A; Smith, EB; Tagat, JR; Tevar, S; Xiao, Y; Yu, T; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.37
" A randomized phase II study is under way to further compare toxicity and efficacy of the 2 dosing schedules."	( Phase I trial of weekly and twice-weekly bortezomib with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Dumitrescu, O; Gerecitano, J; Hamlin, P; Horanlli, E; Iasonos, A; Mo, Q; Moskowitz, CH; Noy, A; O'Connor, OA; Pappanicholaou, J; Portlock, C; Rojas, CN; Sarasohn, D; Schulman, P; Straus, D; Zelenetz, AD; Zhang, Z, 2011)	0.37
" Antitumor activity of bortezomib in combination with EGCG or ascorbic acid was determined using several dosing regimens to evaluate different target plasma concentrations of EGCG and ascorbic acid."	( Preclinical evaluation of the antitumor activity of bortezomib in combination with vitamin C or with epigallocatechin gallate, a component of green tea. Bannerman, B; Berger, A; Bolen, J; Claiborne, C; Dick, L; Fleming, P; Hales, P; Jones, M; Kupperman, E; Manfredi, M; Monbaliu, J; Tsu, C; Xu, L; Yu, J, 2011)	0.37
"98 μg min/mL) after the same dosage of intravenous administration (80 mg/kg)."	( Pharmacokinetic study of a novel stroke therapeutic, 2-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, by a simple HPLC-UV method in rats. Chen, H; Jiang, J; Li, S; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wu, J, 2011)	0.37
" The method was subsequently used to determine the oral pharmacokinetics of metformin and sitagliptin after dosing to male mice."	( Simultaneous quantitation of metformin and sitagliptin from mouse and human dried blood spots using laser diode thermal desorption tandem mass spectrometry. Denn, M; Gallagher, RT; Peter, RM; Swales, JG, 2011)	0.37
" Clinical data demonstrate that patients exposed to higher than recommended doses of bortezomib on the standard twice-weekly dosing schedule are likely to have an increased risk of major toxicities."	( Analysis of two commercially available bortezomib products: differences in assay of active agent and impurity profile. Byrn, SR; Milton, MJ; Tishmack, PA; van de Velde, H, 2011)	0.37
" Preliminary biological evaluation showed that some compounds could inhibit the growth of A549, H322 and H1299 cells in dosage dependent manners."	( Microwave-assisted synthesis, crystal structure of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-4(5H)-ones and their selective effects on lung cancer cells. Dong, WL; Liu, N; Miao, JY; Su, L; Zhang, JH; Zhang, SL; Zhao, BX; Zhao, J, 2011)	0.37
"To determine the toxicities, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and maximum tolerated dose of bortezomib in patients with renal impairment and to develop dosing guidelines for such a patient population."	( Dose-escalating and pharmacological study of bortezomib in adult cancer patients with impaired renal function: a National Cancer Institute Organ Dysfunction Working Group Study. Davies, A; Egorin, MJ; Hamilton, A; Ivy, SP; Leal, TB; Lenz, HJ; LoRusso, PA; Mani, S; Mier, J; Mulkerin, D; Neuwirth, R; Ramanathan, RK; Remick, SC; Sarantopoulos, J; Shibata, S; Takimoto, CH; Venkatakrishnan, K; von Moltke, L; Wright, JJ, 2011)	0.37
" Of note, once-weekly bortezomib dosing (in combination with MP±T) was shown to reduce the incidence of peripheral neuropathy and gastrointestinal events compared with twice-weekly dosing, while maintaining efficacy."	( Practical management of adverse events in multiple myeloma: can therapy be attenuated in older patients? Bringhen, S; Mateos, MV; Palumbo, A; San Miguel, JF, 2011)	0.37
" Additional trials are needed to better define the optimal dosing in such patients."	( A phase I study of bortezomib and temozolomide in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chow, W; Chung, V; Cristea, M; Frankel, P; Koehler, S; Leong, L; Lim, D; Martel, C; Morgan, R; Portnow, J; Reckamp, K; Shibata, S; Synold, TW; Twardowski, P, 2012)	0.38
"Assessment of kidney function is necessary to determine appropriate dosing regimens."	( Evaluation of Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study and Cockcroft-Gault equations for sitagliptin dosing. Hudson, JQ; Markley, BM; McFarland, MS; Zhang, P, )	0.13
" Clinical implications are the potential for excessive dosing of sitagliptin and other agents with similar dose stratification by eCLCr in individuals with kidney dysfunction."	( Evaluation of Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study and Cockcroft-Gault equations for sitagliptin dosing. Hudson, JQ; Markley, BM; McFarland, MS; Zhang, P, )	0.13
" Finally, the prevention and management of bortezomib-induced side effects, including the latest data on weekly dosing for untreated elderly patients, is focused on."	( Bortezomib for previously untreated multiple myeloma. Delforge, M, 2011)	0.37
" Nevertheless, continued efforts to implement newer dosing regimens and to identify new partner drugs for bortezomib remain an important challenge."	( Bortezomib for previously untreated multiple myeloma. Delforge, M, 2011)	0.37
" Our modified schedule and dosing regimen achieved a high overall response rate of 86%, while showing a marked decrease in the incidence and severity of peripheral neuropathy, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia and myelosuppression compared to the standard dosing on a 3-week cycle using these drugs."	( A modified regimen of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, bortezomib and dexamethasone (DVD) is effective and well tolerated for previously untreated multiple myeloma patients. Berenson, JR; Bessudo, A; Boccia, RV; Chen, CS; Eades, B; Hilger, J; Hilger, JD; Mapes, R; Nassir, Y; Patel, R; Swift, RA; Vescio, R; Wirtschafter, E; Yang, HH; Yellin, O; Yung, E, 2011)	0.37
" The objective of this model-based meta-analysis was to describe the time course of HbA1c response after dosing with alogliptin (ALOG), saxagliptin (SAXA), sitagliptin (SITA), or vildagliptin (VILD)."	( Quantitative model of the relationship between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition and response: meta-analysis of alogliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, and vildagliptin efficacy results. Barbee, T; Correa, I; Fredrickson, J; Gibbs, JP; Gibbs, MA; Lin, SL; Smith, B, 2012)	0.38
" SKP2 gene dosage was determined in 82 independent tumors for clinical correlates."	( Characterization of gene amplification-driven SKP2 overexpression in myxofibrosarcoma: potential implications in tumor progression and therapeutics. Fang, FM; Huang, CK; Huang, HY; Kang, HY; Lan, J; Lee, JC; Li, CF; Li, SH; Shiue, YL; Wang, JM; Wang, JW; Wang, YH; Wu, LC; Wu, WR; Yu, SC, 2012)	0.38
" Multiple dosing of JNJ-38431055 increased post-meal total glucagon-like peptide 1 and gastric insulinotropic peptide concentrations compared to baseline."	( Effects of JNJ-38431055, a novel GPR119 receptor agonist, in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Gambale, JJ; Katz, LB; Rothenberg, PL; Sarich, TC; Stein, PP; Vaccaro, N; Vanapalli, SR; Xi, L, 2012)	0.38
" Dosage was up-titrated in 200-μg increments from 200 μg twice daily on day 1 to the maximum tolerated dose by day 35 (maximum allowed dose of 800 μg twice daily)."	( Selexipag: an oral, selective prostacyclin receptor agonist for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Bonderman, D; Degano, B; Delcroix, M; Efficace, M; Galiè, N; Giorgino, R; Hoeper, MM; Karlócai, K; Kurzyna, M; Lang, IM; Simonneau, G; Torbicki, A, 2012)	0.38
"Case records of 50 overweight or obese patients with DM who successfully decreased dosage or discontinued diabetes medications after losing weight via attendance at two University-based, outpatient weight management centers were analyzed."	( Intentional weight loss and dose reductions of anti-diabetic medications--a retrospective cohort study. Boddu, ND; Cheskin, LJ; Kahan, S; Kumar, AA; Palamaner Subash Shantha, G; Samson, RJ, 2012)	0.38
" This study (NCI-6432; NCT00091117) was conducted to evaluate bortezomib pharmacokinetics and safety in patients with varying degrees of hepatic impairment, to inform dosing recommendations in these special populations."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of bortezomib in patients with advanced malignancies and varying degrees of liver dysfunction: phase I NCI Organ Dysfunction Working Group Study NCI-6432. Dowlati, A; Esseltine, DL; Hamilton, A; Ivy, P; LoRusso, PM; Mani, S; Mulkerin, D; Neuwirth, R; Ramanathan, RK; Rudek, MA; Sarantopoulos, J; Shibata, SI; Takimoto, CH; Venkatakrishnan, K, 2012)	0.38
"To assess the 54-week efficacy of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and pioglitazone, compared with pioglitazone monotherapy, and to assess safety in these groups during the 30 weeks after the dosage of pioglitazone was increased from 30 to 45 mg/day, in drug-naÏve patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycaemic control [haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 8-12%]."	( Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 54-week study. Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Kaufman, KD; Lee, M; O'Neill, EA; Steinberg, H; Teng, R; Yoon, KH, 2012)	0.38
"To assess the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with sitagliptin and low dosage sulphonylureas on glycaemic control and insulin secretion capacity in Japanese type 2 diabetes."	( Sitagliptin add-on to low dosage sulphonylureas: efficacy and safety of combination therapy on glycaemic control and insulin secretion capacity in type 2 diabetes. Aono, M; Fukushima, T; Harashima, SI; Inagaki, N; Koizumi, T; Murata, Y; Ogura, M; Seike, M; Tanaka, D; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The dosage of sitagliptin was increased from 50 mg to 69."	( Sitagliptin add-on to low dosage sulphonylureas: efficacy and safety of combination therapy on glycaemic control and insulin secretion capacity in type 2 diabetes. Aono, M; Fukushima, T; Harashima, SI; Inagaki, N; Koizumi, T; Murata, Y; Ogura, M; Seike, M; Tanaka, D; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
"The combination therapy with sitagliptin and low dosage sulphonylureas was safe and effective for glycaemic control."	( Sitagliptin add-on to low dosage sulphonylureas: efficacy and safety of combination therapy on glycaemic control and insulin secretion capacity in type 2 diabetes. Aono, M; Fukushima, T; Harashima, SI; Inagaki, N; Koizumi, T; Murata, Y; Ogura, M; Seike, M; Tanaka, D; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" In MM, Phase I/II clinical trials have established the optimal dosing schedule for perifosine and bortezomib in combination, and demonstrated that perifosine can sensitize to, or overcome resistance to, bortezomib, associated with prolonged responses and a favorable side effect profile."	( Perifosine , an oral, anti-cancer agent and inhibitor of the Akt pathway: mechanistic actions, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity. Anderson, KC; Eng, C; Hideshima, T; Kolesar, J; Richardson, PG, 2012)	0.38
" Primary endpoints were the area under the curve from the time of dosing to infinity (AUC(inf)) and the maximum observed plasma concentration (C(max)) of each drug."	( No pharmacokinetic interaction between ipragliflozin and sitagliptin, pioglitazone, or glimepiride in healthy subjects. Kadokura, T; Keirns, J; Krauwinkel, WJ; Smulders, RA; van Dijk, J; Veltkamp, SA; Zhang, W, 2012)	0.38
" Sixty-three patients completed all three dosing periods."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of a skeletal muscle activator in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cedarbaum, JM; Chen, M; Cudkowicz, ME; Hansen, RL; Jones, D; Lee, J; Mahoney, K; Malik, F; Mao, J; Maragakis, N; Russell, AJ; Saikali, K; Shefner, J; Watson, ML; Wolff, AA, 2012)	0.38
" Sitagliptin 100 mg daily was substituted, and glipizide was later added and its dosage adjusted over the next several months."	( Combination exenatide-sitagliptin therapy used with glipizide in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Edgerton, LP; Elmore, LK; Patel, MB; Whalin, LM, 2012)	0.38
"7 years) were studied on two occasions following 2 days dosing with sitagliptin (100 mg/day) or placebo."	( The effects of sitagliptin on gastric emptying in healthy humans - a randomised, controlled study. Deacon, CF; Horowitz, M; Jones, KL; Nauck, M; Rayner, CK; Stevens, JE, 2012)	0.38
" The primary objective was to determine the safest and best tolerated maintenance dosing (MD) of bortezomib (B)."	( Phase I trial of bortezomib during maintenance phase after high dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Abidi, MH; Abrams, J; Al-Kadhimi, Z; Ayash, L; Deol, A; Gul, Z; Lum, L; Mellon-Reppen, S; Ratanatharathorn, V; Uberti, J; Ventimiglia, M; Zonder, J, 2012)	0.38
" In this phase 2, open-label, multicentre clinical trial, 35 patients with relapsed and/or refractory MM following 1-3 prior therapies, including at least one bortezomib-based regimen, received carfilzomib 20 mg/m(2) in a twice-weekly, consecutive-day dosing schedule for ≤12 monthly cycles."	( An open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study of single-agent carfilzomib in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma who have been previously treated with bortezomib. Bahlis, N; Belch, A; Jagannath, S; Jakubowiak, AJ; Kunkel, LA; McDonagh, K; Siegel, DS; Stewart, AK; Vij, R; Wang, M; Wear, S; Wong, AF, 2012)	0.38
"Coadministration of sitagliptin with empagliflozin did not have a clinically relevant effect on the area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma at steady state over a uniform dosing interval τ (AUC(τ,ss)) (geometric mean ratio [GMR] 110."	( Pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, coadministered with sitagliptin in healthy volunteers. Brand, T; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2012)	0.38
" Concomitant inhibition of both pathways markedly enhances the efficacy of bortezomib against cervical cancer cells and thus may be applied to reduce the bortezomib dosage required for efficient cervical cancer treatment."	( Eeyarestatin causes cervical cancer cell sensitization to bortezomib treatment by augmenting ER stress and CHOP expression. Brem, GJ; Brüning, A; Mylonas, I, 2013)	0.39
" Increasing gene dosage of more than half of the missense alleles fully restored function."	( Proteasome inhibition rescues clinically significant unstable variants of the mismatch repair protein Msh2. Arlow, T; Gammie, A; Scott, K; Wagenseller, A, 2013)	0.39
" Optimizing sitagliptin dosing to achieve more sustained DPP-4 inhibition may further improve outcome."	( In vivo DPP-4 inhibition to enhance engraftment of single-unit cord blood transplants in adults with hematological malignancies. Abonour, R; Broxmeyer, HE; Cornetta, K; Farag, SS; Jones, DR; Messina-Graham, S; Robertson, MJ; Schwartz, J; Secrest, A; Srivastava, S; Strother, RM; Wood, L, 2013)	0.39
" In newly diagnosed, older patients, modification of the biweekly dosing schedule to weekly regimens improves tolerability whilst maintaining efficacy."	( Weekly intravenous bortezomib is effective and well tolerated in relapsed/refractory myeloma. Atwal, S; D'Sa, S; Johnston, R; Khan, I; Moore, S; Narat, S; Percy, L; Rabin, N; Sachchithanantham, S; Schey, S; Streetly, M; Yong, K, 2013)	0.39
"01), and the insulin dosage was reduced from 27."	( Add-on therapy with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin improves glycemic control in insulin-treated Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ida, K; Ikeda, H; Katsuno, T; Miyagawa, J; Namba, M, 2013)	0.39
"We report here the discovery of a novel series of selective mTOR kinase inhibitors and the identification of CC214-2, a compound with demonstrated anti-tumor activity upon oral dosing in a PC3 prostate cancer xenograft model."	( Use of core modification in the discovery of CC214-2, an orally available, selective inhibitor of mTOR kinase. Bisonette, RR; Fultz, KE; Gamez, JC; Harris, R; Hickman, M; Khambatta, G; Lee, BG; Leisten, J; Mortensen, DS; Narla, RK; Parnes, JS; Peng, S; Perrin-Ninkovic, SM; Sankar, S; Sapienza, J; Shevlin, G; Whitefield, B, 2013)	0.39
" Dose-response of different concentrations of bortezomib and SAHA on inhibition of cell proliferation of NPC was determined."	( Bortezomib and SAHA synergistically induce ROS-driven caspase-dependent apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and block replication of Epstein-Barr virus. Chiang, AK; Ho, DN; Hui, KF; Lam, BH; Tsao, SW, 2013)	0.39
" The optimum dosing combination of these two agents has yet to be determined however, and in many patients it is likely that greater overall survival will be achieved by using them in successive lines rather than in combination."	( New oxaliplatin-based combinations in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cassidy, J; Hochster, H, 2003)	0.32
" Therefore, dosing schedules for proteasome inhibitors warrant further study to maximize anabolic actions without compromising anti-MM activity in patients with multiple myeloma (MM)."	( Activating transcription factor 4, an ER stress mediator, is required for, but excessive ER stress suppresses osteoblastogenesis by bortezomib. Abe, M; Amou, H; Fujii, S; Harada, T; Hiasa, M; Kagawa, K; Kido, S; Matsumoto, T; Miki, H; Nakamura, S; Nakano, A; Oda, A; Ozaki, S; Takeuchi, K; Watanabe, K, 2013)	0.39
" Cyclophosphamide (CY) plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been the conventional preparation for hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) mobilization, although the optimal dosage of CY in this setting has not yet been clearly defined."	( Hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization using low-dose cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for multiple myeloma. Horiike, S; Kaneko, H; Kawata-Iida, E; Kobayashi, T; Kobayashi, Y; Kuroda, J; Matsumoto, Y; Mizutani, S; Nagoshi, H; Shimazaki, C; Shimura, Y; Taniwaki, M; Tsutsumi, Y; Uchiyama, H; Yamamoto-Sugitani, M, 2013)	0.39
"The corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) receptor I antagonist, BMS-764459 (evaluated as a potential treatment of affective disorders), was orally dosed to female Sprague-Dawley rats once daily for 2 weeks (vehicle control or 175mg/kg/day)."	( MicroRNA changes associated with atypical CYP1A1 inducer BMS-764459. Bunch, RT; Euler, C; Haines, E; He, A; Peden, WM; Sanderson, T; Simic, D; Van Vleet, T, 2013)	0.39
" Blood samples were obtained on days 1 and 9 of cycle 1 prior to dosing and 2 and 6 h post-dosing in all 60 subjects."	( Vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in patients with advanced malignancies directly alters transcription of target genes. Alberti, D; Bailey, HH; Espinoza-Delgado, I; Hoang, T; Holen, KD; Kim, K; Kolesar, JM; Schelman, WR; Seo, S; Traynor, AM; Wilding, G; Wright, JJ, 2013)	0.39
" PK studies at dose levels 1 and 2 showed greater mean ultrafiltrable platinum when oxaliplatin was dosed after bortezomib."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of oxaliplatin and bortezomib: activity, but dose-limiting neurotoxicity. Beric, A; Hochster, H; Ivy, P; Joseph, SO; Kobrinsky, B; Liebes, L; Malankar, A; Muggia, F, 2013)	0.39
"Our results demonstrated that CXC195 at the dosage of 3 and 10 mg/kg significantly reduced the neurological deficit score and the infarct volume compared to the vehicle-treated group."	( Tetramethylpyrazine analogue CXC195 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat by an antioxidant action via inhibition of NADPH oxidase and iNOS expression. Chen, L; Li, S; Liu, H; Liu, X; Wei, X; Zhang, X, 2013)	0.39
" Bortezomib dosing was increased using a standard phase I dose-escalation schema."	( A phase I study of vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in patients with advanced malignancies. Alberti, D; Ames, MM; Attia, S; Bailey, HH; Eickhoff, J; Espinoza-Delgado, I; Hoang, T; Holen, KD; Jiang, Z; Kolesar, JM; Marnocha, R; McGovern, RM; Reid, JM; Schelman, WR; Traynor, AM; Wilding, G; Wright, JJ, 2013)	0.39
" We previously examined a once-daily continuous dosing schedule of vorinostat in combination with bortezomib which was well tolerated in cycles 1 and 2; however, there was concern regarding the tolerability through multiple cycles."	( A Phase I study of intermittently dosed vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Alberti, D; Ames, MM; Bailey, HH; Deming, DA; Eickhoff, J; Espinoza-Delgado, I; Kolesar, JM; Marnocha, R; McGovern, RM; Ninan, J; Reid, JM; Schelman, WR; Wilding, G; Wright, J, 2014)	0.4
" DLTs in the intermittent dosing scheduled included thrombocytopenia and fatigue."	( A Phase I study of intermittently dosed vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Alberti, D; Ames, MM; Bailey, HH; Deming, DA; Eickhoff, J; Espinoza-Delgado, I; Kolesar, JM; Marnocha, R; McGovern, RM; Ninan, J; Reid, JM; Schelman, WR; Wilding, G; Wright, J, 2014)	0.4
" Tolerability was not improved with the intermittent dosing schedule of vorinostat when compared to continuous dosing."	( A Phase I study of intermittently dosed vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Alberti, D; Ames, MM; Bailey, HH; Deming, DA; Eickhoff, J; Espinoza-Delgado, I; Kolesar, JM; Marnocha, R; McGovern, RM; Ninan, J; Reid, JM; Schelman, WR; Wilding, G; Wright, J, 2014)	0.4
" The model was used to drive Monte Carlo simulations to probe the various dosage schedules and the attendant DPP4 response."	( Modelling the sitagliptin effect on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity in adults with haematological malignancies after umbilical cord blood haematopoietic cell transplantation. Bies, RR; Broxmeyer, HE; Chitnis, SD; Farag, SS; Messina-Graham, S; Strother, RM; Vélez de Mendizábal, N, 2014)	0.4
" Simulations showed that twice daily or three times daily dosage schedules were superior to a once daily schedule for maximal DPP4 inhibition at the lowest sitagliptin exposure."	( Modelling the sitagliptin effect on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity in adults with haematological malignancies after umbilical cord blood haematopoietic cell transplantation. Bies, RR; Broxmeyer, HE; Chitnis, SD; Farag, SS; Messina-Graham, S; Strother, RM; Vélez de Mendizábal, N, 2014)	0.4
"This study provides the first pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of sitagliptin in the context of HCT, and provides a valuable tool for exploration of optimal dosing regimens, which are critical for improving the time to engraftment in patients after UCB HCT."	( Modelling the sitagliptin effect on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity in adults with haematological malignancies after umbilical cord blood haematopoietic cell transplantation. Bies, RR; Broxmeyer, HE; Chitnis, SD; Farag, SS; Messina-Graham, S; Strother, RM; Vélez de Mendizábal, N, 2014)	0.4
" Almost 5 years after its launch in Belgium, the present review summarizes the most recent data regarding the clinical efficacy of this antidiabetic agent, the controversy about its safety profile, its use at lower dosage in case of moderate to severe renal insufficiency, the various indications that have been successively accepted and reimbursed, and, finally, the perspectives offered by a large ongoing cardiovascular outcome trial (TECOS)."	( [Sitagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: insights five years after commercialisation]. Scheen, AJ; Van Gaal, LF, 2013)	0.39
" Drug dose-response curves confirmed complete drug resistance to oseltamivir, partial sensitivity to peramivir, and retained susceptibility to zanamivir and favipiravir against the A/Hong Kong/2369/2009 virus."	( In vitro activity of favipiravir and neuraminidase inhibitor combinations against oseltamivir-sensitive and oseltamivir-resistant pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Barnard, DL; Furuta, Y; Hurst, BL; Smee, DF; Tarbet, EB; Vollmer, AH, 2014)	0.4
" Qualifying statements by the HDSG address alternative dosing options, the management of cytopenias and the prevention of toxicities, including herpes zoster reactivation."	( Bortezomib in multiple myeloma: a practice guideline. Baldassarre, FG; Cheung, MC; Haynes, AE; Imrie, K; Kouroukis, CT; Reece, DE, 2014)	0.4
" After oral or intraperitoneal dosing of mice, RA190 distributed to plasma and major organs except the brain and inhibited proteasome function in skin and muscle."	( A bis-benzylidine piperidone targeting proteasome ubiquitin receptor RPN13/ADRM1 as a therapy for cancer. Anchoori, RK; Chen, X; Hung, CF; Jiang, R; Karanam, B; Matsui, W; Orlowski, RZ; Peng, S; Roden, RB; Rudek, MA; Tanno, T; Walters, KJ; Wang, JW; Zhao, M, 2013)	0.39
" The proportional dosing alternative of 100 mg every 96 h would result in a TED."	( Time of effect duration and administration interval for sitagliptin in patients with kidney failure. Czock, D; Hartmann, B; Keller, F, 2014)	0.4
"9 h, thus permitting oral dosing twice daily."	( Selexipag for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Lang, IM; Skoro-Sajer, N, 2014)	0.4
" Drugs for multiple myeloma therapy are significantly removed with both HCO and PFX, with important implications for the dosing and timing of administration, particularly in patients with cast nephropathy receiving extended dialysis."	( Clearance of drugs for multiple myeloma therapy during in vitro high-cutoff hemodialysis. Devine, E; Krause, B; Krieter, DH; Lemke, HD; Storr, M; Wanner, C, 2014)	0.4
" Following 3 months of oral dosing with vehicle, or sitagliptin at doses 3- to 19-fold above the clinically therapeutic plasma concentration, which increased active plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 levels up to approximately 3-fold, or following 3 months of oral dosing with metformin, a non-incretin-based reference T2DM treatment, the pancreas of male ZDF rats was evaluated using qualitative and quantitative histopathology techniques."	( Characterization of the exocrine pancreas in the male Zucker diabetic fatty rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus following 3 months of treatment with sitagliptin. Cunningham, C; Dey, M; Forest, T; Frederick, C; Holder, D; Prahalada, S; Smith, A; Yao, X, 2014)	0.4
" We illustrate the implementation of the technique in the context of phase I trials that consider multiple toxicities and phase I/II trials where dosing decisions are based on both toxicity and efficacy, and apply the benchmark to several clinical examples considered in the literature."	( Simple benchmark for complex dose finding studies. Cheung, YK, 2014)	0.4
" Sitagliptin increased active GLP-1, but caused a profound suppression of total PYY, GLP-1, and GIP when dosed alone or with GSK263."	( Gut hormone pharmacology of a novel GPR119 agonist (GSK1292263), metformin, and sitagliptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from two randomized studies. Apseloff, G; Atiee, G; Bush, MA; Collins, DA; Corsino, L; Feldman, PL; Gillmor, D; McMullen, SL; Morrow, L; Nunez, DJ, 2014)	0.4
" Colesevelam (3750mg once daily) was dosed throughout the pharmacokinetic sampling period."	( Lack of effect of colesevelam HCl on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, phenytoin, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin. He, L; Lee, J; Mendell-Harary, J; Tao, B; Walker, J; Wickremasingha, P; Wight, D, 2014)	0.4
" Heterozygous global knockout gkdel/wt females were dosed with 20, 50, or 130 mg/kg/day of AZD1656 or vehicle for a minimum of 14 consecutive days before mating with wild-type males and throughout organogenesis."	( The novel use of a heterozygous knockout mouse for embryofetal development assessment of a glucokinase activator. Mitchard, T; Stewart, J, 2014)	0.4
"Substantial efficacy has been demonstrated with bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone in phase III studies in transplant-ineligible myeloma patients using various twice-weekly and once-weekly bortezomib dosing schedules."	( Bortezomib cumulative dose, efficacy, and tolerability with three different bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone regimens in previously untreated myeloma patients ineligible for high-dose therapy. Boccadoro, M; Bringhen, S; Desai, A; Di Raimondo, F; Esseltine, DL; García-Sanz, R; Lahuerta, JJ; Larocca, A; Londhe, A; Mateos, MV; Oriol, A; Palumbo, A; Richardson, PG; San Miguel, JF; van de Velde, H, 2014)	0.4
" Peripheral neuropathy was assessed using neurotoxicity subscale of the FACT/GOG-Ntx at daily clinical practice; physicians modified the dosage and schedule of bortezomib treatment."	( Impact of dose modification on intravenous bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy in multiple myeloma patients. Cho, J; Kang, D; Kim, K; Kim, SJ; Lee, JY, 2014)	0.4
" A different dosage of TMP was employed to stimulate the mouse microvascular cell line bEnd."	( Tetramethylpyrazine promotes the proliferation and migration of brain endothelial cells. Gao, F; Teng, F; Zhang, C; Zhang, M, 2014)	0.4
" Intraperitoneal (IP) dosing of VU0431316 in a mouse marble burying model of anxiety, an assay known to be sensitive to mGlu5 antagonists and other anxiolytics, produced dose proportional effects."	( Discovery of VU0431316: a negative allosteric modulator of mGlu5 with activity in a mouse model of anxiety. Bates, BS; Blobaum, AL; Byers, FW; Conn, PJ; Daniels, JS; Emmitte, KA; Felts, AS; Jones, CK; Lawson, KP; Lindsley, CW; Morrison, RD; Niswender, CM; Rodriguez, AL; Venable, DF, 2014)	0.4
" The compound exhibited high peripheral and adequate brain levels upon oral dosing in rodents."	( Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel polycyclic heteroarene ethers as PDE10A inhibitors: part II. Avhad, VB; Bajpai, M; Bhateja, DK; Das, S; Gandhi, MN; Gudi, GS; Gullapalli, S; Gupta, PK; Harde, RL; Jadhav, SB; Joshi, AA; Khairatkar-Joshi, N; Mahat, MY; Marathe, MY; Shelke, DE; Thomas, A, 2014)	0.4
" Prednisone was dosed at ."	( A phase II study of bortezomib plus prednisone for initial therapy of chronic graft-versus-host disease. Alyea, EP; Antin, JH; Armand, P; Bindra, B; Blazar, BR; Cutler, CS; Herrera, AF; Ho, VT; Jones, KT; Kim, HT; Koreth, J; Nikiforow, S; Ritz, J; Soiffer, RJ, 2014)	0.4
"This was a multicenter, open-label, dose escalation phase I study evaluating three intermittent dosing schedules of once-daily OSI-906 [schedule (S) 1, days 1-3 every 14 days; S2, days 1-5 every 14 days; S3, days 1-7 every 14 days]."	( Phase I study of intermittent oral dosing of the insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin receptors inhibitor OSI-906 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Alam, S; Carden, CP; Gedrich, R; Johnson, FM; Jones, RL; Kaye, SB; Kim, ES; Lippman, SM; Nava-Parada, P; Poondru, S; Simantov, R; Stephens, AW, 2015)	0.42
" Patients were treated with OSI-906 by once- or twice-daily continuous dosing schedules."	( A phase I study of continuous oral dosing of OSI-906, a dual inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin receptors, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Berlin, J; Chan, E; Evans, TR; Gedrich, R; Gilbert, J; Goff, L; Lindsay, CR; Poondru, S; Puzanov, I; Simantov, R; Sosman, J; Stephens, A, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic findings with the current dosing regimen were consistent with the comparable literature and the hybrid dosing regimen."	( Phase I trial of bortezomib (PS-341; NSC 681239) and "nonhybrid" (bolus) infusion schedule of alvocidib (flavopiridol; NSC 649890) in patients with recurrent or refractory indolent B-cell neoplasms. Baz, RC; Bose, P; Colevas, AD; Coppola, D; Dawson, J; Doyle, LA; Figg, WD; Grant, S; Hogan, KT; Holkova, B; Honeycutt, C; Kang, L; Kmieciak, M; Peer, CJ; Perkins, EB; Ramakrishnan, V; Roberts, JD; Roodman, GD; Sankala, H; Shrader, E; Stuart, RK; Sullivan, D; Tombes, MB; Wan, W; Weir-Wiggins, C; Wellons, M, 2014)	0.4
" As the nonhybrid regimen is less cumbersome than the previous hybrid dosing schedule regimen, the current schedule is recommended for successor studies."	( Phase I trial of bortezomib (PS-341; NSC 681239) and "nonhybrid" (bolus) infusion schedule of alvocidib (flavopiridol; NSC 649890) in patients with recurrent or refractory indolent B-cell neoplasms. Baz, RC; Bose, P; Colevas, AD; Coppola, D; Dawson, J; Doyle, LA; Figg, WD; Grant, S; Hogan, KT; Holkova, B; Honeycutt, C; Kang, L; Kmieciak, M; Peer, CJ; Perkins, EB; Ramakrishnan, V; Roberts, JD; Roodman, GD; Sankala, H; Shrader, E; Stuart, RK; Sullivan, D; Tombes, MB; Wan, W; Weir-Wiggins, C; Wellons, M, 2014)	0.4
"8 kg/m(2)) received either placebo or acipimox 250 mg three times daily dosage for 2 weeks."	( Evidence for a direct effect of the NAD+ precursor acipimox on muscle mitochondrial function in humans. Auwerx, J; Bierwagen, A; Bilet, L; Havekes, B; Hesselink, MK; Hwang, JH; Livingstone, R; Moullan, N; Nowotny, P; Paglialunga, S; Phielix, E; Pirinen, E; Roden, M; Ropelle, ER; Schrauwen, P; Schrauwen-Hinderling, VB; Sparks, LM; Szendroedi, J; van de Weijer, T; Williams, EG, 2015)	0.42
" In vivo pharmacokinetic studies following oral administration of monopivaloyl (M5), monodecyl (M10) and monododecyl (M12) esters demonstrated the evidently extended half-lives relative to LZDO dosed alone."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of liguzinediol mono- and dual ester prodrugs as promising inotropic agents. Chen, YQ; Cheng, D; Li, W; Wang, TL; Wen, HM; Yang, KD; Zhang, J; Zhu, HH, 2014)	0.4
"In experiments I and II, a dose-response curve for AMPH-induced 50-kHz USV was established, and the partial dependency of AMPH-induced 50-kHz USV on DA neurotransmission was validated by pretreatment with the D2-antagonist eticlopride."	( Critical involvement of 5-HT2C receptor function in amphetamine-induced 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats. Rippberger, H; Schwarting, RK; van Gaalen, MM; Wöhr, M, 2015)	0.42
" Combination of Sitagliptin with food protein-derived peptides may help in reducing drug dosage and possible associated side-effects."	( Utilisation of the isobole methodology to study dietary peptide-drug and peptide-peptide interactive effects on dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibition. FitzGerald, RJ; Nongonierma, AB, 2015)	0.42
"A prospective iterative trial of proteasome inhibitor (PI)-based therapy for reducing HLA antibody (Ab) levels was conducted in five phases differing in bortezomib dosing density and plasmapheresis timing."	( Prospective iterative trial of proteasome inhibitor-based desensitization. Abu Jawdeh, BG; Alloway, RR; Brailey, P; Cardi, MA; Ejaz, NS; Girnita, A; Govil, A; Mogilishetty, G; Roy-Chaudhury, P; Sadaka, B; Shields, AR; Walsh, RC; Woodle, ES, 2015)	0.42
" We hypothesized that bortezomib may abrogate neutralizing Ab levels, making dosing of RIT possible in mice already immune to RIT."	( Bortezomib reduces pre-existing antibodies to recombinant immunotoxins in mice. Manning, ML; Mason-Osann, E; Onda, M; Pastan, I, 2015)	0.42
" It is an attractive option because it is dosed once-weekly, provides A1C lowering similar to liraglutide, weight reduction similar to exenatide, and has an adverse effect profile similar to exenatide and liraglutide."	( Dulaglutide: the newest GLP-1 receptor agonist for the management of type 2 diabetes. Thompson, AM; Trujillo, JM, 2015)	0.42
" We report a phase II trial of alternate dosing and schedule of bortezomib and dexamethasone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients who are not eligible for or refused autologous stem cell transplantation."	( A Phase II trial of weekly bortezomib and dexamethasone in veterans with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma not eligible for or who deferred autologous stem cell transplantation. Behler, C; Efebera, YA; Girnius, SK; Grady, T; Han, A; Hayes, TG; Houranieh, A; Kambhampati, S; Klein, CE; Lee, S; Lichtenstein, A; Mehta, P; Mohiuddin, A; Munshi, NC; Prabhala, RH; Roodman, GD; Rose, MG; Yellapragada, SV; Zimelman, A, 2015)	0.42
" Optimized indole GSM 29 exhibited good alignment of in vitro potency and physicochemical properties, and moderate reduction of brain Aβ42 was achieved in a rat efficacy model when dosed orally at 30mg/kg."	( Discovery of indole-derived pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-secretase modulators that target presenilin. Am Ende, CW; Bales, KR; Efremov, I; Evrard, E; Hajos-Korcsok, E; Humphrey, JM; Johnson, DS; Kauffman, GW; Murrey, HE; Pettersson, M; Pustilnik, LR; Stepan, AF; Steyn, SJ; Stiff, CM; Verhoest, PR; Wood, KM; Xie, L, 2015)	0.42
" Treatment-specific tools and clinical assessments can be useful for optimizing dosing and schedule adjustments to increase therapy duration, and implementing supportive care strategies (e."	( Treatment-related symptom management in patients with multiple myeloma: a review. Colson, K, 2015)	0.42
" In addition to appropriate drug dosing and administration, effective supportive care and health maintenance are crucial for maximizing quality of life and disease control."	( Treatment-related symptom management in patients with multiple myeloma: a review. Colson, K, 2015)	0.42
" Compared with sitagliptin 100 mg, canagliflozin 300 mg demonstrated superior diabetes-related quality measure attainment, including glycemic, BP, and weight-related quality measures; there was no difference in LDL-C quality measure attainment between either dosage of canagliflozin and the 100-mg dosage of sitagliptin."	( Diabetes-related quality measure attainment: canagliflozin versus sitagliptin based on a pooled analysis of 2 clinical trials. Bailey, RA; Blonde, L; Meininger, GE; Rupnow, MF; Vijapurkar, U, 2014)	0.4
" Our results indicate that to have the most synergistic anticancer effect, the drugs in the optimized regimen should be dosage specific and ratio specific."	( Optimized combinations of bortezomib, camptothecin, and doxorubicin show increased efficacy and reduced toxicity in treating oral cancer. Ding, X; Matsuo, K; Xu, L; Yang, J; Zheng, L, 2015)	0.42
" Such additives may enhance dependence by helping to optimise nicotine delivery and dosing and through cueing and learned behaviour."	( A study of pyrazines in cigarettes and how additives might be used to enhance tobacco addiction. Agaku, IT; Alpert, HR; Connolly, GN, 2016)	0.82
" We have previously identified a novel mitochondrial protonophore, named BAM15, which stimulates mitochondrial respiration across a broad dosing range compared to carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP)."	( Structure-activity relationships of furazano[3,4-b]pyrazines as mitochondrial uncouplers. Calderone, JA; Hoehn, KL; Kenwood, BM; Santos, WL; Taddeo, EP, 2015)	0.67
" Rats were randomized into 4 groups: G1 (NS control group), G2 ("double-hit" group), G3 (low dosage TMP group) and G4 (high dosage TMP group)."	( A modified "double-hit" induced acute lung injury model in rats and protective effects of tetramethylpyrazine on the injury via Rho/ROCK pathway. Chen, Q; Dong, S; Li, J; Li, Y; Yang, X; Zhang, G; Zhang, Y; Zhao, S, 2015)	0.42
" By combining oral dosing with improved receptor selectivity, selexipag may enable earlier combination therapy targeting the three-molecular pathways of PAH with anticipated improvements in daily- and long-term clinical function and outcome in PAH."	( Selexipag for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Sharma, K, 2016)	0.43
" The best combination efficacy occurred when LY2603618 was given 24 h following dosing with gemcitabine."	( LY2603618, a selective CHK1 inhibitor, enhances the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine in xenograft tumor models. Barda, D; Barnard, D; Beckmann, R; Burke, T; Diaz, HB; Donoho, G; Jones, B; King, C; Marshall, M, 2016)	0.43
" The objective of this study was to explore an optimal dosing regimen for a TKI, radotinib, to improve its safety profile."	( Optimization of radotinib doses for the treatment of Asian patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia based on dose-response relationship analyses. Cho, DJ; Kim, DW; Kim, SH; Lee, JI; Noh, H; Oh, SJ; Park, HL; Park, MS; Zang, DY, 2016)	0.43
" Compound 25 (huP2X7 IC50 = 9 nM; rat P2X7 IC50 = 42 nM) achieved 80% receptor occupancy for 6 h when dosed orally at 10 mg/kg in rats as measured by ex vivo radioligand binding autoradiography."	( Novel Phenyl-Substituted 5,6-Dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine P2X7 Antagonists with Robust Target Engagement in Rat Brain. Ao, H; Bacani, GM; Bhattacharya, A; Carruthers, NI; Chrovian, CC; Letavic, MA; Lord, B; Nguyen, L; Rech, JC; Soyode-Johnson, A; Wang, Q, 2016)	0.43
" On the basis of prior monotherapy data, S3 dosing at 150 mg twice daily/150 mg once daily was the recommended phase II dose for the expansion cohort."	( Phase I Dose-Escalation Study of Linsitinib (OSI-906) and Erlotinib in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Eckhardt, SG; Gadgeel, SM; Gedrich, R; Gogov, S; Juergens, RA; Macaulay, VM; McCarthy, S; Middleton, MR; Poondru, S; Rudin, CM; Stephens, AW, 2016)	0.43
" Because the drug had never been used before for this indication and that high concentrations of the drugs were needed to achieve antiviral efficacy against EBOV, a pharmacokinetic model had been used to propose relevant dosing regimen."	( Favipiravir pharmacokinetics in Ebola-Infected patients of the JIKI trial reveals concentrations lower than targeted. Anglaret, X; Baize, S; Bore, JA; Carazo, S; Carbonnelle, C; Conde, MN; de Lamballerie, X; Gala, JL; Guedj, J; Jacquot, F; Laouénan, C; Madelain, V; Malvy, D; Mentré, F; Nguyen, TH; Pastorino, B; Piorkowski, G; Raoul, H; Rodallec, A; Sissoko, D; Taburet, AM, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic properties of ACT-333679 permit twice-daily dosing of selexipag, providing a more convenient treatment compared to prostacyclin or its analogs."	( Clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of selexipag for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Bruderer, S; Dingemanse, J; Hurst, N; Remenova, T, 2017)	0.46
" The dosing flexibility afforded by oral selexipag may facilitate achieving the maximum therapeutic effect with acceptable tolerability in patients with PAH."	( Selexipag, a selective prostacyclin receptor agonist in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a pharmacology review. Honorato Pérez, J, 2017)	0.46
" The impact of the route of delivery and the optimal dosing for transitioning inhaled treprostinil to oral treprostinil or selexipag is unknown."	( Different efficacy of inhaled and oral medications in pulmonary hypertension. AbuHalimeh, BJ; Parambil, JG; Tonelli, AR, )	0.13
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability, dosing and administration, and place in therapy of selexipag, an orally administered selective prostacyclin receptor agonist for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), are reviewed."	( Selexipag for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Kido, K; Macaulay, TE; Noel, ZR, 2017)	0.46
" The recommended initial selexipag dosage is 200 μg twice daily."	( Selexipag for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Kido, K; Macaulay, TE; Noel, ZR, 2017)	0.46
" The use of these medications is challenging due to complexity in dosing and their side effect profiles which limit patient tolerability and acceptance."	( What Is the Role of Oral Prostacyclin Pathway Medications in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Management? El Yafawi, R; Wirth, JA, 2017)	0.46
"3% of patients, the individualized maintenance dosage of selexipag was ≤800 μg twice daily."	( Efficacy and Safety of Selexipag in Adults With Raynaud's Phenomenon Secondary to Systemic Sclerosis: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II Study. Denton, CP; Frenoux, JM; Frey, A; Hachulla, É; Herrick, AL; Le Brun, FO; Riemekasten, G; Schwarting, A, 2017)	0.46
" Effective rabies antivirals for therapeutic use need to be molecules that can be dosed into the cerebrospinal fluid and that rapidly and potently block ongoing virus replication and as such stop the further spread of the virus."	( The path towards effective antivirals against rabies. Jochmans, D; Neyts, J, 2019)	0.51
" Finally, we observed that protection can be achieved in mice down to 8 mg/kg/day, which is lower than the dosing regimens previously reported."	( Intracellular conversion and in vivo dose response of favipiravir (T-705) in rodents infected with Ebola virus. Bavari, S; Bixler, SL; Bocan, TM; Cazares, LH; Donnelly, G; Epstein, C; Garza, NL; Giesing, D; Lenk, R; Liang, LF; Soloveva, V; Van Tongeren, SA; Warren, TK; Welch, L; Wells, J; Wetzel, KS, 2018)	0.48
" While no survival benefit was observed in two studies employing once- or twice-daily oral dosing of favipiravir during EBOV infection of NHPs, an antiviral effect was observed in terms of extended time-to-death and reduced levels of viral RNA."	( Efficacy of favipiravir (T-705) in nonhuman primates infected with Ebola virus or Marburg virus. Bavari, S; Bixler, SL; Bocan, TM; Cazares, LH; Dong, L; Donnelly, G; Epstein, C; Garza, NL; Giesing, D; Koistinen, KA; Lenk, R; Liang, LF; Nuss, J; Soloveva, V; Van Tongeren, SA; Warren, TK; Welch, L; Wells, J; Wetzel, KS, 2018)	0.48
" No improvement in ORR, DCR, or OS in either linsitinib dosing schedule was observed compared with paclitaxel alone."	( Phase 2 study evaluating intermittent and continuous linsitinib and weekly paclitaxel in patients with recurrent platinum resistant ovarian epithelial cancer. Banerjee, S; Chen, J; Colombo, N; Gore, M; Gorla, S; Hirte, H; Kaye, S; Naumann, RW; Oza, A; Poondru, S; Sessa, C; Singh, M; Steinberg, J; Van Tornout, J; Yuen, G, 2018)	0.48
" We describe herein our effort to improve oral exposure in this class, resulting ultimately in the identification of a potent Aurora inhibitor 16, which exhibited good drug exposure levels across species upon oral dosing, and showed excellent in vivo efficacy in a mouse xenograft tumor model when dosed orally."	( Discovery of a highly potent orally bioavailable imidazo-[1, 2-a]pyrazine Aurora inhibitor. Basso, A; Belanger, DB; Doll, RJ; Esposite, S; Hruza, A; Kerekes, AD; Liang, L; Liu, M; Prelusky, D; Rainka, MP; Rindgen, D; Sui, N; Tagat, JR; Voss, M; Xiao, Y; Yu, T; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Here, using the data from a Phase 3 study conducted in patients with newly diagnosed CP-CML, the dose-efficacy as well as dose-safety relationship analyses were performed to determine a safe and effective initial dosage regimen of radotinib."	( Determination of a radotinib dosage regimen based on dose-response relationships for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Do, YR; Jo, DJ; Jung, SY; Kim, DW; Kim, SH; Kwak, JY; Lee, JI; Lee, S; Noh, H; Oh, SJ; Park, HL; Shin, JS; Zang, DY, 2018)	0.48
" These levels are higher than those found in the JIKI trial, where patients had median trough drug concentrations equal to 46 and 26 μg/ml at day 2 and day 4 post-treatment, respectively, and suggest that the dosing regimen in the JIKI trial was suboptimal."	( Antiviral efficacy of favipiravir against Ebola virus: A translational study in cynomolgus macaques. Carbonnelle, C; de Lamballerie, X; Guedj, J; Gunther, S; Jacquot, F; Madelain, V; Mentré, F; Nguyen, THT; Piorkowski, G; Raoul, H; Rodallec, A, 2018)	0.48
" The validated method has been successfully applied to an initial pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers following intravenous administrations of 60 mg of Pyragrel, and this method will facilitate further studies involving more comprehensive identification of the metabolic profile of Pyragrel and the appropriate dosage regimen."	( Simultaneous determination of Pyragrel, a novel anti-thrombotic agent, and its two primary metabolites in plasma by HPLC-MS/MS. Chen, J; Fu, C; Huang, J; Liu, X; Pei, Q; Tan, H; Wang, J; Xiang, Y; Yang, G; Yang, S, 2018)	0.48
" Here we employed the hollow-fiber infection model (HFIM) to simulate the human pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles associated with the clinically utilized FAV dosage regimens against influenza and Ebola viruses and assessed the viral burden profiles."	( Clinical Regimens of Favipiravir Inhibit Zika Virus Replication in the Hollow-Fiber Infection Model. Brown, AN; Bulitta, JB; Kaushik, A; Kim, TH; Pires de Mello, CP; Tao, X; Vicchiarelli, M, 2018)	0.48
"The optimal formulation composed with the dosage of P407,P188 and PEG-6000 were 18%,7% and 1%,respectively."	( [Preparation of Salviae Miltiorrhiza and Ligustrazine Hydrochloride Nasal Thermosensitive in Situ Gel and Study on Characterization of Its Nasal Mucosal Permeability]. Gao, Q; Hao, WQ; Lin, Y; Yuan, X, 2016)	0.43
"There is a paucity of published data on how to safely transition patients to oral therapy in the event of complications and problems during parenteral administration of prostacyclins, which can include bloodstream infections, injection-site pain (with use of subcutaneous treprostinil), infusion pump malfunction, and dosing errors due to incorrect dose preparation."	( Transition from treprostinil to selexipag in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: Case series. Fanous, SM; Janmohamed, M, 2018)	0.48
" In addition, animal model studies have demonstrated the potential for GBT440 to be a suitable therapeutic for daily oral dosing in humans."	( Interactions of an Anti-Sickling Drug with Hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells from a Patient with Sickle Cell Anemia. Alayash, AI; Eaton, WA; Harper, J; Henry, ER; Liang, H; Meng, F; Ostrowski, DA; Shet, AS; Strader, MB; Thein, SL, 2019)	0.51
" Meal fat content or data from single vs repeated dosing did not affect model parameter estimates."	( Evolving data analysis of an Oral Lipid Tolerance Test toward the standard for the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: Cross species modeling effects of AZD7687 on plasma triacylglycerol. Birtles, S; Morentin Gutierrez, P; Nilsson, C; Yates, J, 2019)	0.51
" A 3 + 3 design assessed repeated daily (QD) and twice daily (BID) dosing schedules."	( First-in-Human Phase I Study of the Selective MET Inhibitor, Savolitinib, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Antitumor Activity. Frigault, MM; Gan, HK; Hua, Y; Lickliter, JD; Millward, M; Morgan, S; Qi, C; Sai, Y; Su, W; Wang, J; Yang, L; Zhang, L, 2019)	0.51
" PBPK dosing recommendations for DDIs should consider the magnitude of the parent drug excursion, relative to safe parent drug exposures, along with the excursion of total active components to best enable safe and adequate pharmacodynamic coverage."	( Evaluation of the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Acalabrutinib and Its Active Metabolite, ACP-5862, Using a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach. Al-Huniti, N; Moorthy, G; Podoll, T; Slatter, JG; Vishwanathan, K; Ware, J; Xu, Y; Zhou, D, 2019)	0.51
" Participants tolerating 2 weeks of open-label tirasemtiv (125 mg twice daily) were randomized 3:2:2:2 to placebo or one of three target tirasemtiv dose levels, using an escalating dosage protocol lasting 28 days."	( A phase III trial of Andrews, JA; Cockcroft, BM; Cudkowicz, ME; Hardiman, O; Lee, JH; Malik, FI; Meng, L; Rudnicki, SA; Shefner, JM; Wolff, AA, 2019)	0.51
" Additionally, we treated renal interlobar arteries with phenylephrine and dosed cumulative increments of acetylcholine both with and without exposure to CoPP."	( Positive Effects of Heme Oxygenase Upregulation on Adiposity and Vascular Dysfunction: Gene Targeting vs. Pharmacologic Therapy. Abraham, NG; Boumaza, I; Faroqui, M; Peterson, SJ; Raza, A; Rubinstein, R; Stec, D; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Electroantennographic (EAG) analysis of dose-response indicates differences in sensitivities of male and female antenna to the various volatiles."	( Diel rhythm of volatile emissions of males and females of the peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata. Byers, JA; Fefer, D; Gazit, Y; Levi-Zada, A; Levy, A; Nestel, D; Rempoulakis, P; Steiner, S; Yuval, B, 2020)	0.56
" Median effective dose was interpolated from the triplicated experiments and the dose-response curves were generated for each drug-virus combination."	( A preclinical assessment to repurpose drugs to target type 1 diabetes-associated type B coxsackieviruses. Honkimaa, A; Hyöty, H; Sioofy-Khojine, AB, 2020)	0.56
" Acalabrutinib is an oral, highly selective BTK inhibitor that allows for twice-daily dosing due to its selectivity."	( Acalabrutinib monotherapy in patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: updated phase 2 results. Awan, FT; Barrientos, J; Brown, JR; Burke, K; Byrd, JC; Chaves, JM; Covey, T; Devereux, S; Frigault, MM; Furman, RR; Ghia, P; Gulrajani, M; Hamdy, A; Hillmen, P; Izumi, R; Martin, P; O'Brien, S; Pagel, JM; Patel, P; Rothbaum, W; Schuh, A; Stephens, DM; Wang, MH; Wierda, WG; Woyach, JA, 2020)	0.56
" Considering the large dosage range of Lig used clinically and in animals, the future studies on the basis of animal renal histology are urgently needed to determine the optimal dosages to delay histological changes."	( Protective effect and possible mechanisms of ligustrazine isolated from Ligusticum wallichii on nephropathy in rats with diabetes: A preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis. Huang, YY; Pan, XD; Wang, ZH; Zheng, Q; Zhuang, Z, 2020)	0.56
" [D-Val5]NPS dosing at 20 nmol and SHA 68 dosing at 50 mg/kg significantly decreased the number of visits to the 2 odorants interchanged spatially, switched odorants, in recall trial, and simultaneously reduced the percentage of Fos-ir in NPSR-ir neurons, which were densely distributed in the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, subiculum, presubiculum, and parasubiculum."	( Neuropeptide S Displays as a Key Neuromodulator in Olfactory Spatial Memory. Cai, CC; Chen, HL; Cong, CY; Cui, GF; Dong, CY; Hou, YP; Kong, XP; Li, J; Ren, YL; Shao, YF; Wang, C; Xie, JF; Xin, L, 2020)	0.56
" Primary endpoints were safety and tolerability, which were assessed in all dosed patients."	( Osimertinib plus savolitinib in patients with EGFR mutation-positive, MET-amplified, non-small-cell lung cancer after progression on EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors: interim results from a multicentre, open-label, phase 1b study. Ahn, MJ; Cantarini, M; Cho, BC; Frewer, P; Han, JY; Kim, SW; Kowalski, D; Lee, JS; Mellemgaard, A; Orlov, S; Ottesen, L; Ou, X; Oxnard, G; Sequist, LV; Su, WC; Verheijen, RB; Yang, JC; Yu, H, 2020)	0.56
" In this review, we discuss how mathematical modeling was used, first to propose a relevant dosing regimen in humans, and then to optimize its antiviral efficacy in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model."	( Modeling Favipiravir Antiviral Efficacy Against Emerging Viruses: From Animal Studies to Clinical Trials. Anglaret, X; Baize, S; de Lamballerie, X; Graw, F; Guedj, J; Günther, S; Laouénan, C; Madelain, V; Malvy, D; Mentré, F; Nguyen, THT; Oestereich, L; Piorkowski, G; Raoul, H, 2020)	0.56
"8) with BID dosing and an ORR of 79."	( Clinical and biological implications of target occupancy in CLL treated with the BTK inhibitor acalabrutinib. Ahn, IE; Cheung, J; Covey, T; Farooqui, MZH; Gaglione, EM; Gulrajani, M; Hamdy, A; Harris, HM; Herman, SEM; Izumi, R; Kendall, EK; Maric, I; Nierman, P; Patel, P; Pittaluga, S; Pleyer, C; Stetler-Stevenson, M; Sun, C; Wang, MH; Wiestner, A; Yuan, CM, 2020)	0.56
" Median maximum concentration was reached 2-6 h following single and repeat dosing of gilteritinib; mean elimination half-life was 113 h."	( Pharmacokinetic Profile of Gilteritinib: A Novel FLT-3 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. Altman, JK; Bahceci, E; James, AJ; Kadokura, T; Levis, MJ; Litzow, M; Liu, C; Lu, Z; Moy, S; Patton, M; Perl, AE; Shepard, D; Smith, CC; Souda, K, 2020)	0.56
" PK modelling and simulation were conducted to support dosing recommendations."	( Clopidogrel, a CYP2C8 inhibitor, causes a clinically relevant increase in the systemic exposure to the active metabolite of selexipag in healthy subjects. Axelsen, LN; Bruderer, S; Perez Ruixo, JJ; Poggesi, I; Rasschaert, F, 2021)	0.62
" We enumerate the practical issues faced in the use of midostaurin like antifungal prophylaxis, dosage of concomitant chemotherapy agents as well as available data on sequencing of the FLT3 inhibitors."	( Midostaurin in acute myeloid leukemia: current evidence and practical considerations in routine clinical use. Abdul-Hamil, NA; Cherchione, C; Martinelli, G; Nagarajan, C; Wong, GC, 2020)	0.56
"Our results demonstrated the impact of clopidogrel on the pharmacokinetics of selexipag and its active metabolite and suggested that selexipag should be carefully prescribed with clopidogrel with dose adjustment or reducing the dosing frequency in Japanese clinical settings."	( Clinical evaluation of drug-drug interactions between the cytochrome P450 substrates selexipag and clopidogrel in Japanese volunteers. Hakamata, A; Inui, N; Kamiya, C; Katayama, N; Namiki, N; Odagiri, K; Tanaka, S; Tatsumi, K; Uchida, S; Watanabe, H, 2021)	0.62
"Savolitinib showed dose- and dose frequency-dependent anti-tumour activity in the CDX models, with more frequent, lower dosing schedules (e."	( A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for the MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor, savolitinib, to explore target inhibition requirements for anti-tumour activity. Ahmed, GF; Anjum, R; Barry, E; Borodovsky, A; Castriotta, L; D'Cruz, C; DuPont, M; Grondine, M; Henry, R; Jones, RDO; Petersson, K; Sahota, T; San Martin, M; Schuller, A, 2021)	0.62
" The covariate analysis did not highlight any need for dosing adjustments in the population studied to date."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ATR inhibitor berzosertib in phase I studies for different cancer types. Falk, M; Hendriks, BS; Jansen, M; Terranova, N, 2021)	0.62
"5-fold) after multiple dosing and low urinary recovery."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of the Oral TYK2 Inhibitor PF-06826647: A Phase I, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalation Study. Banerjee, A; Dowty, ME; Fensome, A; Gale, JD; Kieras, E; Peeva, E; Pradhan, V; Roberts, ES; Scaramozza, M; Singh, RSP; Tehlirian, C; Vincent, MS; Winkle, P, 2021)	0.62
" This review summarizes the current data for the most commonly used drugs for coronavirus disease 2019 and will cover the unique factors that may affect the dosing of these medications in patients with CKD."	( Treatment Options for Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Patients With Reduced or Absent Kidney Function. Govil, A; Luckett, K; Miller-Handley, H, 2020)	0.56
" In addition, the commonly used dosage forms of TMP include tablets, dropping pills, injections, etc."	( TAT-modified serum albumin nanoparticles for sustained-release of tetramethylpyrazine and improved targeting to spinal cord injury. Du, X; Li, C; Li, J; Li, T; Lin, Y; Liu, Z; Wan, Y; Wei, J; Zhong, Z; Zhou, M, 2021)	0.62
" Three serious AEs occurred in two patients with underlying comorbidities when oral dosing had resumed."	( Temporarily switching from oral to intravenous selexipag in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic results from an open-label, phase III study. Axelsen, LN; Chin, KM; Ewert, R; Gall, H; Hsu Schmitz, SF; Klose, H; Parambil, J; Poch, D; Preston, IR; Seyfarth, HJ; Stein, C, 2021)	0.62
"Patients (n = 94) received oral WNT974 at doses of 5-30 mg once-daily, plus additional dosing schedules."	( Phase 1 study of single-agent WNT974, a first-in-class Porcupine inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumours. Argilés, G; Connolly, RM; de Jonge, M; Dobson, JR; Garralda, E; Giannakis, M; Janku, F; Ji, Y; McLaughlin, ME; Moody, SE; Morawiak, J; Rodon, J; Seroutou, A; Smith, DC; Vaishampayan, U, 2021)	0.62
" However, its clinical application is limited due to poor water solubility and insufficient spinal cord targeting through the traditional dosage forms."	( TAT-modified tetramethylpyrazine-loaded nanoparticles for targeted treatment of spinal cord injury. Bai, X; Du, X; Li, C; Li, J; Lin, Y; Liu, Z; Wan, Y; Wei, J; Zhong, Z; Zhou, M, 2021)	0.62
" In the food effect assessment phase, the geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) for savolitinib dosed under the fed condition compared with that dosed under the fasting condition were 102."	( Effect of food on the single-dose pharmacokinetics and tolerability of savolitinib in Chinese healthy volunteers. Chen, Q; Ding, Q; Jia, J; Ou, M; Sai, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhu, H, 2022)	0.72
" This approach has important assumptions, but indicates that, despite rapid clearance of the parent from plasma, sufficient intracellular FAVI-RTP may be maintained across the dosing interval because of its long intracellular half-life."	( Pharmacokinetic modelling to estimate intracellular favipiravir ribofuranosyl-5'-triphosphate exposure to support posology for SARS-CoV-2. Khoo, SH; Owen, A; Pertinez, H; Rajoli, RKR, 2021)	0.62
"Antiviral efficacy of DS003 was assessed in mucosal tissue explants (ecto-cervical, penile and colorectal) and in trans-infection models (co-cultures of dendritic or mucosal migratory cells with CD4+ T cells) with several dosing times (2, 24 h and sustained) and in combination with a fusion inhibitor."	( The entry inhibitor DS003 (BMS-599793): a BMS-806 analogue, provides superior activity as a pre-exposure prophylaxis candidate. Aldon, Y; Armanasco, N; Harman, S; Herrera, C; Nuttall, J; Rogers, P; Shattock, RJ; Stieh, D; Ziprin, P, 2021)	0.62
" However, none of the investigated covariates led to clinically meaningful changes in exposure, supporting a flat dosing of acalabrutinib."	( Improved characterization of the pharmacokinetics of acalabrutinib and its pharmacologically active metabolite, ACP-5862, in patients with B-cell malignancies and in healthy subjects using a population pharmacokinetic approach. Bellanti, F; Buil-Bruna, N; Edlund, H; Liu, H; Sharma, S; Tomkinson, H; Vishwanathan, K; Ware, J, 2022)	0.72
" Berzosertib plus cisplatin with gemcitabine was associated with significantly higher hematologic toxicities despite attenuated dosing of cisplatin with gemcitabine."	( Effect of Cisplatin and Gemcitabine With or Without Berzosertib in Patients With Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. Cui, Y; Dreicer, R; Emamekhoo, H; Frankel, PH; Hoimes, C; Kim, WY; Lara, PN; Lyou, Y; Michaelson, D; Milowsky, M; Mortazavi, A; Newman, E; Pal, SK; Parikh, M; Parikh, R; Srinivas, S; Teply, B; Vaishampayan, U; Weng, P; Zhang, T, 2021)	0.62
" Acalabrutinib monotherapy was given orally at 100 mg twice daily for cycle 1, then combined for six cycles with intravenous obinutuzumab (100 mg on cycle 2 day 1, 900 mg on day 2, 1000 mg on day 8, and 1000 mg on day 15 and on day 1 of cycles 3-7); and from the beginning of cycle 4, oral venetoclax was dosed daily using an accelerated ramp-up from 20 mg on day 1 to 400 mg by day 22 and continued at this dose thereafter."	( Acalabrutinib, venetoclax, and obinutuzumab as frontline treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 study. Armand, P; Arnason, JE; Brown, JR; Crombie, JL; Davids, MS; Fisher, DC; Jacobson, CA; Kim, AI; LaCasce, AS; Lampson, BL; Lowney, JC; Montegaard, J; Ng, SY; Patterson, V; Pazienza, S; Tyekucheva, S; Wang, Z; Weinstock, M, 2021)	0.62
" They were enquired on- 1) demographics,practice information, 2) place of favipiravir in clinical practice, 3) treatment protocol for mild to moderate COVID-19, 4) dosage and duration of favipiravir, 5) effectiveness of favipiravir, 6) tolerability of favipiravir 7) global efficacy and safety assessment of favipiravir."	( Real-world Experience with Favipiravir for Treatment of COVID-19 among Indian Healthcare Professionals. Ansari, A; Barkate, H; Bhagat, S; Dhar, R; Lakhe, M; Panchal, S; Patil, S; Talwar, D; Tiwaskar, M, 2022)	0.72
"Favipiravir, a broad-spectrum RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, inhibits the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at significantly lower concentrations than the plasma trough levels achieved by the dosage adopted for influenza treatment and exhibits efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia."	( Antiviral therapy for COVID-19: Derivation of optimal strategy based on past antiviral and favipiravir experiences. Kaszynski, RH; Matsumoto, S; Sakai, K; Sato, N; Shiraki, K; Takemoto, M, 2022)	0.72
" In multiple logistic regression analysis, the favipiravir dosage (adjusted OR = 1."	( Evaluation of risk factors for uric acid elevation in COVID-19 patients treated with favipiravir. Hanai, Y; Ishii, Y; Mabuchi, T; Matsuo, K; Miyazaki, T; Nishimura, K; Nishizawa, K; Ohashi, H; Tateda, K; Uekusa, S; Yoshio, T; Yoshizawa, S, 2022)	0.72
" During the dose-escalation part, various dosing regimens, including once or twice daily continuous and intermittent dosing at a dose range of 5-45 mg WNT974 were studied, however, the protocol-defined maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not established based on dose-limiting toxicity."	( Model-based dose selection to inform translational clinical oncology development of WNT974, a first-in-class Porcupine inhibitor. Huang, PH; Ji, Y; Myers, A; Woolfenden, S, 2022)	0.72
"This favipiravir dosing regimen demonstrated significant antiviral efficacy but inconsistent illness alleviation in uncomplicated influenza."	( Favipiravir Treatment of Uncomplicated Influenza in Adults: Results of Two Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials. Epstein, C; Hayden, FG; Kang, LL; Lenk, RP; Oldham-Creamer, C; Stonis, L, 2022)	0.72
" Next, to use the PBPK-BO to determine the optimal dosing regimens in patients alone, with different CYP3A4 variants, when co-administration with four CYP3A4 modulators and in patients with hepatic impairment, respectively."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic combined BTK occupancy modeling for optimal dosing regimen prediction of acalabrutinib in patients alone, with different CYP3A4 variants, co-administered with CYP3A4 modulators and with hepatic impairment. Liu, H; Liu, Y; Wang, G; Xu, L; Yi, B; Yu, S, 2022)	0.72
" Finally, the model was applied to determine optimal dosing regimens in various clinical situations."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic combined BTK occupancy modeling for optimal dosing regimen prediction of acalabrutinib in patients alone, with different CYP3A4 variants, co-administered with CYP3A4 modulators and with hepatic impairment. Liu, H; Liu, Y; Wang, G; Xu, L; Yi, B; Yu, S, 2022)	0.72
"The simulations demonstrated that 100 mg ACA twice daily (BID) was the optimal dosing regimen in patients alone."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic combined BTK occupancy modeling for optimal dosing regimen prediction of acalabrutinib in patients alone, with different CYP3A4 variants, co-administered with CYP3A4 modulators and with hepatic impairment. Liu, H; Liu, Y; Wang, G; Xu, L; Yi, B; Yu, S, 2022)	0.72
"This PBPK-BO model can predict PK and PD in healthy humans and patients and also predict the optimal dosing regimens in various clinical situations."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic combined BTK occupancy modeling for optimal dosing regimen prediction of acalabrutinib in patients alone, with different CYP3A4 variants, co-administered with CYP3A4 modulators and with hepatic impairment. Liu, H; Liu, Y; Wang, G; Xu, L; Yi, B; Yu, S, 2022)	0.72
" In multiple LUSC patient-derived xenograft and cell line tumor models, CC-115 plus platinum-based doublet chemotherapy significantly inhibited tumor growth and increased overall survival as compared with either treatment alone at clinically relevant dosing schedules."	( Inhibition of Mtorc1/2 and DNA-PK via CC-115 Synergizes with Carboplatin and Paclitaxel in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Castellano, GM; Garbuzenko, OB; Malhotra, J; Minko, T; Pine, SR; Sabaawy, HE; Zeeshan, S, 2022)	0.72
" The priority of the Cys reaction with different α-dicarbonyls and its dependence on the Cys dosage were investigated."	( Formation Priority of Pyrazines and 2-Acetylthiazole Dependent on the Added Cysteine and Fragments of Deoxyosones during the Thermal Process of the Glycine-Ribose Amadori Compound. Hayat, K; Ho, CT; Liu, M; Xu, H; Yu, J; Zhang, X; Zhou, T, 2022)	1.04
" The results provide important and valuable information for the safety and efficacy of acipimox, which indicated that the dosage of acipimox might be adjusted appropriately during clinical medication in hypoxia."	( Quantification of Acipimox in Plasma and Tissues by LC-MS/MS: Application to Pharmacokinetic Comparison between Normoxia and Hypoxia. Deng, H; Gao, Y; Lai, C; Li, G; Shen, X; Wang, L; Wang, N; Yu, H; Zhou, L; Zhou, W, 2022)	0.72
" The compound was well-tolerated and had favorable pharmacokinetics supporting once-per-day oral dosing in guinea pigs."	( Severe mammarenaviral disease in guinea pigs effectively treated by an orally bioavailable fusion inhibitor, alone or in combination with favipiravir. Bailey, KW; Gantla, VR; Gowen, BB; Henkel, G; Hickerson, BT; McCormack, K; Naik, S; Wandersee, L; Westover, JB, 2022)	0.72

Role	Description
Daphnia magna metabolite	A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia magna.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
pyrazines
diazine	The parent structure of the diazines.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	22.4199	0.0015	30.6073	15,848.9004	AID1224841
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1367487	Lipophilicity, log P of the compound	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 27, Issue:23	Improvement in aqueous solubility achieved via small molecular changes.
AID701844	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-12, Volume: 55, Issue:13	Mitigating heterocycle metabolism in drug discovery.
AID213129	Inhibition of Thromboxane synthetase at 100 uM	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 24, Issue:10	Highly selective inhibitors of thromboxane synthetase. 2. Pyridine derivatives.
AID1367489	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 27, Issue:23	Improvement in aqueous solubility achieved via small molecular changes.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1338 (11.44)	18.7374
1990's	944 (8.07)	18.2507
2000's	3006 (25.70)	29.6817
2010's	5200 (44.45)	24.3611
2020's	1210 (10.34)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1,373 (11.29%)	5.53%
Reviews	1,210 (9.95%)	6.00%
Case Studies	681 (5.60%)	4.05%
Observational	23 (0.19%)	0.25%
Other	8,878 (72.98%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	3.87	2	1	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	2.17	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.	2.06	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	4.33	2	2	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.97	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	5.09	13	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol: the aglycone of gastrodin. p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from Arcangelisia gusanlung.	2.25	1	0	benzyl alcohols; phenols	plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.03	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	3.53	8	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	4.74	7	1	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.02	12	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	3.47	7	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.49	2	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetoin [no description available]	3.72	9	0	methyl ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	metabolite
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	4.94	8	1	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	15.99	94	7	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aminoacetone aminoacetone: RN given refers to parent cpd. aminoacetone : A propanone consisting of acetone having an amino group at the 1-position.	2.86	3	0	methyl ketone; propanones	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	4.06	15	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.05	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.79	3	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	6.18	17	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.11	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.17	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
2,3-butylene glycol 2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.	3.06	4	0	butanediol; glycol; secondary alcohol
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.38	2	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
carbamates [no description available]	9.91	31	11	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	4.6	9	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.5	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	2	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	2.51	2	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.48	2	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	3.78	10	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	3.07	5	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	9.27	52	6	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.48	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.58	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	4	3	0	alkane	xenobiotic
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	2.13	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.41	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.04	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
dihydrolipoic acid dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.	1.99	1	0	thio-fatty acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	8.3	10	8	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
3-chlorobenzoic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	drug metabolite
caprylic aldehyde caprylic aldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1765. octanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid).	2.15	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.06	1	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	2.25	1	0	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.48	2	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.02	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	3.05	5	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	5.63	7	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	8.21	19	5	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	3.5	8	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone [no description available]	7.04	1	0	ketotriose; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antifungal agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.39	7	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	8.37	7	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	10.13	49	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.04	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	9.97	33	14	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glycolaldehyde [no description available]	2	1	0	glycolaldehydes	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	7.08	27	1	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.82	2	0
histamine [no description available]	3.92	13	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	4.21	17	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.33	2	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	5.03	12	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	3.01	4	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	7.73	3	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.42	2	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.63	8	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	4.19	16	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	7.46	8	6	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	4.01	4	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	3.77	10	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	12.28	32	7	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	8.92	17	5	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	4.48	7	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.07	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.51	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.8	10	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.08	1	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	2.41	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; phenols	human metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.89	3	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	3.88	2	1	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.76	3	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.49	2	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; phenylacetaldehydes	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.52	2	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	9.23	14	3	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	3.46	1	1	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.81	2	1	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pteridines [no description available]	10.83	18	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	1.94	1	0	purine
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	12.17	51	2	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazinoic acid pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.	5.23	12	1	pyrazinecarboxylic acid	antitubercular agent; drug metabolite
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	3.81	3	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	5.72	26	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	1.95	1	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	3.47	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.47	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2.05	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	1.98	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	2.08	1	0	selenium oxoacid
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
taurine [no description available]	3.54	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.36	2	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	3.16	5	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	3.32	6	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	3.7	1	1	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	11.05	23	3	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	9.78	48	11	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	9.26	43	7	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.94	4	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	3.1	5	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine: inhibitor of phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2	1	0
sk&f 81297 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	benzazepine
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	4.63	27	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.92	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	3.8	2	1
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	4.6	26	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	1.95	1	0	catecholamine
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	2.77	3	0	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	3.94	12	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.44	2	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.48	2	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	3.08	5	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	3.37	2	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	5.99	21	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	6.29	6	2	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.96	4	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	3.1	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.42	2	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	3.28	6	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.39	2	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	2.46	2	0
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.39	2	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-methyl-5-ht 2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist	2.4	2	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.05	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.72	3	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	1.97	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.79	11	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.17	1	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
pleconaril WIN 63843: structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	2.1	1	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	3.42	7	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	1.97	1	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5-dimethylamiloride 5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity	2.88	4	0
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	tryptamines
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.69	3	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-chlorokynurenic acid 7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.	1.99	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	1.99	1	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	2.69	3	0	oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	2.39	2	0
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.17	1	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	4.02	4	0	monoazo compound
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	3.75	2	1	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	8.68	10	2	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	4.72	7	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.	1.95	1	0	acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
6-acetylaminocaproic acid 6-acetylaminocaproic acid: wound-healing agent component of plasmutan	2	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid
albendazole [no description available]	3.06	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	4.28	4	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	2.49	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
alosetron alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.	2.99	1	0	imidazoles; pyridoindole	antiemetic; gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic antagonist
alpha-methylserotonin alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.75	3	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.39	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	2.05	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	2.1	1	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	2	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.02	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.87	4	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	5.66	31	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	4.03	4	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	5.87	7	1	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	1.94	1	0	barbiturates
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	4.05	4	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	2.06	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.03	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	3.12	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	3.76	3	0	methoxybenzenes
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.69	3	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	1.95	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	8.16	18	2	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	3.48	8	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azasetron azasetron: a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source;	2.46	2	0	benzoxazine
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	3.59	2	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.69	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen [no description available]	2.39	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.37	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	3.74	2	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.15	1	0	benzamides
benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.	2.44	2	0	benzenes; carboxamidine	serine protease inhibitor
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	3.23	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	3.51	8	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	1.99	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	3.04	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	2.93	4	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	1.97	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
bethanidine Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.	1.95	1	0	guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.49	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
bumetanide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	2.15	1	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	3.77	2	1	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	4.7	3	2	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	5.28	20	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.88	12	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	1.97	1	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	3.82	2	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.41	2	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	3.08	1	0	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.03	1	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.21	1	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	5.12	5	2	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	3.34	1	1	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	3.57	2	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.59	2	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	5.74	7	1	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	2.41	1	0
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.02	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cgp 37157 CGP 37157: benzothiazepine derivative of clonazepam; inhibits the in vitro activity of mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchange	2.07	1	0	benzothiazepine
cgs 15943 9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.	3.31	2	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; furans; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; quinazolines; triazoloquinazoline	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; antineoplastic agent; central nervous system stimulant
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.73	3	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	7.42	6	2	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	1.94	1	0	benzodiazepine
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	14.35	53	2	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	3.44	8	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	4.17	5	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.64	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	6.38	7	2	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cilostazol [no description available]	2.68	3	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	3.24	6	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.15	1	0
ciprofibrate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.49	2	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	1.99	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.16	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	4.03	3	1	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	3.75	3	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	2.47	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.89	4	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	4.37	4	1	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	2.48	2	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cyclopenthiazide Cyclopenthiazide: Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.34	1	1	benzothiadiazine
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	3.34	1	1	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	3.06	5	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	1.98	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	2.86	4	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.41	2	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
denbufylline denbufylline: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	oxopurine
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	4.06	3	1	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	3.59	9	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	5.19	6	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	3.1	5	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.64	3	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	2.04	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	1.94	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
diisopropyl methylphosphonate diisopropyl methylphosphonate: by-product of sarin manufacture; structure given in first source. diisopropyl methylphosphonate : An organic phosphonate that is the diisopropyl ester of methylphosphonic acid.	2.17	1	0	organic phosphonate
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	1.96	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.73	3	0	organic cation
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	4.63	6	1	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
stallimycin [no description available]	1.96	1	0
disulfiram [no description available]	3.81	3	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	6.67	9	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	1.97	1	0
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	3.06	5	0
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
dyclonine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines	topical anaesthetic
e 4031 E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD	2.9	4	0	sulfonamide
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	3.63	2	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3	4	0
etazolate Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.	1.95	1	0	ethyl ester; hydrazone; pyrazolopyridine	alpha-secretase activator; antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	7.65	19	3	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ethoxyquin Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.. ethoxyquin : A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.	2.9	4	0	aromatic ether; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical; food antioxidant; genotoxin; geroprotector; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activator
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.51	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	2.06	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	4.15	3	1	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	6.53	15	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	4.02	4	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	4.47	6	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	1.98	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	1.97	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	9.56	17	5	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	3.79	11	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	2.01	1	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
furafylline [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
furegrelate furegrelate: structure given in UD 35:175:d	1.99	1	0	benzofurans
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	7.79	35	6	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	3.34	6	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	2.31	1	0	benzoate ester
gaboxadol gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure	1.96	1	0	oxazole
gemfibrozil [no description available]	6.74	6	4	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.25	6	0
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	3.85	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	13.49	26	18	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	9.64	15	7	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	8.62	28	4	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	2.31	1	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.75	3	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.38	2	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	2.86	4	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.11	5	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	3.35	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	3.35	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
ha14-1 ethyl 2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate: a BH3 mimetic; synergistic induction of apoptosis by simultaneous disruption of the Bcl-2 and MEK/MAPK pathways in acute myelogenous leukemia	2.74	3	0	1-benzopyran
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	4.57	8	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	1.96	1	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.67	3	0	barbiturates
alpha-methylhistamine alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.	2.13	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	animal metabolite; H3-receptor agonist
hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.	3.06	1	0	thioxanthenes	mutagen; schistosomicide drug
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	13.51	153	60	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	3.33	1	1	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	16.23	66	8	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	8.94	11	2	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	4.39	6	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	1.94	1	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.66	3	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
idebenone [no description available]	3.56	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide [no description available]	6.39	5	3	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.94	4	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	4	14	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.74	3	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	5.07	10	1	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.63	2	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.05	1	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	4.18	17	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)	1.94	1	0	benzenes
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.08	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	6.89	22	1	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.44	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	5.05	42	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.15	1	0
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.98	4	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	4.12	16	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	5.53	3	1	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	1.98	1	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	1.97	1	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	1.99	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-phenyllactic acid 3-phenyllactic acid: alpha-hydroxy analog of phenylalanine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-phenyllactic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.41	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
lamotrigine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	6.12	3	2	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	3.87	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	3.56	2	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	4.34	4	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.8	10	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
edaravone [no description available]	4.18	3	1	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.33	1	1	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
memantine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.11	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	21.24	205	112	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	1.96	1	0	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
nocodazole [no description available]	3.07	5	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2.1	1	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	4.83	4	2	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	3.39	7	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	4.02	2	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	6.18	10	1	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	1.99	1	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	5.18	5	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
entinostat [no description available]	4.11	5	0	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.39	2	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	3.92	13	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-arylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.66	3	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	4	2	0	catecholamine
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.02	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	5.13	6	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nan 190 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.	2.07	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phthalimides	serotonergic antagonist
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	1.94	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	1.98	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	1.94	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2	1	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.31	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.08	5	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.78	3	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.41	2	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	4.53	5	1	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfluoxetine norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.39	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	4.3	4	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.68	3	0	carbazoles
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	3.58	2	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	4.16	5	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.42	7	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	4.55	5	1	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.36	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.48	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2.4	2	0	phenylalanine derivative
pamidronate [no description available]	4.74	5	0	phosphonoacetic acid
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	4.63	6	1	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
1,7-dimethylxanthine 1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.	2	1	0	dimethylxanthine	central nervous system stimulant; human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	3.09	5	0	aromatic amine
pd 153035 4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd168393 PD 168393 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying bromoanilino and acrylamido substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.03	1	0	acrylamides; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.97	4	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.66	3	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	2	1	0	oxopurine
perazine Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.	2.21	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenazine [no description available]	3.51	1	0	azaarene; heteranthrene; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; phenazines; polycyclic heteroarene
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	4.29	19	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	2.86	4	0	aromatic amine
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.44	2	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	4.59	6	1	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.04	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	2.08	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	3.5	2	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.5	2	0	aromatic ketone
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	4.99	7	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.01	1	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	4.75	7	1	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	16.16	46	25	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piperazine [no description available]	4.46	6	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
pirenperone [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	6.16	18	2	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	3.31	1	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.13	1	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	1.95	1	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	7.4	14	3	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.91	4	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	2.15	1	0	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	1.97	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.4	2	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.89	13	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.02	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	3.13	1	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
propentofylline [no description available]	2.4	2	0	oxopurine
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	3.41	1	1	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	5.84	23	1	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.07	1	0
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	6.14	10	1	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
pyroxamide [no description available]	3.1	1	0	aromatic amide
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	3.91	13	0	piperazines; pyridines
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	5.06	3	1	benzothiazoles
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	3.09	5	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	2.38	2	0	methoxybenzenes
rolipram [no description available]	4.33	20	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.49	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sb 206553 SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source	2.95	4	0	pyrroloindole
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.04	1	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid: antineoplastic, Histone Deacetylase inhibitor	2.1	1	0	hydroxamic acid
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.54	2	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	2.11	1	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.86	4	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.15	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	3.08	5	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	3.06	5	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	13.74	54	11	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.35	2	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	4.16	5	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.64	3	0	pyridazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	3.03	5	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.78	3	0
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	1.95	1	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	1.94	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	5.58	9	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulmazole sulmazole: structure given in first source. sulmazole : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent.	1.96	1	0	imidazopyridine; sulfoxide	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.13	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	azepine
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
tegafur [no description available]	3.58	2	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	9	16	3	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.43	1	1	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.15	1	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.89	4	0	quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	25	663	120	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	1.95	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	1.95	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	4.09	4	0	thiazolidenedione
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	2.59	2	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	1.97	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	5.28	7	2	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	2.03	1	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	2.21	1	0	amino acid
tremorine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
trequinsin trequinsin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	8.16	39	8	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	3.35	1	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
triclosan [no description available]	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	3.36	1	1	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	1.97	1	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trimethobenzamide trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.	1.97	1	0	benzamides; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	4.3	6	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	1.97	1	0
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	3.38	2	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.	2.02	1	0
tyramine [no description available]	4.14	6	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9 [no description available]	2.41	1	0	alkylbenzene	geroprotector
urethane [no description available]	2.69	3	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vesnarinone [no description available]	15.39	191	17	organic molecular entity
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
zardaverine zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.	1.98	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyridazinone	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; peripheral nervous system drug
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.01	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	3.79	3	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	3.99	14	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	11.62	28	4	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	3.59	9	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	3.91	13	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.37	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	4.87	8	1	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	6.55	8	1	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	4.69	9	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	1.97	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	2.94	4	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	3.62	9	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.68	3	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.88	4	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.92	13	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	7.84	32	7	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	8.67	34	6	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	1.97	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.06	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.	1.94	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	19	132	50	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.	2.13	1	0	fluorinated steroid
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	3.14	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.02	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.66	3	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	3.58	9	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.	2.01	1	0	aminopyridine
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.38	2	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.92	4	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	7.12	8	1	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	3.77	10	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	21.59	95	5	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	6.43	15	1	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.38	2	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.91	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	7.49	8	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	10.8	16	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.08	1	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	5.13	14	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.36	2	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	3.49	8	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	3.45	1	1	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	7.61	15	2	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	1.97	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	1.94	1	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	3.95	13	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	1.98	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	3.24	6	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	4.14	5	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.72	3	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	7.9	15	1	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.08	5	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.69	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	3.48	8	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.52	2	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	8.64	28	4	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.42	2	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.87	4	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	15.69	84	2	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	3.06	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	2.07	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.08	5	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	1.96	1	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.44	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	4.27	19	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	1.98	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	2.99	4	0	anilines; primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	3.12	5	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.44	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.48	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.01	1	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	9.35	7	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	9.16	19	3	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.55	9	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	4.95	12	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	7.62	15	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.48	2	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-hexanal [no description available]	3.22	5	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
strophanthidin Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.	1.95	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolides; steroid aldehyde
uracil mustard Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.	1.96	1	0	aminouracil; nitrogen mustard
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	4.01	14	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.09	5	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
3,5-dimethylpyrazole 3,5-dimethylpyrazole: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.96	4	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	2.06	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	2.35	2	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	3.45	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	1.94	1	0	oxo steroid
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	6.95	14	1	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	2.07	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	4.26	4	1	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	3.48	8	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	13.19	40	10	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	3.17	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	3.31	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2.38	2	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	4.97	12	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	7.55	16	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cordycepin [no description available]	3.21	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	9.78	10	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.04	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	5.8	21	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.72	3	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.02	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.05	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.73	3	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	2.1	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.32	6	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.03	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	1.98	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	2.41	1	0	acyl chloride
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	3.28	6	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	7.04	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.	1.94	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.91	4	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	1.94	1	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
azobis(isobutyronitrile) azobis(isobutyronitrile): blowing agent for elastomers & plastics; initiator for free radical reactions; structure	2.02	1	0
isobutyraldehyde isobutyraldehyde : A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde; propanals	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	7.99	4	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	1.99	1	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
alpha-pinene [no description available]	2.21	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.03	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	1.98	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.08	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	8.32	20	2	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.47	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
1-naphthoic acid naphthoic acid : An aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of a naphthalene skeleton substituted by one or more carboxy groups.	2.11	1	0	naphthoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fungal xenobiotic metabolite
fluorene [no description available]	2.07	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	7.79	3	0	carbazole
salicylanilide salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.	2.07	1	0	benzanilide fungicide; salicylamides; salicylanilides
2,4,6-trichloroanisole 2,4,6-trichloroanisole: Cork taint compound. 2,4,6-trichloroanisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.97	4	0	monomethoxybenzene; trichlorobenzene
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.58	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthranilamide [no description available]	2.5	2	0	substituted aniline
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.11	1	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.5	2	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	8.08	76	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified	3.25	1	0	isoquinolines
quinoline [no description available]	2.77	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	3.05	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
phenylpiperazine phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.68	3	0	xanthene
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	2.01	1	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	3.81	3	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.	2.17	1	0	phenylenediamine	hydrogen donor
2-bromophenol bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.	2.21	1	0	bromophenol	marine metabolite
durene durene: structure. durene : A tetramethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.	2.03	1	0	tetramethylbenzene
2-methylbutanal 2-methylbutanal: structure in first source. 2-methylbutanal : A methylbutanal in which the methyl substituent is at position 2.	2.21	1	0	2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde; methylbutanal	plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; volatile oil component
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.74	3	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.	2.31	1	0	5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.45	2	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furfuryl alcohol furfuryl alcohol: structure. furfuryl alcohol : A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.45	2	0	furans; primary alcohol	Maillard reaction product
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.83	3	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
benzenesulfonic acid benzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzenesulfonic acid : The simplest member of the class of a benzenesulfonic acids that consists of a benzene carrying a single sulfo group.	2.11	1	0	benzenesulfonic acids
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	3.77	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.07	1	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
2-ethylpyridine 2-ethylpyridine: RN given refers to compound with locant	2.97	4	0
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	3.38	7	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	4.98	3	3	pyridinium salt
boric acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	boric acids	astringent
n-propylbenzene n-propylbenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. propylbenzene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene having one of its aromatic hydrogens substituted by a propyl group.	3.25	1	0	alkylbenzene
3,7-dimethyloctan-1-ol 3,7-dimethyloctan-1-ol: penetration enhancer for transdermal delivery of 5-fluorouracil; ligand for odorant-binding protein; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	aliphatic alcohol
4-bromoaniline 4-bromoaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1403	3.23	1	0
ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.	2.25	1	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	2.05	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.77	3	0	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
glyoxal [no description available]	3.58	8	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
isoamylamine isoamylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. isopentylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butan-1-amine carrying a methyl substituent at position 3.	2	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
vinyl acetate [no description available]	2.1	1	0	acetate ester
diisopropylamine diisopropylamine: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	2.04	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
2,6-lutidine 2,6-dimethylpyridine : A member of the class of methylpyridines that is pyridine carrying methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.48	2	0	methylpyridines
bromobenzene [no description available]	3.25	1	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
4-methylpyridine 4-methylpyridine: structure in first source. 4-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine in which the methyl substituent is at position 4.	2.39	2	0	methylpyridine
chlorobenzene [no description available]	3.25	1	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	5.42	4	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
cyclohexanone [no description available]	2.59	2	0	cyclohexanones	human xenobiotic metabolite
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2.1	1	0	aryl thiol
3-methylpyridine 3-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 3.	2.37	2	0	methylpyridine
2-picoline 2-picoline: structure in first source. 2-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.	2.7	3	0	methylpyridine
propyl acetate propyl acetate: affects aggression without affecting motor activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. propyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of acetic acid with propanol.	2.21	1	0	acetate ester	fragrance; plant metabolite
boron trifluoride etherate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.06	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	14.57	171	5	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.04	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.52	2	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	19.84	408	41	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
2-heptanone heptan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.	2.94	4	0	dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone	mouse metabolite; pheromone
piperidine [no description available]	3.49	2	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
hexahydroazepine hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.17	1	0	azacycloalkane; azepanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1-octene 1-octene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-octene : An octene with an unsaturation C-1.	3.25	1	0	octene
heptanal heptanal : An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.	2.63	2	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	biomarker
nonane iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.	2.11	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
diglyme diglyme : A polyether that is the dimethyl ether derivative of diethylene glycol.	2.1	1	0	polyether	environmental contaminant; solvent; xenobiotic
pelargonic acid pelargonic acid: K salt acts as cariostatic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nonanoic acid : A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.	2.1	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antifeedant; Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite
decanaldehyde decanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of capric acid (decanoic acid).	2.15	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	antifungal agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	1.95	1	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	3.74	2	1	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
tecnazene tetrachloronitrobenzene: sprout suppressant for potatoes; can be either the 1,2,4,5- and/or the 1,2,3,5-tetrachloro isomer; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. tecnazene : A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which the four hydrogens located ortho- and para- to the nitro group have been replaced by chlorines. A fungicide used to control dry rot, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	2.53	2	0	aromatic fungicide; C-nitro compound; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
chloranil Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.	3.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	1.94	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline [no description available]	3.89	3	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
scoparone scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; coumarins	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antilipemic drug; immunosuppressive agent; plant metabolite
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.1	1	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.41	2	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	3.44	7	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	3.18	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. naptalam : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide which results from addition of one equivalent of 1-naphthylamine to phthalic anhydride.	2.01	1	0	carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; N-(1-naphthyl)carboxamide	herbicide
iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.	1.96	1	0	benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	2.02	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	4.99	12	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
pentacene [no description available]	2.49	2	0	acene; pentacenes
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	2.11	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.52	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	monohydroxypyridine	plant metabolite
pregnenolone [no description available]	1.94	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.7	3	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.47	2	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.72	3	0	organic molecular entity
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	4.41	6	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
dibenzo(a,l)pyrene dibenzo(a,l)pyrene: structure in first source	2.41	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	human metabolite; mutagen
benzo(h)quinoline [no description available]	1.99	1	0
phthalazine phthalazine : An azaarene that is the 2,3-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of phthalazines.	2.05	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines
cinnoline cinnoline: structure in first source. cinnoline : An azaarene that is the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of cinnolines.	2.21	1	0	azaarene; cinnolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	13.42	84	2	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	5.31	10	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	11.8	36	9	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.69	3	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
indolizine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indolizines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
triethylenediamine triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.	2.05	1	0	bridged compound; diamine; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent; tertiary amino compound	antioxidant; catalyst; reagent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	22.87	123	11	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	7.11	15	1	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	17.47	56	3	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	6.97	15	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	18.19	75	2	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	4.02	4	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyridazine pyridazine: structure given in first source	5.52	12	0	diazine; pyridazines
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	6.01	20	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
cyclooctane [no description available]	3.25	1	0
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	2.42	2	0	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	organic cation
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	2.7	3	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	7.19	27	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	1.94	1	0
dexamethasone 21-phosphate dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.	2.07	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	3.19	5	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
5-fluorouridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organofluorine compound; uridines	mutagen
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	1.97	1	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	11.75	17	6	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
methylthioinosine Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.	2.31	1	0	purine ribonucleoside; thiopurine
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.45	2	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	3.47	8	0	ergoline alkaloid
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	2.38	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
beta-cyclocitral beta-cyclocitral: structure in first source. beta-cyclocitral : A monoterpenoid formally derived from citral by cyclisation. It is a volatile compound produced by a cyanobacteria.	2.78	3	0	monoterpenoid	bacterial metabolite
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.45	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.36	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
4-fluorobenzoic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0	fluorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.6	1	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)	1.96	1	0	amphetamines
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	6.43	12	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
propadiene [no description available]	2.17	1	0	allenes
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.15	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.51	2	0
rhein [no description available]	2.43	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
berbamine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	phenylpropanoid
2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide 2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide: was heading 1975-94 (see under LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-90); BROMO-LSD was see 2-BROMOLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-94; use LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE to search 2-BROMOLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-94; a serotonin antagonist	2.44	2	0
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	2.1	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	2.02	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.25	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.31	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	2.03	1	0	phthalazines
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.93	4	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
lumazine lumazine: structure. 2,4-dihydroxypteridine : Any dihydroxypteridine in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 2 and 4.. lumazine : A 2,4-dihydroxypteridine.	3.16	1	0	2,4-dihydroxypteridine
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.71	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
aspergillic acid aspergillic acid: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #865	5.34	19	0	pyrazines
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.77	3	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	2.71	3	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
dithiol dithiol: structure	2	1	0
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	2.01	1	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	2.02	1	0	quinone imine	dye
azetidine [no description available]	3.62	2	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
isovaleric acid isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.	4.29	4	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methylbutyric acid; short-chain fatty acid	mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	7.73	52	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	5.53	12	0	thiazolidine
1,3-dithiane 1,3-dithiane: structure	1.98	1	0	dithiane
thioacetic acid ethanethioic S-acid : A thioacetic acid that is acetic acid in which the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.21	1	0	thioacetic acid
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.66	9	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	5.63	5	1	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	1.97	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	3.71	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	5.3	10	0
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.93	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	2.02	1	0	thiazoles
cesium carbonate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	2.07	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
perillyl alcohol perillyl alcohol: inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase; structure in first source. perillyl alcohol : A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.	2.07	1	0	limonene monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
3-ethylpyridine 3-ethylpyridine: structure given in Merck	2.76	3	0	pyridines
2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane: nephrotoxic. isooctane : An alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4.	2.17	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	fuel additive; nephrotoxin; non-polar solvent
uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	7.43	43	3	dialdehyde	biomarker
n-butyl nitrite n-butyl nitrite: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1570	2.31	1	0	nitroso compound
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	3.26	6	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.04	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	11.11	76	7
4,4'-bipyridyl 4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.	2.46	2	0	bipyridine
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	2.65	3	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
2-hydroxybutyric acid 2-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hydroxybutyric acid : Any compound comprising a butyric acid core carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.. 2-hydroxybutyric acid : A hydroxybutyric acid having a single hydroxyl group located at position 2; urinary secretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid is increased with alcohol ingestion or vigorous physical exercise and is associated with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis in humans and diabetes in animals.	3.48	1	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	1.97	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.	2.1	1	0	carbonate salt; potassium salt	catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant
succinimide succinimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. succinimide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5.	2	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
3-methoxybenzoic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid	flavouring agent; human urinary metabolite
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	4.29	3	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
isovalerylaldehyde isovalerylaldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5093. 3-methylbutanal : A methylbutanal that is butanal substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It occurs as a volatile constituent in olives.	2.1	1	0	methylbutanal	flavouring agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; volatile oil component
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	2.9	4	0	organic sulfide
2,3-pentanedione pentane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is pentane substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by oxo groups.	2.25	1	0	alpha-diketone; methyl ketone	flavouring agent
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	2.44	2	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
toyocamycin Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.	3.6	2	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; nitrile; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
2,4,6-tribromoanisole 2,4,6-tribromoanisole: produced by O-methylation of its direct precursor, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, generally comes from sources in the winery environment	2.15	1	0
1-aminoanthracene [no description available]	2	1	0	anthracenamine
nitrosomethylurethane Nitrosomethylurethane: An alkylating carcinogen that produces gastrointestinal and probably lung and nervous system tumors.	2.08	1	0	carboxylic ester
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	12.46	43	2	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
ethyl pyruvate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	oxo carboxylic acid
triethylsilane [no description available]	2.11	1	0	organosilicon compound	reducing agent
5-methyl-2-furfural 5-methyl-2-furfural: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified	2.52	2	0	aldehyde; furans	EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; human metabolite; Maillard reaction product
n-methylpiperidine N-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
amyl acetate amyl acetate: sources do not specify n-isomer. pentyl acetate : An acetate ester of pentanol.	1.96	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite
hentriacontane [no description available]	2	1	0	long-chain alkane	antitubercular agent
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.02	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester	hepatic steatosis inducing agent
n-tricosane n-tricosane: repels ovipositing female mosquitoes. tricosane : A straight chain alkane containing 23 carbon atoms.	2.1	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	3.82	2	1	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2.13	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	1.94	1	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	6.17	9	1	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.43	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde : A member of the class of naphthaldehydes that is naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. Active core of sirtinol (CHEBI:73158).	2.46	2	0	naphthaldehydes; naphthols
methoxytryptophol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	indoles
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2	1	0
acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation	2.05	1	0
1,2-cyclohexanedione cyclohexanedione : Cyclohexanones carrying two oxo substituents.. cyclohexane-1,2-dione : A cyclohexanedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 1 and 2.	2.02	1	0	cyclohexanedione
(pentafluorophenyl)hydrazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
4-phenylpyridine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	phenylpyridine
deoxycytidine [no description available]	14.58	69	22	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	3.51	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyadenosine 2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylestrenol Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent
canrenone Canrenone: A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.	1.95	1	0	steroid lactone
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	2.03	1	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	3.33	7	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-acetylpyridine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
2-acetylpyridine 2-acetylpyridine: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	aromatic ketone
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	18.24	987	41	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.53	2	0	alkali metal hydroxide
molybdenum disulfide [no description available]	2.41	1	0	sulfide salt
monolaurin monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol	2.25	1	0	1-monoglyceride; dodecanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	12.73	47	4
beta-pinene beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.	2.21	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	2.45	2	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium hydroxide Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.	2.21	1	0	inorganic hydroxy compound	food acidity regulator
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.11	1	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346 sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.	2.07	1	0	nucleoside analogue	protein kinase inhibitor
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	4.05	4	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	4.36	6	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	2.42	2	0	aliphatic nitrile
metylperon metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.05	1	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
3-methylcyclopentanone [no description available]	2.15	1	0	cyclopentanones
5-chlorouracil 5-chlorouracil : An organochlorine compound consisting of uracil having an chloro substituent at the 5-position.	2.08	1	0	organochlorine compound
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	3.14	5	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.99	4	0	tertiary amine
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.93	4	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.03	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	14.75	485	70	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	1.95	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	3.78	3	0	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	2.72	3	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.02	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	2.08	1	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	2.42	2	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	2.52	2	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
methional [no description available]	2	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	prostaglandin antagonist
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.51	2	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.05	1	0	thujene	plant metabolite
1-octen-3-ol 1-octen-3-ol: main flavor component of mushrooms; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; bait for insect vectors (tsetse, sandflies, mosquitoes). oct-1-en-3-ol : An alkenyl alcohol with a structure based on a C8 unbranched chain with the hydroxy group at C-2 and unsaturation at C-1-C-2. It is a major volatile compound present in many mushrooms and fungi.	3.02	4	0	alkenyl alcohol; medium-chain fatty alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fungal metabolite; insect attractant; volatile oil component
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.24	6	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
furaneol furaneol: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3-one : A member of the class of furans that is 2,5-dimethylfuran carrying additional oxo and hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively. It has been found particularly in strawberries and other such fruits.	3.19	5	0	cyclic ketone; enol; furans	flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.36	2	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
nafenopin Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid
streptomycin [no description available]	10.94	8	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.93	4	0	carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	2.02	1	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
cladribine [no description available]	5.19	5	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
2-cyanoethylene oxide 2-cyanoethylene oxide: acrylonitrile metabolite; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	3.51	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
5,6-dihydroxytryptamine 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 6. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacologic research.	1.95	1	0
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	9.99	18	4	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
isostearate 16-methylheptadecanoic acid : A methyl-branched fatty acid that is heptadecanoic acid (margaric acid) substituted by a methyl group at position 16.	2.05	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid
2,3-Dimethylpyrazine 2,3-dimethylpyrazine: an odorant that stimulates Grueneberg ganglion neurons; structure in first source	3.42	6	0	pyrazines
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.43	2	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.92	4	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	8.36	6	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	2.87	4	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	3.64	9	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.03	1	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.57	2	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	2.08	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	4.5	22	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	5.06	9	1	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	2.78	3	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	3.3	6	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	9.3	18	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.35	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	8.91	12	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.31	1	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.07	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.17	5	0	titanium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.52	2	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	3.45	7	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.17	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	4.13	3	1	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.68	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3	4	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	8.97	12	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	2.25	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.1	1	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.75	3	0	titanium group element atom
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	4.07	3	1	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.69	3	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.08	1	0	sodium phosphate
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.7	3	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	10.96	22	4	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.17	1	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
sodium pyrophosphate sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.	2.01	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	chelator; food emulsifier; food thickening agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.78	3	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
sodium sulfate [no description available]	3.25	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	1.96	1	0	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0	iron coordination entity
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	8.87	12	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.5	8	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.69	3	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.05	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.03	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	1.94	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.05	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric pyrophosphate ferric pyrophosphate : An iron coordination entity composed from Fe(3+) cations and diphosphate(4-) anions in a 4:3 ratio.	1.99	1	0	iron coordination entity
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.46	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
chlormerodrin Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.	2.35	2	0	organomercury compound; ureas	diagnostic agent; diuretic
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.29	6	0
rhamnose [no description available]	2.5	2	0	L-rhamnose
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.48	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	3.37	7	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0	pyrenes
2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine: a component of leaf-cutting ant pheromones	3.43	7	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.15	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	2.07	1	0	anthraquinone
2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine: structure in first source	3.16	5	0	pyrazines
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.55	7	0
2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine: key aroma compound in beef extract. trimethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which three hydrogens at positions 2, 3 and 5 have been replaced by methyl groups.	3.08	4	0	pyrazines	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; flavouring agent; pheromone; plant metabolite
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	1.95	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	2.4	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
vinyl carbamate vinyl carbamate: promutagen & more carcinogenic analog of ethyl carbamate (urethane); structure	1.99	1	0	carbamate ester
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	1.97	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.24	18	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	2.5	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
stilbene oxide stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0	epoxide
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	3.21	6	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	4.32	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	6.68	8	7	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
geosmin geosmin: earthy smelling cpd from sediment in Lake Biwa; structure. (-)-geosmin : The (-)-stereoisomer of geosmin, having 4S,4aS,8aR configuration.	4.83	10	0	geosmin
iodine [no description available]	2.7	3	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	8.41	16	2	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	3.12	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	1.98	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
ergocristine ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.	1.95	1	0	ergot alkaloid
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	13.47	52	12	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	2.46	2	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
4-ethylphenol 4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.	2.03	1	0	phenols	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
2,5-dimethylpyrazine [no description available]	6.28	45	0	pyrazines
pyrrolidine [no description available]	3.17	1	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
butyl acetate butyl acetate: structure. butyl acetate : The acetate ester of butanol.	2.21	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite
nonanal nonanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.91	3	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human metabolite; plant metabolite
sulfolane sulfolane : A member of the class of tetrahydrothiophenes that is tetrahydrothiophene in which the sulfur has been oxidised to give the corresponding sulfone. A colourless, high-boiling (285degreeC) liquid that is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons, it is used as an industrial solvent, particularly for the purification of hydrocarbon mixtures by liquid-vapour extraction.	2.88	4	0	sulfone; tetrahydrothiophenes	polar aprotic solvent
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	3.44	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	1.95	1	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	3.37	7	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	3.06	5	0
tridemorph tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.	2.02	1	0	morpholines; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine [no description available]	8.03	66	0
alkenes [no description available]	3.57	8	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	1.96	1	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	4.39	19	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine: structure given in first source	6.02	20	0
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	3.24	6	0
amoscanate amoscanate: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. amoscanate : An isothiocyanate that is phenyl isothiocyanate in which the hydrogen at the para- position has been replaced by a 4-nitroanilinyl group.	3.98	2	0	C-nitro compound; isothiocyanate; secondary amino compound	schistosomicide drug
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	2.03	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	3.9	12	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2	1	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.06	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	8.61	29	17	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
almitrine Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.. almitrine : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.	1.97	1	0	piperazines; triamino-1,3,5-triazine	central nervous system stimulant
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	2	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.87	4	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
2-methyl-3-furanthiol 2-methyl-3-furanthiol: possible off-flavor in stored orange juice	2.1	1	0	heteroarene
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.21	1	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
vidarabine phosphate Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.	3.12	1	0
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.39	2	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
7-ethoxycoumarin 7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; coumarins
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	1.95	1	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.	1.96	1	0
2-benzimidazolylguanidine 2-benzimidazolylguanidine: effects chloride efflux in tissue; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	aminoimidazole
4-ipomeanol 4-ipomeanol: lung-toxic furanoterpenoid produced in moldy sweet potatoes in response to fungus infection; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	11.53	41	9	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	10.19	34	9	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	6.4	8	2	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	2.25	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	6.24	6	1	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
1,2,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1,2,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	10.33	63	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.37	2	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	5.44	4	4	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	6.13	9	4	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate [no description available]	4.63	6	1	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	1.97	1	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.91	4	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.1	1	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
vx VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.	3.01	1	0	organic thiophosphate; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	3.13	5	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2.06	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.4	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
meglitinide meglitinide: structure given in first source & in Negwer, 5th ed, #6436	2.1	1	0
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	3.41	1	1	epoxide	intercalator
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.	3.35	1	1	dichlorobenzene
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	10.52	10	1	benzamides; carboxylic ester
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	6.38	6	2	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in seventh source	2.08	1	0
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	2.08	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4.87	2	1
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	8.35	8	3	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.08	1	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	1.98	1	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.41	2	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	3.59	3	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	2	1	0
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	1.98	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
oltipraz oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.	16.9	322	24	1,2-dithiole; pyrazines	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; protective agent; schistosomicide drug
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	4.13	16	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
fialuridine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	3.36	7	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
acifran acifran: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	7.37	10	4	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	2.39	2	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ketone
n-nitrosobis(2-oxobutyl)amine N-nitrosobis(2-oxobutyl)amine: structure given in first source	2	1	0
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	9.27	19	9	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	4.3	4	1	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
nsc 330770 NSC 330770: structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
gepirone gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.03	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone piroximone: structure in first source	2.37	2	0
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	3.37	6	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.31	1	0	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	3.58	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
ipsapirone [no description available]	4.5	4	0	N-arylpiperazine
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.68	3	0
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.06	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
mk 458 MK 458: a sustained release formulation of a naphthoxazine compoud with selective D-2 dopamine receptor agonism. naxagolide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of naxagolide.	2.01	1	0	hydrochloride	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	tetralins
aromasil [no description available]	3.12	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nsc 338720 penclomedine: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	3.69	3	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	3.1	1	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	8.63	11	3	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	13.73	61	19	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt	1.98	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
toborinone toborinone: structure given in first source	3.08	1	0	quinolines
xanomeline xanomeline: a cholinergic agonist; used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	tetrahydropyridine; thiadiazoles	muscarinic agonist; serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin [no description available]	6.02	4	2	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	3.21	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	11.09	19	4	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.06	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	5.6	8	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
simendan Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.	4.04	2	0
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	2.25	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	6.69	5	2	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	9.54	32	1	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
1-octen-3-one 1-octen-3-one: structure in first source	2.49	2	0	olefinic compound
3-n-butylphthalide 3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source	3.95	3	0	benzofurans
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	2.01	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.75	3	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: strong mutagens found in broiled food; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	aminoquinoline
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amine; imidazoquinoxaline	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; Maillard reaction product; mutagen
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.4	2	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.11	1	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	2.25	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
cuprous chloride cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.	1.98	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	agrochemical; molluscicide
2-isobutyl-1,3-thiazole 2-isobutyl-1,3-thiazole: isolated from preorbital gland of the grey duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia and the red duiker, Cephalophus natalensis; structure given in first source. 2-isobutylthiazole : A 1,3-thiazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by an isobutyl group. A food flavour component with a green note that adds the characteristics of ripe tomatoes. Used in blackcurrent, papaya, melon, raspberry, and roast beef flavours, it also enhances the flavour of fresh lime.	2.06	1	0	1,3-thiazoles	flavouring agent; Maillard reaction product; pheromone
tenocyclidine tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.	2.39	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
colestipol Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.	1.98	1	0
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	3.21	1	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	2.51	2	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	3.17	5	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
1-adamantanol [no description available]	2.07	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	15.54	56	27	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	4.59	8	0
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	4.27	2	0
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	3.19	1	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
n-methylnicotinamide N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	1.96	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide	metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	5.29	4	3	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
cyclen cyclen: macrocyclic polyamine metal-complexing agent. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane : An azacycloalkane that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.11	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.9	12	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	3.18	5	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	2.41	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
prostratin prostratin: RN given refers to the (1aR-(1aalpha,1bbeta,4abeta,7aalpha,7balpha,8alpha,9aalpha))-isomer	2.02	1	0
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	4.56	5	1	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	10.48	26	1	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
allicin [no description available]	3.78	2	1	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	4.25	5	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
alpha-terthienyl [no description available]	2.08	1	0	terthiophene
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	4.49	7	0
phosphoramidic acid phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds	3.31	1	0	phosphoric acid derivative
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.04	1	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.96	4	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	3.5	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.92	4	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.9	4	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
fenpipramide fenpipramide: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
tedisamil tedisamil : A member of the class of diazabicyclononanes that is (1s,5s)-3,7-diazaspiro[bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9,1'-cyclopentane] in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 are replaced by cyclopropylmethyl groups. It is a potassium channel blocker and an antiarrhythmic agent currently currently in development for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.	1.98	1	0
physostigmine heptyl physostigmine heptyl: RN given for (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; possible use in therapy of Alzheimer's disease	1.98	1	0
repaglinide [no description available]	3.57	2	0	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	5.09	3	1	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
methacycline [no description available]	2.42	2	0	1,2-diglyceride
3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	2.05	1	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
allyl methyl sulfide [no description available]	2.39	2	0	organic sulfide
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	3.31	6	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.58	2	0
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	2	1	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	6.73	18	1	phenanthroline
pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	26.48	928	281	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	3.17	1	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
formamidine formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.	2.21	1	0	carboxamidine; formamidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
isocoumarins Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.	3.51	1	0	isocoumarins
duroquinone tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source. duroquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2.03	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
serinol serinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0
1,2-dithiol-3-thione 1,2-dithiol-3-thione: has antioxidant activity; structure given in first source	10.36	18	0	1,2-dithiole
fenquizone fenquizone: structure	1.96	1	0	quinazolines
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	4	2	0	benzoate ester; phenols
setoperone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	8.43	20	6	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
centbutindole centbutindole: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.98	9	1	beta-carbolines
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	6.97	20	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	3.65	2	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
mesulergine mesulergine: RN given refers to parent cpd; CU 32-085 is synonymous to mono-HCl; metabolized into dopaminergic agonists; structure given in first source. mesulergine : A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.	1.97	1	0	ergot alkaloid; sulfamides	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic antagonist
glycine methyl ester glycine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl glycinate : A glycinyl ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with methanol.	2.1	1	0	glycinyl ester	metabolite
pentafluoropyridine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
morphazinamide morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index	4.1	16	0	morpholines; pyrazines; secondary carboxamide
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.9	4	0
uk 68798 [no description available]	3.08	5	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
binospirone mesylate binospirone mesylate: structure given in first source; a serotonin 1A receptor agonist; a putative 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.76	3	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
mepindolol mepindolol: 2-methyl deriv of pindolol; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0	indoles
terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.	2	1	0	polypeptide
siguazodan [no description available]	2.67	3	0	pyridazinone
tizolemide tizolemide: HOE 740 refers to mono-HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	1.96	1	0
zidovudine triphosphate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
7-hydroxystaurosporine [no description available]	3.11	1	0
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
magnolol [no description available]	3.51	2	0	biphenyls
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.63	2	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
picropodophyllin picropodophyllin: isolated from American May apple (Podophyllum); inhibits IGF-I autophosphorylation without interfering with tyrosine kinase activity. picropodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that has a furonaphthodioxole skeleton bearing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and hydroxy substituents.	3.41	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
topsentin topsentin: structure given in first source; a marine natural product	2.47	2	0
3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.92	4	0
nsc 361456 pyrazine-2-diazohydroxide: structure in first source	6.94	14	6
nsc 251635 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
neplanocin a neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase	3.21	1	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	3.79	3	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
3-deazaneplanocin 3-deazaneplanocin: S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase antagonist	2.1	1	0
cyanopyrazine cyanopyrazine: structure given in first source	2.95	4	0	nitrile; pyrazines
2-chloropyrazine 2-chloropyrazine: structure in first source	2.47	2	0	pyrazines
hederagenin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin	plant metabolite
amperozide amperozide : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by ethyl and 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]piperazin-1-yl groups. An atypical antipsychotic which was in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance-related disorders. It is a potent 5-HT2A antagonist and used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs.	2.39	2	0	diarylmethane; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary carboxamide; ureas	anxiolytic drug; dopamine uptake inhibitor; geroprotector; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
deoxyfructosazine deoxyfructosazine: structure given in first source	3.13	5	0
panaxadiol panaxadiol: a protopanaxadiol with the side chain cyclized into a pyran which is an artifact of acidic hydrolysis; RN refers to (3 beta,12 beta,20R)-isomer	3.1	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
gallein gallein: do not confuse with gallin; structure. gallein : A xanthene dye that is fluoran carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 3', 4', 5' and 6'.	2.07	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorochrome; G-protein-coupled receptor antagonist; histological dye
carbohydrazide carbohydrazide: structure. carbohydrazide : A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.. carbonyl dihydrazine : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between hydrazinecarboxylic acid and hydrazine.	2.49	2	0	carbohydrazide; one-carbon compound
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	5.14	13	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
2-chloropyrimidine 2-chloropyrimidine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.1	1	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
bendamustine hydrochloride [no description available]	14.5	39	11
4'-methoxyflavone 4'-methoxyflavone: from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae); structure in first source	2.08	1	0	ether; flavonoids
n-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3'-sulfonate N-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3'-sulfonate: reagent for rapid modification of carboxyl groups in proteins; structure	2.04	1	0
rosiglitazone [no description available]	11.2	16	7	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
pyrazinobutazone pyrazinobutazone: antipyrene derivative which has anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PHENYLBUTAZONE/AA (75-86); RN given refers to phenylbutazone compounded with piperazine	3.35	1	1
2-aminopyrazine [no description available]	3.93	12	0	pyrazines
imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine: structure	2.44	2	0
trimethylsilyl cyanide [no description available]	2.41	1	0
4-phenylbutylamine 4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound
acetaminophen sulfate ester acetaminophen sulfate ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. paracetamol sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is paracetamol in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfooxy group.	6.29	4	2	acetamides; aryl sulfate	drug metabolite
acetaminophen glucuronide acetaminophen glucuronide: acetaminophen metabolite in rats. acetaminophen O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).	6.45	5	2	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid	drug metabolite
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	3.17	5	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.69	2	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro(4,5)decane-1,3-dione 2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro(4,5)decane-1,3-dione: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	4.79	10	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	4.5	5	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
hecogenin hecogenin: steroidal sapogenin which has been isolated from plants particularly from numerous Agave species; used in prep of steroidal hormones; structure; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,25R)-isomer	2.11	1	0	triterpenoid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	2.07	1	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	3.06	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
levobupivacaine Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.	2.15	1	0	1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide	adrenergic antagonist; amphiphile; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; local anaesthetic
mci 9038 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	peptide
lopinavir [no description available]	15.09	54	4	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	2.05	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
n(alpha)-acetyllysine N(alpha)-acetyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. acetyl-L-lysine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-lysine.. N(2)-acetyl-L-lysine : An acetyl-L-lysine where the acetyl group is located at the N(2)-posiiton.	2	1	0	acetyl-L-lysine; amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite
arginine methyl ester arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.97	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	8.52	63	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
norcantharidin norcantharidin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpds without isomeric designation	2.08	1	0	furofuran
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.07	1	0
diprotin a [no description available]	2.78	3	0	peptide
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.42	2	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
tetrathiafulvalene tetrathiafulvalene: used in carbon paste amperometric enzyme electrode for the determination of glucose in flowing systems. tetrathiafulvalene : A member of the class of fulvalenes that is ethene substituted by 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.25	1	0	fulvalenes; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
diosgenin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman: a Vitamin E derivative. chromanol : Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups.	1.98	1	0
isosteviol isosteviol: an antihyperglycemic agent; obtained by acid hydrolysis of stevioside; was indexed to steviol 1985-2007	2.03	1	0	diterpenoid
4-hydroxycyclophosphamide 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide: primary activation metabolite of cyclophosphamide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide : A phosphorodiamide that consists of 2-amino-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-4-ol 2-oxide having two 2-chloroethyl groups attached to the exocyclic nitrogen.	4.44	3	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; phosphorodiamide	alkylating agent; metabolite
combretastatin combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN	3.6	2	0
fangchinoline fangchinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; limacine is the (1'beta)-isomer; 7-O-demethyltetrandrine is the (1S,1'S)-isomer. fangchinoline : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is (1beta)- berbaman which has been substituted by methyl groups at the 2 and 2' positions, by methoxy groups at the 6, 6', and 12 positions, and by a hydroxy group at position 7. Isolated from Stephania tetrandra, it has been found to possess neuroprotective and anti-tumour activity.	2.07	1	0
arctiin arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	2.6	1	0	glycoside; lignan
hepsulfam hepsulfam: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
histidinoalanine histidinoalanine: cross-linking amino acid in calcified tissue collagen; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.06	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
2'-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.59	2	0
hecogenin acetate hecogenin acetate: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	triterpenoid
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).	2.11	1	0	nitrile; phenols	estrogen receptor agonist
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	4.12	15	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	5.65	5	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.45	2	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
aflatoxin b1-2,3-oxide [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aflatoxin	human metabolite
aflatoxin q1 aflatoxin Q1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at the pro-3S position is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.99	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	3.85	2	1
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	2.13	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
fotemustine fotemustine: structure given in first source. fotemustine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fotemustine. It is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma.. diethyl (1-{[(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino}ethyl)phosphonate : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is ethyl diethylphosphonate in the hydrogen at position 1 of the ethyl group attached to the phosphorus has been replaced by a [(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino group.	3.47	1	1	N-nitrosoureas; organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)	1.96	1	0	calcium salt; hydrate
sr141716 [no description available]	3.54	2	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol : A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.	3.23	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines; secondary alcohol	biomarker; carcinogenic agent; human urinary metabolite
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	3.1	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.46	2	0
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.44	2	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	3.49	2	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.05	1	0
artesunic acid [no description available]	3.23	4	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	3.47	2	0
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	3.5	1	1
u 69593 U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; organic heterobicyclic compound; oxaspiro compound	anti-inflammatory agent; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	2	1	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide drug combination amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide drug combination: amiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide drug combination.	6.04	16	2
pyronaridine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aminoquinoline
gr 127935 GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	2.02	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.07	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.03	1	0	proanthocyanidin
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	2.03	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	3.16	1	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
triptolide [no description available]	2.76	3	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine [no description available]	12	141	8	N-arylpiperazine
cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX	2.46	2	0
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole [no description available]	2.89	4	0	indoles
vinyl carbamate epoxide vinyl carbamate epoxide: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
r 56865 R 56865: prevents electrical & mechanical signs of ouabain intoxication in guinea pig papillary muscle	1.98	1	0
tryptoquivaline tryptoquivaline: tremor-producing metabolite from Aspergillus clavatus; tetrapeptide derived from tryptophan, anthranilic acid, valine, & methylalanine; structure & N1 names previously assigned to tryptoquivaline C & tryptoquivaline D found to be incorrect & are revised in third source; see also record for tryptoquivalone; structure in third source	3.06	1	0
npc 12626 NPC 12626: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; NPC 17742, the (2R,4R,5S)-isomer, is the most potent isomer in the mixture NPC 12626	2.01	1	0
benzamil [no description available]	3.66	10	0	guanidines; pyrazines
sch 28080 Sch 28080: not related structurally to other known anti-ulcer agents; inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric secretion; prevents gastric lesions induced by aspirin, indomethacin & ethanol	2.88	4	0	imidazopyridine
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	4.55	4	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.09	5	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	7.61	13	4
tadalafil [no description available]	5.81	3	2	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
territrem b territrem B: tremorgenic mycotoxin from Aspergillus terreus; RN given refers to (4aR-(4aalpha,6abeta,12aalpha,12bbeta))-isomer	3.06	1	0
1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol RV 538: noninactivating inhibitor of ceramide-UDPG glucosyltransferase; RN given for unspecified HCl; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil 3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart	1.96	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	2.01	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	1.96	1	0
opc 21268 OPC 21268: structure given in first source; vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist	3.08	1	0
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	4.08	4	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
paspaline paspaline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,4aalpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer	3.06	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
gastrodin gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;	3.23	5	0	glycoside
territrem a territrem A: tremorgenic mycotoxin from Aspergillus terreus	3.06	1	0
way 100135 WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	piperazines
stachydrine stachydrine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (S)-isomer; structure. L-proline betaine : An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.	2.07	1	0	alkaloid; amino-acid betaine; N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid	food component; human blood serum metabolite; plant metabolite
chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.	3.1	1	0
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	3.8	3	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
1'-acetoxychavicol acetate 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate: antifungal component of Alpinia galanga; structure given in first source. 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate : An acetate ester that is chavicol acetate substituted by an acetoxy group at position 1'.	2.11	1	0	acetate ester; phenylpropanoid	antineoplastic agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
clofarabine [no description available]	5.34	5	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol: has gastric antisecretory activity; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
ginsenoside rh2 ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.13	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
gr 113808 GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.	2.05	1	0	indolyl carboxylate ester; piperidines; sulfonamide	serotonergic antagonist
1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	thiadiazole
4,5-dioxovaleric acid 4,5-dioxopentanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid consisting of a valeric acid core with the two oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions.	2.01	1	0	dioxo monocarboxylic acid
n-nitrosomorpholinoaminoacetonitrile [no description available]	3	1	0
carboxypolymethylene carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance	2.07	1	0
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.1	1	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
sr 46349b SR 46349B: potent & selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
calpain inhibitor 2 calpain inhibitor 2: inhibits degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and some other cysteine proteinases	2.92	1	0	peptide
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source	6.88	5	5	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
1-(2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine LY 165163: structure given in first source; a serotonin agonist. LY-165163 : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and 5-HT1D serotonin receptor antagonist.	1.97	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	geroprotector; serotonergic agonist
1,2-dioxetane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
tenax tenax: porous polymer based on 2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide; used for trapping volatile organic compounds	2.05	1	0
sch 34826 Sch 34826: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
ici 169369 2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)thio)-3-phenylquinoline: structure & RN given in first source	1.97	1	0
astragaloside a [no description available]	3.2	5	0
celastrol [no description available]	3.61	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	8.34	6	0	carbene; methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	3.55	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.76	2	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	12.83	44	5	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	11.13	26	2	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
rhod-2 rhod-2: calcium indicator	2	1	0
5-(4-acetamidophenyl)pyrazin-2(1h)-one 5-(4-acetamidophenyl)pyrazin-2(1H)-one: structure given in first source	4.95	38	0
5,5'-bis(8-(phenylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonate) [no description available]	1.99	1	0
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	2.25	1	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
1,9-dimethylmethylene blue 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue: RN refers to chloride	2.05	1	0
glycylglutamine glycylglutamine: inhibitory neuropeptide derived from beta-endorphin; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.6	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite; protective agent
alanylglutamine alanylglutamine: RN refers to (L-Glu)-isomer; dipeptiven is for parenteral use. Ala-Gln : A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-glutamine residues.	2.41	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	2.1	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
cp 93129 3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)pyrrolo(3,2-b)pyrid-5-one: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	pyrrolopyridine
2',6'-dimethyltyrosine 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
6-bromo-8-methylaminoimidazo(1,2-a)pyrazine-2-carbonitrile 6-bromo-8-methylaminoimidazo(1,2-a)pyrazine-2-carbonitrile: a smooth muscle relaxant that opens potassium channels	4.29	19	0
cp 66713 CP 66713: adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.92	14	0
2-pyrazinoylguanidine 2-pyrazinoylguanidine: inhibits secretion of urea by kidney tubules	9.02	18	5
3-azidopyrimethamine 3-azidopyrimethamine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
lestaurtinib [no description available]	4.77	3	0	indolocarbazole
l 012 L 012: used as a chemiluminescent probe for the assay of human fibroblast growth factor; structure given in first source	3.51	2	0
sb 200646 N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-pyridyl)urea: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(1C) receptor antagonist; SB-200646 is the HCl salt	1.99	1	0	indoles
methotrexate [no description available]	7.62	12	3	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol 1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol: irreversibly inactivates the dihydroalprenolol binding site; alprenolol analog; isopropylamino group of alprenolol replaced by 8-bromoacetylamino-1-amino-p-menthane moiety in the 1 position; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
bmy 45778 BMY 45778: structure given in first source; partial prostacyclin agonist	3	1	0	bisoxazole	partial prostacyclin agonist
ly 293558 tezampanel: structure given in first source; an AMPA receptor antagonist	2.69	3	0
alanyl-alanyl-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone [no description available]	2	1	0
7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylthio)pyrrolo(1,2-a)pyrazine 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylthio)pyrrolo(1,2-a)pyrazine: an oltipraz metabolite; also called metabolite III; structure given in first source	5.02	3	1
tamsulosin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
opc 15161 OPC 15161: degradation product of OPC-15160; structure given in first source; superoxide inhibitor	3.24	6	0
antiprimod azaspirane: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
3-mercapto-3,3-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
flustramine b flustramine B: from Flustra foliacea L.; exhibits muscle relaxant activity both in vivo & in vitro; structure given in first source	3.14	1	0
sk&f 95654 SK&F 95654: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
org 9935 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
umifenovir umifenovir: an antiviral agent	10.61	23	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride 4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.4	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
hemorphin 7 hemorphin 7: opioid peptide fragment of hemoglobin; blood plasma levels of hemorphin-7 increases after long distance running; acts as neurotransmitter antagonist	2.07	1	0
sonepiprazole [no description available]	1.99	1	0
nsc 181928 NSC 181928: potently stimulates tubulin-dependent GTP hydrolysis; member of 1-deaza-7,8-dihydropteridine class of mitotic inhibitors with antineoplastic activity; structure given in both sources	3.35	7	0
imidazolecarboxamide imidazolecarboxamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also related record for imidazole-4-carboxamide	2.04	1	0
nsc 350386 NSC 350386: structure given in first source; NSC 370147 is the 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate hydrate, also called isethionate hydrate; NSC 613862 is the (S(-))-enantiomer; NSC 613863 is the (R(+))-enantiomer; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	3.68	10	0
ici 147798 ICI 147798: structure given in first source	3.36	7	0
pomalidomide 3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source	13.89	29	8	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
3-amino-2-methyl-8-phenylmethoxyimidazo(1,2-a)pyrazine 3-amino-2-methyl-8-phenylmethoxyimidazo(1,2-a)pyrazine: structure given in first source	3.47	8	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	10.67	6	1	D-xylose
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	1.96	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
perrhenate perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re	2.02	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; rhenium oxoanion
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	8.9	12	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ici 118233 ICI 118233: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
h 256 H 256: heptapeptide inhibitor of pepsin	2.13	1	0
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.	5.24	3	1	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	11.75	27	10	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
perifosine [no description available]	9.23	14	3	ammonium betaine; phospholipid	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
irofulven irofulven: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	cyclohexenones
lonafarnib lonafarnib: inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase. lonafarnib : A 4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide that has R configuration. It is used as oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor.	2.94	1	0	4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
tariquidar [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzamides
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	3.44	2	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	3.21	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
rb 90740 RB 90740: a fused pyrazine mono-N-oxide; structure given in first source	3.49	8	0
vatalanib [no description available]	4.33	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
evodiamine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	beta-carbolines
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	6.02	3	3	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
as 3201 ranirestat: an aldose reductase inhibitor; AS-3201 and SX-3202 are the (R-(-))- and (S-(+))-isomers, respectively; structure in first source	11.77	28	7
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2.37	2	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.	4.29	3	0	morpholines
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.11	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
canertinib dihydrochloride [no description available]	7.96	22	11
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
birb 796 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; morpholines; naphthalenes; pyrazoles; ureas	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	3.4	7	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.31	1	0	organic sulfate salt
telbivudine [no description available]	3.14	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
tipifarnib [no description available]	5.77	6	1	imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
atrasentan Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.	3.53	2	0	pyrrolidines
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	3.65	9	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
fidarestat fidarestat: structure given in first source	3.12	1	0
ukrain ukrain: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; semisynthetic product from alkaloids of Chelidonium majus L. & thiophosphoric triaciridide acid	2.1	1	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	3.59	2	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
zinc hematoporphyrin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
2'-deoxythymidylyl-(3'-5')-2'-deoxyadenosine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
pyropheophorbide a pyropheophorbide a: RN given refers to (3S-trans)-isomer	3.13	1	0
methylselenic acid methylseleninic acid : An organoselenium compound that is seleninic acid in which the hydrogen attached to selenium is replaced by a methyl group.	2.07	1	0	one-carbon compound; organoselenium compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite
ag 3-5 icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8	2.98	4	0	C-nitro compound
verruculotoxin verruculotoxin: toxic metabolite of Penicillium verruculosum Peyronel; structure	3.75	3	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
2-(sec-butyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole 2-(sec-butyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole: volatile pheromone constituent of male mouse urine	2.01	1	0
acyloin [no description available]	7.01	1	0
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	2.31	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
tagatosazine tagatosazine: RN given refers ot (D-lyxo)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89	3.66	9	0
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	5.4	4	1	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	3.14	1	0
3'-(1-butylphosphoryl)adenosine 3'-(1-butylphosphoryl)adenosine: regulatory substance inducing production of rifamycin in Nocardia sp; structure given in first source	1.93	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.4	2	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	5.68	25	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.1	5	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.17	1	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	2.15	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.73	3	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
enzastaurin [no description available]	6.87	6	2	indoles; maleimides
zm 241385 ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor	3.32	2	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	10.07	24	6	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
piboserod Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.	2.05	1	0
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	7.23	6	1	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
zeneca zd 6169 Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
pozanicline [no description available]	2.06	1	0
gvs 111 [no description available]	2.5	2	0
sunepitron sunepitron: structure in first source	3.09	5	0
rs 67333 RS 67333: 5-HT(4) receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	aromatic ketone
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	3.25	1	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	8.09	31	1	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
tetraethylpyrazine [no description available]	6.22	23	0
3-(3-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-5-chloro-2,6-pyrazinediamine 3-(3-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-5-chloro-2,6-pyrazinediamine: amiloride prodrug; structure given in first source	2.88	4	0
3-((benzyl)(methylaminocarbonyl)methylaminocarbonyl)n-hydroxy-5-methylhexanamide 3-((benzyl)(methylaminocarbonyl)methylaminocarbonyl)N-hydroxy-5-methylhexanamide: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
pi 083 PI 083: from Streptomyces matensis A-6621	2.45	2	0
n(4)-hydroxycytidine N(4)-hydroxycytidine : A nucleoside analogue that is cytidine which carries a hydroxy group at the N(4)-positon. It has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against influenza, SARS-CoV , SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV.	3.51	1	0	ketoxime; nucleoside analogue	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral agent; drug metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
muraglitazar muraglitazar: has glucose- and lipid-lowering activities; structure in first source; molecule composed of benzyloxazole-phenoxy-oxybenzylglycine-phenoxyl having structural analogy to PHENOXYBENZAMINE	3.13	1	0	1,3-oxazoles
lapatinib [no description available]	6.42	8	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	5.32	5	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	3.13	1	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	2.76	3	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
sorafenib [no description available]	12.23	29	7	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	22.91	410	50	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
senicapoc senicapoc: a Gardos channel blocker; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	1.98	1	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
erythritol [no description available]	1.94	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.02	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
gossypol acetic acid [no description available]	2.48	2	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	4.12	3	1	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
propargylamine propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	7.51	2	0
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.01	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	6.07	15	0
voacamine voacangine: cleavage product of voacamine	2.1	1	0
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	3.88	3	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
emimycin [no description available]	3.06	5	0
Harringtonine harringtonin: alkaloid C from Caphalotaxus fortunei	2.44	2	0	alkaloid
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.76	3	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin [no description available]	2	1	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
t 1105 T 1105: has antiviral activity; structure in first source	4.98	10	0
u-104 SLC-0111: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
wortmannin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
ibogaine Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.	2.1	1	0
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.77	3	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-azabicyclo(2,2,2,)octan-3-one 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-azabicyclo(2,2,2,)octan-3-one: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	cyclic ketone; quinuclidines
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.46	2	0
nsc 352122 trimetrexate glucuronate: an orphan drug and AIDS drug; used for treatment of Pneumocytis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS	1.97	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	2.31	1	0
girolline girolline: has antineoplastic activity	3.15	1	0
nsc 668036 NSC 668036: structure in first source	2.61	2	0
nsc668394 [no description available]	2.17	1	0
nsc 680410 NSC 680410: a bcr/abl kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
bortezomib [no description available]	30.81	3,962	618	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	14.99	54	4	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
sc 144 SC 144: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.71	3	0
protoverin Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.	1.97	1	0
5-amino-8-hydroxyquinoline 5-amino-8-hydroxyquinoline: structure in first source	3.56	2	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	9.17	70	0
carboplatin [no description available]	11.76	27	15
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.39	2	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	6.97	12	7
arabinose [no description available]	1.94	1	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
bradykinin [no description available]	5.7	7	1	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	3.87	12	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.	2	1	0	D-galacturonic acid
elastin [no description available]	2	1	0	oligopeptide
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	8.49	8	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
pantetheine Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.	1.97	1	0	pantetheines; thiol	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
theanine theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.	2.69	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine	geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	4.9	10	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	3.25	6	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	5.13	47	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	2.7	3	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.05	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	3.35	2	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	2.41	2	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	1.99	1	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	3.51	1	0	cellotriose
iduronate Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.	2.05	1	0	idopyranuronic acid; L-iduronic acid
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	3.21	6	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.68	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.41	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	4.31	6	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
miglitol [no description available]	6.68	8	7	piperidines
norpseudoephedrine norpseudoephedrine: major metabolite of diethylpropion in man under acidic urine conditions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;. cathine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).	2	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug
indican [no description available]	2.1	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
notoginsenoside r1 notoginsenoside R1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	3.08	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
brucine brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94	2.07	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound
decursin decursin: activates protein kinase C; isolated from the root of Angelica gigas; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	coumarins
genipin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
pulegone pulegone: component of peppermint oil; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck. (+)-pulegone : The (5R)-enantiomer of p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one.	2.03	1	0	p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one
rotundifolone rotundifolone: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	oxacycle
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.51	2	0
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.	3.63	3	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	cysteine protease inhibitor
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.15	1	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	4.13	16	0	tripeptide
phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide: a drug efflux pump inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	peptide
c(alpha)-formylglycine C(alpha)-formylglycine: An unusual amino acid residue found at active site of sulfatases. It is created through the conversion of an active site cysteine or serine residue by C(alpha)-formylglycine (FGly)-generating enzyme. Although the term formylglycine has been used in the literature to refer to C(alpha)-formylglycine it is found in most chemical sources as a synonom for N-formyglycine.. L-3-oxoalanine : The L-enantiomer of 3-oxoalanine.	2.02	1	0	3-oxoalanine; amino acid zwitterion; L-alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.77	3	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
difluprednate difluprednate: RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta)-isomer	2.13	1	0	butyrate ester; corticosteroid hormone
oxendolone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
dironyl dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.12	2	0	organic molecular entity
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2	1	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	7.33	7	6	organic molecular entity
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.52	2	0	cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.21	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	3.34	6	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	3.75	10	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	6.45	12	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	3.76	10	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.11	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	8.59	14	1	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.78	3	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	7.89	7	2	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	6.73	30	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	6.51	17	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	2.43	2	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.84	11	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
cgs 27023a CGS 27023A: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor	8.8	58	3
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.35	6	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	9.53	14	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.04	1	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
obeticholic acid obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.	2.15	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	farnesoid X receptor agonist; hepatoprotective agent
epothilone b [no description available]	2.44	2	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-stabilising agent
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.54	2	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	2.37	2	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
isradipine coelenteramide: part of blue fluorescent protein; structure in first source	4.32	17	0	pyrazines	oxidized luciferins
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	6.1	8	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	1.99	1	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.02	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	3.12	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
decitabine [no description available]	7.73	7	1	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
pantethine pantethine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. pantethine : An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.	1.97	1	0	organic disulfide	coenzyme; nutraceutical
12-tungstophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.06	1	0
troxacitabine troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity	4.02	2	0	carbohydrate derivative; nucleobase-containing molecular entity
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.92	4	0	actinomycin	mutagen
4'-azidocytidine 4'-azidocytidine: antiviral; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	N-glycosyl compound
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	20.88	243	67	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	1.99	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	8.9	68	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.69	2	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
prinomastat prinomastat: a diazepine-based hydroxamic acid inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor; angiogenesis inhibitor;. prinomastat : A hydroxamic acid that is (3S)-N-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylthiomorpholine-3-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the thiomorpholine nitrogen has been replaced by a [4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)phenyl]sulfonyl group. It is a selective inhibitor with of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2, 3, 9, 13, and 14.	4.02	4	0	aromatic ether; hydroxamic acid; pyridines; sulfonamide; thiomorpholines	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.35 (gelatinase B) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	3.35	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	2.05	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.11	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
cmx 001 [no description available]	4.63	4	0
mg 262 MG 262: a proteasome inhibitor	4.05	5	0
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	22.15	516	41	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.42	2	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
2'-c-methylcytidine 2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source	2.8	3	0
laninamivir laninamivir: an antiviral agent	3.93	3	0	acetamides
5-(2-chloroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine 5-(2-chloroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine: inhibitor of herpes viruses; structure given in first source	3.51	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.17	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
2-Acetylthiazole 2-acetylthiazole: rice flavoring compound	3.07	3	0	aromatic ketone
2-acetyl-1-pyrroline 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline: volatile component of uncooked Khao Dawk Mali 105 brown rice were extracted using indirect steam distillation under reduced pressure and controlled temperature in order to prevent cooking. 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline : A pyrroline that is 1-pyrroline in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an acetyl group. It is an aroma and flavour compound present in jasmine rice and basmati rice. It is responsible for the 'popcorn' aroma in a large variety of cereal and food products. It is one of the key odourants of the crust of bread and considered to be responsible for the cracker-like odour properties. In bread, it is primarily generated during baking but amounts are influenced by ingredient composition and fermentation conditions.	2.8	3	0	acylimine; methyl ketone; pyrroline	flavouring agent; Maillard reaction product; metabolite
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.73	3	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
2,5-dimethyl-3-methoxypyrazine [no description available]	3.04	4	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	3.34	1	1	triterpenoid
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	3.65	2	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
nemorosone [no description available]	2.08	1	0
geraniol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	2.72	3	0	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	4.75	2	1
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.54	2	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.48	20	0	isomethyleugenol
piplartine piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	cinnamamides; dicarboximide
beta-ionone beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.	4.25	5	0	ionone	antioxidant; fragrance
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.15	1	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	2.48	2	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	3.36	1	1	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	9.36	22	1	stilbene
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.1	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	2	1	0	cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	1.98	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.41	2	0	diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	2.41	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
s 1033 [no description available]	4.7	8	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amygdalin [no description available]	2.17	1	0
trilostane trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.	2.31	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; epoxy steroid; nitrile	abortifacient; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	2.03	1	0
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	1.97	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.08	1	0	S-glycosyl compound
tiamulin tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.	2.07	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antibacterial drug
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	3.12	1	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine [no description available]	9.88	16	4	purine nucleoside
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	2.39	2	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.86	11	0
sb 366791 N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.98	4	0
ag-213 tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;	1.98	1	0
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.08	1	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron [no description available]	1.97	1	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	4.65	5	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
(e)-3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-n-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide 3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and antihyperalgesic agent; structure in first source	2.77	3	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.41	2	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	2.04	1	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
tetrahydropalmatine [no description available]	2.52	2	0
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	7.2	16	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
hc 030031 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker	3.61	8	0
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	4.06	4	0	thiazolidinone
5-(4-ethylbenzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	2.1	1	0
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	3.8	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	8.02	36	2	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.	2.4	2	0	imidazoles
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.	4.06	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
citralva citralva: citrus odourant	4.46	5	0
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.77	3	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.74	3	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.23	6	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	5.22	9	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.44	2	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
diaminomaleonitrile, (z)-isomer diaminomaleonitrile: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.15	4	0
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	1.99	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	7.26	10	1	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
selectfluor selectfluor: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	3.78	10	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
tamoxifen [no description available]	4.81	7	1	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
4-vinylphenyl boronic acid 4-vinylphenyl boronic acid: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
nadp [no description available]	5.03	9	1
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	3.14	5	0
yoda 1 yoda-1: small molecule activator of Piezo-1. yoda 1 : A member of the class of thiadiazoles that is 1,3,4-thiadiazole substituted by pyrazin-2-yl and (2,6-dichlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl groups at positions 2 and 5, respectively. It is a selective activator of mechanosensitive channel piezo1.	4.64	20	0	aromatic compound; dichlorobenzene; organic sulfide; pyrazines; thiadiazoles	glycine transporter 2 inhibitor; piezo1 agonist
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	3.73	11	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester [no description available]	2.11	1	0
sc 514 SC 514: inhibits IkappaB kinase-2; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	ring assembly; thiophenes
p5091 P5091: inhibits ubiquitin-specific protease 7; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
ace-011 ACE-011: a dimeric fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of the human ActRIIA linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1 and may be an effective therapy in a variety of diseases involving bone loss	3.19	1	0
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.64	3	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2.42	2	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
thiocarlide thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent	1.94	1	0	thioureas
maraviroc [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tropane alkaloid
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.47	7	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).	3.19	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug
tetomilast [no description available]	2.01	1	0
2-(allylthio)pyrazine 2-(allylthio)pyrazine: structure given in first source	10.7	26	0
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.1	1	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	5.93	20	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.36	6	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
phosphamidon Phosphamidon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	1.94	1	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.47	2	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	4.67	9	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
amrubicin amrubicin: structure in first source; a 9-amino-anthracycline antibiotic. amrubicin : A synthetic anthracycline antibiotic with molecular formula C25H25NO9. A specific inhibitor of topoisomerase II, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of cancer, especially lung cancer, where it is a prodrug for the active metabolite, ambrucinol.	3.12	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; methyl ketone; primary amino compound; quinone; tetracenes	antineoplastic agent; prodrug; topoisomerase II inhibitor
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate: behavior contrasts with resiniferatoxin and capsaicin in the lack of cooperativity in binding vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor	2.02	1	0
cystine [no description available]	2.69	3	0
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.46	2	0	benzazepine
hamacanthine a hamacanthine A: a dihydropyrazinonediylbis(indole) alkaloid from deep-water marine sponge Hamacantha sp.; structure in first source. hamacanthin A : A member of the class of pyrazinones that is 5,6-dihydropyrazin-2(1H)-one substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 6-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl groups. It is an antifungal drug isolated from deep water marine sponge Hamacantha sp.	2.71	3	0
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	7.22	16	1	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-phenylalanine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	5.52	6	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.96	4	0
uk 66914 UK 66914: Class III antiarrhythmic agent; structure given in first source; RN from Toxlit	3.59	9	0
pulcherriminic acid pulcherriminic acid: structure. pulcherriminic acid : A pyrazine N-oxide that is pyrazine-1,4-dioxide substituted at positions 2 and 5 by hydroxy groups and at positions 3 and 6 by isobutyl groups. Formed by oxidative aromatisation of cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl).	4.84	10	0
ergotoxine ergotoxine: a mixture of three different ergotaman-3',6',18-triones; toxic ergot alkaloid mixture of equal parts of erocornine, ergocristine & ergocryptine; has alpha adrenergic blocking action, stimulates smooth muscle & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral vascular disorders; major descriptor (77-86); on-line search ERGOLINES (77-86); INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOTOXINE (77-86)	1.95	1	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.11	1	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
6-iodoamiloride [no description available]	1.96	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	5.84	9	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	3.82	4	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.71	3	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.82	11	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.4	2	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	1.98	1	0
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.75	3	0
sb 242084 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source	4.31	18	0
pyrazinoate pyrazine-2-carboxylate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	3.2	5	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
3-nitrophenylhydrazine 3-nitrophenylhydrazine: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
cp 94253 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrrolopyridine
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	7.12	19	1
pentaerythritol diacrylate monostearate pentaerythritol diacrylate monostearate: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.18	5	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	7.16	11	1	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.15	1	0
icodextrin Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.	2.02	1	0
flosequinan [no description available]	4.29	3	0	quinolines
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.08	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
tcn 201 [no description available]	2.53	2	0
ro 60-0175 Ro 60-0175: a 5HT 2C receptor agonist. 1-(6-chloro-5-fluoroindol-1-yl)-propan-2-amine : A member of the class of indoles that is 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 2-aminopropyl group.	3.44	7	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2.06	1	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
ku 55933 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source	3.56	7	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	4.1	4	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	4.61	5	1	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	6.48	9	2	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	4.92	11	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	3.1	5	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3.68	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.16	5	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	4.22	5	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	1.98	1	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	1.99	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.07	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.92	4	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	1.99	1	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	3.5	8	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	2.15	1	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
alprostadil [no description available]	2.94	4	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	2.08	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.13	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	6.86	19	4	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	2.08	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.77	3	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin e3 prostaglandin E3: Structure	2.07	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite
genistein [no description available]	3.13	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	3.46	8	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	1.94	1	0
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.07	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
capsanthin [no description available]	3.06	1	0	carotenone	plant metabolite
capsorubin [no description available]	3.06	1	0	carotenone
cucurbitacin i cucurbitacin I: toxic constituent in edible gourd; see also records for cucurbitacins & specific cucurbitacins. cucurbitacin I : A cucurbitacin that is 9,10,14-trimethyl-4,9-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-2,5,23-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 16, 20 and 25 and oxo groups at positions 1, 11 and 22.	3.48	1	1	cucurbitacin; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
baicalein [no description available]	3.25	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	7.21	1	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.25	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.11	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	2.11	1	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia	2.31	1	0	stilbenoid
wedelolactone wedelolactone: antihepatotoxic coumestan from Eclipta prostrata and Wedelia calendulacea (both Asteraceae); structure given in first source. wedelolactone : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents as positions 1, 8 and 9 and a methoxy substituent at position 3.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	3.52	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.98	4	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	8.81	3	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	2.07	1	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
n-oleoyldopamine N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.	2.02	1	0	catechols; fatty amide; N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine; secondary carboxamide	TRPV1 agonist
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	2.65	3	0	stilbenoid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.41	2	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.21	1	0	cinnamic acids
9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid 9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN refers to (E,E)-isomer	2.01	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin f1alpha 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha: formed from 6-keto-PGF1alpha by Mycobacterium rhodochrous; RN given refers to (1R-(1alph,2beta(1E,3S*)))-isomer; structure given in first source. 2,3-dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin F1alpha lacking two methylenes in the carboxyalkyl chain and bearing an oxo group at the 6-position.	3.36	1	1	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	6.37	15	3	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,4-heptadienal 2,4-heptadienal: structure in first source. (E,E)-hepta-2,4-dienal : A heptadienal in which the two double bonds are located at positions 2 and 4 (the E,E-geoisomer).	2.6	1	0	heptadienal	flavouring agent
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.52	2	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
2,4-decadienal (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal : A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.	2.51	2	0	polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde	apoptosis inducer; nematicide
mitolactol Mitolactol: Alkylating antineoplastic toxic to bone marrow; used in breast cancer, also in combination with other drugs.	2.07	1	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
methyl hesperidin methyl hesperidin : A flavanone glycoside that is hesperidin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' has been replaced by a methoxy group.	1.97	1	0	3'-methoxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dimethoxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monohydroxyflavanone; rutinoside
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	3.8	3	0	hydrochloride
ethisterone Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	drug metabolite; progestin
iodopyracet Iodopyracet: An ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). diodone : A 4-pyridone in which the pyridone is iodo-substituted at C-3 and -5 and has a carboxymethyl substituent on nitrogen; used as a radiocontrast agent urography.	1.95	1	0
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	2.17	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ly 163892 loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.	1.98	1	0	carbacephem; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.37	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	2.07	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	2.17	1	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	13.59	51	6	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.98	4	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	7.73	11	2	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	3.84	11	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.	2.49	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	3.37	7	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
rutin quercetin-3-O-rutinoside: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
acipimox acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor	18.82	257	133	pyrazinecarboxylic acid
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	1.96	1	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
bibp 3226 BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer	2.07	1	0
bw 723c86 1-(5-(2-thenyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine: a 5-HT(2B) agonist	3.4	7	0
denopamine denopamine: structure given in first source	3.48	2	0	dimethoxybenzene
desonide Desonide: A nonfluorinated corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used topically for DERMATOSES.. desonide : Triamcinolone acetonide with hydrogen instead of the fluorine substituent at position 9. A corticosteroid anti-inflammatory, it is used topically as a cream, ointment or lotion for the treatment of various skin disorders.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; cyclic ketal; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	3.38	6	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
l 745870 3-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine: selective for D(4) receptors; structure in first source	2.4	2	0	piperazines
lacidipine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
magnesium trisilicate magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	5.16	17	0
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	1.98	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.56	2	0	phenylalanine derivative
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	2.42	2	0
ciguatoxins Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.	2.08	1	0	ciguatoxin	metabolite
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2.15	1	0
obelin obelin: calcium-sensitive photoprotein obtained from the hydroid Obelia geniculata	4.18	16	0
u 44069 U 44069: has contractile effect on rat pulmonary veins & arteries; a thromboxane-A2 mimetic	1.97	1	0	prostanoid
caulerpenyne caulerpenyne: from the marine algae Caulerpa taxifolia; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0
cl 316243 disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source	2	1	0
sulprostone sulprostone: structure	2.05	1	0	prostanoid
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.03	1	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
biliverdine [no description available]	3.38	2	0
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	2.03	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	3.04	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside: isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plants of Diodia teres through repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography; structure in first source. kaempferol-3-rutinoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Solanum campaniforme.	2.15	1	0	disaccharide derivative; kaempferol O-glucoside; rutinoside; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
icariin [no description available]	3.13	1	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	2.48	2	0	butenolide	metabolite
caulerpin caulerpin: pigment from green algae, Caulerpa lamourouxii; structure	2.42	2	0
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	3.18	5	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.52	2	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	3.83	3	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
su 11248 [no description available]	10.05	15	3	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib [no description available]	2.48	2	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	4.05	2	0
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.04	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.07	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
butylidenephthalide butylidenephthalide: structure in first source. (Z)-3-butylidenephthalide : A gamma-lactone that is phthalide substituted by a butylidene group at position 3. Isolated from Ligusticum porteri, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.07	1	0	isobenzofuranone
13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z)-isomer; RN for unspecified isomer not in Chemline 8/12/83. 13-HPODE : An HPODE (hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroperoxy group is at position 13.	2.01	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.	3.31	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	3.43	7	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide: inhibits histone decacetylase I & 3; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.35	2	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.45	2	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	2.69	3	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.4	2	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.64	3	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	3.58	9	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.68	3	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	2.33	2	0	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	12.72	50	4	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.11	1	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	1.96	1	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.1	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ridogrel [no description available]	1.99	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
batimastat batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.	4.35	6	0	hydroxamic acid; L-phenylalanine derivative; organic sulfide; secondary carboxamide; thiophenes; triamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	10.66	14	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
5-methyl-2-hepten-4-one 5-methyl-2-hepten-4-one: shows an intense, hazelnut-like aroma; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
geldanamycin [no description available]	3.64	9	0
beta-damascenone beta-damascenone: from Ipomoea pes-caprea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; RN 23726-93-4 refers to beta-damascenone; structure given in first source. beta-damascenone : A cyclic monoterpene ketone that is 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene substituted at position 1 by a crotonoyl group.	7	1	0	apo carotenoid monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone; enone	fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	2.67	3	0	alkaloid
puerarin [no description available]	4.78	9	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
minfiensine minfiensine: structure in first source	3.14	1	0
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	5.8	4	2	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	3.85	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	4.47	7	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	4.63	26	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	2.13	1	0	thyronine
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.87	4	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	3.61	2	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	4.4	1	1	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	3.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
cinanserin Cinanserin: A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.. cinanserin : An aryl sulfide that is (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(2-sulfanylphenyl)prop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. It is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication.	1.96	1	0	aryl sulfide; cinnamamides; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
narcissin flavonol narcissin flavonol: flavanol glycoside from Strumpfia maritima; do not confuse with other narcissin in Chemline, an alkaloid (lycorine (NM))	2.41	2	0	disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	1.99	1	0
6-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1h,4h)-quinoxalinedione 6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedione: inhibits AMPA receptor binding; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	3.85	3	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
baohuoside i baohuoside I: structure given in first source; isolated from the herb Epimedium davidii	2.06	1	0	glycosyloxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.85	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
vx680 [no description available]	3.56	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
bms 806 BMS 806: prevents entry of HIV into cells by binding HIV envelope protein gp120; no further info available 4/2002	3.23	1	0
n-acetylsphingosine N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.	2.79	3	0	N-acylsphingosine
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	3.15	5	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.03	4	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
viroxime [no description available]	2.25	1	0
apaziquone apaziquone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	1.99	1	0	indoles
gw-5074 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.05	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2.39	2	0
iodoresiniferatoxin iodoresiniferatoxin: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist	2.02	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	3.61	9	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	3.5	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.11	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.02	1	0
palonosetron Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.	2.02	1	0	azabicycloalkane; delta-lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound	antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	3.14	5	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	2.02	1	0	polyterpene
citreoviridin citreoviridin: formed from Penicillium toxicarium, Penicillium citeoviride; Penicillium ochrosalmoneum on rice during storage	2.1	1	0	2-pyranones
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	3.04	4	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
verrucosidin verrucosidin: tremorgenic mycotoxin; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (1alpha,2alpha(1E(2S,3R),3E),4alpha,5alpha)-(+-)-isomer	3.06	1	0
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
ly 53857 LY 53857: RN given refers to maleate[1:1](8beta)-isomer	3.07	5	0
concanamycin a concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.	2.08	1	0	carbamate ester; concanamycin	antifungal agent; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
plastochromanol 8 plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol	2.05	1	0
bafilomycin d bafilomycin D: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
l 689660 [no description available]	3.23	6	0
rupintrivir rupintrivir: a rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitor	2.52	2	0
1-stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol 1-stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl and linoleoyl respectively.	1.99	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol; diacylglycerol 36:2	mouse metabolite
moducrin moducrin: combination of amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide & timolol maleate	5.65	7	3
everolimus [no description available]	10.21	17	3	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
flutimide flutimide: isolated from Delitschia confertaspora; selectively inhibits the transcriptase of influenza viruses; structure given	2.41	2	0
laq824 LAQ824: Histone deacetylase inhibitor	2.04	1	0
ixabepilone [no description available]	3.14	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
arvanil arvanil: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
axitinib [no description available]	3.61	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.43	2	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
opc-67683 OPC-67683: an antitubercular agent	3.23	1	0	piperidines
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	9.58	22	4	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.11	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	6.04	11	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	2.37	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
sb 269970 SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	sulfonamide
lactacystin [no description available]	9.13	21	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
tubacin tubacin: inhibits histone deacetylase 6; structure in first source	3.31	6	0	1,3-oxazoles
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	4.24	5	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	3.36	7	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.42	2	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
fostriecin fostriecin: compound contains a conjugated triene and an unsaturated lactone; from Streptomyces pulveraceus; structure given in second source. fostriecin : A structurally unique, naturally-occurring phosphate monoester isolated from the soil bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. It inhibits DNA topoisomerase II as well as several protein phosphatase including PP2A and PPA4, and exhibits potent antitumor activity against several cancer cell lines.	1.97	1	0	2-pyranones; olefinic compound; phosphate monoester; polyketide; primary allylic alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol; triol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; topoisomerase II inhibitor
fk 866 N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	benzamides; N-acylpiperidine
inecalcitol [no description available]	2.08	1	0
mdl 201053 MDL 201053: Immunosuppressive Agent; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	2.08	1	0
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	5.14	5	0	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
u 62840 U 62840: stereoisomeric benzindene prostaglandin analog; structure given in first source	8.98	20	1	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; human blood serum metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent; vitamin K antagonist
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	4.48	5	0	organic molecular entity
ru 58668 RU 58668: a steroidal antiestrogen; induces a long-term regression of human mammary MCF-7 tumors implanted in nude mice; structure given in first source. RU 58668 : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in the the hydrogen at the 11beta position has been replaced by a p-({5-[(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfonyl]pentyl}oxy)phenyl group. RU 58668 is a pure anti-estrogen that downregulates estrogen receptor expression (IC50 = 0.04 nM).	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; organofluorine compound; sulfone	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist
hexarelin hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6	2.04	1	0
bay 12-9566 Bay 12-9566: an angiogenesis inhibitor with matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activity	3.8	3	0	biphenyls; organochlorine compound
bn 80933 BN 80933: structure in first source	4.86	6	0
pd 184352 2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	3.98	3	0	diarylmethane
vildagliptin [no description available]	17.15	94	9	amino acid amide
belinostat [no description available]	4.82	7	1	hydroxamic acid; olefinic compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
pep005 3-ingenyl angelate: protein kinase C agonist and antineoplastic; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
panobinostat Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.	11.13	25	6	cinnamamides; hydroxamic acid; methylindole; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
hdac-42 HDAC-42: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4.13	15	0	borneol
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	9.07	27	0	ammonium ion derivative
cyclo(leucyl-prolyl) cyclo(leucyl-prolyl): structure in first source. cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) : A homodetic cyclic peptide composed from leucyl and prolyl residues.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide; homodetic cyclic peptide; pyrrolopyrazine	bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite
bufalin bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.	2.04	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid	animal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; cardiotonic drug
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.36	2	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bacteriochlorin bacteriochlorin: structure in first source. bacteriochlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of two pyrrole and two reduced pyrrole units connected by methine linkages, where the two reduced pyrroles are located diagonally opposite one another.	2.05	1	0
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	2.1	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
9h-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-n-(1-methylethyl)- 9H-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-N-(1-methylethyl)-: an epichaperome (purine-scaffold) inhibitor; structure in first source	3.48	1	1
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	2.1	1	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.75	3	0
st 1481 ST 1481: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone: active metabolite of lactacystin; inhibits 20 S proteasome; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Sp)-8-bromo-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having 8-bromoadenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).	1.99	1	0
y-39983 Y-39983: SNJ-1656 is an ophthalmic solution of Y-39983; ROCK (rho kinase) inhibitor, promotes regeneration of crushed axons of retinal ganglion cells; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	pyrrolopyridine
bms345541 4(2'-aminoethyl)amino-1,8-dimethylimidazo(1,2-a)quinoxaline: structure in first source	3.16	5	0	quinoxaline derivative
cp 293019 CP 293019: structure given in first source	3.1	5	0
spc-839 SPC-839: an inhibitor of activator protein 1; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	3.17	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
tak 029 TAK 029: structure in first source	3.5	8	0
arl 17477 ARL 17477: a potent & selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor	3.1	1	0
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	2.25	1	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	8.91	23	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	1.97	1	0	oligopeptide
pd 150606 PD 150606: a calpain inhibitor; structure given in first source. (Z)-3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-mercaptoacrylic acid : An organoiodine compound that is acrylic acid in which the vinylic hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by mercapto and 4-iodophenyl groups respectively (the Z geoisomer).	2.92	1	0	cinnamic acids; organoiodine compound; thioenol	apoptosis inhibitor; calpain inhibitor
etomoxir [no description available]	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	2.91	1	0
istaroxime Istaroxime: PST-2744 is the (E,Z)-isomer; a positive cardiac inotropic agent; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
cfm 1571 CFM 1571: structure in first source	3	1	0	aromatic amide
gallium maltolate gallium maltolate: has antineoplastic activity	2.05	1	0
gambogic acid gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer	2.1	1	0	pyranoxanthones	metabolite
paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	2.04	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
knk 437 KNK 437: inhibits thermotolerance acquisition and heat shock protein induction in colon carcinoma cells; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	4.63	26	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
scio-469 SCIO-469: a small-molecule p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor for potential oral therapy for inflammatory disorders; in phase lib clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis 4/2004. talmapimod : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-3-[(dimethylamino)(oxo)acetyl]-1-methylindole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of (2S,5R)-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,5-dimethylpiperazine. It is a potent inhibitor of MAPK and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	2.44	2	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ketone; chloroindole; dicarboxylic acid diamide; indolecarboxamide; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sarcodonin m sarcodonin M: isolated from Sarcodon scabrosus; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
k 7174 K 7174: inhibits binding of monocytes to cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells; structure in first source	3.47	1	1
tmc-95a TMC-95A: produced by Apiospora montagnei Sacc.TC 1093; structure in first source. TMC-95A : A 17-membered macrocyclic lactam that incorporates a phenol and a substituted indole moiety. It includes a R-hydroxy group at position 11 and a (3-methyl-2-oxopentanoyl)amino group at position at position 18 with a S-methyl group. It acts as a proteasome inhibitor and is obtained from Apiospora montagnei Sacc. TC 1093, isolated from a soil sample.	3.14	1	0	indoles; lactam; macrocycle; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; fungal metabolite; proteasome inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	6.75	3	3	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin: an NF-kappaB inhibitor; structure in first source	3.54	2	0
estin geodin: structure given in first source. (+)-geodin : An oxaspiro compound that is 3H,4'H-spiro[[1]benzofuran-2,1'-cyclohexa[2,5]diene]-3,4'-dione substituted by methoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, chloro, methyl, methoxy and chloro groups at positions 2', 4, 5, 6, 6' and 7, respectively. It is a fungal metabolite isolated from Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium glabrum.	3.1	1	0	1-benzofurans; ether; methyl ester; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound; phenols	Aspergillus metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
dapagliflozin [no description available]	8.24	6	6	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
mart-1 antigen MART-1 Antigen: A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.	2.07	1	0
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
ro 31-9790 Ro 31-9790: hydroxamic acid derivative	1.98	1	0
sb 705498 SB 705498: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
tivozanib N-(2-chloro-4-((6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy)phenyl)-N'-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)urea: KNR-951 is the HCl, monohydrate salt; an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether
selexipag selexipag: prostacyclin receptor agonist. selexipag : A member of the class of pyrazines that is N-(methanesulfonyl)-2-{4-[(propan-2-yl)(pyrazin-2-yl)amino]butoxy}acetamide carrying two additional phenyl substituents at positions 5 and 6 on the pyrazine ring. An orphan drug used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is a prodrug for ACT-333679 (the free carboxylic acid).	18.47	128	34	aromatic amine; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	orphan drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prodrug; prostacyclin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
n-((2s)-2-mercapto-1-oxo-4-(3,4,4- trimethyl-2,5-dioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)butyl)-l-leucyl-n,3- dimethyl-l-valinamide N-((2S)-2-mercapto-1-oxo-4-(3,4,4- trimethyl-2,5-dioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)butyl)-L-leucyl-N,3- dimethyl-L-Valinamide: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor	3.1	1	0
hki 272 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
secoisolariciresinol diglucoside secoisolariciresinol diglucoside: major precursor of mammalian lignans; structure given in first source; RN given refers to B-D-GLUCO isomer	2.07	1	0
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	3.12	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	2.53	2	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source	7.68	54	1	piperazines; pyridines
olesoxime olesoxime: drug candidate for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
mre 269 (4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butoxy)acetic acid: active form of NS-304. ACT-333679 : A member of the class of pyrazines that is {4-[(propan-2-yl)(pyrazin-2-yl)amino]butoxy}acetic acid carrying two additional phenyl substituents at positions 5 and 6 on the pyrazine ring. The active metabolite of selexipag, an orphan drug used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.	12.52	29	10	aromatic amine; ether; monocarboxylic acid; pyrazines; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	drug metabolite; orphan drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostacyclin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
rucaparib AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.61	2	0	azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
reversin 121 reversin 121: high affinity peptide chemosensitizer	2.1	1	0
pasireotide pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.	2.08	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	antineoplastic agent
zeolites [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ps1145 PS1145: IkappaB kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.12	5	0	beta-carbolines
3-iodothyronamine 3-iodothyronamine: a thyroid hormone derivative that may be involved in a fast response signaling pathway; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether
u 18666a 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.	3.21	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; nicotinic antagonist; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
benzyloxycarbonyl-isoleucyl-glutamyl(o-tert-butyl)-alanyl-leucinal benzyloxycarbonyl-isoleucyl-glutamyl(O-tert-butyl)-alanyl-leucinal: inhibits chymotrypsin activity of the proteasome	2.45	2	0
sb 525334 6-(2-tert-butyl-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)quinoxaline: a TGF-betaR kinase inhibitor	2.31	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
1-phenyl-3-dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene 1-phenyl-3-dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene: a 5-HT2C agonist and 5-HT2A,2B antagonist; RN refers to (trans)-isomer; a phenylaminotetralin; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
cgc 11093 CGC 11093: may prove useful in promoting regression of choroidal neovascularization	2.04	1	0
masitinib [no description available]	2.15	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	2.25	1	0
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	8.38	18	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
cystathionine Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.	1.99	1	0	cysteine derivative
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	3.17	1	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sepantronium sepantronium: a survivin suppressant with antineoplastic activity. sepantronium : An organic cation that is 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione in which the nitrogen at position 3 of the napthoimidazole moiety has been alkylated by a pyrazin-2-ylmethyl group.	2.07	1	0	organic cation
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	5.64	3	2	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
azd2858 [no description available]	2.51	2	0	aromatic amine; N-methylpiperazine; pyrazines; pyridines; secondary carboxamide; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; Wnt signalling activator
bibw 2992 [no description available]	2.51	2	0	aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ro3244794 RO3244794: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
ammonium dinitramide ammonium dinitramide: a class 1.1 explosive oxidizer	2.6	1	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.15	1	0
succinyl-leucyl-leucyl-valyl-tyrosyl-methylcoumarinamide succinyl-leucyl-leucyl-valyl-tyrosyl-methylcoumarinamide: fluorogenic substrate for ingensin. succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin : A tetrapeptide compound with a succinyl group at the N-terminal and a 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin group at the C-terminal.	2.04	1	0	7-aminocoumarins; tetrapeptide	fluorochrome
stephacidin a stephacidin A: from Aspergillus ochraceus; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
sotrastaurin sotrastaurin: a potent protein kinase C-selective inhibitor; structure in first source. sotrastaurin : A member of the class of maleimides that is maleimide which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group and at position 4 by a quinazolin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted at position 2 by a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C and has been investigated as an immunosuppresant in renal transplant patients.	2.13	1	0	indoles; maleimides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	anticoronaviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.59	2	0
7-aminoactinomycin d 7-aminoactinomycin D: staining reagent used in flow cytometry	2.03	1	0
2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone 2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
crenolanib [no description available]	5.24	5	0	aminopiperidine; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; oxetanes; quinolines; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
phevalin phevalin: isolated from a Streptomyces sp.; structure given in first source. phevalin : A member of the class of pyrazinones that is pyrazin-2(1H)-one substituted by an isopropyl and benzyl groups at position 3 and 6, respectively. It is a natural product found in Staphylococcus aureus that inhibits calpain in a casein hydrolysis assay (IC50 = 1.3 muM), contributes to S. aureus infection in mice, and alters human keratinocyte gene expression.	3.67	9	0	benzenes; pyrazinone	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor
tg100-115 3,3'-(2,4-diaminopteridine-6,7-diyl)diphenol: for treatment of ischemia reperfusion injury; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	pteridines
galidesivir [no description available]	5.53	7	0
ipragliflozin [no description available]	4.37	1	1	glycoside
volasertib BI 6727: a polo-like kinase inhibitor with broad antitumor activity; structure in first source	3.41	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	8.1	30	2
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	9.37	6	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
3beta-hydroxy-17-(1h-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene 3-hydroxy-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
degrasyn degrasyn: a JAK2 kinase inhibitor that induces rapid degradation of c-Myc protein in MM-1 multiple myeloma and other tumor cell lines; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
epoxomicin [no description available]	4.25	17	0	morpholines; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
abt-737 [no description available]	4	13	0	aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
uamc00039 UAMC00039: dipeptidyl peptidase II inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
px 478 2-amino-3-(4'-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenylpropionic acid N-oxide: inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha	2.15	1	0
delta-cyclodextrin delta-cyclodextrin: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.67	3	0	nystatins
pirarubicin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	anthracycline
bay 63-2521 riociguat: guanylate cyclase stimulator; structure in first source. riociguat : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of {4,6-diamino-2-[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl]pyrimidin-5-yl}methylcarbamic acid. It is used for treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension	5.58	6	0	aminopyrimidine; carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; pyrazolopyridine	antihypertensive agent; soluble guanylate cyclase activator
marizomib marizomib: a proteasome inhibitor from a marine bacterium Salinospora; structure in first source	8.67	24	0	beta-lactone; gamma-lactam; organic heterobicyclic compound; organochlorine compound; salinosporamide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
cyt997 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	ureas
bi 2536 [no description available]	2.48	2	0
linoleic acid hydroperoxide linoleic acid hydroperoxide: RN refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. linoleic acid hydroperoxide : A HPODE that is a mono-hydroperoxy derivative of linoleic acid	1.97	1	0
inno-406 [no description available]	2.47	2	0	biaryl
nutlin-3a nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source	3.33	6	0	stilbenoid
alogliptin alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.	10.94	20	3	nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
psn 632408 PSN 632408: a GPR119 agonist; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
nvp-aew541 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
arq 197 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	indoles
pyrazolone pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.	1.97	1	0
ridaforolimus [no description available]	3.59	2	0	macrolide lactam
quisinostat [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indoles
2,5-dimethylcelecoxib 2,5-dimethylcelecoxib: non-COX-2 inhibitory structural analog of celecoxib	2.04	1	0
carfilzomib [no description available]	15.96	75	9	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	26.25	809	279
pf 573228 6-(4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)benzylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	quinolines
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	1.98	1	0
idelalisib idelalisib: an antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor; structure in first source. idelalisib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	10.23	12	6	aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; purines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	6.39	7	2	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
zstk474 ZSTK-474 : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by morpholin-4-yl groups while the third hydrogen has been replaced by a 2-(difluoromethyl)benzimidazol-1-yl group. It is an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.	2.1	1	0	benzimidazoles; morpholines; organofluorine compound; triamino-1,3,5-triazine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.	3.02	4	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant
fostamatinib fostamatinib: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, metabolized to R406	2.21	1	0
omecamtiv mecarbil [no description available]	3.14	1	0	ureas
balapiravir balapiravir: a prodrug of R1479; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
trametinib [no description available]	2.21	1	0	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mln8054 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	benzazepine
tyropeptin a tyropeptin A: proteasome inhibitors produced by Kitasatospora sp. MK993-dF2; structure in first source	3.14	1	0	dipeptide
abexinostat abexinostat: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	benzofurans
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	6.16	10	0
imidazolone imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
pyripyropene a pyripyropene A: from Aspergillus fumigatus FO-1289; structure given in first source. pyripyropene A : A sesquiterpenoid that consists of (3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS,12R,12aS,12bS)-4-(acetoxymethyl)-12-hydroxy-4,6a,12b-trimethyl-11-oxo-9-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,12,12a,12b-decahydro-2H,11H-benzo[f]pyrano[4,3-b]chromene-3,6-diol in which the hydrogens of the 3- and 6-hydroxy functions are substituted by acetyl groups.	2.07	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; sesquiterpenoid	acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 inhibitor; metabolite
lolitrem b lolitrem B: neurotoxin from staggers-producing ryegrass pastures; MF C42-H55-N-O7	3.06	1	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	8.71	6	4	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
lc15-0444 LC15-0444: Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors; orally active small molecule for the treatment of type II diabetes	4.98	2	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
peramivir peramivir hydrate : A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of peramivir. Used for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.. peramivir : A member of the class of guanidines that is used (as its trihydrate) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.	5.1	7	0
ly2603618 [no description available]	8.71	18	6	ureas
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.65	3	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	10.77	12	1
veliparib [no description available]	3	1	0	benzimidazoles	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	1.98	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	3.61	9	0
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	2.75	3	0	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	4.21	18	0
th 302 TH 302: an hypoxia-activated prodrug of bromo-isophosphoramide mustard; an antineoplastic agent	2.08	1	0
n4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4h-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-n2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.83	3	0
bsc2118 BSc2118: a proteasome inhibitor	2.11	1	0
inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
arabinofuranosyluracil Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.	2.44	2	0
6-o-angeloylprenolin 6-O-angeloylprenolin: from Centipeda minima was found to show inhibitory activity on farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase); structure in first source	2.06	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	1.94	1	0
titanocene titanocene: C10-H10-Ti. titanocene : A bis(eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)metal(II) having Ti(II) as the metal(II) species. The parent of the class of titanonocenes.	2.02	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	3.08	5	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.08	5	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	9.06	14	0
fomblin y 04 fomblin Y 04: structure	2.02	1	0
verruculogen verruculogen: complex 6-O-methylindole cpd containing 3 nitrogens; induces tremor; tremorigenic metabolite from Penicillium verruculosum isolated from moldy peanuts; decreases GABA levels in CNS; structure. verruculogen : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is a mycotoxic indole alkaloid isolated from Penicillium and Aspergillus species.	3.06	1	0	aromatic ether; diol; indole alkaloid; organic heterohexacyclic compound; organic peroxide	Aspergillus metabolite; GABA modulator; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
glyx-13 peptide GLYX-13 peptide: a monoclonal antibody-derived peptide that acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulator	2.17	1	0
dragmacidin d dragmacidin D: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
aflatoxin m1 Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.93	4	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; tertiary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mammalian metabolite
pulcherrimine pulcherrimine: structure in first source	2.38	2	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	3.94	13	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gsk 461364 GSK 461364: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits polo-like kinase 1	2.15	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
macitentan [no description available]	8.81	9	2	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; pyrimidines; ring assembly; sulfamides	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist; orphan drug
azd1656 AZD1656: a glucokinase activator	8.96	10	8
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	6.74	28	0
hbx 41108 HBX 41,108: inhibits USP7 ubiquitin protease; structure in first source	4.45	6	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	7.39	2	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.68	3	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	1.99	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.71	3	0	polypeptide
subtilin subtilin: a linear type A lantibiotic; peptide produced by Bacillus subtilis; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
cs1 peptide CS1 peptide: used as a diagnostic probe for activity of the type III connecting segment of fibronectin; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.08	1	0
abarelix abarelix: RN & structure in first source. abarelix : A polypeptide compound composed of ten natural and non-natural amino acid resiudes in a linear sequence.	3.12	1	0	polypeptide	antineoplastic agent; hormone antagonist
humanin humanin: suppresses neuronal cell death induced by the Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein; suppresses neuronal cell death induced by three different types of FAD genes and amyloid beta; amino acid sequence in first source	2.5	2	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide: potent stimulator of insulin released in perfused mammalian pancreas	5.27	4	1
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	3.44	1	1
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	14.65	52	23	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	2.38	2	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	3.87	4	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	1.98	1	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2.1	1	0
bq 3020 [no description available]	2	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.13	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	5.42	10	0
liraglutide [no description available]	17.13	69	14	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	21.59	233	68
ap 1903 reagent AP 1903 reagent: a dimerizer drug	2.1	1	0
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt	2.41	1	0	polypeptide
insulin glulisine insulin glulisine: provides greater beta-cell protective action	3.48	1	1
insulin detemir Insulin Detemir: A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	5.8	2	2
th9507 tesamorelin: a peptide; a stabilized analogue of the growth hormone releasing factor; aimed at reducing excess abdominal fat or VAT in lipodystrophy and HIV patients. tesamorelin : A polypeptide that is a synthetic analogue of human GRF (Growth Releasing Factor) comprised of the 44 amino-acid sequence of human GRF with a hex-3-enoyl moiety attached to the tyrosine residue at the N-terminal part of the molecule. It is used to stimulate human GRF receptors.	4.14	2	0
diapep 277 DiaPep 277: a 24-mer laboratory-made peptide derived from Hsp60(437-460)	3.17	1	0
alx-0600 ALX-0600: glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) analog. teduglutide : A 33-membered polypeptide consisting of His, Gly, Asp, Gly, Ser, Phe, Ser, Asp, Glu, Met, Asn, Thr, Ile, Leu, Asp, Asn, Leu, Ala, Ala, Arg, Asp, Phe, Ile, Asn, Trp, Leu, Ile, Gln, Thr, Lys, Ile, Thr and Asp residues joined in sequence. A glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist used for the treatment of short-bowel syndrome.	2.07	1	0	polypeptide	antioxidant; glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist; metabolite; protective agent
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	16.09	81	14
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	12.31	33	27
exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4	2.08	1	0
pr 39 PR 39: antibacterial peptide from pig intestine; MW 4.719 kDa; contains 39 amino acid residues; has high activity against E coli & Bacillus megaterium; amino acid sequence given in first source. PR-39 : A 39 amino acid porcine cathelicidin that is rich in proline and arginine residues. It plays a pivotal role in the innate immune defence of the pig against infections and exhibits antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities.	2.01	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.21	1	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	7.51	23	1
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.5	8	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
4-aminobenzoyl-glycyl-prolyl-leucyl-alanine hydroxamic acid 4-aminobenzoyl-glycyl-prolyl-leucyl-alanine hydroxamic acid: inhibits collagenase; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
mk-8776 MK-8776: a checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitor; SCH900776 was renamed MK-8776; structure in first source	3	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
azd 1480 [no description available]	2.21	1	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	3.54	2	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	1.99	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
ro5126766 RO5126766: a dual MEK/RAF kinase inhibitor. CH5126766 : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-methyl-7-[(pyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]coumarin carrying an additional [2-[(methylaminosulfonyl)amino]-3-fluoropyridin-4-yl]methyl substituent at position 3.	2.17	1	0	aryloxypyrimidine; coumarins; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfamides	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
pevonedistat pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.	4.58	5	1	cyclopentanols; indanes; pyrrolopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; sulfamidate	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
14-methyl-20-oxa-5,7,14,26-tetraazatetracyclo(19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12))heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8(27),9,11,16,21,23-decaene 14-methyl-20-oxa-5,7,14,26-tetraazatetracyclo(19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12))heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8(27),9,11,16,21,23-decaene: has antineoplastic activity; also inhibits Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
jsh 23 4-methyl-N1-(3-phenylpropyl)benzene-1,2-diamine: structure in first source. JSH-23 : A diamine that is 1,2-phenylenediamine carrying a methyl substituent at position 4 and a 3-phenylpropyl substituent at position N1.	2.63	2	0	diamine; substituted aniline	NF-kappaB inhibitor
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	2.48	2	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	3.56	2	0
kd 5170 KD 5170: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
ono ae 248 ONO AE 248: structure in first source	2	1	0
bacteriochlorin a isobacteriochlorin: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
rs 39604 RS 39604 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of RS 39604 with hydrochloric acid. A potent and selective 5-HT4 antagonist, with a pKi of 9.1 at 5-HT4 receptors in guinea pig striatal membranes and greater than 1000-fold selectivity over 5-HT1A, 2C, 3 and D1, D2, M1, M2, AT1, B1 and alpha1C receptors. The ketone group gives RS 39604 a relatively long half life; it is also orally active and so suitable for in vivo studies.. RS 39604 : An aromatic ether that is the 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl derivative of N-(2-{4-[3-(4-amino-5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl)methanesulfonamide. A potent and selective 5-HT4 antagonist, with a pKi of 9.1 at 5-HT4 receptors in guinea pig striatal membranes and greater than 1000-fold selectivity over 5-HT1A, 2C, 3 and D1, D2, M1, M2, AT1, B1 and alpha1C receptors. The ketone group gives RS 39604 a relatively long half life; it is also orally active and so suitable for in vivo studies.	2.1	1	0	hydrochloride	serotonergic antagonist
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	4.66	10	0
aflatrem aflatrem: tremorgenic toxin isolated from Aspergillus flavus; structure	3.06	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.11	1	0
pyrazolopyridine pyrazolopyridine: act as competitive antagonists of brain adenosine A1 receptors	2.5	2	0
23-hydroxybetulinic acid 23-hydroxybetulinic acid: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
chitosan [no description available]	3.37	6	0
dioxetanone dioxetanone: structure in first source	3.37	6	0
5-n-acetylardeemin 5-N-acetylardeemin: structure given in first source; reverses multiple drug resistance in tumor cells and potentiates cyctotoxicity of vinblastine; from Aspergillus fischeri var. brasiliensis	2.01	1	0
n(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine: from Streptococcus lactis; RN given is for the L isomer. N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine : A L-lysine derivative formed during the reaction between methylglyoxal and protein. CEL is a homologue of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end-product that is formed on reaction of glyoxal or glycolaldehyde with protein and on oxidative cleavage of fructoselysine, the Amadori adduct formed on glycation of protein by glucose.	2.15	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
butaclamol Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.	3.05	1	0
p276-00 P276-00: antineoplastic, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	3.81	2	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.58	9	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
raltegravir potassium Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.	2.31	1	0
tanshinone ii a sodium sulfonate tanshinone II A sodium sulfonate: has cardioprotective activity; water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A; isolated from Salvia militiorrhiza; relieves anginal pain; structure	3.13	1	0
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.04	1	0
xk 469 XK 469: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	2.31	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.1	1	0
tmpmgcl.licl TMPMgCl.LiCl: TMP -2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl	2.05	1	0
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	2.35	2	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	3.56	2	0
arginine Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.	2.1	1	0
syringolin a syringolin A: a cyclic dipeptide composed of the two non-proteinogenic amino acids. syringolin A : A syrbactin that has a (3E,9E)-2,7-dioxo-1,6-diazacyclododeca-3,9-diene skeleton that is substituted by an isopropyl group at position 5 and by a [(2S)-2-({[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-methylpropyl]carbamoyl}amino)-3-methylbutanoyl]nitrilo group at the 8-pro-S position. It is produced by the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.	2.46	2	0	dipeptide
olaparib [no description available]	4.69	5	1	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
ck-2017357 CK-2017357: a fast-skeletal-troponin activator; structure in first source	11.34	18	8
thiostrepton Thiostrepton: One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders.. thiostrepton : A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.	3.45	7	0
srt1720 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
plx 4720 PLX 4720: a B-Raf(V600E) kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; organochlorine compound; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
cx 4945 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mln 8237 MLN 8237: an aurora kinase A inhibitor	3.62	2	0	benzazepine
snx 2112 SNX 2112: an orally available small molecule Hsp90 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
lde225 sonidegib: specific Smoothened/Smo antagonist. sonidegib : A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.	2.49	2	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ether; benzamides; biphenyls; morpholines; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist
bms 754807 BMS 754807: an IGR-1R kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.58	2	0	pyrazoles; pyridines; pyrrolidines; pyrrolotriazine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
bms 777607 N-(4-(2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-4-ethoxy-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide: a Met kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide
delanzomib [no description available]	4.92	6	0	C-terminal boronic acid peptide; phenylpyridine; secondary alcohol; threonine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; proteasome inhibitor
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	3.07	5	0
canagliflozin canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.	13.32	19	16	C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
imeglimin imeglimin: a tetrahydrotriazine-containing oral antidiabetic	3.48	1	1
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	15.56	71	7	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ponatinib [no description available]	3.65	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; acetylenic compound; benzamides; imidazopyridazine; N-methylpiperazine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sitagliptin phosphate, metformin hydrochloride drug combination Sitagliptin Phosphate, Metformin Hydrochloride Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of sitagliptin phosphate and metformin hydrochloride that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	6.55	5	1
mk-1775 adavosertib: a Wee1 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.61	2	0	piperazines
tak-875 [no description available]	2.17	1	0	biphenyls
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	2.07	1	0
quizartinib [no description available]	6.12	8	0	benzoimidazothiazole; isoxazoles; morpholines; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; necroptosis inhibitor
mk 2206 MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent	3.01	4	0	organic heterotricyclic compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
navitoclax [no description available]	2.69	2	0	aryl sulfide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; piperazines; secondary amino compound; sulfone; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	3.86	3	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.05	1	0	fumarate salt
doxo-emch DOXO-EMCH: albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin	2.07	1	0
n-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide: a Janus kinase 1 and Janus kinase 2 inhibitor; structure in first source. momelotinib : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{2-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl}benzoic acid with the primary amino group of aminoacetonitrile. It is an ATP-competitive JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with IC50 of 11 nM and 18 nM, respectively. Used for the treatment of patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis.	2.06	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; morpholines; nitrile; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-anaemic agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	6.23	14	0
oprozomib ONX 0912: antineoplastic; an orally active proteasome inhibitor; structure in first source	6.58	8	1
pnd 1186 PND 1186: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.66	2	0
cabozantinib cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.	6.97	4	1	aromatic ether; dicarboxylic acid diamide; organofluorine compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
defactinib [no description available]	10.91	26	4
incb-018424 [no description available]	3.65	2	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	2.07	1	0	tartrate salt
entrectinib entrectinib: inhibits TRK, ROS1, and ALK receptor tyrosine kinases; structure in first source. entrectinib : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by [4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzoyl]amino and 3,5-difluorobenzyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of TRKA, TRKB, TRKC, ROS1, and ALK (IC50 values of 0.1 to 1.7 nM), and used for the treatment of NTRK, ROS1 and ALK gene fusion-positive solid tumours.	2.31	1	0	benzamides; difluorobenzene; indazoles; N-methylpiperazine; oxanes; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
sch 1473759 SCH 1473759: an antineoplastic agent and aurora inhibitor	2.5	2	0
cobicistat [no description available]	4.57	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; ureas	P450 inhibitor
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	3.82	2	0	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
TAK-580 MLN 2480: brain-penetrant RAF dimer antagonist. TAK-580 : A 1,3-thiazolecarboxamide that is 2-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the amino group of 5-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine and in which the amino group undergoes formal condensation with the carboxy group of 6-amino-5-chloropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid. It is a pan-RAF kinase inhibitor which is currently in clinical development for the treatment of radiographically recurrent or progressive low-grade glioma in children and young adults.	2.21	1	0	1,3-thiazolecarboxamide; aminopyrimidine; chloropyridine; organofluorine compound; pyrimidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-Raf inhibitor
glasdegib glasdegib: a smoothened inhibitor. glasdegib : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a (2R,4S)-4-{[(4-cyanophenyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methylpiperidin-2-yl group at position 2. It is a hedgehog signalling pathway inhibitor that acts by binding to Smoothened (SMO) receptors and blocking signal transduction (IC50 = 5 nM). It is used in combination with low-dose cytarabine, for the treatment of newly-diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adult patients (aged >= 75 years), or who have medical conditions that prevent the use of standard chemotherapy.	4.87	3	0	benzimidazoles; nitrile; phenylureas; piperidines	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist
emd1214063 tepotinib: MET inhibitor	3.41	1	0
gsk 1838705a [no description available]	2.17	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
ixazomib ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.	6.55	9	0	benzamides; boronic acids; dichlorobenzene; glycine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; orphan drug; proteasome inhibitor
ver 155008 VER 155008: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	purine nucleoside
azd2014 vistusertib: potent and selective dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor; structure in first source	4.62	1	1
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid 11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.	2.15	1	0	11,12-EET	human xenobiotic metabolite
plx4032 [no description available]	2.52	2	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
2,3-bis(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-(1,4)naphthoquinone 2,3-bis(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-(1,4)naphthoquinone: CDC25A & B inhibitor	2.05	1	0
azd7687 AZD7687: structure in first source	6.22	6	2
a 967079 A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source	3.53	1	1
gsk 1363089 GSK 1363089: a multikinase inhibitor that acts on Met, RON, Axl, and VEGFR; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether
GDC-0623 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	hydroxamic acid ester; imidazopyridine; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
glycolipids [no description available]	2.21	1	0
bms 665053 BMS 665053: structure in first source	3.87	3	0
v158411 V158411: a Chk1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.53	2	0
sar 020106 SAR 020106: a CHK1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.77	3	0
baricitinib [no description available]	3.41	1	0	azetidines; nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	18.32	181	15
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	6.01	25	1
GS-441524 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; nitrile; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral agent; drug metabolite
anagliptin anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound	3.19	1	0	amino acid amide
nitd008 NITD008: inhibits enterovirus 71	2.15	1	0
apatinib apatinib: reverses multidrug resistance by inhibiting the efflux function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
gx 15-070 obatoclax: a pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor potentially useful in treating mantle cell lymphoma	4.69	6	1
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.31	1	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	4	3	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	18.78	131	22
gsk2256098 GSK2256098: a focal adhesion kinase-1 antagonist	2.31	1	0
pr-957 PR-957: immunoproteasome inhibitor; inhibits Lmp7 protein; structure in first source	4.39	4	1
abemaciclib [no description available]	2.17	1	0
bms-986094 BMS-986094: a prodrug of 2'-C-methylguanosine and antiviral agent	2.15	1	0
gypenoside ix [no description available]	3.1	1	0
jnj38877605 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	quinolines
lgk974 LGK974: a potent and specific small-molecule inhibitor of Porcupine (PORCN) acyltransferase. LGK974 : A carboxamide, the structure of which is that of acetamide substituted on carbon by a 2',3-dimethyl-2,4'-bipyridin-5-yl group and on nitrogen by a 5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl group. It is a highly potent, selective and orally bioavailable Porcupine inhibitor (a Wnt signalling inhibitor).	9.05	37	1	bipyridines; pyrazines; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	Wnt signalling inhibitor
etp-46321 ETP-46321: inhibits PI3K alpha and PI3K delta; structure in first source	3.21	5	0
gilteritinib gilteritinib: an FLT3/AXL protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. gilteritinib : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine-2-carboxamide which is substituted by {3-methoxy-4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]phenyl}nitrilo, (oxan-4-yl)nitrilo and ethyl groups at positions 3,5 and 6, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of FLT3 and AXL tyrosine kinase receptors (IC50 = 0.29 nM and 0.73 nM, respectively). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in patients who have a FLT3 gene mutation.	16.71	104	13	aromatic amine; monomethoxybenzene; N-methylpiperazine; oxanes; piperidines; primary carboxamide; pyrazines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
alectinib [no description available]	2.93	3	0	aromatic ketone; morpholines; nitrile; organic heterotetracyclic compound; piperidines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
abt-199 venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.	13.04	28	6	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
tubastatin a [no description available]	2.1	1	0	hydroxamic acid; pyridoindole; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
ve 821 3-amino-6-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	7.49	34	0	aromatic amide
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.01	1	0
pf-4708671 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
gsk1210151a GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	imidazoquinoline
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	1.97	1	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	10.91	13	5	polypeptide
acy-1215 ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.71	3	0
rg7388 RG7388: structure in first source	3.31	1	0
7-methyl-5-(1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl)-2,3-dihydro-1h-indol-5-yl)-7h-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-amine 7-methyl-5-(1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl)-7H-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: inhibits protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK); structure in first source	2.21	1	0
cudc-907 [no description available]	2.31	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	8.08	25	4	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	4.5	4	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	4.02	3	1
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	4.65	4	0
isoascorbic acid isoascorbic acid: food antioxidant; (L)-isomer is ascorbic acid; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	2.41	2	0	ascorbic acid
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.55	9	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	4.53	4	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	6.23	18	2	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
metastat tetracycline CMT-3: a non-antimicrobial tetracycline; structure in second source	3.1	1	0
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	1.94	1	0
teriflunomide [no description available]	2.1	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.07	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lfm a13 LFM A13: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	3	1	0
s 1 (combination) S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer	3.58	2	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	3.93	13	0
microcystin microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.	2.05	1	0	peptide
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	1.95	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.67	3	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	7.3	31	1
cgs 12066b CGS 12066B: RN given for ((Z)-2-butenedioate (1:2))-salt (CGS 12066B); CGS 12066A is the (ethanedioate (1:2))-salt; structure given in first source. 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline dimaleate : A maleate salt that is the dimaleate salt of 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.38	2	0	maleate salt	prodrug; serotonergic agonist
pi-1840 PI-1840: has both antineoplastic and proteasome inhibitory activities; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.73	3	0	ketal
wnt-c59 2-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)acetamide: a PORCN acyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
(1-(3-isopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl methanesulfonate (1-(3-isopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl methanesulfonate: a GPR119 agonist	5.83	2	2
cc214-2 CC214-2: an mTOR kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.02	4	0
cc-223 [no description available]	5.96	8	1
cc-115 1-ethyl-7-(2-methyl-6-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydropyrazino(2,3-b)pyrazin-2(1H)-one: an mTOR kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	6.02	8	1
cc-292 spebrutinib: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
vx-970 berzosertib: an ATR kinase inhibitor	11.86	40	3	sulfonamide
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.08	1	0
vx-787 pimodivir: non‐nucleotide inhibitor of the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) subunit of the influenza A that is active against H1N1, H7N9 and H5N1, as well as influenza A strains with reduced susceptibility to NAIs	4.29	2	0
tas-116 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
g007-lk G007-LK: potent and specific small-molecule tankyrase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
aquacobalamin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
epidermin epidermin: a linear type A lantibiotic; tetracyclic 21-peptide amide antibiotic produced by Staphylococcus epidermis. epidermin : A type A lantibiotic that is a tetracyclic 21-amino-acid peptide which contains meso-lanthionine, 3-methyllanthionine, and S-(2-aminovinyl)-D-cysteine. It is obtained from Staphylococcus epidermidis Tue 3298 and exhibits antibiotic activity against many Gram-positive bacteria.	2.21	1	0	macrocycle; type A lantibiotic	antibacterial agent; metabolite
acp-196 acalabrutinib: inhibits Bruton’s tyrosine kinase; has antineoplastic activity. acalabrutinib : A member of the class of imidazopyrazines that is imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine substituted by 4-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl, (2S)-1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl, and amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 8, respectively. It is an irreversible second-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that is approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) who have received at least one prior therapy.	19.75	167	42	aromatic amine; benzamides; imidazopyrazine; pyridines; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide; ynone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	2.07	1	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
selinexor selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1	3.66	2	0
lumacaftor, ivacaftor drug combination Orkambi : A two-drug mixture consisting of lumacaftor and ivacaftor, which is used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.25	1	0
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	8.85	10	4	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.35	2	0
ivosidenib ivosidenib: an inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). ivosidenib : A tertiary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S)-1-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of (2S)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-(3,3-difluorocyclobutyl)-2-[(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)amino]acetamide. It is approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients with an isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) mutation.	6.34	5	1	cyanopyridine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrrolidin-2-ones; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
ly3009120 LY3009120: a pan-RAF inhibitor; structure in first source. LY3009120 : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by methylamino, 5-{[(3,3-dimethylbutyl)carbamoyl]amino}-4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl, and methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 7, respectively. It is a potent pan RAF inhibitor which inhibits BRAF(V600E), BRAF(WT) and CRAF(WT) (IC50 = 5.8, 9.1 and 15 nM, respectively). It also inhibits RAF homo- and heterodimers and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	2.21	1	0	aminotoluene; aromatic amine; biaryl; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; B-Raf inhibitor; necroptosis inhibitor
pf-06463922 lorlatinib: inhibits both anaplastic lymphoma kinase and c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) protein. lorlatinib : A cyclic ether that is 16,17-dihydro-2H-8,4-(metheno)pyrazolo[4,3-h][2,5,11]benzoxadiazacyclotetradecin-15(10H)-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 10R, and by cyano, amino and fluoro groups at positions 3, 7 and 12 respectively. It is a small molecule inhibitor of ALK and ROS1 kinase developed by Pfizer for the treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.	2.31	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ether; azamacrocycle; benzamides; cyclic ether; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
brd4770 [no description available]	2.25	1	0	benzimidazoles
etp-46464 ETP-46464: inhibits ATM and Rad3-related kinase; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
imetelstat [no description available]	3.17	1	0
glutaminase [no description available]	3.14	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	7.31	31	0
fluconazole deltarasin: inhibits the interaction between PDEdelta and KRAS protein; structure in first source	2.57	2	0
ter 286 TER 286: a glutathione-based glutathione S-transferase-activated cytotoxin; TLK-286 is the ((R)-(-))-isomer	3.13	1	0
kai407 KAI407: an antimalarial; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	1.94	1	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	3.56	2	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	5.13	10	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	4	13	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	2.01	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
enasidenib [no description available]	5.42	6	0	1,3,5-triazines; aminopyridine; aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	2.08	1	0
peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	2.07	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	3.86	2	1
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	1.97	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	3.35	1	0
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	3.11	1	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.57	2	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	3.1	1	0
oridonin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	3.15	5	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	5.53	4	1
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	14.33	29	16
oblimersen oblimersen: targets the Bcl-2 oncogene good efficacy with low toxicity tumour regressions	5.79	4	0
insulin degludec [no description available]	4.39	1	1
s 8932 [no description available]	15.68	80	2	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	9.45	8	3
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.42	2	0
lysergic acid lysergic acid : An ergoline alkaloid comprising 6-methylergoline having additional unsaturation at the 9,10-position and a carboxy group at the 8-position.	2.43	2	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	9.01	18	5
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.46	2	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.05	1	0
2-methylisoborneol 2-methylisoborneol: structure. 2-methylisoborneol : An bornane monoterpenoid comprising isoborneol carrying a 2-methyl substituent (the 1R,2R,4R-diastereomer).	4.51	7	0
apicidin apicidin: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	7.13	5	4
siomycin a siomycin A: see also records for siomycin & siomycin D1	2.05	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	3.31	1	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.04	1	0
danoprevir [no description available]	2.25	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.67	3	0
icg 001 ICG 001: PRI-724 is an enantiomer of ICG-001; binds to cAMP response element-binding protein; structure in first source	2.66	2	0
ritterazine b ritterazine B: ritterazine analog extracted from Ritterella tokioka, has been shown to be chemically similar to cephalostatin 1; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
technetium tc-99m tetrofosmin [no description available]	3.4	1	1
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	4.93	8	1
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.39	2	0
nusinersen nusinersen: an antisense oligonucleotide that induces SMN protein expression	3.66	2	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.58	2	0
somatostatin, trp(8)- [no description available]	2.02	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	4.37	1	1
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	2.42	2	0
tautomycin tautomycin: an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A; isolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus; MF: C42-H70-O12; exists as a tautomeric mixture in solution	2	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	4	13	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
stf 083010 STF 083010: inhibits Ire1 endonuclease; structure in first source	2.48	2	0
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	5.78	4	2	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	5.88	31	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	4.1	3	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.38	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.79	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.62	9	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	11.43	20	5	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	3.24	6	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	8.34	7	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	4.68	8	0
viomycin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide antibiotic	antitubercular agent
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	2.93	4	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
oxyluciferin [no description available]	7.96	80	0	Photinus luciferin	oxidized luciferins
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	8.37	22	2	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.92	4	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	9.26	16	4	dacarbazine
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.46	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	2.07	1	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	3.41	1	0	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	3.68	10	0	triazolopyrimidines
chir-124 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
raltitrexed [no description available]	3.11	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one 2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one: cypridina luciferin analog	5.46	63	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	5.68	26	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
xanthopterin [no description available]	7.64	3	0
diazeniumdiolate diazeniumdiolate: a class of nitric oxide (NO) donors; structure in first source. 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two ethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	2.25	1	0
forodesine forodesine: structure in first source	4.95	2	1	dihydroxypyrrolidine; pyrrolopyrimidine
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	10.59	12	5	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	1.99	1	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
lometrexol lometrexol: RN & structure given in first source;	3.1	1	0
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	3.28	5	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	2.05	1	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	2.02	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
xav939 XAV939: selectively inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcription; structure in first source. XAV939 : A thiopyranopyrimidine in which a 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine skeleton is substituted at C-4 by a hydroxy group and at C-2 by a para-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.	2.54	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; thiopyranopyrimidine	tankyrase inhibitor
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.68	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	3.83	2	1	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.07	1	0
nintedanib nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.	3.25	1	0
tn 16 TN 16: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
zd 9331 ZD 9331: BGC9331 was formerly known as ZD9331; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	1.99	1	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	3.83	2	1	guanosines	biomarker
coelenterazine coelenterazine: active group in AEQUORIN, a coelenterate luciferin. Oplophorus luciferin : An imidazopyrazine that is imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one in which positions 2, 6, and 8 are substituted by 4-hydroxybenzyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, and benzyl groups, respectively.	10.03	199	0
amg531 [no description available]	3.14	1	0
dehydrocoelenterazine dehydrocoelenterazine: structure in first source	4.79	9	0
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	1.96	1	0
2,3-dihydro-2-(n(7)-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin b1 2,3-dihydro-2-(N(7)-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1: aflatoxin-guanine adduct in urine of aflatoxin B1 treated rats; RN given refers to (6aS-(6aalpha,8beta,9alpha,9aalpha))-isomer	3.49	2	0
bmn 673 talazoparib: inhibits both PARP1 and PARP2; structure in first source	2.63	2	0
pf-477736 PF 00477736: a Chk1 inhibitor; structure in first source. PF-00477736 : A diazepinoindole that is 8-amino-4,5-dihydro-6H-[1,2]diazepino[4,5,6-cd]indol-6-one which is substituted at position 2 by a 1-methylpyrazol-4-yl group and in which the amino group at position 8 has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of (2R)-2-cyclohexylglycine to give the corresponding carboxamide. It is an inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk 1).	2.15	1	0
pp242 torkinib : A member of the class of pyrazolopyrimidines that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by isopropyl, 5-hydroxyindol-2-yl and amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 4 respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; hydroxyindoles; phenols; primary amino compound; pyrazolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; mTOR inhibitor
defibrotide defibrotide: Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION	2.47	2	0
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	1.98	1	0
magnesium gtp magnesium GTP: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd Mg salt	1.99	1	0
dehydroluciferin dehydroluciferin: synthesized from luciferin in a reaction catalyzed by firefly luciferase. dehydroluciferin : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acids that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a 6-hydroxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl group.	3.56	2	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; biaryl; phenols	animal metabolite; luciferin
molybdenum cofactor molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.	2.15	1	0	Mo-molybdopterin cofactor; organophosphate oxoanion
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.07	1	0
cephalostatin i cephalostatin I: two steroid units are annulated to a 1,4-pyrazine ring; RN given for (3'R-(3'alpha(R),4'alpha,4'abeta,6'balpha,8'abeta,11'aalpha,11'bbeta,13'alpha,13'aalpha,13'bbeta,14'beta,15'alpha(3R,5''S),16'abeta,17'balpha,19'abeta,22'aalpha,22'bbeta,24'aR'*))-isomer; structure in first source	4.41	6	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	5.37	5	3
eye [no description available]	3.04	4	0
syringolin b syringolin B: a proteasome inhibitor isolated from Pseudomonas syringae; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
molnupiravir molnupiravir: prodrug that’s metabolized into N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), a ribonucleoside analog. molnupiravir : A nucleoside analogue that is N(4)-hydroxycytidine in which the 5'-hydroxy group is replaced by a (2-methylpropanoyl)oxy group. It is the prodrug of the active antiviral ribonucleoside analog N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), has activity against a number of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. It is currently in phase III trials for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.	7.43	11	0	isopropyl ester; ketoxime; nucleoside analogue	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	1.99	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	1.98	1	0
gallidermin gallidermin: lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotic (lantibiotic); from Staphylococcus gallinarum; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	7.14	10	3
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	7.73	20	1
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	1.95	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.36	6	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	0	3.9	9	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	0	3.2	4	0
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	0	3.9	9	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	0	3.2	4	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	4.15	2	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	14.87	109	12
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	14.87	109	12
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	20.7	254	23
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	15.96	418	3
ADPKD [description not available]	0	2.63	2	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	0	2.63	2	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	22.28	293	166
DRESS Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	3.16	5	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	9.04	76	1
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	0	2.41	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	3.57	8	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	9.04	76	1
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	18.08	178	29
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	21.59	233	114
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	18.08	178	29
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	0	17.41	77	26
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	0	17.41	77	26
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	0	12.02	16	9
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	19.07	132	45
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	0	19.07	132	45
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	3.85	10	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.85	10	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	14.88	72	20
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	14.88	72	20
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	8.08	31	3
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	8.08	31	3
Infection [description not available]	0	9.46	15	3
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	0	6.08	5	2
Duncan Disease [description not available]	0	7.04	10	3
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	9.46	15	3
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	0	6.08	5	2
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	0	7.04	10	3
Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome A tick-borne infection with SEVERE FEVER WITH THROMBOCYTOPENIA SYNDROME BUNYAVIRUS of the genus Phlebovirus. It is associated with fever, THROMBOCYTOPENIA; LEUKOCYTOPENIA, and multiorgan dysfunction. It is found in parts of Asia including China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam and can be transmitted from infected domestic animals and humans.	0	4.95	3	2
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	0	4.08	5	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	14.08	132	52
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	0	4.08	5	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	14.08	132	52
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	9.28	32	3
Hives [description not available]	0	3.46	2	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	3.46	2	0
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	0	13.36	36	14
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	10.26	44	5
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	10.26	44	5
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.93	11	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	4.93	11	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	5.34	56	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	10.87	47	2
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	10.87	47	2
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	4.72	10	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	4.72	10	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	7.29	22	2
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	7.29	22	2
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	16.55	97	21
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	16.55	97	21
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	13.33	47	9
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	0	13.33	47	9
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	0	7.67	7	1
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	0	7.67	7	1
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	0	3.18	5	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	0	3.18	5	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	3.4	7	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	0	3.4	7	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	7.47	45	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	19.63	63	10
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	7.47	45	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	14.63	63	10
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	3.95	12	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	17.91	142	42
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	17.91	142	42
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	12.39	55	11
Breathlessness [description not available]	0	6.81	8	3
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	4.7	6	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	12.39	55	11
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	0	6.81	8	3
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	0	4.7	6	1
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	0	2.41	1	0
Alpha Virus Infections [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	27.16	856	457
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	27.16	856	457
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	14.14	75	17
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	13.42	75	13
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	14.14	75	17
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	13.42	75	13
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	8.82	44	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	8.82	44	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	0	7.7	12	3
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	9.79	36	7
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	7.7	12	3
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	9.79	36	7
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	10.04	21	5
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	10.04	21	5
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	8.31	38	2
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	0	7.09	5	1
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	10.3	24	2
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	0	5.25	3	1
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	5.25	3	1
HbS Disease [description not available]	0	15.81	72	19
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	0	15.81	72	19
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	0	2.41	1	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	7.55	11	3
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	0	5.73	8	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	7.55	11	3
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	5.73	8	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	3.23	5	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	9.31	23	2
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	9.31	23	2
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	0	3.33	6	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	0	3.33	6	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	4.8	30	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	7.54	56	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	0	2.41	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	7.54	56	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	4.8	30	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	0	4.15	2	1
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	0	4.15	2	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	25.44	611	402
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	0	3.17	5	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	0	3.17	5	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	30.06	2,337	707
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	15.54	86	11
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	30.06	2,337	707
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	0	2.41	1	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	5.18	6	0
Grippe [description not available]	0	13.65	41	4
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	5.18	6	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	13.65	41	4
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	7.95	15	2
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	7.95	15	2
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	18.4	122	7
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	2.49	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	18.4	122	7
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	12.89	31	27
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	10.37	15	4
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	10.37	15	4
Allodynia [description not available]	0	6.55	27	0
Ache [description not available]	0	15.21	66	31
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	15.21	66	31
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	4	4	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	0	4	4	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	18	91	58
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	0	18	91	58
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	0	2.41	1	0
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Myositis Ossificans A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.	0	2.41	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	17.46	117	35
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	19.4	216	53
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	17.46	117	35
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	19.4	216	53
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	20.24	129	10
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	15.24	129	10
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	19.11	168	66
Exanthem [description not available]	0	5.04	9	1
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	5.04	9	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	14.5	71	19
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	10.49	59	9
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	10.49	59	9
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	9.76	14	4
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	9.76	14	4
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	6.54	9	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	6.54	9	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.39	4	1
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	12.11	34	8
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	12.11	34	8
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	8.89	17	3
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	0	3.47	2	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	8.89	17	3
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	21.12	298	64
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	21.12	298	64
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior [description not available]	0	5.79	7	1
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	6.78	8	3
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	2.41	2	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	0	6.78	8	3
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.12	10	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	5.12	10	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	9.4	17	6
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	9.4	17	6
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	0	2.41	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	3.14	4	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	8.12	62	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	3.14	4	0
Ageusia Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by OLFACTION DISORDERS.	0	2.41	1	0
MODS [description not available]	0	3.99	4	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	3.99	4	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	9.94	52	8
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	9.94	52	8
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	0	2.72	2	0
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	0	19.4	160	53
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	0	19.4	160	53
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	2.41	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	9.25	22	2
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	7.33	11	4
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	12.7	71	2
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	7.33	11	4
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	14.25	22	2
Hemorrhagic Fever, American Diseases caused by American hemorrhagic fever viruses (ARENAVIRUSES, NEW WORLD).	0	4.31	6	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	13.35	46	19
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	13.35	46	19
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	9.62	27	3
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	9.62	27	3
Thrombotic Microangiopathies Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.	0	2.58	2	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	0	3.73	3	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	0	3.73	3	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	0	4.53	2	2
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	0	4.53	2	2
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	11.04	28	5
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	11.04	28	5
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue [description not available]	0	7.52	6	5
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.	0	7.52	6	5
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	3.29	6	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	6.02	11	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	6.02	11	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	8.47	30	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	8.47	30	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	0	5.24	4	1
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	5.17	9	1
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	5.17	9	1
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	15.08	56	34
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	15.08	56	34
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	12.48	57	8
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	12.48	57	8
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	5.35	23	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	5.35	23	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	0	2.6	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	11.12	33	4
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	11.12	33	4
Luft Disease [description not available]	0	3.8	1	1
Lassitude [description not available]	0	15.03	52	44
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	4.22	3	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	0	15.03	52	44
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	4.22	3	1
Mitochondrial Myopathies A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.	0	3.8	1	1
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	0	2.41	1	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	0	2.41	1	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	5.97	23	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	5.97	23	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	3.76	3	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	3.76	3	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	4.32	6	0
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by sudden onset, fever, headache, generalized myalgia, backache, conjunctivitis, and severe prostration, followed by various hemorrhagic symptoms. Hemorrhagic fever with kidney involvement is HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME.	0	4.31	6	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	9.83	58	4
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	9.83	58	4
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	5.69	17	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	5.69	17	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	10.14	29	3
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	10.14	29	3
Astasia-Abasia [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Hyphema Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.	0	2.6	1	0
Allergy, Peanut [description not available]	0	4.91	1	1
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	5.25	4	1
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	5.25	4	1
Peanut Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.	0	4.91	1	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	7.72	12	2
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	7.72	12	2
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	0	2.6	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	8.33	14	2
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	0	8.97	12	3
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	7.95	25	2
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	7.95	25	2
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	18.38	96	82
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	5.22	11	1
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	18.38	96	82
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	0	3.11	5	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	13.36	48	8
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	0	3.11	5	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	13.36	48	8
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	3.66	9	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	3.66	9	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	14.03	86	2
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic, Stable Phase [description not available]	0	6.77	4	3
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	0	2.81	3	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	5.28	10	1
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	0	5.28	10	1
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	7.35	13	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	5.07	9	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	7.58	18	2
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	5.07	9	1
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	0	4.95	4	2
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	8.2	8	5
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	0	4.95	4	2
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	0	6.2	6	2
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	4.12	15	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	4.12	15	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	0	3.16	4	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	3.16	4	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	8.5	13	5
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	15.56	75	34
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	15.56	75	34
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	8.5	13	5
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	0	2.96	4	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	23.17	331	223
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	23.17	331	223
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	0	15.27	55	14
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	0	15.27	55	14
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	7.97	28	3
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	0	5.29	11	1
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	7.97	28	3
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	0	5.29	11	1
Adult Onset Nemaline Myopathy [description not available]	0	2.86	3	0
Myopathies, Nemaline A group of inherited congenital myopathic conditions characterized clinically by weakness, hypotonia, and prominent hypoplasia of proximal muscles including the face. Muscle biopsy reveals large numbers of rod-shaped structures beneath the muscle fiber plasma membrane. This disorder is genetically heterogeneous and may occasionally present in adults. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1453)	0	2.86	3	0
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	7.75	13	2
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	7.75	13	2
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.	0	2.69	2	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	0	4.65	5	0
Bunyaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BUNYAVIRIDAE.	0	5.33	7	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	6.37	21	2
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	12.59	49	6
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	12.59	49	6
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	0	3.27	5	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	0	2.25	1	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	0	2.21	1	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	4.1	3	1
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	0	2.21	1	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	4.1	3	1
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	0	2.44	2	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	0	2.21	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	13.75	34	20
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	13.75	34	20
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	4.25	18	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	4.29	18	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	4.25	18	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	0	2.21	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	4.94	8	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	4.94	8	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	0	5.31	4	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	0	5.31	4	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	2.21	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	6.35	10	4
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	6.35	10	4
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	0	5.91	8	1
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	0	5.91	8	1
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	0	6.49	5	1
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	0	6.49	5	1
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	4.62	10	0
Pulmonary Veno Occlusive Disease [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	4.62	10	0
Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease Pathological process resulting in the fibrous obstruction of the small- and medium-sized PULMONARY VEINS and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. Veno-occlusion can arise from fibrous proliferation of the VASCULAR INTIMA and VASCULAR MEDIA; THROMBOSIS; or a combination of both.	0	3.12	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	0	7.04	6	1
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	16.39	66	23
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	0	7.04	6	1
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	16.39	66	23
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	12.55	27	10
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	7.01	6	2
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	0	15.69	53	43
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	7.01	6	2
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	3.12	5	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	0	2.77	3	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	2.48	2	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	6.9	35	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	6.9	35	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	5.08	16	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	5.08	16	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	7.07	10	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	0	7.07	10	1
Metastase [description not available]	0	14.32	42	24
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	14.32	42	24
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	0	6.8	6	4
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	0	6.8	6	4
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	11.95	62	21
Infections, RNA Virus [description not available]	0	7.93	7	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	10.75	34	6
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	12.12	42	7
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	10.75	34	6
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	12.12	42	7
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	18.44	117	8
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	0	12.93	52	3
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	0	12.93	52	3
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	0	2.81	3	0
Ecchymosis Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.	0	3.57	2	0
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	0	2.25	1	0
Chloroma [description not available]	0	5.33	4	1
Sarcoma, Myeloid An extramedullary tumor of immature MYELOID CELLS or MYELOBLASTS. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	0	5.33	4	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	9.32	41	2
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	11.73	14	13
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	18.72	118	102
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	11.73	14	13
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	18.72	118	102
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	2.25	1	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	3.17	5	0
Seroma Tumor-like sterile accumulation of serum in a tissue, organ, or cavity. It results from a tissue insult and is the product of tissue inflammation. It most commonly occurs following MASTECTOMY.	0	2.72	2	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	4.7	4	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	4.7	4	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	13.3	70	10
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	13.3	70	10
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	13.3	79	5
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	5.05	14	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	5.05	14	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	9.84	42	6
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	9.84	42	6
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	4.12	5	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	10.44	17	7
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	0	10.44	17	7
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	0	2.85	3	0
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis [description not available]	0	5.15	10	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	4.73	6	1
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.63	2	0
Congo Virus Infection [description not available]	0	3.27	5	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	0	4.17	3	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	0	4.17	3	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	2.43	2	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	2.97	4	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	12.77	50	8
Leukemia, Smoldering [description not available]	0	4.84	2	1
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	0	10.67	19	5
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.	0	4.84	2	1
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	0	10.67	19	5
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	13.82	49	6
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	13.82	49	6
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	8.37	20	1
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	0	6.82	4	3
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	0	6.82	4	3
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	8.37	20	1
Co-infection [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	5.66	30	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	0	2.25	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	0	3.55	7	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	0	5.27	3	1
Drop Attack [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	0	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	7.58	16	2
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	7.58	16	2
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	0	13.1	28	10
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	7.97	25	2
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	4.68	27	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	3.9	11	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	3.9	11	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	0	5.09	5	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	6.3	7	2
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	6.3	7	2
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	0	2.25	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	4.07	14	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	5.46	5	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	5.46	5	1
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	0	6.2	4	3
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	7.47	17	1
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	7.47	17	1
Acute Idiopathic Blind Spot Enlargement Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	0	2.25	1	0
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	0	3.06	4	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	3.41	7	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	3.41	7	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	0	5.29	8	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	6.16	11	1
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	6.16	11	1
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	0	5.29	8	0
Rubeola [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	0	2.31	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	8.2	22	1
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	8.2	22	1
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	4.75	6	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	4.75	6	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	0	3.17	1	0
Ventral Hernia [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Hernia, Ventral A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.	0	2.31	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	9.18	9	2
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	9.18	9	2
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	7.73	33	2
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	7.73	33	2
Central European Encephalitis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
West Nile Fever A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)	0	2.5	2	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	0	5.55	5	1
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	0	2.89	3	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	0	2.89	3	0
Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	0	5.38	2	2
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	14.07	64	11
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	0	14.07	64	11
Brucella Infection [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	0	2.31	1	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	5.22	6	2
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	5.22	6	2
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	0	3.64	2	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	0	3.64	2	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	11.58	16	8
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	11.58	16	8
Combined Immunodeficiency, X-Linked [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases Forms of combined immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene for INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA SUBUNIT. Both severe and non-severe subtypes of the disease have been identified.	0	2.25	1	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.93	3	0
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	2.25	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	0	2.5	2	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	3.88	2	1
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	3.88	2	1
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	0	2.25	1	0
Viral Zoonoses Viral infections that may be transmitted between non-human animals and HUMANS.	0	3.23	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	13.77	30	19
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	0	3.17	1	0
Shingles [description not available]	0	7.93	21	4
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.93	21	4
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	6.15	4	3
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	6.15	4	3
Febrile Neutropenia Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.	0	3.47	2	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	8.71	22	3
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	16.6	60	32
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	10.85	20	9
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	0	10.85	20	9
De Quervain Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Thyroiditis, Subacute Spontaneously remitting inflammatory condition of the THYROID GLAND, characterized by FEVER; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; SORE THROAT; severe thyroid PAIN; and an enlarged damaged gland containing GIANT CELLS. The disease frequently follows a viral infection.	0	2.25	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	4.16	6	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	4.16	6	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.87	3	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	0	2.51	2	0
Lassa Virus Infection [description not available]	0	5.15	9	1
Lassa Fever An acute febrile human disease caused by the LASSA VIRUS.	0	5.15	9	1
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	0	2.47	2	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	0	3.47	2	0
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	0	3.23	1	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Eisenmenger Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Eisenmenger Complex A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.	0	2.31	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	0	7.61	12	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	0	7.61	12	1
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	0	2.55	2	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	0	4.3	4	1
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	0	4.3	4	1
Blast Phase [description not available]	0	2.98	4	0
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	0	2.98	4	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	4.87	7	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	3.73	3	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	4.87	7	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	0	3.73	3	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	7.25	8	2
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	0	3.7	1	1
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	7.25	8	2
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	0	3.7	1	1
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	0	3.52	8	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	0	5.15	5	2
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	0	5.15	5	2
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	5.31	4	1
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	0	5.12	3	1
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	0	2.54	2	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	0	5.12	3	1
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	5.31	4	1
Rift Valley Fever An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.	0	2.83	3	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	0	10.8	21	6
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	0	10.8	21	6
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow [description not available]	0	5.3	4	1
Bone Marrow Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.	0	5.3	4	1
Genome Instability [description not available]	0	3.96	4	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	0	7.99	9	6
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	0	6.23	4	3
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	0	7.99	9	6
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	0	6.23	4	3
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	0	5.68	6	1
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	0	2.31	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	0	2.97	4	0
Infection Reactivation [description not available]	0	3.7	1	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	2.54	2	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	0	2.5	2	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	5.44	22	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	5.44	22	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	3.41	7	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	0	4.13	3	1
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	0	4.13	3	1
Aura [description not available]	0	4.39	7	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	4.39	7	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	0	3.83	3	0
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Congenital Immunodeficiency Disease [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Genetic immunologic deficiency diseases and syndromes due to mutations in genes involved in IMMUNITY generally characterized by an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. They are often associated with AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE manifestations.	0	2.31	1	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	0	5.39	4	1
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	0	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	10.03	32	4
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	10.03	32	4
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	0	2.31	1	0
California Encephalitis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	0	2.31	1	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	0	8.38	8	4
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	0	2.31	1	0
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	0	8.38	8	4
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Hepatitis E Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.	0	2.31	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	0	3.13	4	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	0	3.13	4	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	6.74	14	1
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	11.74	14	1
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	0	3.23	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	3.7	1	1
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	0	3.7	1	1
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	3.51	8	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	3.51	8	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	11.19	41	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	11.19	41	1
Polyomavirus Infections Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).	0	2.79	3	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I [description not available]	0	3.55	2	0
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)	0	3.55	2	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	5.62	3	2
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	12.9	23	16
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	2.99	4	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	7.73	23	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	7.73	23	1
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	0	2.79	3	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	8.31	27	5
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	8.31	27	5
Avian Diseases [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Borna Disease An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by BORNA DISEASE VIRUS.	0	2.15	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	4.91	36	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	2.15	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	0	2.46	2	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	4.39	4	1
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	4.39	4	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	9.67	31	4
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	9.67	31	4
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	16.41	65	35
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	0	8.06	11	3
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	9.63	35	15
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	16.41	65	35
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	0	8.06	11	3
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	9.63	35	15
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	0	5.86	4	2
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	13.97	46	7
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	0	2.8	3	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	0	2.8	3	0
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	0	13.61	30	13
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	4.11	3	1
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	0	13.61	30	13
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	4.11	3	1
Leukostasis Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.	0	2.15	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	10.43	14	6
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	10.43	14	6
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	0	2.17	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	0	2.15	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	0	3.44	7	0
Carcinoid Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of gastrointestinal CARCINOID TUMOR that metastasizes to the liver. Substances secreted by the tumor cells, including SEROTONIN, promote fibrous plaque formation in ENDOCARDIUM and its underlying layers. These deposits cause distortion of the TRICUSPID VALVE and the PULMONARY VALVE eventually leading to STENOSIS and valve regurgitation.	0	2.15	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	7.19	20	1
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	0	4.84	12	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	0	4.84	12	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	4.29	7	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	4.29	7	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	0	2.79	3	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Congenital Varicella Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	2.53	2	0
Marburg Disease [description not available]	0	3.11	4	0
Marburg Virus Disease An RNA virus infection of rhesus, vervet, and squirrel monkeys transmissible to man.	0	3.11	4	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	0	7.65	9	4
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.85	15	3
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	0	5.35	4	1
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	0	5.35	4	1
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	0	4.25	6	0
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	2.97	4	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	3.44	7	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	3.44	7	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	2.17	1	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	0	2.17	1	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	0	6.32	4	2
Infections, Respirovirus [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	0	9.41	30	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	0	3.63	9	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	7.76	34	0
Atheroma [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	0	3.91	4	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	10.68	31	5
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	10.68	31	5
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	0	3.91	4	0
Cherubism A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination.	0	3.09	1	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	0	3.47	2	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	0	3.47	2	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.5	8	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	0	4.95	13	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	0	4.95	13	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	6.23	12	0
B-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	0	5.94	5	1
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	6.23	12	0
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.	0	2.17	1	0
Armstrong Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Hendra Virus Infections [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	0	2.59	2	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	0	2.17	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	0	2.59	2	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	0	3.56	1	1
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	4.46	5	1
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	4.66	10	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	3.18	5	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	4.66	10	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	3.18	5	0
Filoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family FILOVIRIDAE. The infections in humans consist of a variety of clinically similar viral hemorrhagic fevers but the natural reservoir host is unknown.	0	2.59	2	0
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	2.82	3	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	7.93	24	2
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	7.93	24	2
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	0	2.82	3	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	2.95	4	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	8.03	15	2
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	3.64	3	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	0	4.18	3	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	0	4.18	3	0
Nevi, Melanocytic [description not available]	0	4.2	3	0
Nevus, Pigmented A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.	0	4.2	3	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	3.92	12	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	3.92	12	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	4.9	13	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	4.9	13	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.17	1	0
Pappataci Fever [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Flavivirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.	0	2.59	2	0
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)	0	2.17	1	0
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	0	2.17	1	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.	0	2.17	1	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	0	4.13	5	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	0	2.8	3	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	0	2.8	3	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	0	3.59	1	1
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	0	3.59	1	1
Charcot-Bouchard Aneurysm [description not available]	0	3.09	1	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	0	3.3	2	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	4.68	6	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	4.27	6	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	0	3.95	2	1
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	0	3.95	2	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	7.14	11	2
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	7.14	11	2
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	0	2.21	1	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	0	5.33	4	3
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	2.21	1	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	0	2.21	1	0
Fowl Paralysis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	4.75	7	1
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	0	2.21	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	3.45	7	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	3.45	7	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	0	2.52	2	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	0	7.24	4	2
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	0	2.98	4	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	0	2.21	1	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	0	2.98	4	0
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	0	3.12	1	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	0	7.71	7	2
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	0	4.15	3	1
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	0	4.15	3	1
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Infections, Hantavirus [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Acute respiratory illness in humans caused by the SIN NOMBRE VIRUS whose primary rodent reservoir is the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. First identified in the southwestern United States, this syndrome is characterized most commonly by fever, myalgias, headache, cough, and rapid respiratory failure.	0	3.45	2	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	0	3.12	1	0
Hantavirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.	0	3.12	1	0
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	0	2.49	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	6	3	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	6	3	1
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	0	7.83	18	1
AL Amyloidosis [description not available]	0	9.32	17	2
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.	0	9.32	17	2
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.66	9	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	0	3.66	9	0
ATLL [description not available]	0	7.76	15	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	0	7.76	15	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	0	5.29	4	1
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	0	12.55	46	1
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	0	12.55	46	1
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	0	2.49	2	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	0	2.5	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	3.88	2	1
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	0	3.88	2	1
Psychoses [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	2.72	3	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	4.43	8	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	7.61	20	3
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	0	7.61	20	3
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	4.7	3	2
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Nelson Syndrome A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY.	0	2.08	1	0
Central Nervous System Cysts Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.	0	2.08	1	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	0	2.08	1	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	0	5.89	8	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	0	5.89	8	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	0	2.08	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	17.74	79	48
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	17.74	79	48
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	2.49	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	0	2.75	3	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	0	2.47	2	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	0	2.97	4	0
Angiitis [description not available]	0	4.53	5	0
Cryoglobulinemia A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.	0	3.89	4	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	4.53	5	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	0	2.08	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	4.02	5	0
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.	0	3.31	6	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	3.3	6	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	2.46	2	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	0	3.9	4	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	0	3.9	4	0
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Scleroderma, Diffuse A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.	0	2.08	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	7.74	24	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	0	3.68	3	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	4.93	8	1
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	0	7.87	23	2
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	2.48	2	0
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	0	2.08	1	0
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	0	2.08	1	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	4.93	8	1
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	0	2.08	1	0
Immunoblastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.67	3	0
Aggressive Natural Killer Cell Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic A spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood LYMPHOCYTE populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. Subtypes develop from either CD3-negative NATURAL KILLER CELLS or CD3-positive T-CELLS. The clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease.	0	2.49	2	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	0	8.11	11	2
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	0	8.11	11	2
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	0	4.55	5	1
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	0	4.55	5	1
Leukemia, Plasmacytic [description not available]	0	8.22	37	0
Leukemia, Plasma Cell A rare, aggressive variant of MULTIPLE MYELOMA characterized by the circulation of excessive PLASMA CELLS in the peripheral blood. It can be a primary manifestation of multiple myeloma or develop as a terminal complication during the disease.	0	8.22	37	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	0	4.29	18	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	0	4.29	18	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	8.95	10	4
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	8.95	10	4
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.48	2	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	5.25	20	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	4.42	8	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	4.42	8	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	7.03	28	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	0	7.03	28	0
Diathesis [description not available]	0	4.7	6	1
Rhabdomyosarcoma 2 [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. Alveolar refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	0	2.08	1	0
Male Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Male Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.	0	2.1	1	0
Crow-Fukase Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.09	15	0
POEMS Syndrome A multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy (POLYNEUROPATHIES), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. Other clinical features which may be present include EDEMA; CACHEXIA; microangiopathic glomerulopathy; pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY); cutaneous necrosis; THROMBOCYTOSIS; and POLYCYTHEMIA. This disorder is frequently associated with osteosclerotic myeloma. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1335; Rev Med Interne 1997;18(7):553-62)	0	6.09	15	0
ARPKD [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive A genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS and associated LIVER lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at BIRTH with high PERINATAL MORTALITY.	0	2.08	1	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	0	3.01	4	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	7.07	10	2
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	7.07	10	2
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	0	13.66	29	25
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	0	2.08	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	0	3.63	3	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	0	2.1	1	0
Cerebral Nocardiosis [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	4.05	14	0
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral [description not available]	0	7.82	8	2
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.	0	7.82	8	2
Histiocytic Necrotising Lymphadenitis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Glandular Fever [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	0	2.08	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	3.43	7	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	3.43	7	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.67	3	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	0	3.67	3	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	0	2.39	2	0
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.97	8	1
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	0	7.97	8	1
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	0	2.49	2	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	8.86	14	2
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	0	2.99	4	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	3.57	9	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	0	2.08	1	0
Stomatitis, Vesicular [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	0	2.73	3	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	3.26	6	0
Absence Status [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	0	2.08	1	0
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	0	3.84	4	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	2.08	1	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	3.84	4	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	11.74	23	17
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	2.08	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	8.25	17	1
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	0	4.6	3	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	5.08	3	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	5.08	3	1
Benign Monoclonal Gammopathies [description not available]	0	7.92	18	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	0	4.05	5	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	3.29	6	0
Flank Pain Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.	0	2.08	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	10.74	21	6
Angina at Rest [description not available]	0	6.45	4	4
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	6.45	4	4
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	8.78	12	4
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	8.78	12	4
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	0	4.38	2	2
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	0	4.38	2	2
Back Ache [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	0	3.42	2	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	0	2.5	2	0
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	0	3.69	3	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	8.95	10	4
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	8.95	10	4
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	0	4.6	9	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	0	4.6	9	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	0	3.89	2	1
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	6.61	19	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	6.61	19	1
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	10.53	14	5
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	0	2.1	1	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	0	2.1	1	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	0	2.1	1	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	3.92	4	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	0	2.1	1	0
Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes, Congenital [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	0	2.46	2	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	0	2.92	4	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	0	2.1	1	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	0	2.49	2	0
Pemphigoid [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	4.69	10	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	0	2.1	1	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	0	2.51	2	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	4.69	10	0
Central Nervous System Viral Diseases Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.	0	2.1	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	8.15	8	3
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	8.15	8	3
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	0	4.4	1	1
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	0	4.4	1	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	4.16	3	1
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	0	3.48	1	1
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	0	3.48	1	1
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.16	3	1
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	3.48	1	1
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	3.17	5	0
Franklin Disease [description not available]	0	3.7	3	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	4.52	5	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	4.68	10	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	4.68	10	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	0	5.95	5	1
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	0	3.5	1	1
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	0	5.95	5	1
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	0	3.5	1	1
Tumour Lysis Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.13	10	1
Tumor Lysis Syndrome A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.	0	5.13	10	1
Fasciitis, Necrotizing A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.	0	2.48	2	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	2.1	1	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	2.1	1	0
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	2.44	2	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Ph 1 Chromosome [description not available]	0	5.48	5	1
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	5.1	5	2
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	0	5.1	5	2
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	0	2.1	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	4.03	5	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	4.03	5	0
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	0	3.01	1	0
Varices [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	0	2.1	1	0
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	0	2.52	2	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	0	2.43	2	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Aplasia Pure Red Cell [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.	0	2.49	2	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	0	13.44	29	8
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	0	2.1	1	0
Diplopia A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.	0	2.1	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	0	5.88	5	5
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	0	5.88	5	5
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	0	2.76	3	0
Autonomic Failure, Pure [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Chalazia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Chalazion A non-neoplastic cyst of the MEIBOMIAN GLANDS of the eyelid.	0	2.1	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	5.28	4	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	5.47	5	1
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	0	2.1	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	0	3.4	2	0
Blood Coagulation Factor Deficiencies [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	0	2.1	1	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	0	2.46	2	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.98	4	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	2.1	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	0	2.79	3	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	0	6.88	8	2
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	0	6.88	8	2
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	0	6.36	8	2
Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.4	2	0
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	0	2.1	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	0	5.28	4	3
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	0	5.28	4	3
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	0	2.1	1	0
Neurovisceral Storage Disease with Vertical Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of CHOLESTEROL and SPHINGOMYELINS in cells of the VISCERA and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Type C (or C1) and type D are allelic disorders caused by mutation of the NPC1 gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol transport from LYSOSOMES. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. Type D is a variant in people with a Nova Scotia ancestry.	0	2.1	1	0
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy A disorder characterized by proliferation of arborizing small vessels, prominent immunoblastic proliferations and amorphous acidophilic interstitial material. Clinical manifestations include fever, sweats, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy and frequently hepatosplenomegaly.	0	2.1	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	0	2.43	2	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	0	2.1	1	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	0	4.71	6	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	0	4.71	6	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Spider Veins [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	0	2.99	4	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	0	8.26	14	3
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	0	8.26	14	3
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Lichen Myxedematosus [description not available]	0	4.23	6	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	0	3.42	2	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	0	3.42	2	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	2.46	2	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	0	2.1	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	2.73	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	0	3.9	4	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	0	3.9	4	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	0	2.48	2	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.48	2	0
Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome An hereditary hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with variations in the gene that encodes COMPLEMENT FACTOR H, or the related proteins CFHR1 and CFHR3. Disease often progresses to CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE without the prodromal symptoms of ENTEROCOLITIS and DIARRHEA that characterize typical hemolytic uremic syndrome.	0	2.11	1	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	0	2.1	1	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	2.43	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	0	2.1	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	6.43	9	2
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	0	2.97	4	0
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	0	2.11	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	0	2.11	1	0
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	0	2.11	1	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	0	6.27	14	3
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	6.27	14	3
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Liposarcoma A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.11	1	0
Neoplasms, Plasma Cell Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS.	0	2.77	3	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	0	3.86	2	1
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	0	3.86	2	1
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	4.2	6	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	5.26	4	1
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	0	5.26	4	1
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	5.69	7	3
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	5.69	7	3
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	5.91	9	1
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	5.91	9	1
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	0	4.2	3	1
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	5.82	8	1
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	5.08	3	1
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	0	5.08	3	1
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	0	4.06	5	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	0	4.06	5	0
Angiofollicular Lymph Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	4.48	8	0
Castleman Disease Large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. The more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. Plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing IgM and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A.	0	4.48	8	0
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome A nonfamilial polyposis syndrome that is characterized by the presence of diffuse gastrointestinal polyposis, DIARRHEA, and PROTEIN-LOSING ENTEROPATHY. It was first reported by Cronkhite and Canada in 1955.	0	2.11	1	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	0	10.32	15	11
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	0	10.32	15	11
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	0	3.49	8	0
Acute Mesenteric Arterial Embolus [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	3.03	1	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	0	3.03	1	0
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	0	2.13	1	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	0	3.39	2	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	3.32	6	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	0	2.11	1	0
Kaposi Disease [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.	0	2.11	1	0
Lentigines [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Lentigo Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).	0	2.13	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	6.33	8	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	6.33	8	1
Histiocytosis General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.	0	2.49	2	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	5	9	1
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	5	9	1
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	0	2.11	1	0
Acneiform Eruptions Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575)	0	2.49	2	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	0	2.49	2	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	0	2.11	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	3.87	4	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	3.87	4	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	0	3.33	2	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	0	2.11	1	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	3.35	2	0
Embolus [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	0	3.04	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	0	4.09	5	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	0	4.09	5	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	0	2.13	1	0
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.	0	4.43	1	1
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	0	2.13	1	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	0	2.13	1	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	0	2.13	1	0
Bruise [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	0	2.13	1	0
Lethargy A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.	0	3.51	1	1
Emesis [description not available]	0	8.77	8	6
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	8.77	8	6
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	2.13	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Iris Diseases Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.	0	2.13	1	0
Eye Infections, Viral Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.	0	2.13	1	0
Panuveitis Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.	0	2.13	1	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	0	2.13	1	0
Autoimmune Experimental Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	0	2.13	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	0	2.45	2	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	0	2.45	2	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)	0	2.13	1	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	0	2.15	1	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Atrophic Muscular Disorders [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	4.87	8	1
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	4.87	8	1
Atrial Remodeling Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.	0	2.15	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	0	2.15	1	0
Encephalitis, Saint Louis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	0	4.65	10	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	0	4.65	10	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	0	3.76	2	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	0	3.76	2	0
Postherpetic Neuralgia [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Neuralgia, Postherpetic Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.	0	2.45	2	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	4.31	4	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	4.31	4	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.9	4	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	0	2.04	1	0
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	0	3.65	3	0
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.	0	2.46	2	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	0	2.46	2	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	0	3.28	6	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	3.12	5	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	2.46	2	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	0	2.05	1	0
Exanthema Subitum An acute, short-lived, viral disease of infants and young children characterized by a high fever at onset that drops to normal after 3-4 days and the concomitant appearance of a macular or maculopapular rash that appears first on the trunk and then spreads to other areas. It is the sixth of the classical exanthematous diseases and is caused by HHV-6; (HERPESVIRUS 6, HUMAN). (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.05	1	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	0	4.05	5	0
AIDS-Associated Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.88	4	0
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.	0	3.88	4	0
Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.	0	2.44	2	0
Arenaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ARENAVIRIDAE.	0	3.36	2	0
Cutis Laxa A group of connective tissue diseases in which skin hangs in loose pendulous folds. It is believed to be associated with decreased elastic tissue formation as well as an abnormality in elastin formation. Cutis laxa is usually a genetic disease, but acquired cases have been reported. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.38	2	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.84	2	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	3.84	2	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	0	4.12	3	1
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	0	4.12	3	1
Cancer of Granulosa Cells [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	0	5.08	5	2
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	5.08	5	2
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	5.97	3	3
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	0	2.96	4	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	2.05	1	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	0	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	0	3.34	2	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	0	2.96	1	0
Basilar Artery Insufficiency [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Xerophthalmia Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.	0	2.05	1	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	0	3.14	5	0
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Axon Reaction [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Human Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Adenovirus Infections, Human Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.	0	2.05	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	0	2.37	2	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	0	2.05	1	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	0	3.78	2	1
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	0	3.78	2	1
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	0	3.37	2	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	2.46	2	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	2.96	4	0
Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine A form of arboviral encephalitis (which primarily affects horses) endemic to western and central regions of NORTH AMERICA. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, WESTERN EQUINE) may be transferred to humans via the bite of mosquitoes (CULEX tarsalis and others). Clinical manifestations include headache and influenza-like symptoms followed by alterations in mentation, SEIZURES, and COMA. DEATH occurs in a minority of cases. Survivors may recover fully or be left with residual neurologic dysfunction, including PARKINSONISM, POSTENCEPHALITIC. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-9)	0	2.05	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	0	2.45	2	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	0	2.7	3	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	0	2.05	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	0	2.75	3	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	0	2.68	3	0
Itching [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	2.46	2	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	0	2.05	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	0	2.97	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	0	5.09	7	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	5.09	7	0
Familial Fatal Insomnia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Aesthesioneuroblastoma [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory A malignant olfactory neuroblastoma arising from the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity and cribriform plate. It is uncommon (3% of nasal tumors) and rarely is associated with the production of excess hormones (e.g., SIADH, Cushing Syndrome). It has a high propensity for multiple local recurrences and bony metastases. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3rd ed, p1245; J Laryngol Otol 1998 Jul;112(7):628-33)	0	2.05	1	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	0	5.61	18	1
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	0	5.61	18	1
Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis A form of systemic mastocytosis in which patients have impaired organ functions due to multifocal infiltrates of pathological MAST CELLS in bone marrow, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or skeletal system. The cytomorphology shows a low to high grade.	0	3.37	2	0
Mastocytosis, Systemic A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.	0	3.37	2	0
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	0	2.05	1	0
Christmas Disease [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Hemophilia B A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)	0	2.46	2	0
Sycosis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	0	2.05	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	0	2.05	1	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	2.44	2	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	0	3.88	4	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	0	3.88	4	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	0	2.05	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.	0	2.05	1	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	0	2.74	3	0
Cystic Angiomatosis Of Bone, Diffuse [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	0	2.72	3	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Polyploid [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	0	4.51	5	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	0	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	0	2.05	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	4.32	7	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	4.32	7	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.72	3	0
Diastolic Heart Failure [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Heart Failure, Diastolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.	0	2.05	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	0	3.78	2	1
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	0	3.78	2	1
Skin Diseases, Vascular Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.	0	5.03	3	1
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	0	4.69	3	2
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	0	4.69	3	2
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	2.05	1	0
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	0	2.05	1	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	0	2.73	3	0
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	0	2.97	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	0	2.05	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	0	2.05	1	0
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	0	3.36	2	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	0	2.05	1	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	0	2.05	1	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	0	2.46	2	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	3.44	1	1
Deficiency, IgA [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
CCMMT [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	0	2.47	2	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	2.72	3	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	0	2.72	3	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	0	5.72	11	2
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4 [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.	0	2.45	2	0
Entomophthoramycosis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Zygomycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.	0	2.05	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	2.42	2	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	0	2.95	4	0
Hemangioma, Capillary A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer Syndromes, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Hand Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the hand.	0	3.44	1	1
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	2.05	1	0
Leiomyomatosis The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.05	1	0
Protein Folding Diseases [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	0	2.05	1	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	0	2.47	2	0
Atrioventricular Conduction Block [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Atrioventricular Block Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.	0	2.06	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	0	7.67	7	2
Extranodal NK-T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.	0	2.98	1	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	0	5.67	2	1
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	5.67	2	1
Connective Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	0	2.05	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	0	2.91	4	0
Cancer of the Tonsil [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Tonsillar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.	0	2.06	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	3.66	3	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	3.66	3	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	0	2.06	1	0
Activated Protein C Resistance A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.	0	2.06	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	0	2.98	1	0
Icterus [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	0	2.42	2	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	0	4.66	3	2
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	0	4.66	3	2
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	0	2.07	1	0
Corneal Dystrophies [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.07	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	0	2.06	1	0
Lymphangiectasis A transient dilatation of the lymphatic vessels.	0	2.47	2	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	0	2.07	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	0	2.06	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	0	2.06	1	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	0	2.06	1	0
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	0	3.87	4	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II An autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE deficiency. Large amounts of GLYCOGEN accumulate in the LYSOSOMES of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL); HEART; LIVER; SPINAL CORD; and BRAIN. Three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. The infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC). The childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. The adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (From Muscle Nerve 1995;3:S61-9; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4)	0	2.77	3	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	0	2.47	2	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	5.52	9	2
17p11.2 Monosomy [description not available]	0	4.37	1	1
Smith-Magenis Syndrome Complex neurobehavioral disorder characterized by distinctive facial features (FACIES), developmental delay and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Behavioral phenotypes include sleep disturbance, maladaptive, self-injurious and attention-seeking behaviors. The sleep disturbance is linked to an abnormal circadian secretion pattern of MELATONIN. The syndrome is associated with de novo deletion or mutation and HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY of the retinoic acid-induced 1 protein on chromosome 17p11.2.	0	4.37	1	1
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	2.73	3	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	6.7	12	2
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	0	2.99	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Distal Muscular Dystrophies [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle A heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy that can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. There are many forms (called LGMDs) involving genes encoding muscle membrane proteins such as the sarcoglycan (SARCOGLYCANS) complex that interacts with DYSTROPHIN. The disease is characterized by progressing wasting and weakness of the proximal muscles of arms and legs around the HIPS and SHOULDERS (the pelvic and shoulder girdles).	0	2.99	1	0
Distal Myopathies A heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive MUSCULAR ATROPHY and MUSCLE WEAKNESS beginning in the hands, the legs, or the feet. Most are adult-onset autosomal dominant forms. Others are autosomal recessive.	0	2.99	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.07	1	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	2.07	1	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Adenoma Sebaceum Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis	0	2.07	1	0
Tuberous Sclerosis Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.	0	2.07	1	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	0	2.07	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.98	5	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	0	2.07	1	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	0	3.86	2	1
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	0	3.86	2	1
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	2.07	1	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Brittle Bone Disease [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.	0	2.07	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	0	4.45	5	1
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	0	4.45	5	1
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	0	2.07	1	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	0	4.37	1	1
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	0	7.14	8	5
Merkel Cell Cancer [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Carcinoma, Merkel Cell A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)	0	2.07	1	0
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	0	2.75	3	0
Black Fever [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	0	2.07	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	0	4.37	1	1
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	0	4.37	1	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	0	2.07	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	0	2.7	3	0
Conjunctival Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	2.08	1	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	0	2.07	1	0
Shoulder Pain Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.	0	2.07	1	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)	0	2.07	1	0
Erythroderma, Sezary [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Sezary Syndrome A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).	0	2.46	2	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	0	4.06	3	1
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	0	4.06	3	1
Groenblad-Strandberg Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.	0	2.08	1	0
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	0	2.07	1	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	0	2.08	1	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	0	8.67	15	5
Buschke's Scleredema [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Scleredema Adultorum A diffuse, non-pitting induration of the skin of unknown etiology that occurs most commonly in association with diabetes mellitus, predominantly in females. It typically begins on the face or head and spreads to other areas of the body, sometimes involving noncutaneous tissues. Often it is preceded by any of various infections, notably staphylococcal infections. The condition resolves spontaneously, usually within two years of onset. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.08	1	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	0	2.07	1	0
Impotence [description not available]	0	4.11	3	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	4.11	3	1
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	2.07	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	0	2.08	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	4.39	1	1
Systemic Vasculitis A heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel walls.	0	2.07	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	0	2.08	1	0
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.	0	2.08	1	0
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	0	4.39	1	1
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	0	4.39	1	1
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	2.08	1	0
Binge Eating [description not available]	0	4.39	1	1
Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.	0	4.39	1	1
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Diaphragmatic Paralysis [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	0	2.49	2	0
Osteosclerosis An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.	0	3.38	2	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	0	3.39	1	1
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	0	6.14	8	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	0	6.14	8	0
Anterior Urethral Stricture [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Urethral Stricture Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.	0	2.01	1	0
Marasmus [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	0	2.42	2	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	7.31	14	2
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	7.31	14	2
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	3.59	9	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	0	2.42	2	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Egyptian Ophthalmia [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	9.94	51	15
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	9.94	51	15
Silicotuberculosis Pulmonary or extrapulmonary infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or nontuberculous mycobacteria in a patient with silicosis.	0	1.93	1	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	1.94	1	0
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.94	3	3
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.	0	5.94	3	3
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	0	3.4	1	1
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	0	3.68	10	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	2.66	3	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	3.62	3	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	3.62	3	0
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection [description not available]	0	5.41	6	0
HTLV-I Infections Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.	0	5.41	6	0
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.	0	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	0	8.53	10	2
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	0	8.53	10	2
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	0	3.09	5	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	0	2.93	1	0
Angiomatosis Retinae [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
von Hippel-Lindau Disease An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.	0	2.02	1	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	2.38	2	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	0	2.02	1	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	0	2.02	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	0	4.89	4	2
Bilateral Deafness [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	0	2.02	1	0
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	0	2.02	1	0
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	2.02	1	0
Scrofuloderma [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Bone Tuberculosis [description not available]	0	4.59	3	2
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	0	2.02	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	2.02	1	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	0	2.44	2	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	0	2.02	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	2.02	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	0	2.94	1	0
Congenital Errors of Steroid Metabolism [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	0	4.32	1	1
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	4.32	1	1
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	0	4.32	1	1
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	4.32	1	1
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	0	2.72	3	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	0	2.02	1	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Bulbar Palsy [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	2.02	1	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	0	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	0	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)	0	3.86	1	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.44	2	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	0	2.03	1	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	0	2.03	1	0
Wasting Disease [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.	0	2.03	1	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	0	2.03	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	0	3.09	5	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	0	4.74	2	1
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	0	2.03	1	0
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Aldrich Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.	0	2.03	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	0	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Jaw [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hemorrhage, Oral [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Anti-GBM Disease [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.	0	2.03	1	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	0	2.37	2	0
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic [description not available]	0	3.11	5	0
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.	0	3.11	5	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	2.03	1	0
BOOP [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	0	4.34	1	1
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	2.03	1	0
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.	0	2.04	1	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	0	2.03	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	2.03	1	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	2.95	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, T Cell [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell A lymphoid leukemia characterized by a profound LYMPHOCYTOSIS with or without LYMPHADENOPATHY, hepatosplenomegaly, frequently rapid progression, and short survival. It was formerly called T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	0	2.03	1	0
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.04	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	0	2.03	1	0
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell Group of disorders which feature accumulations of active HISTIOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTES, but where the histiocytes are not LANGERHANS CELLS. The group includes HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS; SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS; xanthogranuloma; reticulohistiocytoma; JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA; xanthoma disseminatum; as well as the lipid storage diseases (SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTE SYNDROME; and NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES).	0	2.04	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	0	2.4	2	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Breast Cancer, Male [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Breast Neoplasms, Male Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.	0	3.43	1	1
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	0	2.04	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	2.65	3	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	0	1.94	1	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	0	1.94	1	0
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	0	1.94	1	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	0	2.37	2	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	0	8.17	24	5
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	1	10.17	24	5
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	0	1.96	1	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	0	5.69	11	2
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	9.59	33	16
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	8.19	32	10
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	0	5.69	11	2
Bronchospasm [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	0	2.64	3	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	3.75	2	1
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	0	3.75	2	1
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	3.98	14	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	0	2.37	2	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	4.6	6	1
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	0	2.37	2	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	4.6	6	1
Diabetes, Phosphate [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Rachitis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hypophosphatemia, Familial An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.	0	1.96	1	0
Pseudohypoparathyroidism A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.	0	1.96	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	0	4.26	4	1
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	0	4.26	4	1
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	0	1.96	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	2.36	2	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	0	5.17	4	1
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	0	5.17	4	1
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	4.25	4	1
Cardiac Edema [description not available]	0	4.3	2	2
Edema, Cardiac Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).	0	4.3	2	2
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	0	1.96	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	0	2.35	2	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	0	4.26	4	1
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	0	2.36	2	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	0	1.98	1	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	0	1.98	1	0
Xanthoma [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	5.79	6	4
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.	0	5.79	6	4
Deficiency, Yang [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	0	2.39	2	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	3.76	2	1
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	0	1.98	1	0
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	1.98	1	0
Cardiovirus Infections Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.	0	3.3	2	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	1.98	1	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	0	6.14	7	5
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	0	6.14	7	5
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	0	1.98	1	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Eosinophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	0	6.45	6	3
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	0	6.45	6	3
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	0	2.36	2	0
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.9	1	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	2.9	1	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	0	1.98	1	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	0	1.98	1	0
Leanness [description not available]	0	4.35	2	2
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	2.39	2	0
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.	0	1.99	1	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	0	1.99	1	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	0	3.38	1	1
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	0	2.91	4	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	0	2.91	4	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	0	2.89	4	0
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	0	2.91	1	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	0	6.23	4	2
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	0	6.23	4	2
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	0	3.75	2	1
Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	0	2.91	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.99	1	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	0	1.99	1	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	0	4.35	2	2
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	0	4.35	2	2
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	2	1	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	0	2.4	2	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	0	2.65	3	0
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	0	1.99	1	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	5.56	3	2
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	0	3.39	1	1
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	0	3.39	1	1
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at multiple sites. MUTATION of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, a component of the DNA DAMAGE response pathway, apparently predisposes family members who inherit it to develop certain cancers. The spectrum of cancers in the syndrome was shown to include, in addition to BREAST CANCER and soft tissue sarcomas (SARCOMA); BRAIN TUMORS; OSTEOSARCOMA; LEUKEMIA; and ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA.	0	2	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	0	2	1	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	0	4.35	2	2
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	0	4.35	2	2
Porphyria [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	0	2	1	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.36	2	2
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	0	4.36	2	2
Suffocation [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	0	2	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	0	2	1	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	0	2	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	0	2	1	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.01	1	0
Acute Porphyria [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.	0	2.01	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	2.92	1	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	0	4.31	1	1
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	0	4.31	1	1
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	0	1.95	1	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	2.35	2	0
Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	0	3.34	7	0
Coenuri Infection [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Cysticercosis Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.	0	2.36	2	0
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Infections, Taenia [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Monieziasis Infection of ruminants with tapeworms of the genus Moniezia.	0	1.95	1	0
Taeniasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.	0	3.05	5	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	0	1.95	1	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	2.35	2	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	0	2.86	4	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	0	3.33	1	1
Arthropathies [description not available]	0	4.02	3	1
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	0	3.33	1	1
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	0	4.02	3	1
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.	0	2.38	2	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	0	3.36	1	1
Acanthosis Nigricans A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.	0	1.98	1	0
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.	0	1.97	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	0	2.36	2	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	0	1.97	1	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	0	1.97	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	0	1.97	1	0
Eosinophilic Granuloma The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.	0	1.97	1	0
Schistosoma haematobia Infection [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Schistosomiasis haematobia A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.	0	3.76	2	1
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	0	1.97	1	0
Hyperchylomicronemia Late Onset [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	0	2.88	1	0
CKD-MBD [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.	0	1.96	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Action Tremor [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	0	2.88	1	0
Broad Beta Disease [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.	0	3.35	1	1
Affective Disorders [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	0	1.96	1	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	0	4.84	8	1
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	2.35	2	0
Fatigue, Mental [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	0	1.95	1	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	0	2.35	2	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	0	1.95	1	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	0	1.95	1	0
Acne [description not available]	0	3.33	1	1
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	0	3.33	1	1
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	0	1.94	1	0
Equine Infectious Anemia Viral disease of horses caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV; INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS, EQUINE). It is characterized by intermittent fever, weakness, and anemia. Chronic infection consists of acute episodes with remissions.	0	1.94	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.	0	1.95	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.35	2	0
Adjustment Disorder [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Adjustment Disorders Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.	0	1.95	1	0
Spondylitis Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.	0	1.94	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	0	4.42	5	1
Hansen Disease [description not available]	0	3.04	5	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	0	3.04	5	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Jaw Fractures Fractures of the upper or lower jaw.	0	1.94	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	0	1.94	1	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	0	2.35	2	0
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Congenital Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	0	1.94	1	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	0	1.94	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)	0	1.94	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	1.95	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	1.95	1	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	0	1.95	1	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	0	8.74	2	1
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	0	2.86	1	0
Tuberculosis, Urogenital A general term for MYCOBACTERIUM infections of any part of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	0	4.93	3	1
Duhring Disease [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	0	1.94	1	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	0	2.35	2	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	0	1.94	1	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	0	1.94	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	0	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	0	1.94	1	0
Tuberculosis, Miliary An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.	0	4.02	3	1
Empyema, Pleural, Tuberculous [description not available]	0	4.02	3	1
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	0	4.02	3	1
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	0	4.02	3	1
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	1.94	1	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	0	1.94	1	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	0	1.94	1	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	0	1.94	1	0
Psychoses, Alcoholic A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.	0	1.94	1	0
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	0	1.94	1	0
Pleurisy, Tuberculous [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0

pyrazines

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