isoxazoles profile

Isoxazoles are five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing one nitrogen and two oxygen atoms. They are known for their diverse pharmacological activities and have attracted significant attention in medicinal chemistry research. Isoxazoles are versatile building blocks in organic synthesis and have been extensively studied for their potential applications in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Their synthesis typically involves the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrile oxides with alkynes or alkenes. The presence of the nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the isoxazole ring contributes to its unique chemical and biological properties. For example, the nitrogen atom can act as a hydrogen bond acceptor, while the oxygen atoms can participate in various interactions, such as dipole-dipole interactions. Isoxazole derivatives have been shown to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anticonvulsant effects. Their structural versatility and potential for modification allow for the development of novel compounds with improved pharmacological profiles. The study of isoxazoles is driven by their significant potential as lead compounds for the development of new drugs and therapeutic agents.'
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Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	9254
CHEMBL ID	13257
CHEBI ID	35595
MeSH ID	M0011807

Synonym
AC-16452
nsc137774
288-14-2
isoxazole
1-oxa-2-azacyclopentadiene
nsc-137774
CHEBI:35595 ,
isooxazole
1,2-oxazole
inchi=1/c3h3no/c1-2-4-5-3-1/h1-3
isoxazole, 99%
CHEMBL13257
I0372
AKOS005254996
isoxazoles
A819607
STL168868
einecs 206-018-7
unii-00srw0m6pw
00srw0m6pw ,
nsc 137774
FT-0627539
BP-21289
AM81392
2-azafuran
DTXSID7059775
Q-201258
STR08895
mfcd00003149
F0001-0901
F14866
Q899683
EN300-31051
CS-W011365
HY-W010649

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Benzisoxazoles are an important structure and some benzisoxazole-based medicines have been approved for human clinical use, including atypical antipsychotics (risperidone, paliperidone and iloperidone) and an anticonvulsant (zonisamide)."	( 1,2-Benzisoxazole compounds: a patent review (2009 - 2014). Uto, Y, 2015)	0.9
"Isoxazoles are an important class of compounds of potential therapeutic value. "	( 5-Amino-3-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxylic acid hydrazide derivatives with in vitro immunomodulatory activities. Drynda, A; Kochanowska, I; Mączyński, M; Obmińska-Mrukowicz, B; Ryng, S; Zaczyńska, E; Zimecki, M, 2017)	1.9

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Benzisoxazoles have been widely used as pharmacophores in the search for novel drug candidates in a variety of therapeutic area."	( 1,2-Benzisoxazole compounds: a patent review (2009 - 2014). Uto, Y, 2015)	0.9

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Upon treatment of isoxazoles with an electrophilic fluorinating agent (Selectfluor), fluorination followed by deprotonation leads to tertiary fluorinated carbonyl compounds."	( Ring-Opening Fluorination of Isoxazoles. Komatsuda, M; Kondo, H; Ohki, H; Suto, A; Yamaguchi, J, 2022)	1.34

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" There were no major adverse reactions associated with risperidone use, but it was noted to reduce the signs of tardive dyskinesia."	( Risperidone: clinical safety and efficacy in schizophrenia. Borison, RL; Diamond, BI; Meibach, RC; Pathiraja, AP, 1992)	0.28
" Early studies by several investigators demonstrated that similar compounds such as alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehyde-cysteine adducts have toxic (carcinostatic) activity against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells implanted in mice."	( Nephrotoxicity of the 1:1 acrolein-glutathione adduct in the rat. Horvath, JJ; Witmer, CM; Witz, G, 1992)	0.28
"Compared to traditional neuroleptics, most of the new antipsychotics are characterized by a low extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) liability and varying antipsychotic efficacy."	( New antipsychotics: classification, efficacy, and adverse effects. Gerlach, J, 1991)	0.28
" LD50 values of N-22 in mice were 1528 mg/kg (p."	( Acute toxicity tests of mofezolac (N-22) in mice and rats. Ichiki, T; Kodama, R; Kuwasaki, E; Kuwata, M; Satoh, K; Sone, H; Yamamoto, N; Yamashita, K, 1990)	0.28
" Toxic signs caused by N-22 administration, observed only in the 200 mg/kg group, were as follows: soiling around the mouth and/or nose, piloerection, anemia, diarrhea, emaciation and decreased spontaneous locomotor activity."	( [Three-month oral subacute toxicity study of mofezolac (N-22) in rats]. Aoki, Y; Hashimoto, Y; Kiguchi, M; Kuwata, M; Okazaki, S; Shimpo, K; Takeuchi, M; Yamashita, K, 1990)	0.28
" In long-term clinical evaluation, broxaterol has been shown to be well tolerated, with an incidence of adverse reactions equal to or less than that reported in the literature for other beta 2-agonists."	( Broxaterol: therapeutic trials and safety profile. Ziment, I, 1989)	0.28
" THIP, even at toxic doses, did not alter the anti-PTZ activity of either pentobarbital or phenobarbital."	( Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists on the neurotoxicity and anticonvulsant activity of barbiturates in mice. Chweh, AY; Swinyard, EA; Ulloque, RA, 1986)	0.27
"The acute administration of an anticonvulsant dose of ethosuximide (150 mg/kg) had no effect on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration, whereas a toxic dose (400 mg/kg) increased significantly the concentration of brain GABA (1."	( Effect of ethosuximide alone and in combination with gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration, anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity in mice. Chweh, AY; Lin-Michell, E; Swinyard, EA, 1986)	0.27
" In contrast apical treatment with PCBD-NAC was only toxic at high concentrations (greater than 850 microM), and this effect could hardly be inhibited by AOAA."	( Differential toxicity as a result of apical and basolateral treatment of LLC-PK1 monolayers with S-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachlorobutadienyl)glutathione and N-acetyl-S-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachlorobutadienyl)-L-cysteine. Mertens, JJ; Spenkelink, B; Temmink, JH; van Bladeren, PJ; van Doorn, WJ; Weijnen, JG, 1988)	0.27
" S-(1,2-Dichlorovinyl)-L-glutathione is not toxic when the cells are pretreated with AT-125, an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase."	( The role of glutathione conjugate metabolism and cysteine conjugate beta-lyase in the mechanism of S-cysteine conjugate toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells. Hayden, P; Stevens, J; Taylor, G, 1986)	0.27
" Acivicin was also shown to be more toxic (as indicated by LD50) to female than to male mice of the B6D2F1 and CD2F1 strains, in agreement with previous studies in ICR mice."	( Sex- and age-related mouse toxicity and disposition of the amino acid antitumor agent, acivicin. Chan, PJ; McGovren, JP; Neil, GL; Stewart, JC, 1981)	0.26
"0%) in the active treatment groups withdrew due to adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety and effectiveness of leflunomide in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II study. Campion, G; Dimitrijevic, M; Domljan, Z; Dordevic, J; Jajic, I; Mihajlovic, D; Mladenovic, V; Popovic, M; Rozman, B; Zivkovic, M, 1995)	0.29
" Other adverse effects were assessed using the UKU Side Effects Scale."	( Extrapyramidal side effects and tolerability of risperidone: a review. Owens, DG, 1994)	0.29
" Orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, and somnolence were the most commonly reported adverse events."	( Safety, tolerability, and effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of iloperidone (HP 873), a potential atypical antipsychotic. Brecher, MB; Chi, E; Grasing, K; Hubbard, JW; Sainati, SM, 1995)	0.29
"Cisplatin [cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)] is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug that is toxic to the proximal tubule cells of the kidney."	( Inhibition of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity by acivicin in vivo protects the kidney from cisplatin-induced toxicity. Gallagher, BC; Hanigan, MH; Large, MK; Taylor, PT, 1994)	0.29
" In conclusion, BHQ was found to be developmentally toxic in vitro and in vivo at doses which also produced severe maternal renal necrosis."	( Developmental toxicity of bromohydroquinone (BHQ) and BHQ-glutathione conjugates in vivo and in whole embryo culture. Andrews, JE; Ebron-McCoy, M; Lau, SS; Logsdon, TR; Monks, TJ; Rogers, JM, 1993)	0.29
" We have recently reported that a glutathione conjugate of PAP, 4-amino-3-S-glutathionylphenol, is more toxic to the kidney than the parent compound itself."	( Effect of ascorbic acid, acivicin and probenecid on the nephrotoxicity of 4-aminophenol in the Fischer 344 rat. Foster, JR; Fowler, LM; Lock, EA, 1993)	0.29
" Adverse effects involved principally the CNS and were similar to those seen with other antiepileptic drugs."	( Efficacy and safety of zonisamide: results of a multicenter study. Fromm, G; Homan, RW; Leppik, IE; Lesser, RP; Oommen, KJ; Penry, JK; Sackellares, JC; Smith, DB; Wallace, JD; Willmore, LJ, 1993)	0.29
"Carbon dioxide absorbents degrade both halothane and sevoflurane to toxic unsaturated compounds (CF2=CBrCl and CH2F-O-C[=CF2][CF3] [i."	( Quantitative differences in the production and toxicity of CF2=BrCl versus CH2F-O-C(=CF2)(CF3) (compound A): the safety of halothane does not indicate the safety of sevoflurane. Eger, EI; Gong, D; Ionescu, P; Kerschmann, RL; Laster, MJ; Weiskopf, RB, 1997)	0.3
" The toxic process might also be mediated by glutathione (GSH) conjugates of ADCP, as suggested for the mechanism of 4-aminophenol nephrotoxicity."	( 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol nephrotoxicity in the Fischer 344 rat: protection by ascorbic acid, AT-125, and aminooxyacetic acid. Anestis, DK; Ball, JG; Brown, PI; Hong, SK; Rankin, GO; Valentovic, MA, 1997)	0.3
" No correlation between the serum concentration of the active moiety and the side effects evaluated by the UKU Side Effect Scale was found."	( Serum concentrations and side effects in psychiatric patients during risperidone therapy. Bruun, T; Licht, RW; Linnet, K; Olesen, OV; Thomsen, E; Viftrup, JE, 1998)	0.3
" Most common adverse events with leflunomide were diarrhoea (17%), nausea (10%), alopecia (8%), and rash (10%)."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide compared with placebo and sulphasalazine in active rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. European Leflunomide Study Group. Kalden, JR; Kvien, TK; Larsen, A; Loew-Friedrich, I; Oed, C; Rosenburg, R; Rozman, B; Scott, DL; Smolen, JS, 1999)	0.3
" Patients were assessed for adverse effects, pharmacokinetic measurements of leflunomide and methotrexate, and clinical response by American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20% response criteria."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of combination treatment with methotrexate and leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Byrne, VM; Coblyn, JS; Helfgott, SM; Kaymakcian, MV; Kremer, JM; Maier, AL; Morrell, M; Strand, V; Weinblatt, ME, 1999)	0.3
" The most common treatment-related adverse events in both groups were diarrhoea, nausea, alopecia, rash, headache, and elevated plasma liver enzyme levels."	( A comparison of the efficacy and safety of leflunomide and methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Bjorneboe, O; Breedveld, FC; Dahl, R; Dawes, PT; Emery, P; Gömör, B; Horslev-Petersen, K; Kaltwasser, JP; Lemmel, EM; Loew-Friedrich, I; Molloy, M; Nordström, D; Oed, C; Rodriguez De La Serna, A; Rosenburg, R; Tikly, M; Van Den Bosch, F, 2000)	0.31
"Efficacy measures (including tender joint counts, swollen joint counts, assessment of functioning, Health Assessment Questionnaire, Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire, pain (visual analogue scale), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, C-reactive Protein), radiological progression and treatment adverse events."	( Leflunomide and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of effectiveness, safety and cost implications. Debroe, S; Hewitson, PJ; McBride, A; Milne, R, 2000)	0.31
" The most common adverse effects leading to withdrawal from leflunomide treatment were gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea and nausea), allergic reactions (rash and pruritus), alopecia, dyspepsia, hypertension and elevated transaminase levels."	( Leflunomide and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of effectiveness, safety and cost implications. Debroe, S; Hewitson, PJ; McBride, A; Milne, R, 2000)	0.31
" Common adverse events with leflunomide included gastrointestinal symptoms, allergic reactions, alopecia and elevated liver enzyme levels."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide in active rheumatoid arthritis. Emery, P; Smolen, JS, 2000)	0.31
" Three drugs are often prescribed as a first line option: methotrexate for its efficacy, and sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine for their lesser adverse effects."	( Leflunomide and rheumatoid arthritis: new preparation. Neither the safest nor the most effective slow-acting antirheumatic drug. , 2001)	0.31
" Intranasal ruprintrivir, administered as single doses of 4 and 8 mg or every 3 h, six times per day, for 7 days was safe and well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of an antirhinoviral agent, ruprintrivir, in healthy volunteers. Gersten, M; Hsyu, PH; Kerr, BM; Penning, CA; Pithavala, YK, 2002)	0.31
" The incidence of adverse events was monitored throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of the COX-2 specific inhibitor valdecoxib in the management of osteoarthritis of the hip: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison with naproxen. Bevirt, T; Makarowski, W; Recker, DP; Zhao, WW, 2002)	0.31
" Valdecoxib 5 mg and 10 mg demonstrated similar tolerability compared to placebo and a lower incidence of GI-related adverse effects compared with naproxen."	( Efficacy and safety of the COX-2 specific inhibitor valdecoxib in the management of osteoarthritis of the hip: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison with naproxen. Bevirt, T; Makarowski, W; Recker, DP; Zhao, WW, 2002)	0.31
" Galantamine and risperidone were both safe and well tolerated administered either alone or together."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of galantamine and risperidone after the two drugs are administered alone and together. Huang, F; Janssens, L; Lasseter, KC; Lau, H; Verhaeghe, T; Zhao, Q, 2002)	0.31
" Safety measures included monitoring of adverse events and laboratory values."	( The efficacy and safety of leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a five-year followup study. Breedveld, F; Deighton, C; Emery, P; Kalden, JR; Rozman, B; Schattenkirchner, M; Sörensen, H, 2003)	0.32
" No new types of adverse events were observed, and liver function was normal at baseline and at the end point in the majority of patients."	( The efficacy and safety of leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a five-year followup study. Breedveld, F; Deighton, C; Emery, P; Kalden, JR; Rozman, B; Schattenkirchner, M; Sörensen, H, 2003)	0.32
" The incidence of adverse events was monitored throughout the study."	( Evaluation of efficacy, safety and tolerability of valdecoxib in osteo-arthritis patients--an Indian study. Anwaruddin, K; Ballary, C; Desai, A; Jagtap, SA; Lahoti, S; Ram, S, 2002)	0.31
" Clinical adverse events were assessed by the principal investigator at each site from the time of the first dose through the 30-day postdosing period."	( Efficacy and safety of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Alston, RP; Duke, PC; Feneck, RO; Hsu, PH; Hubbard, RC; Mangano, DT; Nussmeier, NA; Ott, E; Saidman, LJ; Snabes, MC, 2003)	0.32
" Although there were no differences between the groups in overall adverse events, serious adverse events occurred twice as frequently in parecoxib/valdecoxib-treated patients (19."	( Efficacy and safety of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Alston, RP; Duke, PC; Feneck, RO; Hsu, PH; Hubbard, RC; Mangano, DT; Nussmeier, NA; Ott, E; Saidman, LJ; Snabes, MC, 2003)	0.32
" However, the 14-day treatment regimen also was associated with an increased incidence of serious adverse events overall and sternal wound infections in particular."	( Efficacy and safety of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Alston, RP; Duke, PC; Feneck, RO; Hsu, PH; Hubbard, RC; Mangano, DT; Nussmeier, NA; Ott, E; Saidman, LJ; Snabes, MC, 2003)	0.32
" All adverse events were documented."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide and predisposing factors for treatment response in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: RELIEF 6-month data. Brin, S; de la Serna, R; Dougados, M; Emery, P; Lemmel, EM; van Riel, P; Zerbini, CA, 2003)	0.32
" No adverse events that have not previously been seen with leflunomide were reported."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide and predisposing factors for treatment response in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: RELIEF 6-month data. Brin, S; de la Serna, R; Dougados, M; Emery, P; Lemmel, EM; van Riel, P; Zerbini, CA, 2003)	0.32
" This study suggests that parecoxib, in a dose of 40 mg IM/IV, is an effective and safe option for the management of postoperative pain."	( Efficacy and safety of the first parenteral selective COX-2 inhibitor, parecoxib sodium, in adult patients with postoperative pain. Bajaj, P; Ballary, C; Desai, A; Dongre, N; Jagtap, SA; Jain, MM; Kadam, GS; Kale, S; Lall, AD; Naikawadi, AA; Neelakandan, RS; Ram, S; Samra, SS; Shah, RR; Vijayakrishnan, M; Vyas, D, 2003)	0.32
" Adverse events (AEs) resulting in treatment withdrawal were higher in the 10 mg (15."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide 10 mg versus 20 mg once daily in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: multinational double-blind, randomized trial. Poór, G; Strand, V, 2004)	0.32
" A total of 34% of subjects experienced adverse events and in 6 (6."	( The safety and efficacy of leflunomide in combination with infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Cohen, S; Cooley, DA; Cush, J; Genovese, M; Hansen, KE; Patel, SR; Schiff, M; Singhal, A; Sundaramurthy, S, 2004)	0.32
"The adverse events noted within the combination therapy group were in keeping with the known risks of each drug when used individually."	( The safety and efficacy of leflunomide in combination with infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Cohen, S; Cooley, DA; Cush, J; Genovese, M; Hansen, KE; Patel, SR; Schiff, M; Singhal, A; Sundaramurthy, S, 2004)	0.32
"In this cohort, adverse events were not very different from those seen in patients on either treatment alone and the combination of leflunomide plus infliximab did not appear to be as badly tolerated as described in a previous study."	( Safety of leflunomide plus infliximab combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Cantagrel, A; El Mahou, S; Godfrin, B; Godinho, F; Navaux, F; Zabraniecki, L, )	0.13
" Both postmarketing surveillance and epidemiological study results are consistent with the safety profile of leflunomide reported in clinical trials, and no increased risk was observed with leflunomide, compared with other disease modifying antirheumatic drugs; these studies have allowed a more precise representation of the incidence of adverse events occurring with leflunomide under normal conditions of care."	( Leflunomide: a manageable safety profile. Breedveld, FC; Dougados, M; Emery, P; Kalden, JR; Smolen, JS; Strand, CV; van Riel, PL, 2004)	0.32
"Leflunomide is an effective treatment for PsA and psoriasis, providing a safe and convenient alternative to current therapies."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: a multinational, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Behrens, F; Falk, FG; Gladman, D; Jones, P; Kaltwasser, JP; Mease, P; Nash, P; Rosen, CF; Wollenhaupt, J, 2004)	0.32
" Tolerability and safety was assessed by physical examination, laboratory parameters and evaluation of adverse events."	( Evaluation of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of valdecoxib gel (1%) in adult patients with painful inflammatory joint disease. Chincholi, S; Desai, A; Dongre, N; Ismail, ND; Jagtap, SA; Ram, S; Sarvagod, SB; Taneja, PK, 2003)	0.32
"At the study's conclusion, information regarding adverse events (AEs) and body weight was recorded."	( Safety of 25- and 50-mg capsules in the initiation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy: an uncontrolled, open-label study. Anthony, S; James, SP; Miller, GS; Montouris, G; Uthman, BM, 2004)	0.32
"Spontaneous cases of hepatic adverse events have been reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were being treated with leflunomide, one of the newer disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)."	( Newer disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and the risk of serious hepatic adverse events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Bitton, A; Ernst, P; Hudson, M; Kezouh, A; Suissa, S, 2004)	0.32
"" For safety analysis, data on any reported adverse effects were extracted."	( Patients' global evaluation of analgesia and safety of injected parecoxib for postoperative pain: a quantitative systematic review. Eberhart, LH; Kranke, P; Morin, AM; Roewer, N, 2004)	0.32
"Opioids are associated with numerous adverse effects."	( Presurgical intravenous parecoxib sodium and follow-up oral valdecoxib for pain management after laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery reduces opioid requirements and opioid-related adverse effects. Chen, C; Cheung, RY; Gan, TJ; Hanna, DB; Joshi, GP; Zhao, SZ, 2004)	0.32
"Treatment with parecoxib and valdecoxib significantly reduced the cumulative MED requirements, the incidence of opioid-related adverse effects, and patient-days with CMEs."	( Presurgical intravenous parecoxib sodium and follow-up oral valdecoxib for pain management after laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery reduces opioid requirements and opioid-related adverse effects. Chen, C; Cheung, RY; Gan, TJ; Hanna, DB; Joshi, GP; Zhao, SZ, 2004)	0.32
" Significantly fewer discontinuations because of gastrointestinal adverse events (4% versus 8%), or endoscopic ulcers of 3mm or more (5% versus 13%) occurred with valdecoxib compared with NSAIDs."	( Efficacy and safety of valdecoxib for treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Edwards, JE; McQuay, HJ; Moore, AR, 2004)	0.32
"To determine and compare the incidence of serious adverse events (AE) during treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD), focusing on leflunomide (LEF)."	( Adverse events with disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD): a cohort study of leflunomide compared with other DMARD. Cannon, GW; Dai, W; Holden, WL; Juhaeri, J; Scarazzini, L; Stang, P, 2004)	0.32
" A total of 1089 adverse events occurred in 476 (31."	( Safety of zonisamide therapy: prospective follow-up survey. Ohtahara, S; Yamatogi, Y, 2004)	0.32
" Every 3 months data were collected regarding disease activity (DAS28), adverse events and treatment changes."	( The influence of previous and concomitant leflunomide on the efficacy and safety of infliximab therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; a longitudinal observational study. Creemers, MC; Flendrie, M; van Riel, PL; Welsing, PM, 2005)	0.33
" No differences in drug survival, disease activity or adverse events were observed between the groups."	( The influence of previous and concomitant leflunomide on the efficacy and safety of infliximab therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; a longitudinal observational study. Creemers, MC; Flendrie, M; van Riel, PL; Welsing, PM, 2005)	0.33
"The results indicate that the administration of infliximab after or simultaneously with leflunomide is safe and efficacious in RA patients."	( The influence of previous and concomitant leflunomide on the efficacy and safety of infliximab therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; a longitudinal observational study. Creemers, MC; Flendrie, M; van Riel, PL; Welsing, PM, 2005)	0.33
" This APAP-CYS-induced renal GSH depletion could interfere with intrarenal detoxification of APAP or its toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) and may be the mechanism responsible for the potentiation of APAP nephrotoxicity."	( Contribution of acetaminophen-cysteine to acetaminophen nephrotoxicity II. Possible involvement of the gamma-glutamyl cycle. Bruno, MK; Cohen, SD; Hill, DW; Horton, RA; Roberts, JC; Stern, ST, 2005)	0.33
" Adverse event monitoring, physical examination and changes in laboratory tests, chest x-ray and ECG were used to evaluate safety."	( Role of parecoxib in pre-emptive analgesia: comparison of the efficacy and safety of pre- and postoperative parecoxib in patients undergoing general surgery. Bajaj, P; Baliga, VP; Ballary, CC; Desai, AA; Dongre, NA, 2004)	0.32
" The most common adverse events were somnolence, headache, dizziness, and nausea during the titration phase and headache and pharyngitis during the fixed-dose assessment phase."	( Dose-dependent safety and efficacy of zonisamide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with refractory partial seizures. Bitenskyy, V; Brodie, MJ; Duncan, R; Lucas, C; Solyom, A; Vespignani, H, 2005)	0.33
" Five patients withdrew because of failure to maintain efficacy, 2 withdrew their consent, and 1 withdrew because of an adverse event."	( Long-term open-label preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of leflunomide in patients with polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Duffy, C; Goldsmith, D; Hawkins, D; Howard, P; Petty, R; Schanberg, L; Silverman, E; Spiegel, L; Strand, V, 2005)	0.33
"6 months), 16% for secondary loss of efficacy (median = 7 months), and 32% for the occurrence of an adverse event (half within 4 months)."	( Effectiveness and safety profile of leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis: actual practice compared with clinical trials. Bégaud, B; Bentaberry, F; Dehais, J; Dumoulin, C; Haramburu, F; Martin, K; Schaeverbeke, T, )	0.13
" With celecoxib, studies have shown that a 50% lower dosage is effective and causes fewer adverse effects."	( How celecoxib could be safer, how valdecoxib might have been. Cohen, JS, 2005)	0.33
" Open-label extension studies in the United States and Europe suggest continued efficacy of zonisamide in long-term treatment without development of adverse events further to those seen in registration studies."	( Practical prescribing and long-term efficacy and safety of zonisamide. Leppik, IE, 2006)	0.33
" The frequency of predefined adjudicated postrandomization adverse events, including cardiovascular thromboembolism, renal dysfunction, gastroduodenal ulceration, and wound-healing complications, was assessed in each group."	( Safety and efficacy of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after noncardiac surgery. Boye, ME; Brown, MT; Joshi, GP; Langford, RM; Nussmeier, NA; Singla, NK; Verburg, KM; Whelton, AA, 2006)	0.33
"Predefined adjudicated adverse events had similar frequencies among patients who received parecoxib and valdecoxib (2."	( Safety and efficacy of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after noncardiac surgery. Boye, ME; Brown, MT; Joshi, GP; Langford, RM; Nussmeier, NA; Singla, NK; Verburg, KM; Whelton, AA, 2006)	0.33
" Thirty of 112 patients (27%) reported mild to moderate adverse events, such as weight loss (5."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of monotherapy and adjunctive therapy with zonisamide. Tisdell, J; Tosches, WA, 2006)	0.33
" Treatment was well tolerated; numbers of adverse events and serious adverse events were similar in all treatment groups."	( A Phase II study of the safety and efficacy of teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis with relapses. Bar-Or, A; Confavreux, C; Freedman, MS; Li, D; O'Connor, PW; Paty, DW; Rice, GP; Scheyer, R; Stewart, JA, 2006)	0.33
" Seizure count and side effect profile were maintained during therapy."	( Efficacy and safety of zonisamide monotherapy in a cohort of children with epilepsy. Hobdell, E; Kaleyias, J; Khurana, DS; Kothare, SV; Legido, A; Melvin, JJ; Mostofi, N; Valencia, I, 2006)	0.33
" Adverse events (AE) and the reasons for withdrawal of combination therapy were analyzed."	( Safety of infliximab used in combination with leflunomide or azathioprine in daily clinical practice. Brocq, O; Cantagrel, A; Combe, B; Debiais, F; Deslandre, CJ; Kara-Terki, R; Kuntz, JL; Loet, XL; Mariette, X; Pavy, S; Perdriger, A, 2006)	0.33
" Leflunomide, though effective, was associated with adverse events and has not been extensively studied in the Indian population."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide alone and in combination with methotrexate in the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Antony, T; Jose, VM; Paul, BJ; Thomas, T, 2006)	0.33
"The primary endpoint in the improvement in EULAR criteria and secondary endpoints were patient and physician global evaluation, incidence of remission and biochemical and clinical adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide alone and in combination with methotrexate in the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Antony, T; Jose, VM; Paul, BJ; Thomas, T, 2006)	0.33
" Adverse events were observed in 15, discontinuation in 5 and 24 dropped out."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide alone and in combination with methotrexate in the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Antony, T; Jose, VM; Paul, BJ; Thomas, T, 2006)	0.33
"If regular monitoring of hepatic function and hematological parameters are performed, leflunomide is an effective and safe drug in the Indian population in resistant rheumatoid arthritis patients, especially if used alone."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide alone and in combination with methotrexate in the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Antony, T; Jose, VM; Paul, BJ; Thomas, T, 2006)	0.33
" A total of 1089 adverse events occurred in 476 (31."	( Erratum to "Safety of zonisamide therapy: prospective follow-up survey.". Ohtahara, S; Yamatogi, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Overall, it was well-tolerated and had placebo-like discontinuation rates for adverse events."	( Extended-release paliperidone: efficacy, safety and tolerability profile of a new atypical antipsychotic. Owen, RT, 2007)	0.34
" Paliperidone ER was associated with a low incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events."	( Efficacy, safety and early response of paliperidone extended-release tablets (paliperidone ER): results of a 6-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Davidson, M; Eerdekens, M; Emsley, R; Ford, L; Kramer, M; Lim, P; Pan, G, 2007)	0.34
" This serious adverse event was observed with a frequency of approximately 2% in early clinical trials with the potent, orally bioavailable glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist roxifiban."	( Validation and implementation of drug-dependent antibody assays in clinical trials for safety monitoring of patients dosed with roxifiban, an orally bioavailable glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist. Barrett, YC; Billheimer, J; Ebling, W; Pieniaszek, H; Seiffert, D, 2007)	0.34
" Because the endothelin-A (ET-A) receptor subtype is the primary cardiovascular effector for endothelin, this study used the ET-A receptor antagonist sitaxsentan sodium (TBC11251Na) to evaluate: (1) dose-dependent changes in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary (PVRI) and systemic (SVRI) vascular resistance index in patients undergoing on-pump coronary revascularization; and (2) whether ET-RA administration was associated with increased adverse events."	( Selective endothelin-A receptor inhibition after cardiac surgery: a safety and feasibility study. Clark, L; Crawford, FA; Finklea, L; Harrell, A; Hilton, EJ; Ikonomidis, JS; Leonardi, A; Payne, K; Reeves, S; Spinale, FG; Stroud, RE, 2007)	0.34
" Adverse events were tabulated until hospital discharge."	( Selective endothelin-A receptor inhibition after cardiac surgery: a safety and feasibility study. Clark, L; Crawford, FA; Finklea, L; Harrell, A; Hilton, EJ; Ikonomidis, JS; Leonardi, A; Payne, K; Reeves, S; Spinale, FG; Stroud, RE, 2007)	0.34
" A total of 203 adverse events were tabulated in the postoperative period and were equally distributed across the five treatment groups, with no direct attributions to ET-A receptor antagonist treatment."	( Selective endothelin-A receptor inhibition after cardiac surgery: a safety and feasibility study. Clark, L; Crawford, FA; Finklea, L; Harrell, A; Hilton, EJ; Ikonomidis, JS; Leonardi, A; Payne, K; Reeves, S; Spinale, FG; Stroud, RE, 2007)	0.34
" Zonisamide is well tolerated with the majority of adverse events being mild-to-moderate and generally manageable."	( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive zonisamide therapy for refractory partial seizures. Baulac, M; Leppik, IE, 2007)	0.34
" The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) for paliperidone ER 6 mg was comparable with placebo and slightly greater with paliperidone ER 12 mg."	( Efficacy and safety of paliperidone extended-release tablets: results of a 6-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Eerdekens, E; Eerdekens, M; Ford, L; Kramer, M; Lim, P; Lowy, A; Marder, SR, 2007)	0.34
" Efficacy was assessed by the numbers of patients withdrawn for lack of effect; toxicity by withdrawals for adverse events."	( A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and toxicity of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and biological agents for psoriatic arthritis. Choy, EH; Ravindran, V; Scott, DL, 2008)	0.35
" The primary end point was steroid-free remission, and secondary end points were changes in the Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) and steroid intake, responsiveness of arthralgias and adverse events."	( Treatment of Crohn's disease with leflunomide as second-line immunosuppression : a phase 1 open-label trial on efficacy, tolerability and safety. Galle, PR; Gerts, AL; Holtmann, MH; Neurath, MF; Weinman, A, 2008)	0.35
" It has been developed as an osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system that minimizes peak-trough fluctuations in plasma concentrations, allowing once-daily administration and theoretically leading to a decreased incidence of adverse effects."	( The pharmacology and safety of paliperidone extended-release in the treatment of schizophrenia. Cavallaro, R; Spina, E, 2007)	0.34
" Measurements included adverse events, laboratory tests, physical examinations, 12-lead electrocardiograms, movement disorder rating scales, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and Clinical Global Impression scale."	( Safety and tolerability of oral paliperidone extended-release tablets in elderly patients with schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with six-month open-label extension. Eerdekens, M; Ford, L; Gassmann-Mayer, C; Kramer, M; Lim, P; Samokhvalov, V; Tzimos, A, 2008)	0.35
" During the double-blind phase, discontinuation rates resulting from adverse events were similar between groups (paliperidone ER: 7%, placebo: 8%) as were incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events (paliperidone ER: 67%, placebo: 71%)."	( Safety and tolerability of oral paliperidone extended-release tablets in elderly patients with schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with six-month open-label extension. Eerdekens, M; Ford, L; Gassmann-Mayer, C; Kramer, M; Lim, P; Samokhvalov, V; Tzimos, A, 2008)	0.35
" Patients exposed to 3 dose ranges of iloperidone, another antipsychotic, or placebo were compared on rates of serious adverse events (SAEs), adverse events (AEs), extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, prolactin, weight and metabolic parameters, QTc, and other standard safety parameters."	( Safety profile of iloperidone: a pooled analysis of 6-week acute-phase pivotal trials. Cutler, AJ; Polymeropoulos, MH; Weiden, PJ; Wolfgang, CD, 2008)	0.35
" The most common adverse events were insomnia (18."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of iloperidone: results from 3 clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. Di Marino, M; Kane, JM; Laska, E; Lauriello, J; Wolfgang, CD, 2008)	0.35
" The occurrence of adverse events (AEs) was the primary safety measure."	( Open-label, long-term safety study of zonisamide administered to children and adolescents with epilepsy. Conry, JA; Pellock, JM; Shinnar, S, 2009)	0.35
" However, half of the cats that were administered 20mg/kg/day daily showed adverse reactions such as anorexia, diarrhoea, vomiting, somnolence and locomotor ataxia."	( Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of zonisamide in cats. Fujita, M; Hasegawa, D; Kobayashi, M; Kuwabara, T; Ohmura, T; Orima, H, 2008)	0.35
"A review of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, evidence for efficacy in different seizure types and non-seizure conditions, adverse effects, and tolerability of ZNS is presented."	( Zonisamide: review of pharmacology, clinical efficacy, tolerability, and safety. Kaleyias, J; Kothare, SV, 2008)	0.35
"Acetaminophen (APAP) is safe at therapeutic levels but causes liver injury via N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI)-induced oxidative stress when overdose."	( Prevention of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity by leflunomide via inhibition of APAP biotransformation to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. Chan, EC; New, LS; Tan, SC, 2008)	0.35
" Most commonly (> or =10% patients) reported adverse events (AEs) were insomnia, headache, and akathisia."	( Efficacy and safety of oral paliperidone extended-release tablets in the treatment of acute schizophrenia: pooled data from three 52-week open-label studies. Berwaerts, J; Eerdekens, M; Emsley, R; Hough, D; Kramer, M; Lane, R; Lim, P; Palumbo, J, 2008)	0.35
" The primary end point was the percentage of patients with adverse events that led to patient withdrawal and were at least possibly related to treatment."	( Combination treatment with infliximab and leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: safety and efficacy in an open-label clinical trial. Antoni, C; Burmester, GR; Kalden, JR; Krüger, K; Nüsslein, HG; Wollenhaupt, J, )	0.13
"5%) withdrew due to treatment-related adverse events."	( Combination treatment with infliximab and leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: safety and efficacy in an open-label clinical trial. Antoni, C; Burmester, GR; Kalden, JR; Krüger, K; Nüsslein, HG; Wollenhaupt, J, )	0.13
"The combination of infliximab and leflunomide neither increased the rate of toxicities nor resulted in unexpected adverse events."	( Combination treatment with infliximab and leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: safety and efficacy in an open-label clinical trial. Antoni, C; Burmester, GR; Kalden, JR; Krüger, K; Nüsslein, HG; Wollenhaupt, J, )	0.13
"Studies of parecoxib, the inactive prodrug of the cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor valdecoxib, and valdecoxib for postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery revealed an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) adverse events compared with placebo."	( Cardiovascular safety of the cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in the postoperative setting: an analysis of integrated data. Camu, F; Cheung, R; Joshi, GP; Pan, S; Schug, SA, 2009)	0.35
"In the largest analysis of the CV risk of cyclooxygenase selective inhibitors or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for perioperative pain management, parecoxib and valdecoxib were not found to increase the risk of CV adverse events after noncardiac surgery."	( Cardiovascular safety of the cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in the postoperative setting: an analysis of integrated data. Camu, F; Cheung, R; Joshi, GP; Pan, S; Schug, SA, 2009)	0.35
" Gaboxadol was generally safe and well tolerated, with no evidence of withdrawal symptoms or rebound insomnia after discontinuation of short-term treatment."	( A 2-week efficacy and safety study of gaboxadol and zolpidem using electronic diaries in primary insomnia outpatients. Eglin, M; Hajak, G; Hedner, J; Loft, H; Lundahl, J; Lütolf, S; Stórustovu, SI, 2009)	0.35
" The incidence of systemic treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was similar between the 2 injection sites across doses during period 1 (deltoid [D]: 61% to 67%; gluteus [G]: 58% to 65%), and during the last 8 weeks of the 2 study periods (DG: 32% to 45% [period 1], 29% to 42% [period 2]; GD: 31% to 40% [period 1], 30% to 41% [period 2])."	( Safety and tolerability of deltoid and gluteal injections of paliperidone palmitate in schizophrenia. Eerdekens, M; Gopal, S; Herben, V; Hough, D; Lim, P; Lindenmayer, JP; Melkote, R; Yuen, E, 2009)	0.35
"3%) discontinued the drug because of adverse effects (one patient withdrew because of both inefficacy and adverse effects)."	( Leflunomide treatment in elderly patients with rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis: retrospective analysis of safety and adherence to treatment. Alivernini, S; Ferraccioli, G; Mazzotta, D; Zoli, A, 2009)	0.35
" Assessments included PANSS, Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S), Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale, and adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of paliperidone extended-release in schizophrenia patients with prominent affective symptoms. Bossie, CA; Canuso, CM; Sheehan, JJ; Turkoz, I, 2010)	0.36
" There appears to be a dose relationship for adverse events such as dizziness, somnolence and dry mouth; for example NNH vs."	( Iloperidone for schizophrenia: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly commercialised second-generation antipsychotic. Citrome, L, 2009)	0.35
"Multimodal pain therapy including cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors can result in optimal pain management with decreased opioid use and fewer opioid-related adverse events."	( Reduction in opioid-related adverse events and improvement in function with parecoxib followed by valdecoxib treatment after non-cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Chen, C; Chen, WH; Gan, TJ; Joshi, GP; Langford, RM; Mattera, MS; Revicki, DA; Zlateva, G, 2009)	0.35
" Clinically meaningful opioid-related adverse events were assessed daily using the Opioid-Related Symptom Distress Scale (OR-SDS)."	( Reduction in opioid-related adverse events and improvement in function with parecoxib followed by valdecoxib treatment after non-cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Chen, C; Chen, WH; Gan, TJ; Joshi, GP; Langford, RM; Mattera, MS; Revicki, DA; Zlateva, G, 2009)	0.35
"Patients receiving parecoxib/valdecoxib had less pain interference on physical functioning, required less opioid medication and experienced fewer clinically meaningful opioid-related adverse events than patients receiving placebo."	( Reduction in opioid-related adverse events and improvement in function with parecoxib followed by valdecoxib treatment after non-cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Chen, C; Chen, WH; Gan, TJ; Joshi, GP; Langford, RM; Mattera, MS; Revicki, DA; Zlateva, G, 2009)	0.35
"Immunosuppressants are among the pharmacological agents with the greatest potential to cause adverse reactions, although induction of hepatotoxicity is paradoxical from the pathogenic point of view, since the response of the innate and acquired immune system is a key element in the chain of events leading to chemical liver damage."	( [Hepatotoxicity induced by new immunosuppressants]. Andrade, RJ; Cotta, J; Lucena, MA; Robles, M; Toscano, E, 2010)	0.36
" In the safety analysis set (n=247), fewer PP-treated patients (2%) discontinued for treatment-emergent adverse events vs."	( Paliperidone palmitate, a potential long-acting treatment for patients with schizophrenia. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study. Eerdekens, M; Hough, D; Kramer, M; Lane, R; Lim, P; Litman, R; Liu, Y, 2010)	0.36
" This report of hepatobiliary injury following GW4064 exposure extends previous investigations of the intrahepatic biliary system in medaka, reveals sensitivity to toxicant exposure, and illustrates the need for added resolution in detection and interpretation of toxic responses in this vertebrate."	( Exposure to the synthetic FXR agonist GW4064 causes alterations in gene expression and sublethal hepatotoxicity in eleutheroembryo medaka (Oryzias latipes). Hinton, DE; Howarth, DL; Kullman, SW; Law, JM; Law, SH; Mondon, JA, 2010)	0.36
"Combining intra-articular corticosteroid and anti-TNF agent has proved to be safe in our cohort of patients."	( Efficacy and safety of combining intra-articular methylprednisolone and anti-TNF agent to achieve prolonged remission in patients with recurrent inflammatory monoarthritis. Haroon, M; O'Gradaigh, D, 2010)	0.36
" Regarding safety, the frequency of adverse events with parecoxib was similar to the placebo or other analgesics."	( [Systematic review to assess the effectiveness and safety of parecoxib]. Escamilla-Núñez, A; Rendón-Macías, ME; Villasís-Keever, MA, )	0.13
"Parecoxib 40 mg is an effective and safe analgesic choice during the postoperative period in orthopedic surgery."	( [Systematic review to assess the effectiveness and safety of parecoxib]. Escamilla-Núñez, A; Rendón-Macías, ME; Villasís-Keever, MA, )	0.13
" Common adverse events (in >or=2% of patients in any group) more frequent with paliperidone palmitate 50 or 100 mg eq."	( Efficacy and safety of paliperidone palmitate in adult patients with acutely symptomatic schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Brown, DW; Eerdekens, MH; Gassmann-Mayer, C; Gopal, S; Hough, DW; Lull, JM; Remmerie, BM; Xu, H, 2010)	0.36
" Common treatment-emergent adverse events (> or =2% of patients in any of the treatment groups) that occurred more frequently in the total paliperidone palmitate group versus the placebo group (with > or =1% difference) were injection-site pain (7."	( A randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of 3 doses of paliperidone palmitate in adults with acutely exacerbated schizophrenia. Gopal, S; Herben, V; Kusumakar, V; Lim, P; Lindenmayer, JP; Lull, J; Palumbo, J; Pandina, GJ; Yuen, E, 2010)	0.36
" The most frequent (≥ 5% in total group) adverse events were insomnia (7%); worsening of schizophrenia; nasopharyngitis; headache; and weight increase (6% each)."	( A 52-week open-label study of the safety and tolerability of paliperidone palmitate in patients with schizophrenia. Eerdekens, M; Gopal, S; Hough, D; Lim, P; Morozova, M; Vijapurkar, U, 2011)	0.37
" Headache was the most common treatment-emergent adverse event (17% total paliperidone ER versus 12% placebo)."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of paliperidone extended-release in the treatment of acute mania: a randomized, double-blind, dose-response study. Berwaerts, J; Hough, D; Lim, P; Nuamah, I; Xu, H, 2012)	0.38
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is an antiepileptic drug (AED) that has been associated with psychiatric adverse events (PAE) and cognitive adverse events (CAE); controlled studies evaluating these adverse events are limited."	( Zonisamide discontinuation due to psychiatric and cognitive adverse events: a case-control study. Beniak, TE; Birnbaum, AK; Leppik, IE; Marino, SE; Walczak, TS; White, JR, 2010)	0.36
" Our findings support the concept that selected patients are relatively more vulnerable to CNS adverse events when exposed to ZNS."	( Zonisamide discontinuation due to psychiatric and cognitive adverse events: a case-control study. Beniak, TE; Birnbaum, AK; Leppik, IE; Marino, SE; Walczak, TS; White, JR, 2010)	0.36
" Safety and tolerability assessments included incidence of adverse events and extrapyramidal symptoms."	( One-year open-label safety and efficacy study of paliperidone extended-release tablets in patients with schizophrenia. Eerdekens, M; Hough, D; Kramer, M; Kushner, S; Lim, P; Liu, Y; Maciulis, V; Palumbo, J; Simpson, G, 2010)	0.36
" Twelve patients (5%) experienced an adverse event requiring treatment discontinuation."	( One-year open-label safety and efficacy study of paliperidone extended-release tablets in patients with schizophrenia. Eerdekens, M; Hough, D; Kramer, M; Kushner, S; Lim, P; Liu, Y; Maciulis, V; Palumbo, J; Simpson, G, 2010)	0.36
" A safe and effective immunosuppressive agent that does not predispose to viral infection is needed in transplantation."	( Assessment of efficacy and safety of FK778 in comparison with standard care in renal transplant recipients with untreated BK nephropathy. First, MR; Fitzsimmons, W; Guasch, A; Holman, J; Roy-Chaudhury, P; Woodle, ES, 2010)	0.36
" Although the treatment with FK778 decreased BK viral load in this study, it was associated with a less favorable rejection profile and renal function and a higher incidence of serious adverse events compared with reduction of immunosuppression."	( Assessment of efficacy and safety of FK778 in comparison with standard care in renal transplant recipients with untreated BK nephropathy. First, MR; Fitzsimmons, W; Guasch, A; Holman, J; Roy-Chaudhury, P; Woodle, ES, 2010)	0.36
" The tolerability profile of iloperidone is noteworthy in terms of modest weight gain, no medically important changes in lipid and glucose, little in the way of prolactin elevation, and an absence of extrapyramidal adverse effects, including akathisia."	( Iloperidone: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability, regulatory affairs, and an opinion. Citrome, L, 2010)	0.36
"Long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations of antipsychotics are valuable treatment alternatives for patients with psychotic disorders, and understanding their safe use is critical."	( Are the long-acting intramuscular formulations of risperidone or paliperidone palmitate associated with post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome? An assessment of safety databases. Alphs, L; Gopal, S; Karcher, K; Kent, J; Kushner, S; Nuamah, I; Singh, J; Sliwa, JK, 2011)	0.37
" Seizure frequency and adverse effects were documented."	( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive zonisamide in adult patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Chen, Y; Hu, Y; Lu, Y; Wang, X; Xiao, F; Xiao, Z; Yu, W, 2011)	0.37
" There was no difference in the incidence of adverse effects between zonisamide and placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive zonisamide in adult patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Chen, Y; Hu, Y; Lu, Y; Wang, X; Xiao, F; Xiao, Z; Yu, W, 2011)	0.37
" In both treatment groups, the most common reason for withdrawal during the treatment was adverse events."	( Leflunomide or methotrexate? Comparison of clinical efficacy and safety in low socio-economic rheumatoid arthritis patients. Hameed, K; Ishaq, M; Mirza, AI; Muhammad, JS, 2011)	0.37
" Concurrent treatment of mice with zonisamide and MPTP did not show any inhibition of the toxic effect of MPTP towards dopamine contents at 1 week after treatment but it increased the number and area of TH-positive neurons compared to the MPTP-treated group."	( Zonisamide-induced long-lasting recovery of dopaminergic neurons from MPTP-toxicity. Choudhury, ME; Kubo, M; Kyaw, WT; Matsuda, S; Moritoyo, T; Nagai, M; Nishikawa, N; Nomoto, M; Yabe, H, 2011)	0.37
" No patient exhibited any noticeable prolongation of QTc interval and no adverse cardiac events, in particular arrhythmias, were noted."	( Cardiac safety of the electroconvulsive therapy-paliperidone combination: a preliminary study. Markatou, M; Masdrakis, VG; Oulis, P; Tzanoulinos, G, )	0.13
" The most common reported adverse effects are somnolence, anorexia, dizziness, and headache."	( Moderate toxic effects following acute zonisamide overdose. Ceschi, A; Hofer, KE; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Kupferschmidt, H; Rauber-Lüthy, C; Trachsel, C, 2011)	0.37
" These data demonstrate that the parent forms of leflunomide and A77 1726 are more toxic to hepatocytes than their poorly characterized metabolites, indicating that the metabolic process of leflunomide is a detoxification step rather than an initiating event leading to toxicity."	( Hepatic cytochrome P450s attenuate the cytotoxicity induced by leflunomide and its active metabolite A77 1726 in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Greenhaw, J; Salminen, WF; Shi, Q; Yang, X, 2011)	0.37
"The combination of MTX and LEF in RA patients is generally safe and well tolerated."	( Liver toxicity is rare in rheumatoid arthritis patients using combination therapy with leflunomide and methotrexate. Alves, JA; Castro, GR; Fialho, SC; Morato, EF; Neves, FS; Pereira, IA; Ribeiro, GG; Zimmermann, AF, )	0.13
" Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors are a safe alternative in patients with AERD."	( Safety of parecoxib in asthmatic patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Bartra, J; Muñoz-Cano, R; Picado, C; Roca, J; Sánchez-López, J; Serrano, C; Valero, A, 2011)	0.37
"The drug was well tolerated by all patients, with no adverse reactions."	( Safety of parecoxib in asthmatic patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Bartra, J; Muñoz-Cano, R; Picado, C; Roca, J; Sánchez-López, J; Serrano, C; Valero, A, 2011)	0.37
"The adverse effect profile of this drug from controlled, randomized studies and open and long-term studies and case reports is described herein."	( Drug safety evaluation of zonisamide for the treatment of epilepsy. Cincotta, M; Tramacere, L; Zaccara, G, 2011)	0.37
"Zonisamide has several CNS dose-dependent, metabolic and idiosyncratic adverse effects."	( Drug safety evaluation of zonisamide for the treatment of epilepsy. Cincotta, M; Tramacere, L; Zaccara, G, 2011)	0.37
" The LD50 of UTL-5g was determined to be > 2,000 mg/kg by an acute toxicity study."	( The small-molecule TNF-alpha modulator, UTL-5g, reduces side effects induced by cisplatin and enhances the therapeutic effect of cisplatin in vivo. Chen, B; Huang, WH; Lee, AR; Media, J; Shaw, J; Valeriote, FA, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events (AEs) occurring more frequently with sitaxsentan (50 or 100 mg) included headache, peripheral edema, dizziness, nausea, extremity pain, and fatigue; most AEs were of mild or moderate severity."	( Safety and efficacy of sitaxsentan 50 and 100 mg in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Hwang, LJ; Jardim, C; Jerjes-Sánchez Díaz, C; Kurzyna, M; Pulido, T; Ramírez, A; Sandoval, J; Souza, R; Teal, SA; Torbicki, A, 2012)	0.38
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were reported in 80 patients."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of zonisamide as adjunctive treatment for refractory partial seizures: a multicenter open-label single-arm trial in Korean patients. Cho, YW; Heo, K; Kim, KS; Kim, OJ; Kim, SE; Kim, SH; Lee, BI; Lee, JH; Lee, SJ; Park, SP; Shin, DJ; Song, HK; Yi, SD, 2012)	0.38
"Although non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsNSAIDs) and opioids are effective treatments for acute renal colic, they are associated with adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of parecoxib in the treatment of acute renal colic: a randomized clinical trial. Afif-Abdo, J; Araya, G; Cairoli, CE; Damiao, R; Glina, S; Novoa, R; Santa Maria, CF; Wajsbrot, D, )	0.13
"Drug-induced weight alteration can be a serious side effect that applies to several therapeutic agents and must be referred to in the respective approved labeling texts."	( Weight-reducing side effects of the antiepileptic agents topiramate and zonisamide. Antel, J; Hebebrand, J, 2012)	0.38
" In the studies analyzed it was well tolerated and the most frequent reported adverse events were mild extrapyramidal symptoms and an increase in serum prolactin levels."	( [Efficacy, tolerability and safety of paliperidone extended-release in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder]. Bellantuono, C; Santone, G, )	0.13
"Paliperidone has been shown to be an effective and safe medication for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder."	( [Efficacy, tolerability and safety of paliperidone extended-release in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder]. Bellantuono, C; Santone, G, )	0.13
" Most frequent (≥ 10%) treatment-emergent adverse events were nasopharyngitis (n = 37), insomnia (n = 32), injection-site pain (n = 32), headache (n = 28), and tachycardia (n = 27)."	( A one-year prospective study of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the highest available dose of paliperidone palmitate in patients with schizophrenia. Coppola, D; Gopal, S; Hough, DW; Liu, Y; Nuamah, I; Pandina, G; Remmerie, B; Samtani, MN; Sulaiman, A, 2012)	0.38
" Higher doses may provide additional benefit as well as dose-related increases in some adverse reactions."	( Oral paliperidone extended-release: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability. Citrome, L, 2012)	0.38
" Sitaxentan-related adverse effects included coagulopathy in rats and dogs, increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity in mice and dogs, and hepatic hypertrophy in all species."	( An overview of the preclinical toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of sitaxentan (Thelin®), a potent endothelin receptor antagonist developed for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cross, DM; Derzi, M; Horsley, E; Owen, K; Stavros, FL, 2012)	0.38
" In this context, newer SGAs were developed to further improve the adverse effect burden of available agents."	( Body weight and metabolic adverse effects of asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone and paliperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. Correll, CU; De Hert, M; Detraux, J; Sweers, K; van Winkel, R; Yu, W, 2012)	0.38
" However, few individuals with elevated prolactin levels (hyperprolactinemia) have symptomatic potentially prolactin-related adverse events (PPR-AEs)."	( An analysis of potentially prolactin-related adverse events and abnormal prolactin values in randomized clinical trials with paliperidone palmitate. Coppola, D; Einarson, TR; Gopal, S; Hemels, ME; Hough, D; Nuamah, I, 2012)	0.38
" In all four trials, zonisamide 300-600 mg/day resulted in significant reductions in median total seizure rates vs placebo, and zonisamide was generally well tolerated; the most frequently reported adverse events being somnolence, dizziness and anorexia/weight loss."	( Zonisamide: its pharmacology, efficacy and safety in clinical trials. Ben-Menachem, E; Brodie, MJ; Chouette, I; Giorgi, L, 2012)	0.38
" Safety assessment included monitoring of adverse events and laboratory test results."	( The efficacy and safety of leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Gworys, B; Jankowski, T; Jeka, S; Karmowski, A; Karmowski, M; Kolossa, K; Wiacek, R, )	0.13
"The most commonly observed adverse events were related to the gastrointestinal tract (i."	( The efficacy and safety of leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Gworys, B; Jankowski, T; Jeka, S; Karmowski, A; Karmowski, M; Kolossa, K; Wiacek, R, )	0.13
" The most significant adverse event was elevation of transaminases in eight patients (26%)."	( Therapeutic efficacy and safety of methotrexate + leflunomide in Colombian patients with active rheumatoid arthritis refractory to conventional treatment. Cubidez, MF; Guzman, C; Londono, J; Santos, AM; Santos, PI; Valle-Oñate, R, 2012)	0.38
"Hyperprolactinemia is a common side effect in young males treated over the long term with risperidone."	( Risk of hyperprolactinemia and sexual side effects in males 10-20 years old diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders or disruptive behavior disorder and treated with risperidone. Boot, AM; Buitelaar, JK; Roke, Y; Tenback, D; van Harten, PN, 2012)	0.38
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), most mild to moderate in severity, included headache (13."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of iloperidone: results from a 25-week, open-label extension trial. Cutler, AJ; Kalali, AH; Kunovac, J; Mattingly, GW; Meng, X, 2013)	0.39
"The combination of MTX and LEF was well tolerated, with adverse events comparable to those of monotherapy and the other nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug treatment group."	( The SMILE study -- safety of methotrexate in combination with leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis. Arnold, M; Bird, P; Burnet, S; de Jager, J; Griffiths, H; Littlejohn, G; Nicholls, D; Roberts, L; Scott, J; Tymms, K; Zochling, J, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events occurred in 53."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide in DMARD-naive patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of a loading and a fixed-dose regimen. Bolosiu, H; Cutolo, M; Perdriset, G, 2013)	0.39
" No incremental benefit was observed with the use of a loading dose, which may be associated with an increased initial rate of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide in DMARD-naive patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of a loading and a fixed-dose regimen. Bolosiu, H; Cutolo, M; Perdriset, G, 2013)	0.39
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), including those considered more relevant to antipsychotic treatment (prespecified adverse events [AEs]), were analyzed."	( Safety of paliperidone extended-release in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and hepatic disease. Alphs, L; Amatniek, J; Canuso, CM; Deutsch, SI; Henderson, DC; Mao, L; Mikesell, C; Rodriguez, S; Sheehan, J, 2014)	0.4
" During the treatment, 8 patients had adverse effects which could be well tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide in treatment of steroid-dependent and steroid-resistant adult onset minimal change disease. Huang, J; Li, J; Liu, G; Xu, R; Zhang, Y; Zhou, J, 2013)	0.39
"Leflunomide is a relatively safe drug, with proven efficacy in RA management."	( Safety evaluation of leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis. Conaghan, PG; Keen, HI; Tett, SE, 2013)	0.39
"The first aim of our study was to analyze the adverse events statistically significantly associated with zonisamide, through a systematic review and meta-analysis of available randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs)."	( The adverse event profile of zonisamide: a meta-analysis. Di Sabatino, F; Loiacono, G; Verrotti, A; Zaccara, G, 2013)	0.39
" Assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), clinical laboratory parameters and weight change."	( Safety and tolerability of zonisamide in elderly patients with epilepsy. Giorgi, L; Patten, A; Segieth, J; Trinka, E, 2013)	0.39
" The objective of this analysis was to report the results of a population pharmacokinetic analysis and to describe the relationship between risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone levels with dopamine (DA) D2-receptor occupancy, prolactin levels, and adverse events using data collected in 45 clinically stable schizophrenic patients receiving RBP-7000 in single ascending doses (risperidone) of 60, 90, and 120 mg."	( A model-based approach to characterize the population pharmacokinetics and the relationship between the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of RBP-7000, a new, long-acting, sustained-released formulation of risperidone. Fudala, PJ; Gomeni, R; Heidbreder, C; Nasser, AF, 2013)	0.39
" No serious adverse events were observed."	( Leflunomide plus oral prednisone in treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a retrospective clinical study of efficacy and safety. Lu, W; Xie, L; Xue, W; Yang, S; Yin, A, 2013)	0.39
" Since psychiatric adverse effects, including mania, psychosis, and suicidal ideation, have been associated with its use, it was suggested that the presence of antecedent psychiatric disorders is an important factor associated with the discontinuation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy."	( Psychiatric adverse effects of zonisamide in patients with epilepsy and mental disorder comorbidities. Cavanna, AE; Seri, S, 2013)	0.39
" The conventional agents are also associated with adverse neurologic effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)."	( Paliperidone extended-release: safety and tolerability from a metabolic profile perspective. Quilo, CG; Rodríguez-Martínez, A, 2013)	0.39
" Our results show that G formulation had toxic effects while no effects were found with acid glyphosate and AMPA treatments."	( Glyphosate commercial formulation causes cytotoxicity, oxidative effects, and apoptosis on human cells: differences with its active ingredient. Chaufan, G; Coalova, I; Ríos de Molina, Mdel C, )	0.13
"7%), and adverse drug reaction (11."	( Toxicity and clinical outcomes of paliperidone exposures reported to U.S. Poison Centers. Anderson, B; Klein-Schwartz, W; Tsay, ME, 2014)	0.4
"No adverse events were observed subsequent to fluralaner treatment of MDR1(-/-) Collies at three times the highest expected clinical dose."	( Safety of fluralaner, a novel systemic antiparasitic drug, in MDR1(-/-) Collies after oral administration. Allan, MJ; Nuernberger, MC; Paul, AJ; Roepke, RK; Walther, FM, 2014)	0.4
" Based upon the results of this study, afoxolaner was shown to be safe when administered repeatedly in a soft chewable formulation at up to 5× the maximum exposure dose in dogs as young as 8 weeks of age."	( Safety evaluation of orally administered afoxolaner in 8-week-old dogs. Drag, M; Harriman, J; Larsen, D; Saik, J, 2014)	0.4
" Safety assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and clinical laboratory parameters."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide versus carbamazepine monotherapy for treatment of partial seizures in adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy: results of a phase III, randomized, double-blind study. Baulac, M; Giorgi, L; Patten, A, 2014)	0.4
" There were no reports of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis in either group."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide versus carbamazepine monotherapy for treatment of partial seizures in adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy: results of a phase III, randomized, double-blind study. Baulac, M; Giorgi, L; Patten, A, 2014)	0.4
" Assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), clinical laboratory parameters, vital signs and electrocardiography."	( Safety and tolerability of zonisamide in paediatric patients with epilepsy. Auvin, S; Cross, JH; Giorgi, L; Patten, A, 2014)	0.4
" In addition, data on the efficacy of zonisamide to reduce seizures and reported adverse events were extracted from the medical records and analyzed."	( Zonisamide: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse events in children with epilepsy. Dahlin, M; Ohman, I; Wallander, KM, 2014)	0.4
" The overall efficacy of zonisamide for reducing seizure frequency ≥ 50% was 35% and the most frequent adverse event was fatigue, reported in 23% of the patients."	( Zonisamide: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse events in children with epilepsy. Dahlin, M; Ohman, I; Wallander, KM, 2014)	0.4
" The underlying illness, etiology of epilepsy, seizure types, previous and concomitant antiepileptic drugs, dosage, and adverse effects of the drug were collected."	( Efficacy and safety of zonisamide in Thai children and adolescents with intractable seizures. Khongkhatithum, C; Thampratankul, L; Visudtibhan, A, 2015)	0.42
" The need for rescue analgesics and the incidence of adverse effects were considered as secondary outcome of the study."	( Efficacy and safety of parecoxib/phloroglucinol combination therapy versus parecoxib monotherapy for acute renal colic: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Fu, W; Li, Q; Li, WB; Wang, Y; Wu, X; Yan, JA; Yao, J; Zhou, Z, 2014)	0.4
" These 21st century RyR and GABA-R diamides and isoxazolines were serendipitous discoveries and developments showing the importance of mechanism studies in maintaining the arsenal of safe and effective insecticides."	( Golden age of RyR and GABA-R diamide and isoxazoline insecticides: common genesis, serendipity, surprises, selectivity, and safety. Casida, JE, 2015)	0.42
" In the DB phase, 183 of 305 patients (62% with 3-month paliperidone palmitate; 58% with placebo) had at least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event; those noted more frequently in the group receiving paliperidone palmitate than in the placebo group were headache (9% vs 4%), weight increased (9% vs 3%), nasopharyngitis (6% vs 1%), and akathisia (4% vs 1%)."	( Efficacy and Safety of the 3-Month Formulation of Paliperidone Palmitate vs Placebo for Relapse Prevention of Schizophrenia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Berwaerts, J; Coppola, D; Gopal, S; Hough, DW; Liu, Y; Maruta, N; Nuamah, I; Remmerie, B; Savitz, A; Schotte, A; Xu, H, 2015)	0.42
"Parecoxib sodium was effective and safe when used for postoperative analgesia in endo-nasal operation."	( Safety and Efficacy Study of the Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor Parecoxib Sodium Applied for Postoperative Analgesia After Endo-Nasal Operation. Chen, H; Luo, A, 2016)	0.43
" In the current experimental conditions, the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of methiozolin are considered to be 250 mg/kg/day for does and prenatal development."	( Developmental toxicity assessment of the new turf herbicide, methiozolin ([5-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxymethyl-5-methyl-3,3(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)-1,2-isoxazoline]), in rabbits. Chung, MK; Hwang, KH; Jeong, EJ; Koo, SJ; Lee, J; Song, J; Yu, WJ, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse effects include somnolence and weight decrease, but data suggest that long-term treatment with ZNS is safe with only rare newly occurring adverse effects, and good long-term tolerability also regarding mood, behavior, cognition and bone maturation."	( The safety and long-term efficacy of zonisamide as adjunctive therapy for focal epilepsy. Schulze-Bonhage, A, 2015)	0.42
" There was no serious adverse events during the study."	( Efficacy and safety of weekly leflunomide for the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, multi-center study. Bi, LQ; Chen, LN; Fang, YF; Gu, F; Guo, JL; Hao, YJ; Li, R; Li, XF; Li, ZG; Liu, HX; Liu, XY; Luo, Y; Mei, YF; Ren, LM; Su, Y; Sun, LY; Zhang, ZL; Zhang, ZY; Zhao, JX; Zhu, P, 2016)	0.43
" The proportions of all adverse events were comparable in the two groups except for diarrhea."	( Total glucosides of paeony can reduce the hepatotoxicity caused by Methotrexate and Leflunomide combination treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis. Chen, Z; Li, XM; Li, XP; Li, ZG; Su, Y; Xiang, N; Yang, M; Zhang, MJ; Zhao, DB; Zhu, P; Zuo, XX, 2015)	0.42
" The open phase did not reveal new adverse effects."	( [Zonisamid in additional treatment of pediatric partial epilepsy: a review of efficacy and safety in randomized double blind pacebo-controlled III phase study]. Belousova, E, 2015)	0.42
" Azithromycin was not associated with excess serious adverse events (SAEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of World Health Organization group 5 drugs for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. Butler-Laporte, G; Menzies, D; Winters, N, 2015)	0.42
" Cessation of at least one of MTX, SSZ or HCQ occurred because of an adverse event in 38%, remission in 7% and incomplete response in 28% of patients."	( Safety and retention of combination triple disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in new-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Cummins, L; Duggan, E; Katikireddi, VS; Pahau, H; Shankaranarayana, S; Su, KY; Thomas, R; Videm, V, 2015)	0.42
"Perioperative parecoxib administration reduces postoperative pain, opioid consumption, and adverse events in adult patients."	( Efficacy and safety of perioperative parecoxib for acute postoperative pain treatment in children: a meta-analysis. Bu, X; Yang, L; Zuo, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Finally, we demonstrate that FXR agonists do not stimulate migration in breast cancer cell lines, an important potential adverse effect."	( Activation of the Farnesoid X-receptor in breast cancer cell lines results in cytotoxicity but not increased migration potential. Alasmael, N; Meira, LB; Mohan, R; Plant, NJ; Swales, KE, 2016)	0.43
"There are a limited number of anticonvulsant medications that can be administered with an oral loading dose in order to rapidly achieve an effective serum level, and most of these have associated adverse effects."	( Safety and tolerability of an oral zonisamide loading dose. Bazil, CW; Jongeling, AC; Richins, RJ, 2015)	0.42
"This report is the first to suggest a method of rapidly initiating zonisamide therapy, achieving therapeutic serum levels in a shorter time frame, with an adverse effect profile similar to the recommended titration schedule."	( Safety and tolerability of an oral zonisamide loading dose. Bazil, CW; Jongeling, AC; Richins, RJ, 2015)	0.42
" There were no treatment related adverse events in either study."	( Efficacy and safety of a novel oral isoxazoline, sarolaner (Simparica™), for the treatment of sarcoptic mange in dogs. Becskei, C; Cherni, JA; De Bock, F; Fourie, JJ; Illambas, J; Lane, M; Mahabir, SP; Six, RH, 2016)	0.43
" Sarolaner chewable tablets were well tolerated with no treatment related adverse reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of sarolaner (Simparica™) against fleas on dogs presented as veterinary patients in the United States. Cherni, JA; Mahabir, SP; Six, RH, 2016)	0.43
" There were no treatment-related adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of a novel oral isoxazoline, sarolaner (Simparica™) in the treatment of naturally occurring flea and tick infestations in dogs presented as veterinary patients in Europe. Becskei, C; De Bock, F; Farkas, R; Illambas, J; Mahabir, SP; Six, RH, 2016)	0.43
"AUY922, a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor is associated with ocular adverse events (AEs)."	( Ocular toxicity of AUY922 in pigmented and albino rats. Akimov, M; Kluwe, W; Lu, H; Miller, PE; Richardson, TA; Roman, D; Schadt, H; Turner, O; VerHoeve, J; Vicart, A; Walker, UJ; Wolford, ST; Zhou, W, 2016)	0.43
" The hypothesis is that compared to placebo with opioids as rescue treatment, sequential use of parecoxib and celecoxib can achieve less morphine consumption over the postoperative 2 weeks, as well as better pain control, quicker functional recovery in the postoperative 6 weeks and less opioid-related adverse events during the 12-week recovery phase."	( Efficacy and safety of Postoperative Intravenous Parecoxib sodium Followed by ORal CElecoxib (PIPFORCE) post-total knee arthroplasty in patients with osteoarthritis: a study protocol for a multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Bian, Y; Feng, B; Jiang, J; Lin, J; Pei, F; Shen, B; Sun, T; Wang, W; Weng, X; Yan, S; Zhang, M; Zhuang, Q, 2016)	0.43
" No treatment-related adverse experiences were observed throughout the study."	( Efficacy against nematode infections and safety of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewable tablets in domestic dogs under field conditions in Europe. Breiltgens, T; Brianti, E; Capári, B; Dantas-Torres, F; Dollhofer, D; Gau, M; Jeannin, P; Joachim, A; Kaulfuß, KH; Kirkova, Z; Kley, K; Knaus, M; Lebon, W; Lechner, J; Mallouk, Y; Mihalca, AD; Mirabito, R; Petkevičius, S; Rapti, D; Rehbein, S; Sedeilhan, M; Shukullari, E; Visser, M, 2017)	0.46
" Based upon the results of this study, afoxolaner/milbemycin oxime soft chewables were shown to be safe when administered repeatedly at up to 5× the maximum exposure dose in dogs as young as 8 weeks of age."	( Safety evaluation of orally administered afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime in eight-week-old dogs. Drag, M; Harriman, J; Larsen, D; Letendre, L; Saik, J; Yoon, S, 2017)	0.46
" Patients were dependent on glucocorticoid and refractory to at least two full-dose immunosuppressants/immunomodulators or presented previous adverse events with immunobiological drugs."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide as an adjuvant drug in refractory dermatomyositis with primarily cutaneous activity. de Souza, FHC; de Souza, RC; Miossi, R; Shinjo, SK, )	0.13
"Leflunomide proved effective and safe in 12 (66."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide as an adjuvant drug in refractory dermatomyositis with primarily cutaneous activity. de Souza, FHC; de Souza, RC; Miossi, R; Shinjo, SK, )	0.13
"Leflunomide therapy appears to be effective and safe as an adjuvant drug in refractory DM with primarily cutaneous activity."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide as an adjuvant drug in refractory dermatomyositis with primarily cutaneous activity. de Souza, FHC; de Souza, RC; Miossi, R; Shinjo, SK, )	0.13
" Adverse effects (AE) were reported by 29% of incident users and after 1 year, 45% remained on leflunomide."	( Clinical effectiveness and safety of leflunomide in inflammatory arthritis: a report from the RAPPORT database with supporting patient survey. Eurich, DT; Hall, JJ; Katz, SJ; Keeling, SO; Maksymowych, WP; Schultz, M, 2017)	0.46
"Treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) occurrence after day 3 was examined in a pooled analysis of three placebo-controlled trials of parecoxib following general or gynecologic surgery, or total hip arthroplasty."	( Safety of parecoxib when used for more than 3 days for the management of postoperative pain. Cheung, R; Essex, MN; Li, C; Xie, L, 2017)	0.46
" Serious adverse events were similar."	( Leflunomide is equally efficacious and safe compared to low dose rituximab in refractory rheumatoid arthritis given in combination with methotrexate: results from a randomized double blind controlled clinical trial. de Silva, R; Fernandopulle, R; Galappatthy, P; Hart, M; Kelleher, P; Saravanamuttu, U; Senerath, U; Seneviratne, SL; Udagama, P; Weerasekera, LP; Wijayaratne, LS; Wijesinghe, H, 2017)	0.46
" Based on the present results, the use of the new mite treatment based on fluralaner administered via drinking water is expected to be safe for laying hens under industrial conditions, and to have no negative impact on their egg quality and production."	( Safety of fluralaner oral solution, a novel systemic antiparasitic treatment for chickens, in laying hens after oral administration via drinking water. Flochlay-Sigognault, A; Huyghe, B; Menge, M; Prohaczik, A; Traon, GL, 2017)	0.46
" Data that were extracted from the medical records included signalment, body weight, underlying indication for leflunomide, dosage of leflunomide, treatment duration, concurrent medications, treatment response, and adverse events."	( A Retrospective Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Leflunomide in Dogs. Lappin, MR; Legare, M; Sato, M; Veir, JK, 2017)	0.46
"There is a need for robust in vitro models to sensitively capture skeletal muscle adverse toxicities early in the research and development of novel xenobiotics."	( Integrated metabolic models for xenobiotic induced mitochondrial toxicity in skeletal muscle. Cain, K; Dott, W; Herbert, KE; Mistry, P; Wright, J, 2018)	0.48
" Inhibiting JNK activation using a JNK inhibitor attenuated the ER stress and cytotoxicity of leflunomide, whereas inhibiting ERK1/2 using an ERK1/2 inhibitor or ERK1/2 siRNA increased the adverse effect caused by leflunomide, suggesting opposite roles for the two pathways."	( Endoplasmic reticulum stress and MAPK signaling pathway activation underlie leflunomide-induced toxicity in HepG2 Cells. Chen, S; Couch, L; Guo, L; Ning, B; Qing, T; Ren, Z; Shi, L; Xuan, J; Yu, D, 2017)	0.46
" There were no treatment-related adverse events."	( Field efficacy and safety of fluralaner solution for administration in drinking water for the treatment of poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestations in commercial flocks in Europe. Chiquet, M; Flochlay, AS; Sander, B; Thomas, E; Zschiesche, E, 2017)	0.46
" The occurrence of adverse events showed no differences between perioperative parecoxib administration and placebo control."	( Efficacy and Safety of Postoperative Pain Relief by Parecoxib Injection after Laparoscopic Surgeries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Huang, JM; Jiang, WX; Li, HN; Lv, ZT; Nie, MB; Zhang, YN, 2018)	0.48
"Perioperative parecoxib administration was effective in reducing the proportion of patients who required adjuvant pain relief after laparoscopic surgeries without significant adverse events compared with placebo."	( Efficacy and Safety of Postoperative Pain Relief by Parecoxib Injection after Laparoscopic Surgeries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Huang, JM; Jiang, WX; Li, HN; Lv, ZT; Nie, MB; Zhang, YN, 2018)	0.48
" Based on these results, a safe use of the new mite treatment proposed with fluralaner administered via drinking water is expected in layer and breeder field industrial conditions."	( Safety of fluralaner oral solution, a novel systemic poultry red mite treatment, for chicken breeders' reproductive performances. Flochlay-Sigognault, A; Huyghe, B; Le Traon, G, 2017)	0.46
" The absence of treatment-related adverse events confirms the safety of lotilaner in dogs."	( A randomized, controlled field study to assess the efficacy and safety of lotilaner flavored chewable tablets (Credelio™) in eliminating fleas in client-owned dogs in the USA. Cavalleri, D; Chappell, K; Coble, S; Drake, J; Karadzovska, D; Murphy, M; Nanchen, S; Wiseman, S, 2017)	0.46
" There were no treatment-related adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of sarolaner in the treatment of canine ear mite infestation caused by Otodectes cynotis: a non-inferiority study. Becskei, C; Cuppens, O; Mahabir, SP, 2018)	0.48
" There were no adverse events in treated birds."	( Efficacy and safety assessment of a water-soluble formulation of fluralaner for treatment of natural Ornithonyssus sylviarum infestations in laying hens. Flochlay-Sigognault, A; Hinkle, NC; Jirjis, F; Sun, F; Szewczyk, E, 2018)	0.48
" The results of the 90-days subchronic feeding study demonstrated that the GM soybean FG72 is as safe as the conventional non-GM soybean Jack."	( No subchronic toxicity of multiple herbicide-resistant soybean FG72 in Sprague-Dawley rats by 90-days feeding study. He, X; Huang, K; Liu, X; Xie, Z; Xu, W; Zou, S, 2018)	0.48
" Lotilaner tablets were safe and provided superior flea control to fipronil/(S)-methoprene."	( A randomized, controlled field study to assess the efficacy and safety of lotilaner (Credelio™) in controlling fleas in client-owned cats in Europe. Cavalleri, D; Murphy, M; Nanchen, S; Seewald, W, 2018)	0.48
"No adverse events related to the two products, nor skin reactions, general signs, or changes in the haematological profile, were observed during the study."	( Six-month field efficacy and safety of the combined treatment of dogs with Frontline Tri-Act® and NexGard Spectra®. Abbate, JM; Arfuso, F; Beugnet, F; Brianti, E; Gaglio, G; Giannetto, S; Halos, L; Napoli, E, 2018)	0.48
" There was no increased risk of adverse effects related to parecoxib."	( The efficacy and safety of parecoxib for reducing pain and opioid consumption following total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Du, X; Gu, J, 2018)	0.48
"The signal is defined as "reported information on a possible causal relationship between an adverse event and a drug, of which the relationship is unknown or incompletely documented previously"."	( Novel Adverse Events of Iloperidone: A Disproportionality Analysis in US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database. Beulah, TE; Maheswari, E; Singh, H; Subeesh, V; Swaroop, AM, 2019)	0.51
"To detect novel adverse events of iloperidone by disproportionality analysis in FDA database of Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) using Data Mining Algorithms (DMAs)."	( Novel Adverse Events of Iloperidone: A Disproportionality Analysis in US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database. Beulah, TE; Maheswari, E; Singh, H; Subeesh, V; Swaroop, AM, 2019)	0.51
" We consider DECs for disproportionality analysis only if a minimum of ten reports are present in database for the given adverse event and which were not detected earlier (in clinical trials)."	( Novel Adverse Events of Iloperidone: A Disproportionality Analysis in US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database. Beulah, TE; Maheswari, E; Singh, H; Subeesh, V; Swaroop, AM, 2019)	0.51
" The result requires an integration of further clinical surveillance for the quantification and validation of possible risks for the adverse events reported of iloperidone."	( Novel Adverse Events of Iloperidone: A Disproportionality Analysis in US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database. Beulah, TE; Maheswari, E; Singh, H; Subeesh, V; Swaroop, AM, 2019)	0.51
"Concurrent topical administration of a fluralaner plus moxidectin and a praziquantel product did not result in adverse findings."	( Safety of topical administration of fluralaner plus moxidectin concurrently with praziquantel in cats. Fisara, P; Roepke, RKA; Walther, FM, 2018)	0.48
" Both products were safe and well tolerated."	( Field effectiveness and safety of fluralaner plus moxidectin (Bravecto® Plus) against ticks and fleas: a European randomized, blinded, multicenter field study in naturally-infested client-owned cats. Gil, MJ; Loehlein, W; Pobel, T; Roepke, RKA; Rohdich, N; Wolf, O; Zschiesche, E, 2018)	0.48
" Our objective was to systematically review the literature to determine the most effective and safe topical or systemic therapy for canine generalised demodicosis."	( Critically appraised topic for the most effective and safe treatment for canine generalised demodicosis. Foppa, C; Perego, R; Proverbio, D; Spada, E, 2019)	0.51
"The analysis of the best available evidence on March 5, 2018, suggests that six are the most effective and safe treatments for generalised canine demodicosis including (in alphabetical order): doramectin (oral or parenteral); fluralaner (oral); imidacloprid/moxidectin (topical); ivermectin (oral, not as first choice treatment); milbemycin oxime (oral); and sarolaner (oral)."	( Critically appraised topic for the most effective and safe treatment for canine generalised demodicosis. Foppa, C; Perego, R; Proverbio, D; Spada, E, 2019)	0.51
"Although the new isoxazoline drug fluralaner (Bravecto®) is generally well tolerated in dogs, adverse drug reactions involving neurological dysfunction occurred in individual dogs."	( Suspected neurological toxicity after oral application of fluralaner (Bravecto®) in a Kooikerhondje dog. Gaens, D; Geyer, J; Hamann, M; Rummel, C; Schmidt, M, 2019)	0.51
" It may help to better classify adverse drug reactions after application of isoxazoline drugs and documents a good prognosis even after occurrence of severe neurological dysfunction in the present case."	( Suspected neurological toxicity after oral application of fluralaner (Bravecto®) in a Kooikerhondje dog. Gaens, D; Geyer, J; Hamann, M; Rummel, C; Schmidt, M, 2019)	0.51
"Simparica Trio™ administered orally once monthly for two consecutive treatments was safe and effective against natural flea infestations and substantially improved clinical signs associated with FAD in client-owned dogs in a field study conducted in the USA."	( Safety and efficacy of a novel oral chewable combination tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against natural flea infestations in client-owned dogs in the USA. Inskeep, T; Kryda, K; Mahabir, SP; Rugg, J, 2020)	0.56
"Novel strategies to treat cancer effectively without adverse effects on the surrounding normal tissue are urgently needed."	( Anti-Tumor Activity vs. Normal Cell Toxicity: Therapeutic Potential of the Bromotyrosines Aerothionin and Homoaerothionin In Vitro. Bechmann, N; Bornstein, SR; Drechsel, A; Ehrlich, H; Helm, J; Pantovic, S, 2020)	0.56
" Forty-two percent (1,157) reported no flea treatment or adverse events (AE), while 58% (1594) had been treated with some parasiticide for flea control, and of those that received a parasiticide, the majority, or 83% (1,325), received an isooxazoline."	( Survey of canine use and safety of isoxazoline parasiticides. Bullock, R; Carney, E; Dodds, WJ; Fritsche, HA; Jeffrey, J; Kimball, JP; Morgan, J; Palmieri, V, 2020)	0.56
" In this review, the authors briefly discuss schizophrenia and its treatment, before they discuss properties of iloperidone, its indications, approval process, and adverse effects."	( An update on the efficacy and safety of iloperidone as a schizophrenia therapy. Asamoah, AL; Gosal, R; Grossberg, GT; Nair, A; Salem, A, 2020)	0.56
"Ocular adverse events are common dose-limiting toxicities in cancer patients treated with HSP90 inhibitors, such as AUY922; however, the pathology and molecular mechanisms that mediate AUY922-induced retinal toxicity remain undescribed."	( AUY922 induces retinal toxicity through attenuating TRPM1. Chen, LT; Chen, WJ; Chiang, NJ; Hsieh, CC; Hwang, DY; Jiang, KY; Li, TW; Lin, CY; Shen, CH; Yen, CT, 2021)	0.62
" Pain scores, pain intensity, and adverse events in each time interval were evaluated and compared among the 3 groups."	( Effect and Safety of Prophylactic Parecoxib for Pain Control of Transarterial Chemoembolization in Liver Cancer: A Single-Center, Parallel-Group, Randomized Trial. Guo, N; Kong, Y; Lai, J; Li, J; Li, X; Lyu, N; Zhao, M, 2022)	0.72
"Parecoxib is superior to oxycodone and celecoxib for pain control with fewer adverse events."	( Effect and Safety of Prophylactic Parecoxib for Pain Control of Transarterial Chemoembolization in Liver Cancer: A Single-Center, Parallel-Group, Randomized Trial. Guo, N; Kong, Y; Lai, J; Li, J; Li, X; Lyu, N; Zhao, M, 2022)	0.72
" Dogs were closely monitored for adverse reactions on the day of treatment and for the following two days."	( Safety of oral afoxolaner formulated with or without milbemycin oxime in homozygous MDR1-deficient collie dogs. Drag, M; Mitchell, E; Tielemans, E, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The effects of other antiepileptics on the serum protein binding, erythrocyte distribution and metabolism of ZNS were also studied in vitro to elucidate the mechanism of pharmacokinetic interaction of ZNS."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of zonisamide in rats. Effect of other antiepileptics on zonisamide. Fukuchi, H; Kimura, M; Kimura, Y; Kitaura, T; Miyake, K; Tanaka, N, 1992)	0.28
" After iv doses of 4 or 20 mg/kg (50 or 250 mg/m2), acivicin plasma concentrations demonstrated a rapid initial decline (distribution phase), and then declined exponentially with a terminal (elimination phase) half-life of 3--4 hrs."	( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of acivicin in Ommaya reservoir-bearing rhesus monkeys. Elfring, GL; McGovren, JP; Poplack, DG; Smith, RB; Soares, N; Stewart, JC; Von Hoff, DD; Wood, JH, 1982)	0.26
" Following are the mean pharmacokinetics of risperidone and risperidone + 9-OH-risperidone: area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) from 0 to 96 hours; 278."	( Pharmacokinetics of risperidone in chronic schizophrenic patients. Borison, RL; Diamond, B; Meibach, RC; Pathiraja, A, 1994)	0.29
" Risperidone can be characterized as a potent D2 antagonist with predominant 5HT2 antagonistic activity and optimal pharmacokinetic properties."	( Survey on the pharmacodynamics of the new antipsychotic risperidone. Awouters, FH; Dugovic, C; Leysen, JE; Meert, TF; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schotte, A, 1994)	0.29
" Most traditional antipsychotic drugs have similar pharmacokinetic profiles that differ from the newer agents in several key respects."	( Brief comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the traditional and newer antipsychotic drugs. DeVane, CL, 1995)	0.29
" Two studies on iloperidone evaluated its safety and tolerability, made a preliminary pharmacokinetic assessment of single 3- and 5-mg doses, and determined the effect of food on its tolerability and pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers after single 3-mg doses."	( Safety, tolerability, and effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of iloperidone (HP 873), a potential atypical antipsychotic. Brecher, MB; Chi, E; Grasing, K; Hubbard, JW; Sainati, SM, 1995)	0.29
" Additional pharmacokinetic studies will help to establish the change in pharmacokinetic profile that occurs with dosage titration in patients outside Japan."	( Zonisamide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in epilepsy. Peters, DH; Sorkin, EM, 1993)	0.29
" Risperidone half-life was about 3 hours in extensive metabolizers and 22 hours in poor metabolizers."	( Pharmacokinetics of the novel antipsychotic agent risperidone and the prolactin response in healthy subjects. De Coster, R; Heykants, J; Huang, ML; Jansen, AA; Jonkman, JH; Van Peer, A; Visscher, HW; Woestenborghs, R; Zylicz, Z, 1993)	0.29
" The 266 serum concentration data at steady-state after repetitive oral administration were analyzed using the nonlinear mixed effects model (NONMEM) program designed for estimation of population pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population analysis of the dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of zonisamide in epileptic patients. Hashimoto, Y; Hori, R; Odani, A; Okuno, T; Tanigawara, Y; Yasuhara, M, 1994)	0.29
" These results suggest that ZNS has little effect on the pharmacokinetic behaviors of other antiepileptic drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of zonisamide in rats. Effect of zonisamide on other antiepileptics. Fukuchi, H; Kimura, M; Kimura, Y; Kitaura, T; Miyake, K; Tanaka, N, 1993)	0.29
" When used as a monotherapy, topiramate is eliminated primarily in the urine in an unchanged form with a half-life of 20 to 30 hours; elimination is faster in patients receiving concurrent medication with enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants, in whom the extent of biotransformation becomes more prominent."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Focus on topiramate, zonisamide and tiagabine. Bialer, M; Perucca, E, 1996)	0.29
"A 56-day pharmacokinetic study of zonisamide was conducted in 24 healthy volunteers."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of zonisamide, an antiepileptic agent for treatment of refractory complex partial seizures. Buchanan, RA; Kochak, GM; Padgett, CS; Page, JG; Peters, R, 1998)	0.3
"An open-label study evaluated the effect of steady-state venlafaxine on the single-dose pharmacokinetic profile of risperidone, a CYP2D6 substrate; its active metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone; and the total active moiety (risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone)."	( Effect of venlafaxine on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone. Albano, D; Amchin, J; Klockowski, PM; Taylor, KP; Zarycranski, W, 1999)	0.3
" Patients were assessed for adverse effects, pharmacokinetic measurements of leflunomide and methotrexate, and clinical response by American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20% response criteria."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of combination treatment with methotrexate and leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Byrne, VM; Coblyn, JS; Helfgott, SM; Kaymakcian, MV; Kremer, JM; Maier, AL; Morrell, M; Strand, V; Weinblatt, ME, 1999)	0.3
" No significant pharmacokinetic interactions between leflunomide and methotrexate were noted."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of combination treatment with methotrexate and leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Byrne, VM; Coblyn, JS; Helfgott, SM; Kaymakcian, MV; Kremer, JM; Maier, AL; Morrell, M; Strand, V; Weinblatt, ME, 1999)	0.3
" For all drugs that are metabolized, half-life is shortened and clearance is increased when patients receive concomitant enzyme-inducing agents such as barbiturates, phenytoin, and carbamazepine."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the new antiepileptic drugs. Perucca, E, 1999)	0.3
" These novel techniques not only are illuminating the 'black box' that has obscured the pharmacodynamic effects of immunosuppressants but also are uncovering new mechanisms of action of these drugs."	( Pharmacodynamics of immunosuppressive drugs. Dambrin, C; Klupp, J; Morris, RE, 2000)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis."	( Effects of parecoxib, a parenteral COX-2-specific inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol. Feldman, J; Ibrahim, A; Karim, A; Kharasch, ED; Park, S, 2002)	0.31
" No significant differences were found in pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, clearance, elimination half-life, volume of distribution) or pharmacodynamic parameters (clinical endpoints [times to: loss of consciousness, apnea, return of response to voice], Bispectral Index scores, Digit-Symbol Substitution Test scores, memory, Visual Analog Scale scores, propofol EC(50))."	( Effects of parecoxib, a parenteral COX-2-specific inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol. Feldman, J; Ibrahim, A; Karim, A; Kharasch, ED; Park, S, 2002)	0.31
"Following an oral dose of risperidone (RSP), concentrations of its major metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OHRSP) were high in plasma and tissues but disproportionately lower in the brain compared to RSP, indicating that 9-OHRSP may have different pharmacokinetic properties."	( Brain, plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone after separate oral administration to rats. Aravagiri, M; Marder, SR, 2002)	0.31
" The terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2) ) of RSP after the RSP dose was longest in the liver (17."	( Brain, plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone after separate oral administration to rats. Aravagiri, M; Marder, SR, 2002)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetic results showed that it exhibited first order kinetic characteristics."	( Pharmacokinetics of leflunomide in Chinese healthy volunteers. Jin, Y; Li, CY; Li, J; Li, YH; Xu, SY; Yao, HW; Zhang, YF, 2002)	0.31
" It has a long elimination half-life (approximately 2 weeks), reaching a steady state after approximately 20 weeks."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of leflunomide. Rozman, B, 2002)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic variables were determined by noncompartmental analysis."	( The influence of parecoxib, a parenteral cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of midazolam. Feldman, J; Ibrahim, A; Karim, A; Kharasch, E, 2002)	0.31
"To explore the steady-state pharmacokinetic profile after coadministration of galantamine and risperidone, an open-label, randomized, single-center, two-way crossover drug-drug interaction study was conducted in 16 healthy elderly subjects, ages 60 years and older."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of galantamine and risperidone after the two drugs are administered alone and together. Huang, F; Janssens, L; Lasseter, KC; Lau, H; Verhaeghe, T; Zhao, Q, 2002)	0.31
" Roxifiban has pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties believed to be more favorable than the earlier oral agents."	( Effects of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists on platelet activation: development of a transfer method to mimic peak to trough receptor occupancy. Billheimer, JT; He, B; Seiffert, D; Spitz, SM; Stern, AM, 2002)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis."	( Simultaneous assessment of drug interactions with low- and high-extraction opioids: application to parecoxib effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Feldman, J; Ibrahim, AE; Karim, A; Kharasch, ED, 2003)	0.32
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis of the active moiety (risperidone + 9-hydroxy-risperidone), risperidone, and its active metabolite 9-hydroxy-risperidone were obtained during a 96-hour period after dosing."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of fast-disintegrating and conventional tablet formulations of risperidone in healthy volunteers. Ko, G; Lasseter, KC; Lechat, P; Mannaert, E; Remmerie, BM; van Schaick, EA, 2003)	0.32
"The bioequivalence assessment was based on pharmacokinetic and statistical analysis of data from 37 subjects who completed both treatment periods."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of fast-disintegrating and conventional tablet formulations of risperidone in healthy volunteers. Ko, G; Lasseter, KC; Lechat, P; Mannaert, E; Remmerie, BM; van Schaick, EA, 2003)	0.32
"The pharmacokinetic properties of a drug are the primary deter-minant of the extent and duration of drug action, and influence susceptibility to clinically important drug interactions."	( The ideal pharmacokinetic properties of an antiepileptic drug: how close does levetiracetam come? Johannessen, SI; Perucca, E, 2003)	0.32
" Blood for pharmacokinetic analysis was obtained during the first cycle."	( Pediatric phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor pathway inhibitor SU101. Adamson, PC; Balis, FM; Blaney, SM; Cropp, GF; Gillespie, AF; Hannah, AL; Kitchen, B; Murphy, RF; Patel, M; Whitcomb, PG; Widemann, BC, 2004)	0.32
"19 l/day per m(2) and its terminal elimination half-life was 14 days."	( Pediatric phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor pathway inhibitor SU101. Adamson, PC; Balis, FM; Blaney, SM; Cropp, GF; Gillespie, AF; Hannah, AL; Kitchen, B; Murphy, RF; Patel, M; Whitcomb, PG; Widemann, BC, 2004)	0.32
" Three pharmacokinetic profiles were performed: on days -7 and -1, to assess pharmacokinetic parameters of oral phenytoin administered alone, and on day 35, after 14 days of zonisamide treatment, to evaluate the effect of zonisamide on phenytoin pharmacokinetics and to characterize zonisamide pharmacokinetics in the presence of phenytoin."	( Lack of a clinically significant effect of zonisamide on phenytoin steady-state pharmacokinetics in patients with epilepsy. Garnett, WR; Levy, RH; Pan, WJ; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Rosenfeld, W; Schmerler, M; Shah, J, 2004)	0.32
" Zonisamide has a pharmacokinetic profile favorable for clinical use."	( Zonisamide: chemistry, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics. Leppik, IE, 2004)	0.32
"Several antiepileptic drugs have clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions with oral contraceptives (OCs) that may result in contraceptive failure."	( Effect of zonisamide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone oral contraceptive in healthy women. Dai, Y; Griffith, SG, 2004)	0.32
"035 mg and norethindrone [NOR] 1 mg) and on pharmacodynamic variables that may be increased in the event of reduced contraceptive efficacy (concentrations of serum luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], and progesterone)."	( Effect of zonisamide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone oral contraceptive in healthy women. Dai, Y; Griffith, SG, 2004)	0.32
" There was no pharmacodynamic evidence that zonisamide is likely to reduce the contraceptive effectiveness of OCs containing EE and NOR."	( Effect of zonisamide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone oral contraceptive in healthy women. Dai, Y; Griffith, SG, 2004)	0.32
" Three pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained: on days -7 and -1, to assess pharmacokinetic parameters of oral valproic acid administered alone, and on day 35, after 14 days of zonisamide treatment at the maximal tolerated dose, to evaluate the effect of zonisamide on valproic acid pharmacokinetics and to characterise zonisamide pharmacokinetics in the presence of valproic acid."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state zonisamide and valproic acid in patients with epilepsy. Brodie, M; Grundy, JS; Levy, RH; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Shah, J; Smith, D, 2005)	0.33
"Seventeen patients completed the study, with 16 patients contributing to the pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state zonisamide and valproic acid in patients with epilepsy. Brodie, M; Grundy, JS; Levy, RH; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Shah, J; Smith, D, 2005)	0.33
" The AUC from 0 to 24 hours of 9-hydroxyrisperidone, but not other pharmacokinetic parameters, was significantly increased during verapamil treatment."	( Effect of verapamil on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of risperidone: in vivo evidence of involvement of P-glycoprotein in risperidone disposition. Kaneo, S; Nakagami, T; Saito, M; Tateishi, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2005)	0.33
" A steady-state infusion model best described the pharmacokinetic data."	( Population pharmacokinetics and association between A77 1726 plasma concentrations and disease activity measures following administration of leflunomide to people with rheumatoid arthritis. Chan, V; Charles, BG; Tett, SE, 2005)	0.33
" Data from two clinical studies were used to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model for the active metabolite (M1) of leflunomide in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and determine appropriate pediatric doses."	( Population pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite of leflunomide in pediatric subjects with polyarticular course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Bhargava, VO; Kovacs, SJ; Ludden, TM; Shi, J; Wang, Y, 2005)	0.33
" For drugs that are eliminated renally completely unchanged (gabapentin, pregabalin and vigabatrin) or mainly unchanged (levetiracetam and topiramate), the pharmacokinetic variability is less pronounced and more predictable."	( Pharmacokinetic variability of newer antiepileptic drugs: when is monitoring needed? Johannessen, SI; Tomson, T, 2006)	0.33
"A population model was developed with the aim to simultaneously describe risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone pharmacokinetics; to obtain estimates for pharmacokinetic parameters and associated inter- and intra-individual variability of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone; and to evaluate the influence of patient demographic characteristics and other factors on risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, and active moiety pharmacokinetics."	( Population pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in patients with acute episodes associated with bipolar I disorder. Ludwig, EA; Piotrovsky, V; Vermeulen, A, 2007)	0.34
" The pharmacokinetics of the 260 PB concentrations at a steady-state obtained from 79 patients was described with a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination."	( Population estimation of the effects of cytochrome P450 2C9 and 2C19 polymorphisms on phenobarbital clearance in Japanese. Goto, S; Ishitsu, T; Murata, T; Nakada, N; Nakagawa, K; Seo, T; Ueda, N, 2007)	0.34
" Older-generation antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are well known for their pharmacokinetic interaction potential, which generally results from alterations in the metabolism of concomitant drugs due to effects on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and uridine glucuronyl transferase enzyme systems."	( Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions with zonisamide. Brodie, M; Sills, G, 2007)	0.34
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of a single 100-mg oral dose of sitaxsentan, a selective endothelin type A receptor antagonist, in subjects with normal and impaired renal function."	( The pharmacokinetic profile of sitaxsentan, a selective endothelin receptor antagonist, in varying degrees of renal impairment. Coyne, T; Dhaun, N; Goddard, J; Kramer, W; Melville, V; Stavros, F; Swan, S; Webb, DJ, 2007)	0.34
"To develop a parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model for risperidone (RIP) and its major active metabolite (9-hydroxyrisperidone) and investigate their pharmacokinetics characteristics in healthy male volunteers, twenty-two healthy volunteers were orally given a single dose of 2 mg RIP."	( [Development and identifiability analysis of parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model for risperidone and its main active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone]. Ding, JJ; Jiao, Z; Shi, XJ; Yu, YQ, 2007)	0.34
"The goals of this study were to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of risperidone and its enantiomers in a pediatric population and explore relationships between saliva and plasma concentrations."	( Plasma pharmacokinetic characteristics of risperidone and their relationship to saliva concentrations in children with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Aman, MG; Lindsay, RL; Malone, K; Mannaert, E; Masty, J; Ramadan, Y; Remmerie, B; Vinks, AA, 2007)	0.34
" Standard pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Plasma pharmacokinetic characteristics of risperidone and their relationship to saliva concentrations in children with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Aman, MG; Lindsay, RL; Malone, K; Mannaert, E; Masty, J; Ramadan, Y; Remmerie, B; Vinks, AA, 2007)	0.34
"In this preliminary pharmacokinetic study of parameters for risperidone and the enantiomers of 9-OH-risperidone in a pediatric population, mean C(max) and t(1/2) of risperidone were generally similar to those previously described in adults."	( Plasma pharmacokinetic characteristics of risperidone and their relationship to saliva concentrations in children with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Aman, MG; Lindsay, RL; Malone, K; Mannaert, E; Masty, J; Ramadan, Y; Remmerie, B; Vinks, AA, 2007)	0.34
"3 mg/kg haloperidol, however, exhibited similar pharmacodynamic effects in both genotypes."	( Pharmacodynamic consequences of P-glycoprotein-dependent pharmacokinetics of risperidone and haloperidol in mice. Henken, S; Hiemke, C; Kirschbaum, KM; Schmitt, U, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained with a single administration of ZNS at 10mg/day were as follows: Cmax=13."	( Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of zonisamide in cats. Fujita, M; Hasegawa, D; Kobayashi, M; Kuwabara, T; Ohmura, T; Orima, H, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetics of the 282 ZNS concentrations at a steady state obtained from 99 Japanese epileptic patients was performed with a nonlinear mixed-effect modeling program, using a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination."	( Population estimation regarding the effects of cytochrome P450 2C19 and 3A5 polymorphisms on zonisamide clearance. Hashimoto, N; Higa, Y; Ishitsu, T; Nakagawa, K; Okada, Y; Seo, T; Wanibuchi, A, 2008)	0.35
" These long-term effects would not be captured by a standard 5-day pharmacokinetic TDM developmental testing model for antipsychotics, and a new model for characterizing variation in C/D by time course is therefore proposed."	( Long-term therapeutic drug monitoring of risperidone and olanzapine identifies altered steady-state pharmacokinetics: a clinical, two-group, naturalistic study. Darby, JK; Herbert, J; Pasta, DJ; Wilson, MG, 2008)	0.35
"To characterize pharmacokinetic (PK) variability of risperidone and 9-OH risperidone using sparse sampling and to evaluate the effect of covariates on PK parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis for risperidone using highly sparse sampling measurements from the CATIE study. Aravagiri, M; Bies, RR; Coley, K; Feng, Y; Kirshner, M; Marder, S; Miller, D; Pollock, BG; Schneider, L, 2008)	0.35
" The developed assay method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers."	( Simultaneous estimation of four proton pump inhibitors--lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazole: development of a novel generic HPLC-UV method and its application to clinical pharmacokinetic study. Bharathi, DV; Chatki, PK; Hotha, KK; Jagadeesh, B; Mullangi, R; Naidu, A; Thriveni, K, 2009)	0.35
" to rabbits for pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular microparticle depot of valdecoxib in an experimental model. Agnihotri, SM; Vavia, PR, 2009)	0.35
" A population pharmacokinetic model was developed to estimate the oral clearance (CL/F) and volume of distribution (V/F)."	( Investigation of the influence of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism on 2-Cyano-3-hydroxy-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-butenamide (A77 1726) pharmacokinetics in leflunomide-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Bohanec Grabar, P; Dolzan, V; Grabnar, I; Logar, D; Mrhar, A; Peterlin Masic, L; Rozman, B; Suput, D; Tomsic, M; Trdan, T, 2009)	0.35
"This randomized, crossover study examined the effects of paroxetine (a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor) on the pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of the novel antipsychotic agent, paliperidone extended-release tablets (paliperidone ER), in healthy subjects."	( The effects of paroxetine on the pharmacokinetics of paliperidone extended-release tablets. Berwaerts, J; Chang, I; Cleton, A; Eerdekens, M; Herben, V; van de Vliet, I; van Hoek, P, 2009)	0.35
"Results suggest that no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction occurs when paroxetine and paliperidone ER are co-administered and, therefore, initiation or discontinuation of concomitant treatment with CYP2D6-inhibiting drugs does not appear to warrant an adjustment in paliperidone ER dosage."	( The effects of paroxetine on the pharmacokinetics of paliperidone extended-release tablets. Berwaerts, J; Chang, I; Cleton, A; Eerdekens, M; Herben, V; van de Vliet, I; van Hoek, P, 2009)	0.35
" Paliperidone is eliminated with a terminal half-life of approximately 24 hours."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of the psychotropic agent paliperidone extended release. Boom, S; Cleton, A; De Meulder, M; Eerdekens, M; Janssens, L; Remmerie, B; Rossenu, S; Talluri, K; van Osselaer, N, 2009)	0.35
" A total of 18 530 pharmacokinetic samples with valid concentration timepoints were available for this analysis."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular paliperidone palmitate in patients with schizophrenia: a novel once-monthly, long-acting formulation of an atypical antipsychotic. Samtani, MN; Stuyckens, K; Vermeulen, A, 2009)	0.35
"A dual-absorption pharmacokinetic model best described the complex pharmacokinetics of paliperidone after intramuscular administration of its palmitate ester."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular paliperidone palmitate in patients with schizophrenia: a novel once-monthly, long-acting formulation of an atypical antipsychotic. Samtani, MN; Stuyckens, K; Vermeulen, A, 2009)	0.35
" The in vivo pharmacokinetic profile of gaboxadol after oral administration to rats was investigated in the absence and presence of a pre-dose of 5-HTP."	( 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan alters gaboxadol pharmacokinetics in rats: involvement of PAT1 and rOat1 in gaboxadol absorption and elimination. Brodin, B; Holm, R; Jensen, KG; Larsen, M; Nielsen, CU; Sveigaard, C, 2010)	0.36
" * There is a significant pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between the ETRA bosentan and the phosphodiesterase-type 5 inhibitor sildenafil."	( The effects of sitaxentan on sildenafil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy subjects. Kramer, WG; Stavros, F; Wilkins, MR, 2010)	0.36
"This study evaluated the effects of sitaxentan on the pharmacodynamic [systemic blood pressure (BP)] and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of sildenafil in healthy volunteers."	( The effects of sitaxentan on sildenafil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy subjects. Kramer, WG; Stavros, F; Wilkins, MR, 2010)	0.36
" The limited available paliperidone pharmacokinetic information suggests that there are four minor metabolic pathways."	( The pharmacokinetics of paliperidone versus risperidone. de Leon, J; Sandson, NB; Wynn, G, )	0.13
" We compared the pharmacokinetic characteristics of two leflunomide formulations in healthy subjects and assessed whether these formulations were bioequivalent."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison and bioequivalence of two leflunomide formulations in humans: a single dose, randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study. Kim, KA; Lee, GH; Lee, YH; Park, JY; Park, SW; Ryu, JH, 2010)	0.36
"After administering a single dose of 20 mg of each leflunomide formulation, the mean AUC(0-t) and Cmax values of A771726 were 487."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison and bioequivalence of two leflunomide formulations in humans: a single dose, randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study. Kim, KA; Lee, GH; Lee, YH; Park, JY; Park, SW; Ryu, JH, 2010)	0.36
"The two leflunomide formulations showed similar pharmacokinetic profiles in terms of A77 1726, and the test formulation was found to be bioequivalent to the reference formulation with respect to the rate and extent of leflunomide absorption."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison and bioequivalence of two leflunomide formulations in humans: a single dose, randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study. Kim, KA; Lee, GH; Lee, YH; Park, JY; Park, SW; Ryu, JH, 2010)	0.36
" Plasma paliperidone concentrations were determined, and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of paliperidone extended-release tablets in healthy Chinese subjects. Guo, C; Liu, Y; Shu, L; Si, T; Su, YA; Zhang, H, 2010)	0.36
"Paliperidone's disposition after oral administration was characterized by a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of paliperidone extended-release tablets in healthy Chinese subjects. Guo, C; Liu, Y; Shu, L; Si, T; Su, YA; Zhang, H, 2010)	0.36
"The pharmacokinetic results obtained in Chinese subjects were similar to those obtained in Japanese and Caucasian subjects."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of paliperidone extended-release tablets in healthy Chinese subjects. Guo, C; Liu, Y; Shu, L; Si, T; Su, YA; Zhang, H, 2010)	0.36
"the purpose of this review is to describe the pharmacokinetic profile of iloperidone and its clinical implications in the treatment of schizophrenia."	( Iloperidone: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability, regulatory affairs, and an opinion. Citrome, L, 2010)	0.36
"time to peak plasma concentration occurs in 2 - 4 h but elimination half-life is 18 h for extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers and 33 h for poor CYP2D6 metabolizers, suggesting that once or twice daily dosing would be feasible."	( Iloperidone: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability, regulatory affairs, and an opinion. Citrome, L, 2010)	0.36
"Data regarding the pharmacokinetic properties of risperidone in the Thai population are limited."	( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of two 2-mg risperidone tablet formulations: A single dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers in Thailand. Boonleang, J; Mahatthanatrakul, W; Pipatrattanaseree, W; Tanthana, C, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetic properties of risperidone and its active metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone (which reportedly contributes to the drug's pharmacodynamic effects), in a newly developed generic tablet formulation (test) and a branded formulation (reference) in healthy, fasting, male Thai volunteers."	( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of two 2-mg risperidone tablet formulations: A single dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers in Thailand. Boonleang, J; Mahatthanatrakul, W; Pipatrattanaseree, W; Tanthana, C, 2010)	0.36
" The effects of formulation, period, sequence, and subject (within sequence) on pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using ANOVA."	( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of two 2-mg risperidone tablet formulations: A single dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers in Thailand. Boonleang, J; Mahatthanatrakul, W; Pipatrattanaseree, W; Tanthana, C, 2010)	0.36
" The ANOVA suggested no statistically significant effect of formulation, period, or sequence on the studied pharmacokinetic parameters of the active moiety, risperidone, or 9-hydroxyrisperidone."	( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of two 2-mg risperidone tablet formulations: A single dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers in Thailand. Boonleang, J; Mahatthanatrakul, W; Pipatrattanaseree, W; Tanthana, C, 2010)	0.36
"The single-dose pharmacokinetic data in this small, all-male, selected sample of fasting, healthy volunteers met Thailand's regulatory criteria for assuming bioequivalence of the tested generic and reference 2-mg risperidone tablets."	( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of two 2-mg risperidone tablet formulations: A single dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers in Thailand. Boonleang, J; Mahatthanatrakul, W; Pipatrattanaseree, W; Tanthana, C, 2010)	0.36
"Significant differences were observed between the ABCB1 3435C>T genotypes for the pharmacokinetic parameters (peak serum concentration) of risperidone and the active moiety (risperidone and its main metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone)."	( Influence of ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone in healthy subjects with CYP2D610/10. Cho, HY; Kang, HA; Lee, IK; Lee, SN; Lee, YB; Yoo, HD, 2011)	0.37
" The dosing recommendations that were approved by the FDA and other regulatory agencies around the world are based on the results of population pharmacokinetic (PK) simulations and data from clinical trials that are presented in this review."	( Dosing and switching strategies for paliperidone palmitate: based on population pharmacokinetic modelling and clinical trial data. Alphs, L; Gassmann-Mayer, C; Gopal, S; Palumbo, JM; Samtani, MN, 2011)	0.37
" The half-life of valdecoxib was about 2 h, which was shorter than reported for humans, although the plasma concentrations following both routes of administration were likely to be effective for analgesia."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular parecoxib in healthy Beagles. Del Carlo, S; Giorgi, M; Lavy, E; Manera, C; Saccomanni, G, 2012)	0.38
"Due to high interindividual variability in peripheral pharmacokinetic parameters, dosing of antipsychotics relies on clinical trial and error."	( Predicting plasma concentration of risperidone associated with dosage change: a population pharmacokinetic study. Bies, RR; Mamo, DC; Mimura, M; Pollock, BG; Suzuki, T; Tsunoda, K; Uchida, H; Watanabe, K, 2012)	0.38
" This study aimed to provide pediatric pharmacokinetic information for parecoxib and its active metabolite valdecoxib."	( Development of a population pharmacokinetic model for parecoxib and its active metabolite valdecoxib after parenteral parecoxib administration in children. Davies, K; Hullett, B; Ilett, KF; O'Halloran, SJ; Peirce, D; Salman, S, 2012)	0.38
" Population pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using nonlinear mixed effects modeling."	( Development of a population pharmacokinetic model for parecoxib and its active metabolite valdecoxib after parenteral parecoxib administration in children. Davies, K; Hullett, B; Ilett, KF; O'Halloran, SJ; Peirce, D; Salman, S, 2012)	0.38
"The final pharmacokinetic model gave a robust representation of parecoxib and valdecoxib disposition."	( Development of a population pharmacokinetic model for parecoxib and its active metabolite valdecoxib after parenteral parecoxib administration in children. Davies, K; Hullett, B; Ilett, KF; O'Halloran, SJ; Peirce, D; Salman, S, 2012)	0.38
" This study aimed to determine if a pharmacodynamic relationship exists between BK viral load reduction and leflunomide metabolite, A77 1726, serum concentrations."	( Leflunomide efficacy and pharmacodynamics for the treatment of BK viral infection. Baliga, P; Bratton, C; Chavin, K; Krisl, JC; McGillicuddy, J; Pilch, N; Taber, DJ; Thomas, B, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetic profile of 10 and 21 with adequate CNS penetration, required for in vivo Parkinson's disease models, are disclosed."	( Isothiazole and isoxazole fused pyrimidones as PDE7 inhibitors: SAR and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Bajpai, M; Banerjee, A; Gharat, LA; Gudi, GS; Gullapalli, S; Sangana, RR; Yadav, PS, 2012)	0.38
" We conducted the population pharmacokinetic analysis of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone using a nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM) method and explored the possible influence of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2D6 alleles and ABCB1 (2677G>T/A and 3435C>T) on the population pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone with genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and ABCB1. Cho, HY; Lee, SN; Lee, YB; Yoo, HD; Yoon, H, 2012)	0.38
"The purpose of this review is to describe the pharmacokinetic profile of paliperidone and its clinical implications in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder."	( Oral paliperidone extended-release: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability. Citrome, L, 2012)	0.38
" Thus, a potent DAAO inhibitor with a longer half-life should be capable of maintaining high plasma D-serine levels over a sustained period of time and might have therapeutic implications for the treatment of schizophrenia."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral D-serine in D-amino acid oxidase knockout mice. Brandon, NJ; Engle, SJ; Jaaro-Peled, H; Rais, R; Rojas, C; Sawa, A; Slusher, BS; Strick, CA; Thomas, AG; Tsukamoto, T; Wozniak, K; Wu, Y, 2012)	0.38
"The study aims were to characterize risperidone and (±)-9-hydroxyrisperidone pharmacokinetic (PK) variability in children and adolescents and to evaluate covariate effects on PK parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone to estimate CYP2D6 subpopulations in children and adolescents. Aman, MG; Bies, RR; Saldaña, SN; Sherwin, CM; Vinks, AA, 2012)	0.38
"A series of tetracyclic nitrofuran isoxazoline anti-tuberculosis agents was designed and synthesized to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of an initial lead compound, which had potent anti-tuberculosis activity but suffered from poor solubility, high protein binding and rapid metabolism."	( Antitubercular nitrofuran isoxazolines with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Bruhn, D; Gilliland, JC; Gruppo, V; Lee, RB; Lee, RE; Lenaerts, AJ; Maddox, M; Madhura, DB; McNeil, MR; Meibohm, B; Scherman, MS; Trivedi, A; Yang, L, 2012)	0.38
"05), while the other pharmacokinetic parameters did not show any significant differences."	( Effects of single or repeated silymarin administration on pharmacokinetics of risperidone and its major metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone in rats. Chae, SW; Choi, JM; Lee, HJ; Lee, KS; Park, JH; Rhie, SJ, 2013)	0.39
" The validated method has been successfully applied to a human pharmacokinetic study of iloperidone and two active metabolites, P88 and P95, after oral administration of 4mg iloperidone tablets in 12 healthy Chinese volunteers."	( Simultaneous determination of iloperidone and its two active metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Fan, Y; He, X; Jia, M; Li, J; Li, W; Liu, M; Zhou, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The objective of this analysis was to report the results of a population pharmacokinetic analysis and to describe the relationship between risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone levels with dopamine (DA) D2-receptor occupancy, prolactin levels, and adverse events using data collected in 45 clinically stable schizophrenic patients receiving RBP-7000 in single ascending doses (risperidone) of 60, 90, and 120 mg."	( A model-based approach to characterize the population pharmacokinetics and the relationship between the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of RBP-7000, a new, long-acting, sustained-released formulation of risperidone. Fudala, PJ; Gomeni, R; Heidbreder, C; Nasser, AF, 2013)	0.39
" Plasma teriflunomide (active metabolite of leflunomide) concentrations were determined, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of leflunomide tablets in Korean healthy volunteers. Kim, EY; Kim, HS; Lim, YJ; Moon, BS; Oh, M; Shim, EJ; Shin, JG; Shon, JH; Song, GS, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic parameters for the probe drugs and their metabolites in plasma and urinary recovery were determined."	( Assessment of interaction potential of AZD2066 using in vitro metabolism tools, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo cocktail data. Andersson, A; Baranczewski, P; Nordmark, A; Ståhle, L; Wanag, E, 2014)	0.4
" The present study was aimed to investigate the potential effects of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetic profile of zonisamide (ZNM) in the rabbit."	( Impact of pregnancy on zonisamide pharmacokinetics in rabbits. Matar, KM, 2013)	0.39
" An integrated population pharmacokinetic model describing simultaneously risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone after risperidone oral intake and RBP-7000 administration was developed in NON-MEM using 5,232 quantifiable plasma concentrations."	( Population pharmacokinetics and prediction of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy after multiple doses of RBP-7000, a new sustained-release formulation of risperidone, in schizophrenia patients on stable oral risperidone treatment. Fudala, PJ; Gomeni, R; Heidbreder, C; Laffont, CM; Nasser, AF; Zheng, B, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, such as time to maximum concentration, t1/2, and CL/F, were comparable across the three treatment groups (p = 0."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of paliperidone palmitate injection in Chinese subjects. Li, H; Liu, Y; Rui, Q; Shu, L; Si, T; Su, Y; Zhang, H, 2014)	0.4
"Fluralaner was readily absorbed in fasted and fed dogs administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg BW with a similar mean tmax for both groups."	( The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of oral fluralaner in dogs. Allan, MJ; Nuernberger, MC; Roepke, RK; Walther, FM, 2014)	0.4
" The purpose of these studies was to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of fluralaner in Beagle dogs following single oral or intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetics of fluralaner in dogs following a single oral or intravenous administration. Allan, MJ; Kilp, S; Nuernberger, MC; Ramirez, D; Roepke, RK, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of fluralaner in dogs following a single oral or intravenous administration. Allan, MJ; Kilp, S; Nuernberger, MC; Ramirez, D; Roepke, RK, 2014)	0.4
" The apparent half-life of fluralaner was 12-15 days and the mean residence time was 15-20 days."	( Pharmacokinetics of fluralaner in dogs following a single oral or intravenous administration. Allan, MJ; Kilp, S; Nuernberger, MC; Ramirez, D; Roepke, RK, 2014)	0.4
" These pharmacokinetic characteristics help to explain the prolonged activity of fluralaner against fleas and ticks on dogs after a single oral dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of fluralaner in dogs following a single oral or intravenous administration. Allan, MJ; Kilp, S; Nuernberger, MC; Ramirez, D; Roepke, RK, 2014)	0.4
" The terminal plasma half-life was 15."	( The intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of afoxolaner used as a monthly chewable antiparasitic for dogs. Drag, M; Harriman, J; Huang, R; Kvaternick, V; Letendre, L; Soll, M, 2014)	0.4
" The objective of this study was to use pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling tools to relate CAT with D2RO in rats and to compare that with the relationship between D2RO and EPS in humans."	( Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy as a predictor of catalepsy in rats: a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach. Barton, HA; Danhof, M; de Greef, R; Grimwood, S; Groothuis, GM; Johnson, M; Kozielska, M; Pilla Reddy, V; Proost, JH; Vermeulen, A, 2014)	0.4
" The developed method was successfully applied for a pharmacokinetic study by measuring ZNM in rabbit plasma samples."	( A simple and accurate liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of zonisamide in plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Matar, KM, 2014)	0.4
" A population pharmacokinetic model of RBP-7000 was developed in 90 clinically stable schizophrenic patients having received single/repeated doses of 60, 90, or 120 mg."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to guide dose selection for RBP-7000, a new sustained-release formulation of risperidone. Fudala, PJ; Gomeni, R; Heidbreder, C; Laffont, CM; Nasser, AF; Zheng, B, 2015)	0.42
" Children have a different pharmacokinetic profile than adults and an adult dose regimen cannot be directly translated into pediatric use."	( Zonisamide: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse events in children with epilepsy. Dahlin, M; Ohman, I; Wallander, KM, 2014)	0.4
" The shortage of pharmacokinetic studies of zonisamide in children highlights the need for research of this kind."	( Zonisamide: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse events in children with epilepsy. Dahlin, M; Ohman, I; Wallander, KM, 2014)	0.4
" The purpose of this study is to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of AKP-001 and its metabolites (M1 and M2) in rats, utilizing a simple physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."	( Analysis of the disposition of a novel p38 MAPK inhibitor, AKP-001, and its metabolites in rats with a simple physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Fujikata, A; Hisaka, A; Kaneko, M; Minato, K; Ohta, S; Sasaki, M; Shirota, K; Suzuki, H, 2015)	0.42
" Disappearance half-life (hours) and mean time to maximum concentration (hours) were not significantly different between methods of administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose rectal zonisamide administration in normal dogs. Boothe, D; Brewer, DM; Cerda-Gonzalez, S; Dewey, CW; Van Horne, K, )	0.13
" Ivermectin blood plasma concentration profile and pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, tmax, AUC∞ and t½ were similar in dogs administered ivermectin only and in dogs administered ivermectin concurrently with fluralaner, and the same was true for fluralaner pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Plasma pharmacokinetic profile of fluralaner (Bravecto™) and ivermectin following concurrent administration to dogs. Allan, MJ; Roepke, RK; Walther, FM, 2015)	0.42
" Based on the plasma pharmacokinetic profile and the clinical observations, there is no evident interaction between fluralaner and ivermectin, and co-administration does not increase the risk of ivermectin associated neurotoxicity."	( Plasma pharmacokinetic profile of fluralaner (Bravecto™) and ivermectin following concurrent administration to dogs. Allan, MJ; Roepke, RK; Walther, FM, 2015)	0.42
"To develop a population-based pharmacokinetic model for the oral antiepileptic drug zonisamide using a cohort of healthy (nonepileptic) subjects and evaluate the effect of individual factors on the pharmacokinetics of zonisamide."	( Population pharmacokinetics of zonisamide after oral administration in healthy Chinese volunteers. Bi, S; Chen, Y; Dai, Q; Liu, Y; Lu, W; Qiu, X; Sun, F; Xia, P; Xiang, R; Xiong, L; Yang, B; Yu, M, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic profile of fluralaner was evaluated in dogs and in cats following either topical or intravenous administration."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of fluralaner in dogs and cats following single topical or intravenous administration. Allan, MJ; Kilp, S; Ramirez, D; Roepke, RK, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental methods."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of fluralaner in dogs and cats following single topical or intravenous administration. Allan, MJ; Kilp, S; Ramirez, D; Roepke, RK, 2016)	0.43
" Fluralaner plasma concentrations showed an apparent plateau between ~ day 7 and 63, with individual tmax seen within this time period."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of fluralaner in dogs and cats following single topical or intravenous administration. Allan, MJ; Kilp, S; Ramirez, D; Roepke, RK, 2016)	0.43
"The pharmacokinetic characteristics of fluralaner explain its prolonged activity against fleas and ticks on both dogs and cats after a single topical administration."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of fluralaner in dogs and cats following single topical or intravenous administration. Allan, MJ; Kilp, S; Ramirez, D; Roepke, RK, 2016)	0.43
" RESULTS Mean maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum plasma concentration, mean residence time, and elimination half-life did not differ significantly among the 4 treatments."	( Pharmacokinetics of zonisamide following rectal administration to healthy dogs. Boothe, DM; Hodshon, AJ; Michaels, JR; Thomas, WB; Williams, L, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics were consistent between subjects, and there were no safety concerns."	( First in human trial of a type I positive allosteric modulator of alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Pharmacokinetics, safety, and evidence for neurocognitive effect of AVL-3288. Edmonds, SA; Freedman, R; Gee, KW; Harris, J; Hogenkamp, D; Johnson, L; Johnstone, T; Kanner, R; Olincy, A; Sauer, W; Tran, M; Yoshimura, R, 2017)	0.46
" However, the utility of clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring for leflunomide is as yet unclear."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetic Monitoring of Leflunomide in Renal Transplant Recipients with BK Virus Reactivation: A Review of the Literature. Ensom, MHH; Leung, M; Ng, JCY; Wright, AJ, 2017)	0.46
"7), and peak concentration was 38."	( Steady state pharmacokinetics of cycloserine in patients on terizidone for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Court, R; de Vries, N; Gumbo, T; Harding, J; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Stewart, A; Wiesner, L, 2018)	0.48
"To our knowledge, this is the only research study to date that has attempted to link basal metabolomic status with pharmacokinetic parameters of zonisamide."	( Pharmacometabolomics applied to zonisamide pharmacokinetic parameter prediction. Borobia, AM; Carcás Sansuan, AJ; Dapía, I; Díaz, L; Frías, J; García Bartolomé, A; García, I; Guerra, P; Martínez-Ávila, JC; Tong, HY, 2018)	0.48
" Pharmacodynamic assessment of fibroblast growth factor 19 and fasting plasma lipids was performed after dosing."	( Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the Novel Non-Bile Acid FXR Agonist Tropifexor (LJN452) in Healthy Volunteers. Badman, MK; Chen, J; Danis, K; Desai, S; Gan, L; Klickstein, LB; Laffitte, B; Neelakantham, S; Vaidya, S; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" By using a large photodiode array in combination with a voltage-sensitive dye, membrane potential changes in a slice of the rat adrenal gland were recorded upon brief local electrical stimulation."	( Synaptic activation of rat adrenal medulla examined with a large photodiode array in combination with a voltage-sensitive dye. Iijima, T; Kidokoro, Y; Matsumoto, G, 1992)	0.28
" A new anti-CD4 antibody (RIB 5/2) was investigated alone and in combination with cyclosporin A (CsA) and LF for the treatment of corneal allograft rejection in the rat."	( Delay in corneal allograft rejection due to anti-CD4 antibody given alone and in combination with cyclosporin A and leflunomide. Bartlett, RR; Coupland, SE; Hoffmann, F; Karow, AC; Krause, L; Lehmann, M, 1995)	0.29
" We investigated whether RS61443 in combination with leflunomide (Lef) or FK506 (FK) could prolong allograft survival in a rat heart model, since combination therapy might help to overcome drug toxicity."	( Effect of RS61443 in combination with leflunomide or FK506 on rat heart allograft survival. Antoniou, E; D'Silva, M; DeRoover, A; Howie, AJ; McMaster, P; Nishimura, Y, 1996)	0.29
"Ten expressed human CYPs and human liver microsomes were used in the experiments for the identification of enzymes responsible for zonisamide metabolism and for the prediction of drug-drug interactions of zonisamide metabolism in humans from in vitro data, respectively."	( Prediction of drug-drug interactions of zonisamide metabolism in humans from in vitro data. Kitada, M; Kiuchi, M; Nakamura, H; Nakasa, H; Ohmori, S; Ono, S; Tsutsui, M, 1998)	0.3
"We demonstrated that: (1) zonisamide is metabolized by recombinant CYP3A4, CYP2C19 and CYP3A5, (2) the metabolism is inhibited to a variable extent by known CYP3A4/5 substrates and/or inhibitors in human liver microsomes, and (3) in vitro-in vivo predictive calculations suggest that several compounds demonstrating CYP3A4-affinity might cause in vivo drug-drug interactions with zonisamide."	( Prediction of drug-drug interactions of zonisamide metabolism in humans from in vitro data. Kitada, M; Kiuchi, M; Nakamura, H; Nakasa, H; Ohmori, S; Ono, S; Tsutsui, M, 1998)	0.3
" In order to develop new drug combinations for immunotherapy, we tested the effects of PTX in combination with RAP or A77 1726 (the active metabolite of leflunomide) on in vitro T cell activation in a mouse model system."	( Inhibition of anti-CD3 antibody-induced mouse T cell activation by pentoxifylline in combination with rapamycin or A77 1726 (leflunomide). Hoskin, DW; Richard, M, )	0.13
"Long-term survival of hamster liver and heart xenografts in Lewis rats could be induced by a regimen of short-term FK506 in combination with Lef followed by FK506 monotherapy."	( FK506 treatment in combination with leflunomide in hamster-to-rat heart and liver xenograft transplantation. Blinder, L; Chong, AS; Foster, P; Ma, LL; Sankary, HN; Shen, JK; Williams, JW; Yin, DP, 1998)	0.3
" Currently, SU101 in combination with cytotoxic agents is in late-stage clinical development for the treatment of cancers."	( Effects of SU101 in combination with cytotoxic agents on the growth of subcutaneous tumor xenografts. Cherrington, JM; Kabbinavar, F; Mann, E; Schwartz, DP; Shawver, LK; Slamon, DJ; Strawn, LM, 2000)	0.31
" Subtherapeutic doses of tinzaparin combined with abciximab or roxifiban resulted in a distinct synergy that improved anticoagulant and antiplatelet efficacy mediated by TF, fXa, or thrombin."	( Comparative efficacy of different low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) and drug interactions with LMWH: implications for management of vascular disorders. Mousa, SA, 2000)	0.31
"To report the safety and efficacy of leflunomide (LEF) in combination with infliximab (INF) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."	( The safety and efficacy of leflunomide in combination with infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Cohen, S; Cooley, DA; Cush, J; Genovese, M; Hansen, KE; Patel, SR; Schiff, M; Singhal, A; Sundaramurthy, S, 2004)	0.32
"In a double-blind manner, 149 patients were randomized to a 12-week treatment with FK778 in combination with tacrolimus (Tac) and corticosteroids (S)."	( The effects of FK778 in combination with tacrolimus and steroids: a phase II multicenter study in renal transplant patients. Chang, R; Charpentier, B; Grinyó, JM; Jurewicz, A; Klinger, M; Kreis, H; Mourad, G; Neuhaus, P; Paczek, L; Paul, LC; Rostaing, L; Short, C; Squifflet, JP; van Hooff, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y; Wlodarczyk, Z, 2004)	0.32
"We evaluated the efficacy of local or systemic parecoxib combined with lidocaine/clonidine IV regional analgesia in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 1 in a dominant upper limb."	( The antinociceptive effect of local or systemic parecoxib combined with lidocaine/clonidine intravenous regional analgesia for complex regional pain syndrome type I in the arm. Frade, LP; Lauretti, GR; Lima, ICPR; Pereira, NL, 2005)	0.33
" In conclusion, both Risp and OH-Risp interact with P-gp in vitro, and P-gp has a profound effect on Risp and OH-Risp distribution over the BBB, as is evident from the knock-out mice experiments."	( P-glycoprotein interaction with risperidone and 9-OH-risperidone studied in vitro, in knock-out mice and in drug-drug interaction experiments. Ejsing, TB; Linnet, K; Pedersen, AD, 2005)	0.33
"To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the active leflunomide metabolite A771726 (Lef-M) in combination with methotrexate (MTX) on synovial macrophages (SM) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients co-cultured with an activated T cell line (Jurkat cell line)."	( Anti-inflammatory effects of leflunomide in combination with methotrexate on co-culture of T lymphocytes and synovial macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Capellino, S; Cutolo, M; Montagna, P; Seriolo, B; Sulli, A; Villaggio, B, 2006)	0.33
"Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, IL1beta, IL6), adhesion molecule ICAM-1, cyclooxygenase isoenzymes (COX1, COX2), and the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) complex were analysed on SM co-cultured with a T cell line, as intracellular protein expression by immunocytochemistry (ICC) and western blot analysis, as extracellular protein expression by ELISA assay, and as mRNA expression by reverse transcriptase-multiplex PCR (RT-MPCR) after treatment with Lef-M (1, 10, 30 micromol/l) alone or in combination with MTX (50 ng/ml)."	( Anti-inflammatory effects of leflunomide in combination with methotrexate on co-culture of T lymphocytes and synovial macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Capellino, S; Cutolo, M; Montagna, P; Seriolo, B; Sulli, A; Villaggio, B, 2006)	0.33
"A standardized questionnaire on the use of INF in combination with LEF or AZA was mailed to hospital physicians and collected over a 2 month period."	( Safety of infliximab used in combination with leflunomide or azathioprine in daily clinical practice. Brocq, O; Cantagrel, A; Combe, B; Debiais, F; Deslandre, CJ; Kara-Terki, R; Kuntz, JL; Loet, XL; Mariette, X; Pavy, S; Perdriger, A, 2006)	0.33
" INF was used in combination with LEF in 171 patients and with AZA in 54."	( Safety of infliximab used in combination with leflunomide or azathioprine in daily clinical practice. Brocq, O; Cantagrel, A; Combe, B; Debiais, F; Deslandre, CJ; Kara-Terki, R; Kuntz, JL; Loet, XL; Mariette, X; Pavy, S; Perdriger, A, 2006)	0.33
"Our study suggests that INF used in combination with LEF or AZA could be an alternative to methotrexate/INF combinations."	( Safety of infliximab used in combination with leflunomide or azathioprine in daily clinical practice. Brocq, O; Cantagrel, A; Combe, B; Debiais, F; Deslandre, CJ; Kara-Terki, R; Kuntz, JL; Loet, XL; Mariette, X; Pavy, S; Perdriger, A, 2006)	0.33
"We evaluated the in vitro capacity of FK778, alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs: Tacrolimus (TRL); Sirolimus (SRL), Everolimus (EVL), to inhibit clonal expansion of T-lymphocytes and expression of lymphocyte-activation surface antigens; secondly, we compared the immunosuppressive potential of FK778 combined with TRL, SRL and EVL with the same combinations using Mycophenolic acid (MPA) as antimetabolite."	( Role of FK778 alone or in combination with tacrolimus or mTOR inhibitors as an immunomodulator of immunofunctions: in vitro evaluation of T cell proliferation and the expression of lymphocyte surface antigens. Barceló, JJ; Brunet, M; Fortuna, V; Jiménez, O; Millán, O, )	0.13
"Determination of safety and efficacy of leflunomide alone and if not useful, in combination with methotrexate in patients refractory to conventional disease-modifying agents."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide alone and in combination with methotrexate in the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Antony, T; Jose, VM; Paul, BJ; Thomas, T, 2006)	0.33
"Open labeled clinical trial with leflunomide [100 mg, OD x 3 days followed by 20 mg, OD x 6 months], if no improvement at three months, combined with methotrexate [5-7."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide alone and in combination with methotrexate in the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Antony, T; Jose, VM; Paul, BJ; Thomas, T, 2006)	0.33
" Low-dose razaxaban was useful in combination with sub-optimal doses of aspirin and/or clopidogrel for the prevention of occlusive arterial thrombosis without excessive bleeding."	( Razaxaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor, in combination with aspirin and/or clopidogrel improves low-dose antithrombotic activity without enhancing bleeding liability in rabbits. Crain, EJ; Knabb, RM; Lam, PY; Quan, ML; Watson, CA; Wexler, RR; Wong, PC, 2007)	0.34
"To investigate the effects and safety of leflunomide combined with hormone therapy for refractory IgA nephropathy."	( [Effects of leflunomide combined with hormone therapy for refractory IgA nephropathy]. Liu, ZR; Rong, L, 2007)	0.34
"Leflunomide combined with hormone therapy can be one of the safety and effective choices for treatment of refractory IgA nephropathy."	( [Effects of leflunomide combined with hormone therapy for refractory IgA nephropathy]. Liu, ZR; Rong, L, 2007)	0.34
" Caution may be necessary when zonisamide is given with phenobarbital and when antiepileptic therapy is changed from phenobarbital to zonisamide."	( Pharmacokinetics of zonisamide and drug interaction with phenobarbital in dogs. Egashira, N; Fujiwara, M; Fukunaga, K; Matsuo, E; Mishima, K; Muto, M; Orito, K; Saito, M; Takikawa, S, 2008)	0.35
" Leflunomide, compared with cyclophosphamide, in combination with prednisone was effective in the induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis and was generally well-tolerated."	( Induction treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis with leflunomide combined with prednisone: a prospective multi-centre observational study. Cai, GY; Chen, XM; Cui, TG; Hou, FF; Jiang, ZP; Li, YN; Lu, FM; Mei, CL; Ni, ZH; Qian, JQ; Wang, GB; Wang, HY; Wang, YH; Xu, FF; Yu, XQ; Zhang, FS; Zhao, MH; Zhao, XZ; Zhu, TY; Zou, WZ, 2008)	0.35
"Data from 1769 outpatients enrolled in the German biologics register RABBIT who were treated with one of the TNFalpha inhibitors adalimumab, etanercept, or infliximab in combination with either methotrexate (n = 1375) or leflunomide (n = 394) were included in the analysis."	( Comparative effectiveness of tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors in combination with either methotrexate or leflunomide. Dockhorn, R; Hierse, F; Kekow, J; Listing, J; Strangfeld, A; Tony, HP; von Hinueber, U; Zink, A, 2009)	0.35
"The current clinical practice is to use methotrexate as a first choice for the combination with TNFalpha antagonists."	( Comparative effectiveness of tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors in combination with either methotrexate or leflunomide. Dockhorn, R; Hierse, F; Kekow, J; Listing, J; Strangfeld, A; Tony, HP; von Hinueber, U; Zink, A, 2009)	0.35
"we compared the clinical efficacy and safety between a new injectable cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor, parecoxib, and an old nonselective, ketorolac combined with morphine in patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for management of post-cesarean delivery pain."	( Comparison of the efficacy of parecoxib versus ketorolac combined with morphine on patient-controlled analgesia for post-cesarean delivery pain management. Cheu, NW; Chuang, FH; Liao, CH; Tan, TD; Wang, YR; Watts, MP; Wong, JO, 2010)	0.36
" Morphine was basically used in PCA manner during the 3-day study course; and in Group K patients received an intravenous loading bolus of 30mg ketorolac post-operatively and then 90mg ketorolac combined with morphine in PCA fashion throughout the study course."	( Comparison of the efficacy of parecoxib versus ketorolac combined with morphine on patient-controlled analgesia for post-cesarean delivery pain management. Cheu, NW; Chuang, FH; Liao, CH; Tan, TD; Wang, YR; Watts, MP; Wong, JO, 2010)	0.36
" We report one patient with KD treated with leflunomide in combination with glucocorticoids and analyzed the literature on treatment of KD."	( Effective treatment of Kimura's disease with leflunomide in combination with glucocorticoids. Dai, L; Mo, YQ; Pessler, F; Wei, XN; Zhang, BY; Zheng, DH, 2011)	0.37
" However, AUY922 in combination with fludarabine was significantly more effective at inducing apoptosis in cells in co-culture than either drug alone, an effect that was irrespective of ATM/TP53 dysfunction."	( Heat shock protein-90 inhibitor, NVP-AUY922, is effective in combination with fludarabine against chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells cultured on CD40L-stromal layer and inhibits their activated/proliferative phenotype. Best, OG; Mulligan, SP, 2012)	0.38
"The Safety of Methotrexate in Combination with Leflunomide in Rheumatoid Arthritis (SMILE) study was a multicenter, observational, cross-sectional, retrospective safety study."	( The SMILE study -- safety of methotrexate in combination with leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis. Arnold, M; Bird, P; Burnet, S; de Jager, J; Griffiths, H; Littlejohn, G; Nicholls, D; Roberts, L; Scott, J; Tymms, K; Zochling, J, 2013)	0.39
"Given increased knowledge from molecular biology and pharmacology, it is apparent that multiple factors can interact to produce clinically meaningful differences in a drug's effect in specific individuals (i."	( Complexities of personalized medicine: how genes, drug-drug interactions, dosing schedules, and other factors can combine to produce clinically meaningful differences in a drug's effect. Preskorn, SH, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with methotrexate (MTX), by itself or combined with other non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (methotrexate, MTX with prednisolone, MTX with leflunomide, MTX with chloroquine, and MTX with sulfasalazine) on clinimetric outcomes in a retrospective cohort with a 6-month follow-up and under a Treat to Target (T2T) approach."	( Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate alone and in combination with other conventional DMARDs using the T2T strategy. A cohort study. Castro, C; de la Hoz-Valle, J; Palomino, A; Sánchez, G; Santos-Moreno, PI; Villarreal, L, 2015)	0.42
"The treatment with Valsartan combined with Clopidogrel and Leflunomide can reduce the urinary proteins loss and renal function deterioration for IgA nephropathy patients and cause minimal adverse reactions."	( Valsartan combined with clopidogrel and/or leflunomide for the treatment of progressive immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Chen, F; Cheng, G; Fang, Y; Guo, Y; Li, H; Liu, D; Liu, F; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Margetts, P; Tang, L; Zhao, Z, 2015)	0.42
" To create a safer clozapine-like drug, we tested whether the antipsychotic iloperidone, a drug that combines a weak dopamine D2 receptor blockade and a potent norepinephrine alpha-2 receptor blockade would reduce alcohol drinking, and whether its effect on alcohol drinking could be increased if combined with an agent to facilitate norepinephrine activity."	( Effects of iloperidone, combined with desipramine, on alcohol drinking in the Syrian golden hamster. Green, AI; Khokhar, JY, 2016)	0.43
"The multiple drug interactions in which CAIs are involved should be carefully considered when such drugs are used in combination with the drug classes mentioned above, as the risks of developing toxicity and serious side effects if the dosages are not adjusted are high."	( Drug interaction considerations in the therapeutic use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Supuran, CT, 2016)	0.43
" We found that treatment with As2 O3 combined with leflunomide can significantly prolong the survival of heart xenograft by inhibiting Th1 and Th2 differentiation and reducing the production of IgG and IgM."	( As2 O3 combined with leflunomide prolongs heart xenograft survival via suppressing the response of Th1, Th2, and B cells in a rat model. Cheng, LN; Fu, JZ; Jiao, ZX; Jin, N; Leng, Y; Ni, SB; Qi, ZQ; Wang, JH; Wu, HQ; Xia, JJ, 2016)	0.43
"LEF combined with prednisone has a certain efficacy on the RNS and displays few adverse reactions."	( Efficacy of leflunomide combined with prednisone in the treatment of refractory nephrotic syndrome. Chen, W; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Qu, X; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" In a tertiary care referral setting, we conducted a randomized, double blind controlled clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of low-dose rituximab-methotrexate combination with leflunomide-methotrexate combination."	( Leflunomide is equally efficacious and safe compared to low dose rituximab in refractory rheumatoid arthritis given in combination with methotrexate: results from a randomized double blind controlled clinical trial. de Silva, R; Fernandopulle, R; Galappatthy, P; Hart, M; Kelleher, P; Saravanamuttu, U; Senerath, U; Seneviratne, SL; Udagama, P; Weerasekera, LP; Wijayaratne, LS; Wijesinghe, H, 2017)	0.46
"To evaluate effect of parecoxib sodium pretreatment combined with dexmedetomidine on early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after shoulder arthroscopy."	( Effect of parecoxib sodium pretreatment combined with dexmedetomidine on early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after shoulder arthroscopy: A randomized double blinded controlled trial. Chen, G; Lu, J; Wu, C; Zhou, H; Zhou, Q; Zhu, Z, 2017)	0.46
"Parecoxib sodium pretreatment combined with dexmedetomidine could reduce the incidence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients."	( Effect of parecoxib sodium pretreatment combined with dexmedetomidine on early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after shoulder arthroscopy: A randomized double blinded controlled trial. Chen, G; Lu, J; Wu, C; Zhou, H; Zhou, Q; Zhu, Z, 2017)	0.46
"0 μM and at 75 nM in combination with cisplatin or melphalan."	( Initial testing (stage 1) of M6620 (formerly VX-970), a novel ATR inhibitor, alone and combined with cisplatin and melphalan, by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Houghton, PJ; Kang, M; Kurmashev, D; Kurmasheva, RT; Reynolds, CP; Smith, MA; Wu, J, 2018)	0.48
"To evaluate the effect and safety of phloroglucinol combined with parecoxib on cystospasm after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)."	( [Phloroglucinol combined with parecoxib for cystospasm after transurethral resection of the prostate]. Cheng, SH; Ding, M; He, HT; Hu, SB; Li, L; Nian, YQ; Wang, YH, 2016)	0.43
"Phloroglucinol combined with parecoxib is more effective and safer than phloroglucinol alone in relieving postoperative cystospasm after TURP."	( [Phloroglucinol combined with parecoxib for cystospasm after transurethral resection of the prostate]. Cheng, SH; Ding, M; He, HT; Hu, SB; Li, L; Nian, YQ; Wang, YH, 2016)	0.43
"The effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor gemigliptin alone or in combination with the heat shock protein 90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 (AUY922) on survival of thyroid carcinoma cells was elucidated."	( The dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor gemigliptin alone or in combination with NVP-AUY922 has a cytotoxic activity in thyroid carcinoma cells. Choi, MG; Ihm, SH; Kang, JG; Kim, CS; Kim, SH; Lee, SJ; Yoo, HJ, 2017)	0.46
"Parenteral parecoxib and single-shot SNB both significantly reduced morphine requirements when used in combination with femoral nerve blockade after TKA."	( Parenteral Parecoxib Provides a Similar Reduction in Opioid Requirement to Single-Shot Sciatic Nerve Block after Total Knee Arthroplasty when Combined with Continuous Femoral Nerve Block. Chalacheewa, T; Finlayson, RJ; Saipimpong, S; Tontisirin, N; Tran, D, 2017)	0.46
"The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of preintravenous injection of parecoxib, combined with transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) pump, in strategy of enhanced recovery after surgery for patients with radical resection of colorectal cancer."	( Effect of preintravenous injection of parecoxib, combined with transversus abdominis plane block in strategy of enhanced recovery after radical resection of colorectal cancer. Feng, Z; Zheng, J; Zhu, J, 2018)	0.48
"In this prospective study, 80 patients that underwent radical resection for colorectal cancer were randomly divided into four groups: (1) the parecoxib group, with preintravenous injection of parecoxib and postoperative PCIA after surgery; (2) the TAP group, with TAP block and postoperative PCIA; (3) the parecoxib + TAP group, with parecoxib combined with TAP block and postoperative PCIA; and (4) the control group, with only postoperative PCIA and preinjection of normal saline."	( Effect of preintravenous injection of parecoxib, combined with transversus abdominis plane block in strategy of enhanced recovery after radical resection of colorectal cancer. Feng, Z; Zheng, J; Zhu, J, 2018)	0.48
"BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of perioperative parecoxib sodium combined with transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block on postoperative pain management following hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)."	( Effectiveness of Parecoxib Sodium Combined with Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Pain Management After Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Prospective Controlled Study. Jia, WD; Li, YQ; Lv, JG; Qiao, XF; Zhou, H, 2019)	0.51
"To explore the effect of local infiltration of ropivacaine combined with multimodal analgesia with parecoxib for perioperative pain management in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy."	( [Efficacy of local infiltration of ropivacaine combined with multimodal analgesia with parecoxib for perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy]. Feng, H; Feng, J; Gao, M; Han, Q; Li, K; Xu, R, 2019)	0.51
"In patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy, local infiltration of ropivacaine combined with multimodal analgesia with ropivacaine can effectively relieve perioperative pain, reduce the use of relief analgesics, lower the incidence of adverse reactions, and promote the recovery after the surgery."	( [Efficacy of local infiltration of ropivacaine combined with multimodal analgesia with parecoxib for perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy]. Feng, H; Feng, J; Gao, M; Han, Q; Li, K; Xu, R, 2019)	0.51
" Zoliflodacin was evaluated alone or combined with ceftriaxone, cefixime, spectinomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, cethromycin or sitafloxacin in chequerboard assays, time-kill curve analysis and selection-of-resistance studies."	( In vitro antimicrobial combination testing of and evolution of resistance to the first-in-class spiropyrimidinetrione zoliflodacin combined with six therapeutically relevant antimicrobials for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Alirol, E; Drusano, G; Foerster, S; Golparian, D; Neely, M; Piddock, LJV; Unemo, M, 2019)	0.51
"Zoliflodacin alone or in combination with all six antimicrobials showed rapid growth inhibition against all examined strains."	( In vitro antimicrobial combination testing of and evolution of resistance to the first-in-class spiropyrimidinetrione zoliflodacin combined with six therapeutically relevant antimicrobials for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Alirol, E; Drusano, G; Foerster, S; Golparian, D; Neely, M; Piddock, LJV; Unemo, M, 2019)	0.51
"Zoliflodacin, alone or in combination with sexually transmitted infection therapeutic antimicrobials, rapidly kills gonococci with infrequent resistance emergence."	( In vitro antimicrobial combination testing of and evolution of resistance to the first-in-class spiropyrimidinetrione zoliflodacin combined with six therapeutically relevant antimicrobials for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Alirol, E; Drusano, G; Foerster, S; Golparian, D; Neely, M; Piddock, LJV; Unemo, M, 2019)	0.51
"Our findings indicate an effective action of NVP-AUY922 in combined with DOX in this cell line."	( Hsp90 Inhibitor; NVP-AUY922 in Combination with Doxorubicin Induces Apoptosis and Downregulates VEGF in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line. Feizollahzadeh, S; Karimi Douna, B; Mahmoudi, R; Mohammadian, M; Rezapour-Firouzi, S; Toofani Milani, A, 2020)	0.56
"To investigate the effect of intravenous injection of dexmedetomidine combined with parecoxib sodium on sedation and anxiety and stress response of tracheal intubation in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery."	( The clinical effect of dexmedetomidine combined with parecoxib sodium on sedation, antianxiety and prevention of intubation stress in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Chen, J; Gu, X; Lu, Y; Tan, X; Wang, J; Zhang, L, 2020)	0.56
"Preoperative intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine combined with parecoxib sodium by functional nasal endoscopy can not only calm and resist anxiety, but also better prevent stress response of endotracheal intubation, which is a safe and effective way of preoperative medication."	( The clinical effect of dexmedetomidine combined with parecoxib sodium on sedation, antianxiety and prevention of intubation stress in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Chen, J; Gu, X; Lu, Y; Tan, X; Wang, J; Zhang, L, 2020)	0.56
"Antipsychotics are often used in combination with other psychotropic drugs to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders, as well as in combination with other drugs taken by patients with co-morbidities."	( Asenapine and iloperidone decrease the expression of major cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes. A significance for drug-drug interactions during combined therapy. Danek, PJ; Daniel, WA; Wójcikowski, J, 2020)	0.56
" (2) The effect of KI of the DDR (ATMi: AZD0156; ATRi: VE-822, dual DNA-PKi/mTORi: CC-115) in combination with IR on HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC and healthy skin cells was analyzed."	( Kinase Inhibitors of DNA-PK, ATM and ATR in Combination with Ionizing Radiation Can Increase Tumor Cell Death in HNSCC Cells While Sparing Normal Tissue Cells. Bürkel, F; Distel, LV; Faulhaber, EM; Fietkau, R; Hecht, M; Jost, T; Scheper, J; Symank, J, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" bioavailability and a relatively long duration of action."	( Pharmacology of risperidone (R 64 766), a new antipsychotic with serotonin-S2 and dopamine-D2 antagonistic properties. Awouters, F; Janssen, PA; Meert, TF; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schellekens, KH, 1988)	0.27
" These findings account for a probably greater bioavailability of broxaterol after oral administration."	( Broxaterol: pharmacological profile of a unique structural feature. Della Bella, D, 1989)	0.28
" The rate of absorption was rapid in the rat but less rapid in dog and monkey."	( Disposition of alpha-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-(3-ethyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)- 1H-indole-3-methanol (59-801), a hypoglycaemic agent in rats, dogs and monkeys. Jaffe, JM; Orwig, B; Tse, FL, 1987)	0.27
" Their antibacterial properties were tested in vivo and in vitro also against beta-lactamase producer microorganisms; particularly the oral bioavailability of some of these new derivatives was studied."	( Synthesis and antibacterial properties of 7-[2-(3-substituted-5-isoxazolyl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]cep halospora nic acid derivatives. Albini, E; Carenzi, A; Chiarino, D; Della Bella, D; Napoletano, M; Sala, A, 1987)	0.27
" The newer antipsychotic agents clozapine and risperidone are also well absorbed and undergo extensive presystemic elimination."	( Brief comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the traditional and newer antipsychotic drugs. DeVane, CL, 1995)	0.29
" Iloperidone was well absorbed orally in fasted subjects."	( Safety, tolerability, and effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of iloperidone (HP 873), a potential atypical antipsychotic. Brecher, MB; Chi, E; Grasing, K; Hubbard, JW; Sainati, SM, 1995)	0.29
" Risperidone absolute oral bioavailability was 66%."	( Pharmacokinetics of the novel antipsychotic agent risperidone and the prolactin response in healthy subjects. De Coster, R; Heykants, J; Huang, ML; Jansen, AA; Jonkman, JH; Van Peer, A; Visscher, HW; Woestenborghs, R; Zylicz, Z, 1993)	0.29
"27 l/kg in a typical 33-kg patient, assuming that the bioavailability of orally administered zonisamide is 100%."	( Population analysis of the dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of zonisamide in epileptic patients. Hashimoto, Y; Hori, R; Odani, A; Okuno, T; Tanigawara, Y; Yasuhara, M, 1994)	0.29
" Identical areas under the curve suggest bioavailability was 100% (AUCp."	( Blood distribution and single-dose pharmacokinetics of leflunomide. Dias, VC; LeGatt, DF; Lucien, J; Yatscoff, RW, 1995)	0.29
" It is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and negligibly bound to plasma proteins."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Focus on topiramate, zonisamide and tiagabine. Bialer, M; Perucca, E, 1996)	0.29
" D2916 was well absorbed in both sexes and distributed to all tissues, with maximal drug concentrations found in elimination and metabolization organs, as well as in fatty tissues."	( Disposition and metabolism of 2,6-dimethylbenzamide N-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl) (D2916) in male and female rats. Cerf, MC; Gillardin, JM; Lepage, F; Madelmont, JC; Marijnen, C; Maurizis, JC; Rapp, M; Veyre, A, 1997)	0.3
" The profiles of S-4, its N-methyl analogue, and the corresponding enantiomers across several measures of cholinergic channel function in vitro and in vivo are presented, together with in vitro metabolism and in vivo bioavailability data."	( Structure-activity studies on 2-methyl-3-(2(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy) pyridine (ABT-089): an orally bioavailable 3-pyridyl ether nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligand with cognition-enhancing properties. Anderson, DJ; Arneric, SP; Brioni, JD; Buccafusco, JJ; Buckley, MJ; Decker, MW; Donnelly-Roberts, DL; Garvey, DS; Gunn, DE; Holladay, MW; Lin, NH; Marsh, KG; Prendergast, MA; Rodrigues, AD; Ryther, KB; Sullivan, JP; Williams, M, 1997)	0.3
"The bioavailability of risperidone was evaluated in an open-label, randomized, two-way, crossover study comparing a 1-mg tablet with a 1-mg/ml oral solution."	( Risperidone: effects of formulations on oral bioavailability. Gutierrez, R; Huang, ML; Lee, PI; Woestenborghs, R, )	0.13
" Replacement of an amide group in this class of compounds with an acetyl group maintained the in vitro binding affinity and in vivo activity while providing a compound with oral bioavailability and longer duration of action."	( Discovery of TBC11251, a potent, long acting, orally active endothelin receptor-A selective antagonist. Brock, T; Chan, MF; Dixon, RA; Keller, KM; Kogan, TP; Mong, S; Okun, I; Raju, B; Stavros, F; Wu, C, 1997)	0.3
" However, the bioavailability of the three preparations was approximately 100%."	( Utility of a rectal suppository containing the antiepileptic drug zonisamide. Higuchi, S; Mishima, M; Nagatomi, A; Ohdo, S; Tsuzuki, O, 1997)	0.3
"Intranasal absorption and bioavailability of DMP 755, a peptidomimetic, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, were examined in anesthetized and lightly sedated dogs."	( Intranasal absorption of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, DMP 755, and the effect of anesthesia on nasal bioavailability. Aungst, BJ; Hussain, MA; Kapil, R; Mousa, SA, 1997)	0.3
" DMP 802 has an oral bioavailability of 14."	( Oral antiplatelet efficacy and specificity of a novel nonpeptide platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, DMP 802. Anderson, PS; Bozarth, JM; Bozarth, T; Forsythe, MS; Friedman, PA; Gibbs, S; Kapil, R; Lorelli, W; Mousa, SA; Olson, RE; Racanelli, A; Reilly, TM; Schlingman, K; Sielecki, TM; Slee, A; Thoolen, MJ; Wexler, RR; Wityak, J, 1998)	0.3
" Oral bioavailability of zonisamide is excellent in healthy human volunteers."	( Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic drug monitoring of zonisamide. Mimaki, T, 1998)	0.3
" DMP754 demonstrated oral bioavailability of 20."	( Intravenous and oral antithrombotic efficacy of the novel platelet GPIIb/IIIa antagonist roxifiban (DMP754) and its free acid form, XV459. Kapil, R; Mousa, SA; Mu, DX, 1999)	0.3
" After oral administration, absorption is rapid and relatively efficient for the new AEDs, the most notable exception being gabapentin, whose bioavailability decreases with increasing dosage."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the new antiepileptic drugs. Perucca, E, 1999)	0.3
" Because of their predictable pharmacokinetics and bioavailability after subcutaneous administration, LMWHs can be more convenient for outpatient use than UFH."	( Comparative efficacy of different low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) and drug interactions with LMWH: implications for management of vascular disorders. Mousa, SA, 2000)	0.31
" During the discovery of 3, we observed several structure-oral bioavailability relationships."	( Acyl substitution at the ortho position of anilides enhances oral bioavailability of thiophene sulfonamides: TBC3214, an ETA selective endothelin antagonist. Blok, N; Bourgoyne, AR; Brock, TA; Bui, H; Decker, ER; Dixon, RA; Holland, GW; Keller, KM; Knowles, V; Li, J; Li, W; Stavros, FD; Wu, C, 2001)	0.31
" It may be less well absorbed and/or less effective than Clozaril, although evidence is conflicting."	( Advances in atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia: new formulations and new agents. Albert, MJ; Baldessarini, RJ; Centorrino, F; Kelleher, JP, 2002)	0.31
" The results showed that risperidone, when administered with galantamine, did not change the bioavailability of galantamine at steady state."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of galantamine and risperidone after the two drugs are administered alone and together. Huang, F; Janssens, L; Lasseter, KC; Lau, H; Verhaeghe, T; Zhao, Q, 2002)	0.31
"In an effort to identify orally bioavailable factor Xa inhibitors, two isoxazolines libraries were prepared to scan for novel P1 ligands."	( Discovery of 3-amino-4-chlorophenyl P1 as a novel and potent benzamidine mimic via solid-phase synthesis of an isoxazoline library. Adams, JJ; Calhoun, WJ; Clark, CG; Knabb, RM; Lam, PY; Luettgen, JM; Wexler, RR, 2003)	0.32
" Here we report an expansion of this work by substituting a variety of electron-withdrawing groups at the ortho position and evaluating their effects on oral bioavailability as well as structure-activity relationships."	( Discovery, modeling, and human pharmacokinetics of N-(2-acetyl-4,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethylisoxazol-5-ylsulfamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide (TBC3711), a second generation, ETA selective, and orally bioavailable endothelin antagonist. Berens, KL; Blok, N; Bourgoyne, AR; Brock, TA; Bui, H; Decker, ER; Dixon, RA; Holland, GW; Knowles, V; Wang, J; Wu, C; You, TJ, 2004)	0.32
" These efforts culminated in 1-(3'-aminobenzisoxazol-5'-yl)-3-trifluoromethyl-N-[2-fluoro-4-[(2'-dimethylaminomethyl)imidazol-1-yl]phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxyamide (11d), a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of factor Xa."	( Discovery of 1-(3'-aminobenzisoxazol-5'-yl)-3-trifluoromethyl-N-[2-fluoro-4- [(2'-dimethylaminomethyl)imidazol-1-yl]phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxyamide hydrochloride (razaxaban), a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable factor Xa inhibitor. Alexander, RS; Bai, S; Clark, CG; Ellis, CD; Han, Q; He, MY; Knabb, RM; Lam, PY; Li, R; Luettgen, JM; Pinto, DJ; Quan, ML; Sun, JH; Teleha, CA; Wexler, RR; Wong, PC, 2005)	0.33
" In particular, one analog (74, DPP-IV IC50=26 nM) exhibited good oral bioavailability and acceptable half-life in the rat, albeit with rather high clearance."	( Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors derived from beta-aminoacylpiperidines bearing a fused thiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, or pyrazole. Ashton, WT; Dong, H; Doss, GA; He, H; Leiting, B; Lyons, KA; Marsilio, F; Patel, RA; Sisco, RM; Thornberry, NA; Weber, AE; Wu, JK, 2005)	0.33
"The influence of natural beta-cyclodextrin and its hydrophilic derivatives (HPbetaCd and SBE7betaCd) on the in vitro dissolution rate, in vivo absorption and oral bioavailability of a poorly water soluble anti-inflammatory agent, valdecoxib (VALD) was studied."	( Cyclodextrin complexes of valdecoxib: properties and anti-inflammatory activity in rat. Madhusudan, S; Pralhad, T; Rajendrakumar, K, 2005)	0.33
"This study demonstrated that the bioavailability of risperidone was increased by verapamil, suggesting in vivo involvement of P-glycoprotein in the pharmacokinetics of risperidone."	( Effect of verapamil on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of risperidone: in vivo evidence of involvement of P-glycoprotein in risperidone disposition. Kaneo, S; Nakagami, T; Saito, M; Tateishi, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2005)	0.33
" The oral bioavailability of the polymer was 40%."	( Intestinal uptake and biodistribution of novel polymeric micelles after oral administration. Ariën, A; Brewster, M; Mathot, F; Préat, V; van Beijsterveldt, L, 2006)	0.33
" This serious adverse event was observed with a frequency of approximately 2% in early clinical trials with the potent, orally bioavailable glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist roxifiban."	( Validation and implementation of drug-dependent antibody assays in clinical trials for safety monitoring of patients dosed with roxifiban, an orally bioavailable glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist. Barrett, YC; Billheimer, J; Ebling, W; Pieniaszek, H; Seiffert, D, 2007)	0.34
"The objective of the study was to compare the bioavailability of a generic oral solution of risperidone (Test formulation) and Risperdal tablets (Reference formulation)."	( Lack of bioequivalence between generic risperidone oral solution and originator risperidone tablets. Piniella, PM; Relleke, M; van Os, S, 2007)	0.34
"Razaxaban is a selective, potent, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa."	( Reductive isoxazole ring opening of the anticoagulant razaxaban is the major metabolic clearance pathway in rats and dogs. Bonacorsi, SJ; Chen, SY; He, K; Knabb, RM; Lam, PY; Lecureux, L; Patrone, LM; Quan, M; Raghavan, N; Skiles, GL; Zhang, D; Zhang, H, 2008)	0.35
" Thus, rifampin reduced the exposure to risperidone, probably because of a decrease in its bioavailability through the induction of CYP3A and probably P-glycoprotein."	( Effect of rifampin, an inducer of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein, on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone. Kim, KA; Kim, KB; Lee, HJ; Liu, KH; Park, JY; Park, PW; Shin, JG, 2008)	0.35
" Burned crop residues may effectively adsorb pesticides and thus influence their bioavailability in agricultural soils."	( Burned rice straw reduces the availability of clomazone to barnyardgrass. Liu, W; Sheng, GD; Xu, C, 2008)	0.35
" Within this series, orally bioavailable compounds possessing promising pharmacokinetic profiles were identified, and a number of compounds demonstrated in vivo efficacy in models of VEGF-stimulated vascular permeability and tumor growth."	( 3-amino-benzo[d]isoxazoles as novel multitargeted inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases. Ahmed, AA; Albert, DH; Bouska, JJ; Bousquet, PF; Cunha, GA; Davidsen, SK; Diaz, G; Glaser, KB; Guo, J; Harris, CM; Ji, Z; Li, J; Marcotte, PA; Michaelides, MR; Moskey, MD; Oie, T; Pease, L; Soni, NB; Stewart, KD, 2008)	0.69
" time curve, apparent elimination half-life, and bioavailability of zonisamide."	( Pharmacokinetics of zonisamide and drug interaction with phenobarbital in dogs. Egashira, N; Fujiwara, M; Fukunaga, K; Matsuo, E; Mishima, K; Muto, M; Orito, K; Saito, M; Takikawa, S, 2008)	0.35
" Oral bioavailability was 68 +/- 12%; fraction of unbound drug approximated 60%."	( Disposition and safety of zonisamide after intravenous and oral single dose and oral multiple dosing in normal hound dogs. Boothe, DM; Perkins, J, 2008)	0.35
" The relative bioavailability was increased severalfold as compared with unencapsulated drug."	( Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular microparticle depot of valdecoxib in an experimental model. Agnihotri, SM; Vavia, PR, 2009)	0.35
"Injectable poly[lac(glc-leu)] microparticles hold promise for increasing drug bioavailability and reducing dosing frequency for better management of rheumatoid arthritis."	( Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular microparticle depot of valdecoxib in an experimental model. Agnihotri, SM; Vavia, PR, 2009)	0.35
"kg(-1) of the PAT1 inhibitor, L-tryptophan, significantly decreased the absorption rate constant, k(a), and C(max), and increased T(max) of gaboxadol, whereas the area under the curve and clearance of gaboxadol were constant."	( Intestinal gaboxadol absorption via PAT1 (SLC36A1): modified absorption in vivo following co-administration of L-tryptophan. Brodin, B; Holm, R; Jensen, KG; Larsen, M; Nielsen, CU, 2009)	0.35
" The oral bioavailability of glyphosate was found to be 23."	( Toxicokinetics of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphonic acid in rats. Anadón, A; Bernal, JL; Castellano, VJ; Martin, MT; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR; Nozal, MJ, 2009)	0.35
" Interindividual variability (IIV) in clearance (CL), central volume of distribution (V(d)) and the absorption rate constant (k(a)) were estimated at a 40%, 69% and 59% coefficient of variation (CV), respectively."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular paliperidone palmitate in patients with schizophrenia: a novel once-monthly, long-acting formulation of an atypical antipsychotic. Samtani, MN; Stuyckens, K; Vermeulen, A, 2009)	0.35
" In rats, the initial absorption rate of gaboxadol was decreased in the presence of 5-HTP."	( 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan alters gaboxadol pharmacokinetics in rats: involvement of PAT1 and rOat1 in gaboxadol absorption and elimination. Brodin, B; Holm, R; Jensen, KG; Larsen, M; Nielsen, CU; Sveigaard, C, 2010)	0.36
" Among these, 2 showed good oral bioavailability and brain penetrability, suggesting that 2 may be useful for in vivo study to elucidate the role of mGluR7."	( Isoxazolopyridone derivatives as allosteric metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 antagonists. Kurihara, H; Mitsuya, M; Nakamura, M; Ohkubo, M; Ohta, H; Suzuki, G, 2010)	0.36
" NVP-BEP800 is a novel, fully synthetic, orally bioavailable inhibitor that binds to the NH(2)-terminal ATP-binding pocket of Hsp90."	( Preclinical antitumor activity of the orally available heat shock protein 90 inhibitor NVP-BEP800. Brough, PA; Brueggen, J; Chène, P; Drysdale, MJ; Garcia-Echeverria, C; Jensen, MR; Massey, AJ; Pfaar, U; Radimerski, T; Ruetz, S; Schoepfer, J; Schweitzer, A; Wood, M, 2010)	0.36
" Paliperidone was well absorbed (median t(max): 24 h after a 3-mg dose, and 26 h after a 9-mg dose)."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of paliperidone extended-release tablets in healthy Chinese subjects. Guo, C; Liu, Y; Shu, L; Si, T; Su, YA; Zhang, H, 2010)	0.36
" We assessed the therapeutic efficacy of (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1), an orally bioavailable MIF antagonist, in two distinct models of systemic lupus erythematosus: the NZB/NZW F1 and the MRL/lpr mouse strains."	( A small-molecule macrophage migration inhibitory factor antagonist protects against glomerulonephritis in lupus-prone NZB/NZW F1 and MRL/lpr mice. Arjona, A; Austin, D; Bucala, R; Chen, L; Du, X; Fan, J; Greven, D; Huang, XR; Kashgarian, M; Lan, HY; Leng, L; Lolis, E; Nikolic-Paterson, D; Yin, Z, 2011)	0.37
" Gaboxadol (Gbx) is a selective extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor agonist with high oral bioavailability in rat, dog and human."	( Gaboxadol has affinity for the proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1, SLC36A1 (hPAT1)--A modelling approach to determine IC(50) values of the three ionic species of gaboxadol. Frølund, S; Nielsen, CU; Rapin, N, 2011)	0.37
"The aims of this study were to compare the relative bioavailability of a pharmaceutical-equivalent (test) formulation with a reference formulation of oral RSP 2 mg, both available commercially on the Brazilian pharmaceutical market, and to generate data regarding the oral bioavailability of the tested drug in healthy Brazilian volunteers."	( Relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of risperidone 2 mg: A single-dose, randomized-sequence, open-label, two-period crossover comparison in healthy Brazilian volunteers. Belotto, KC; Ferreira, AS; Gattaz, WF; Raposo, NR, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic studies have determined that iloperidone is well absorbed orally, with a bioavailability of 96%."	( Iloperidone: A new drug for the treatment of schizophrenia. Arif, SA; Mitchell, MM, 2011)	0.37
" The bioavailability after a single oral dose of leflunomide was 100%."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of A77 1726 and leflunomide in domestic cats. Chen, YJ; Craigmill, A; Gregory, CR; Kyles, AE; Mehl, ML; Tell, L, 2012)	0.38
" The SEDDS formulation was found to greatly improve the oral bioavailability of GW4064, and permitted the evaluation of FXR agonist target efficacy."	( A formulation-enabled preclinical efficacy assessment of a farnesoid X receptor agonist, GW4064, in hamsters and cynomolgus monkeys. Chiang, PC; Ghosh, S; Heitmeier, MR; Thompson, DC, 2011)	0.37
" Studies on PAR2 have relied heavily upon activating effects of proteases and peptide agonists that lack stability and bioavailability in vivo."	( Modulating human proteinase activated receptor 2 with a novel antagonist (GB88) and agonist (GB110). Barry, GD; Cotterell, AJ; Fairlie, DP; Halili, MA; Le, GT; Lohman, RJ; Suen, JY, 2012)	0.38
" Evidence suggests that it might have activity against human CMV with good oral bioavailability and, more importantly in the resource-poor setting, is economical."	( Leflunomide for cytomegalovirus: bench to bedside. Chacko, B; John, GT, 2012)	0.38
" The absolute bioavailability of parecoxib was 66%."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular parecoxib in healthy Beagles. Del Carlo, S; Giorgi, M; Lavy, E; Manera, C; Saccomanni, G, 2012)	0.38
" However, no published data is available regarding the bioavailability of this in the Indian population."	( Comparative bioequivalence study of leflunomide tablets in Indian healthy volunteers. Agarwal, S; Chattaraj, TK; Das, A; Ghosh, D; Pal, TK; Sarkar, AK, 2012)	0.38
" One member, I-BET151 (GSK1210151A), shows good oral bioavailability in both the rat and minipig as well as demonstrating efficient suppression of bacterial induced inflammation and sepsis in a murine in vivo endotoxaemia model."	( Identification of a novel series of BET family bromodomain inhibitors: binding mode and profile of I-BET151 (GSK1210151A). Bamborough, P; Beinke, S; Bouillot, A; Chung, CW; Cutler, L; Donche, F; Gellibert, F; Gordon, L; Kirilovsky, J; Krysa, G; Lamotte, Y; Lee, K; Lewis, T; Lugo, D; McCleary, S; Mirguet, O; Nicodeme, E; Prinjha, RK; Rioja, I; Seal, J; Walker, AL; Wilson, DM; Witherington, J, 2012)	0.38
" There was significant difference in the absorption rate constant (k ( a )) of risperidone among the CYP2D6*10 genotype groups."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone with genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and ABCB1. Cho, HY; Lee, SN; Lee, YB; Yoo, HD; Yoon, H, 2012)	0.38
" The repeated exposures of silymarin, compared to single administration of silymarin, increased oral bioavailability and affected the pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone, by inhibiting P-gp."	( Effects of single or repeated silymarin administration on pharmacokinetics of risperidone and its major metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone in rats. Chae, SW; Choi, JM; Lee, HJ; Lee, KS; Park, JH; Rhie, SJ, 2013)	0.39
"Arterial stiffness and impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability contribute to the high risk for cardiovascular disease in CKD."	( Endothelin-A receptor antagonism modifies cardiovascular risk factors in CKD. Blackwell, S; Dhaun, N; Goddard, J; Johnston, NR; Melville, V; Talwar, DK; Webb, DJ, 2013)	0.39
" Hence, sertraline could alter the bioavailability of drugs absorbed via PAT1."	( Sertraline inhibits the transport of PAT1 substrates in vivo and in vitro. Abdulhadi, S; Brodin, B; Frølund, S; Holm, R; Kall, MA; Langthaler, L; Nielsen, CU; Nøhr, MK; Sari, H, 2013)	0.39
" The potential of NLC for improving the oral bioavailability of ILO was also evaluated."	( Quality by design approach to understand the process of optimization of iloperidone nanostructured lipid carriers for oral bioavailability enhancement. Mandpe, L; Pokharkar, V, 2015)	0.42
"30-fold increase in oral bioavailability of ILO NLC as compared with ILO pure drug suspension."	( Quality by design approach to understand the process of optimization of iloperidone nanostructured lipid carriers for oral bioavailability enhancement. Mandpe, L; Pokharkar, V, 2015)	0.42
"The NLC formulation remarkably improved the oral bioavailability of ILO and demonstrated a promising perspective for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( Quality by design approach to understand the process of optimization of iloperidone nanostructured lipid carriers for oral bioavailability enhancement. Mandpe, L; Pokharkar, V, 2015)	0.42
"8 days, and oral bioavailability was 73."	( The intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of afoxolaner used as a monthly chewable antiparasitic for dogs. Drag, M; Harriman, J; Huang, R; Kvaternick, V; Letendre, L; Soll, M, 2014)	0.4
" Model analysis suggested that oral bioavailability of intestine-targeting ante-drugs should be low to avoid systemic side effects."	( Analysis of the disposition of a novel p38 MAPK inhibitor, AKP-001, and its metabolites in rats with a simple physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Fujikata, A; Hisaka, A; Kaneko, M; Minato, K; Ohta, S; Sasaki, M; Shirota, K; Suzuki, H, 2015)	0.42
" Mean relative bioavailability of PEG-R (85 ± 69%) was significantly higher than that of H2O-R (53 ± 37%) (P = ."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose rectal zonisamide administration in normal dogs. Boothe, D; Brewer, DM; Cerda-Gonzalez, S; Dewey, CW; Van Horne, K, )	0.13
" The study identified an orally bioavailable molecule, (S)-3,3-dimethyl-5-(5-(3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-3-yl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol (38, AN8030), which was long lasting in dogs (t1/2=22 days)."	( Discovery of an orally bioavailable isoxazoline benzoxaborole (AN8030) as a long acting animal ectoparasiticide. Akama, T; Balko, TW; Bu, W; Cao, J; Defauw, JM; Easom, EE; Guo, S; Plattner, JJ; White, WH; Winkle, JR; Xue, J; Zhang, YK; Zhou, Y; Zou, W, 2015)	0.42
" Sarolaner was rapidly and well absorbed following oral dosing."	( Discovery of sarolaner: A novel, orally administered, broad-spectrum, isoxazoline ectoparasiticide for dogs. Chubb, N; Curtis, MP; Hedges, L; Inskeep, GA; Knauer, CS; McTier, TL; Meeus, P; Menon, S; Mills, B; Pullins, A; Woods, DJ; Zinser, E, 2016)	0.43
" The study identified an orally bioavailable molecule, (S)-N-((1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-6-yl)methyl)-2-methyl-4-(5-(3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-3-yl)benzamide (23), with a favorable pharmacodynamics profile in dogs (Cmax=7."	( Optimization of isoxazoline amide benzoxaboroles for identification of a development candidate as an oral long acting animal ectoparasiticide. Akama, T; Balko, TW; Cao, J; Defauw, JM; Easom, EE; Ge, Z; Plattner, JJ; White, WH; Winkle, JR; Yang, J; Zhang, YK; Zhou, Y, 2016)	0.43
"We have designed and synthesized 9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-containing compounds to obtain potent and orally bioavailable BET inhibitors."	( Structure-Based Discovery of 4-(6-Methoxy-2-methyl-4-(quinolin-4-yl)-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-7-yl)-3,5-dimethylisoxazole (CD161) as a Potent and Orally Bioavailable BET Bromodomain Inhibitor. Bai, L; Hu, Y; Li, S; Li, X; Liu, L; McEachern, D; Meagher, JL; Ran, X; Stuckey, JA; Sun, D; Wang, S; Wen, B; Yang, CY; Zhao, T; Zhao, Y; Zhou, B, 2017)	0.46
" Although we cannot exclude issues on bioavailability and in vivo efficacy of the used compounds, we hypothesize that extracellular TG1/TG2 activity is of greater importance than (intra-)cellular activity in mouse EAE pathology."	( Characterization of Transglutaminase 2 activity inhibitors in monocytes in vitro and their effect in a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. Bol, JGJM; Brevé, JJP; Chrobok, NL; Drukarch, B; El Alaoui, S; Jongenelen, CA; van Dam, AM; Wilhelmus, MMM, 2018)	0.48
" The most widely used MAO-B inhibitor to maintain the bioavailability of dopamine in the brain of PD patients is L-deprenyl, despite of its potential side-effects."	( Garcinol, an effective monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Bhattacharya, P; Borah, A; Chakrabarty, J; Dutta, A; Mazumder, MK; Paul, R; Phukan, BC, 2018)	0.48
" The in vivo pharmacokinetics studies showed relative bioavailability of the PEV loaded gel as 62% and 166% when compared to the oral drug and gel without vesicles respectively."	( Transdermal lipid vesicular delivery of iloperidone: Formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Bhasin, B; Londhe, VY, 2019)	0.51
" The present study describes a novel, orally bioavailable selective mutant IDH1 inhibitor, DS-1001b."	( A Potent Blood-Brain Barrier-Permeable Mutant IDH1 Inhibitor Suppresses the Growth of Glioblastoma with IDH1 Mutation in a Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft Model. Baba, D; Hattori, A; Ichimura, K; Imaoka, T; Itoh, M; Katsumoto, T; Kitabayashi, I; Machida, Y; Matsunaga, H; Nakagawa, M; Nakamura, K; Nishiya, Y; Ogawara, Y; Sampetrean, O; Saya, H; Seki, T; Shima, Y; Suzuki, K; Suzuki, M; Yamagata, K; Yamaguchi, M, 2020)	0.56
" At single doses, tropifexor showed a moderate rate of absorption (median time to maximum concentration, 4 hours), dose-proportional increases in exposure, and elimination half-life of 13."	( Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the Novel Non-Bile Acid FXR Agonist Tropifexor (LJN452) in Healthy Volunteers. Badman, MK; Chen, J; Danis, K; Desai, S; Gan, L; Klickstein, LB; Laffitte, B; Neelakantham, S; Vaidya, S; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
"Iloperidone (IL) is practically insoluble in water and has significant first-pass metabolism, resulting in low oral bioavailability in humans (36%)."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of iloperidone-loaded lipid nanoemulsions via oral route of administration. Narala, A; Suram, D; Veerabrahma, K, 2021)	0.62
" The other therapies like hormonal therapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and immune therapy are in use but showed many side effects like bioavailability issues, non-selectivity, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic problems."	( Isoxazole derivatives as anticancer agent: A review on synthetic strategies, mechanism of action and SAR studies. Arya, GC; Jaitak, V; Kaur, K, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Since the urine from a dog dosed with I showed a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than I itself, metabolites from this urine were isolated and partially characterized."	( Urinary metabolites of 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole in the dog. Arison, BH; Eskola, P; Kulsa, P; Miller, AK; Miller, BM; Miller, TW; Mrozik, H; Skeggs, H; Vandenheuvel, WJ; Zimmerman, SB, 1979)	0.26
" Plasma levels of PF-257 in rats receiving intravenous or oral dosing (10 mg/kg) were determined."	( Determination of 1,2-benzisoxazole-3-acetamidoxime hydrochloride (PE-257) in plasma using electron-capture gas chromatography. Hashimoto, M; Utsui, Y; Yamaguchi, T, 1978)	0.26
" AMOA (150 microM) produced a nearly parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve for kainate-induced currents."	( Stereoselective effects of AMOA on non-NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Hansen, JJ; Krogsgaard-Larsen, P; Miledi, R; Nielsen, B; Schousboe, A; Wahl, P, 1992)	0.28
" These results suggest that dosage regimens on the basis of body surface area would be more accurate than those on a body weight basis and that there is little effect of other antiepileptics on the serum protein binding of ZNS."	( Factors influencing serum concentration of zonisamide in epileptic patients. Fukuchi, H; Harada, Y; Kimura, M; Kimura, Y; Kitaura, T; Miyake, K; Tanaka, N, 1992)	0.28
" 4-PIOL antagonized the response to isoguvacine with a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve."	( Electrophysiological studies of the GABAA receptor ligand, 4-PIOL, on cultured hippocampal neurones. Falch, E; Kristiansen, U; Krogsgaard-Larsen, P; Lambert, JD, 1991)	0.28
" The dose-response curve of haloperidol remained virtually unchanged, apparently because of the potent dopamine-D2 antagonism associated with these doses which may block the potentiating effect of apomorphine."	( Functional interaction between serotonin-S2 and dopamine-D2 neurotransmission as revealed by selective antagonism of hyper-reactivity to tryptamine and apomorphine. Awouters, F; Janssen, PA; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ, 1990)	0.28
" Compounds from this series also were found to inhibit the in vivo production of LTB4 when dosed orally in rats."	( Styrylpyrazoles, styrylisoxazoles, and styrylisothiazoles. Novel 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Belliotti, TR; Boctor, AM; Connor, DT; Flynn, DL; Kostlan, CR; Nies, DE; Ortwine, DF; Schrier, DJ; Sircar, JC, 1991)	0.59
" In rats dosed with [14C]zonisamide (100 mg/kg, ip) 86."	( Metabolism of the anticonvulsant agent zonisamide in the rat. Stiff, DD; Zemaitis, MA, )	0.13
"2%) of chromosomes were observed in the groups of dosing 600 micrograms/ml with dose dependency."	( Mutagenicity tests of mofezolac (N-22). Furukawa, A; Ohuchida, A, 1990)	0.28
" Respectively 3 dogs of both sexes receiving 20 mg/kg/day died during dosing period."	( [Three-month subacute oral toxicity study of mofezolac (N-22) in dogs]. Iwata, M; Kiguchi, M; Nasu, Y; Shimpo, K; Takeuchi, M; Yada, H; Yamashita, K, 1990)	0.28
" In addition, the hepatic MT content was increased by the administration of cysteine in a dose-response manner."	( On the metallothionein, glutathione and cysteine relationship in rat liver. Armario, A; Garvey, JS; Hidalgo, J, 1990)	0.28
" Although LTC4 was as potent as LTD4 in stimulating TxB2 generation, LTC4's dose-response curve was shifted significantly to the right by AT-125, an irreversible gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor, suggesting that at least a part of LTC4 sensitized lungs with antigen (0."	( Evidence that peptidoleukotriene is a prerequisite for antigen-dependent thromboxane synthesis in IgG1-passively sensitized guinea pig lungs. Breslow, R; Cheng, JB; Conklyn, MJ; Pillar, JS; Shirley, JT; Showell, HJ, 1990)	0.28
" Drug studies were performed, using a 4-day dosing schedule, on optimal DTH elicited on day 10, suboptimal DTH elicited on day 15, and AA (day 16)."	( Drug actions on delayed-type hypersensitivity in rats with developing and established adjuvant arthritis. Hambleton, P; McMahon, S, 1990)	0.28
" At the PD50 doses for these two viruses, levels of WIN 54954 in serum were maintained above the in vitro MICs for a significant portion of the dosing interval."	( In vitro and in vivo activities of WIN 54954, a new broad-spectrum antipicornavirus drug. Diana, GD; Dutko, FJ; McKinlay, MA; Otto, MJ; Rogge, MC; Woods, MG, 1989)	0.28
" The rat safety study consisted of oral dosing followed by evaluation of the exploratory motor activity of the naive animals in a novel environment."	( Selection of orally active antifungal agents from 3,5-substituted isoxazolidine derivatives based on acute efficacy-safety profiles. Allen, SD; Kinsolving, CR; Mitchell, JT; Mullen, GB; Ordy, MJ; Palmer, GC; Radov, LA; Simmons, RD; St Georgiev, V; Strand, JC, 1989)	0.28
" In particular, a 3-bromo-5-isoxazolecarbonyl derivative, selected for further in vivo investigation, was provided with as high antihypertensive action as prazosin in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) coupled to a shallow dose-response curve by oral route."	( New isoxazole derivatives provided with antihypertensive activity. Carenzi, A; Chiarino, D; Napoletano, M; Reggiani, A; Sala, A; Sala, R, 1989)	0.28
" Dose-response curves were determined by administering cumulative doses IV during timeout periods that preceded sequential components of the fixed-interval schedule."	( GABA-related drugs modulate the behavioral effects of lorazepam. Spealman, RD; Wettstein, JG, 1988)	0.27
" Chlorpromazine caused a slight shift in the dose-response curves as did chlordiazepoxide when used with phencyclidine."	( Quantitative electrocortical changes in the rat induced by phencyclidine and other stimulants. Bond, A; Neal, H, 1985)	0.27
"), dosed for 8 or 16 days beginning with the day of adjuvant administration, significantly reduced edema, fibrinogen levels, and erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) 42 days later."	( Disease modifying activity of HWA 486 in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Buyniski, JP; Gylys, JA; Pasternak, RD; Siminoff, P; Wadopian, NS; Wright, RN, 1987)	0.27
" Muscimol (2 mg/kg) and THIP (5 and 10 mg/kg) exerted the antiimmobility effect even after single dosing 1 h before the test."	( Effect of GABAergic drugs in the behavioral 'despair' test in rats. Borsini, F; Evangelista, S; Meli, A, 1986)	0.27
" An oral four times a day dosage regimen initiated 48 h postinfection with WIN 51711 doses as low as 12."	( Oral efficacy of WIN 51711 in mice infected with human poliovirus. McKinlay, MA; Steinberg, BA, 1986)	0.27
" Oral administration of WIN 51711 twice daily beginning 72 hr after infection was the most-effective dosage regimen, with doses as low as 3 mg/kg preventing paralysis in 75% of the animals."	( Use of WIN 51711 to prevent echovirus type 9-induced paralysis in suckling mice. Benziger, DP; Frank, JA; McKinlay, MA; Steinberg, BA, 1986)	0.27
" These findings suggest that the dosage of zonisamide in epileptic patients might need to be varied depending on the comedication."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of zonisamide (CI-912) in epileptic patients on carbamazepine or phenytoin monotherapy. Buchanan, RA; Friel, PN; Levy, RH; McLean, JR; Ojemann, LM; Shastri, RA; Wilensky, AJ, 1986)	0.27
" A rigorous system of analysis was devised making use of the dose-response profiles in each of the 61 brain areas to construct a regional hierarchy of responsiveness to the three drugs and allowing comparison of their effects on the brain as a whole."	( The effect of diazepam upon local cerebral glucose use in the conscious rat. Ford, I; Kelly, PA; McCulloch, J, 1986)	0.27
" Leukocyte CPS II activity remained suppressed at this level over the 5-day dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetic and biochemical studies on acivicin in phase I clinical trials. Ardalan, B; Belt, RJ; Benjamin, RS; McGovren, JP; Ohnuma, T; Pratt, EA; Taylor, SA, 1985)	0.27
" The absence of any effects of a 2-mg/kg dose of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and the severe side effects produced by 10 mg/kg prevented determination of its dose-response relationship."	( Shock titration in the rhesus monkey: effects of opiate and nonopiate analgesics. Bloss, JL; Hammond, DL, 1985)	0.27
" Midazolam (10(-7)-10(-5) M) potentiated responses to all three agonists to a similar extent with a shift to the left of the dose-response curve."	( Modulation of the responses to the GABA-mimetics, THIP and piperidine-4-sulphonic acid, by agents which interact with benzodiazepine receptors. An electrophysiological study on cultured mouse neurones. Jensen, MS; Lambert, JD, 1984)	0.27
" 3a was 16 times more potent than labetalol in beta-adrenergic receptor blockade and was effective in lowering blood pressure in acute trials on spontaneously hypertensive rats at a dosage of 15 mg/kg."	( 2-(Isoxazolylethenyl)phenoxypropanolamines: a new class of beta-receptor antagonists with antihypertensive activity. Franke, A; Frickel, FF; Gries, J; Lenke, D; Schlecker, R; Thieme, PD, 1981)	0.26
" [14C]AD-810 was found to be completely absorbed from digestive tracts in animals, since urinary and biliary excretion accounted for virtually total recovery of dosed radioactivity."	( Absorption, distribution and excretion of 3-(sulfamoyl[14C]methyl)-1,2-benziosoxazole (AD-810) in Rats, Dogs and Monkeys and of AD-810 in Men. Fujii, T; Hashimoto, M; Kagemoto, A; Maeda, T; Matsumoto, K; Miyazaki, H, 1983)	0.27
" Plasma and whole blood concentrations were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatograph method after a single dose and up to and at steady state with one or two dosage regimens."	( Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of CI-912 in adult epileptic patients. Berent, S; Donofrio, PD; Sackellares, JC; Sakmar, E; Wagner, JG, 1984)	0.27
" Limiting the opportunity to gnaw on inanimate objects shifted the dose-response curve for muscimol-induced self-injurious behavior (SIB) to the left and increased the maximum incidence of SIB."	( Self-injurious behavior in rats produced by intranigral microinjection of GABA agonists. Baumeister, AA; Frye, GD, 1984)	0.27
" The maximum serum concentration was reached within 1 h after dosing in 87% of all administrations."	( The analgesic effect of the GABA-agonist THIP in patients with chronic pain of malignant origin. A phase-1-2 study. Kjaer, M; Nielsen, H, 1983)	0.27
"Metabolite fractions from the urine of a dog dosed with 3a,4,5,6,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole (MK-0436) were obtained by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Identification of canine urinary metabolites of the antiprotozoal agent 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole . Arison, BH; Kirkman-Bey, N; Onofrey, D; Pile, J; Vandenheuvel, WJ; Zweig, JS, 1980)	0.26
" However, the progress of arterial intimal thickening was significantly inhibited by day 90 when the dosage of leflunomide had been increased to 10 mg/kg on day 60."	( Pharmacologically induced regression of chronic transplant rejection. Chong, A; Foster, P; Jensik, S; McChesney, L; Mital, D; Sankary, H; Shen, J; Short, J; Xiao, F; Yang, J, 1995)	0.29
"Statistically significant improvement in primary and secondary outcome measures, as well as by responder analyses, occurred in the 10-mg and 25-mg dosage groups compared to placebo."	( Safety and effectiveness of leflunomide in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II study. Campion, G; Dimitrijevic, M; Domljan, Z; Dordevic, J; Jajic, I; Mihajlovic, D; Mladenovic, V; Popovic, M; Rozman, B; Zivkovic, M, 1995)	0.29
" This article discusses the relevant clinical considerations in switching neuroleptics and proposes practical guidelines on issues such as dosing and course of therapy with risperidone."	( Clinical considerations in the use of risperidone. Remington, GJ, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response analysis of receptor occupancy revealed risperidone demonstrated higher binding affinity for 5-HT2 than for D2, while the reverse was observed with haloperidol."	( In vivo dopamine-D2 and serotonin-5-HT2 receptor binding study of risperidone and haloperidol. Kido, H; Mori, H; Sakamoto, H; Shiba, K; Sumiyoshi, T; Suzuki, K; Urasaki, K; Yamaguchi, N; Yokogawa, K, 1994)	0.29
" Risperidone was found to have a curvilinear dose-response curve with an optimum effect of 4 mg day on the negative, anxious/depressive and cognitive factors and with an optimum effect of 8 mg day on the positive and excited factors."	( Changes in single symptoms and separate factors of the schizophrenic syndrome after treatment with risperidone or haloperidol. Lindström, E; von Knorring, L, 1994)	0.29
" Risperidone is 4-10 times less potent than haloperidol as a central D2 antagonist in rats and it differs from haloperidol by the following characteristics: predominant 5-HT2 antagonism; LSD antagonism; effects on sleep; smooth dose-response curves for D2 antagonism; synergism of combined 5-HT2/D2 antagonism; pronounced effects on amphetamine-induced oxygen consumption; increased social interaction; and pronounced effects on dopamine (DA) turnover."	( Survey on the pharmacodynamics of the new antipsychotic risperidone. Awouters, FH; Dugovic, C; Leysen, JE; Meert, TF; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schotte, A, 1994)	0.29
" At a dosage of 4 to 8 mg/day, risperidone is comparable to 10 mg/day of haloperidol."	( A risk-benefit assessment of risperidone in schizophrenia. Curtis, VA; Kerwin, RW, 1995)	0.29
" Recent research has underscored the need for optimum dosing strategies."	( Antipsychotic medication in the treatment of schizophrenia. Kane, JM, 1995)	0.29
" In patients in whom low-to-moderate dosage is effective, there should be fewer and less severe adverse effects with risperidone than with haloperidol."	( Risperidone: review and assessment of its role in the treatment of schizophrenia. Cardoni, AA, 1995)	0.29
" In the flurothyl seizure model, SNR microinjection of the selective GABAA receptor agonist muscimol results in a biphasic dose-response curve in adults: Intermediate doses are anticonvulsant, but high doses have proconvulsant effects."	( Age-related differences in the effects of GABAA agonists microinjected into rat substantia nigra: pro- and anticonvulsant actions. Garant, DS; Moshé, SL; Sperber, EF; Xu, SG, 1995)	0.29
" Additional pharmacokinetic studies will help to establish the change in pharmacokinetic profile that occurs with dosage titration in patients outside Japan."	( Zonisamide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in epilepsy. Peters, DH; Sorkin, EM, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response profiles of the croton oil-induced ear edema bioassay in rats were used to calculate the following ID50 values (nmol/ear resulting in a 50% reduction of edema): prednisolone (P), 540 nmol; 2b, 135 nmol; and 3b, 101 nmol."	( New steroidal antiinflammatory antedrugs: steroidal [16 alpha,17 alpha-d]-3'-carbethoxyisoxazolines. Heiman, AS; Kwon, T; Lee, HJ; Oriaku, ET; Yoon, K, 1995)	0.29
" Dosing rats with the gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase inhibitor AT-125 results in the excretion of free glutathione in the urine of rat: this treatment did not lead to the excretion of glutathione conjugates of orally dosed xenobiotics, neither did AT-125 increase the biliary excretion of glutathione conjugates."	( Effect of AT-125 on the metabolism of propachlor and the glutathione conjugates of propachlor and bromobenzene in rat. Bakke, JE; Davison, KL; Larsen, GL, 1994)	0.29
" Studies with [35S]-PAP-GSH at 40 mumol kg-1 showed selective retention of radioactivity in the kidney, relative to other organs 24 h after dosing and that some radioactivity was covalently bound to renal proteins."	( Nephrotoxicity of 4-amino-3-S-glutathionylphenol and its modulation by metabolism or transport inhibitors. Foster, JR; Fowler, LM; Lock, EA, 1994)	0.29
" Plasma radioactivity remained constant over 24 h in rats dosed with 203Hg alone, whereas it decreased by 60% between 4 h and 24 h in gamma-GT-inhibited rats."	( Role of extracellular glutathione and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in the disposition and kidney toxicity of inorganic mercury in rats. Brondeau, MT; de Ceaurriz, J; Morel, G; Payan, JP, )	0.13
"The phenomenon of supercooperativity in platelet aggregation is manifested by the occurrence of clear-cut thresholds in dose-response relationships; in such cases the Hill coefficient has unusually high values."	( Supercooperativity in platelet aggregation: substituted pyridyl isoxazoles, a new class of supercooperative platelet aggregation inhibitors. Demina, OV; Shram, SI; Varfolomeev, SD; Vrzheshch, PV, 1994)	0.53
" The PD20 (dose of histamine causing a 20% fall in FEV1) was measured before and 11, 35, and 59 h after cessation of treatment and a bronchodilator dose-response study before and 83 h after cessation of treatment."	( Asthma control during and after cessation of regular beta 2-agonist treatment. Pavord, ID; Tattersfield, AE; Wahedna, I; Wisniewski, AF; Wong, CS, 1993)	0.29
" ZNS daily dosage is 400-600 mg."	( Antiepileptic drugs in development: prospects for the near future. Leppik, IE, 1994)	0.29
" The population pharmacokinetic parameters of zonisamide will be useful for designing dosage regimens in epileptic patients."	( Population analysis of the dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of zonisamide in epileptic patients. Hashimoto, Y; Hori, R; Odani, A; Okuno, T; Tanigawara, Y; Yasuhara, M, 1994)	0.29
" These data can be used to develop a stable oral liquid dosage form of the drug."	( Isoxazoles. 8. Preformulation studies of an isoxazolylnaphthoquinone derivative. de Bertorello, MM; Granero, GE; Longhi, MR, 1994)	1.73
" In this study we have examined the distribution and covalent binding of radiolabel from 4-[ring 3H]-aminophenol in the plasma, kidney and liver of rats 24 h after dosing and related these findings to the extent of nephrotoxicity."	( Effect of ascorbic acid, acivicin and probenecid on the nephrotoxicity of 4-aminophenol in the Fischer 344 rat. Foster, JR; Fowler, LM; Lock, EA, 1993)	0.29
" The t 1/2 and AUC values of PB were significantly increased by ZNS coadministration, and a significant decrease in the Vd/F value of PHT was observed after multiple dosing of ZNS."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of zonisamide in rats. Effect of zonisamide on other antiepileptics. Fukuchi, H; Kimura, M; Kimura, Y; Kitaura, T; Miyake, K; Tanaka, N, 1993)	0.29
"Structure-activity and dose-response relationships of a series of novel 5-omega aminoalkyl and 5-omega-amino-heteroalkyl isoxazoles on blood pressure and heart rate of Sprague-Dawley rats have been investigated."	( Hypertensive effects and structure-activity relationships of 5-omega-aminoalkyl isoxazoles. Dannhardt, G; Dominiak, P; Laufer, S, 1993)	0.72
" Such information would prove invaluable in determining the appropriate medium for analysis and optimal immunosuppressive dosing regimes."	( Blood distribution and single-dose pharmacokinetics of leflunomide. Dias, VC; LeGatt, DF; Lucien, J; Yatscoff, RW, 1995)	0.29
"5 mg/kg/day orally) treatment initiated on day 0 was continued until complete graft rejection; the leflunomide dosage was reduced to 10 mg/kg/day after day 14 because of weight loss and leukopenia."	( Leflunomide prolongs pulmonary allograft and xenograft survival. Gandy, KL; Gutierrez, J; Hoyt, G; Morris, RE; Reitz, BA; Robbins, RC; Yuh, DD, )	0.13
" The maximum tolerated dosage on this schedule was 26 mg/M2 daily for five days."	( A phase I study of acivicin in refractory pediatric solid tumors. A Pediatric Oncology Group study. Baruchel, S; Bell, B; Bernstein, M; Devine, S; Dubowy, R; Grier, H; Kretschmar, C; Langevin, AM; Vietti, T; Whitehead, VM, 1995)	0.29
" Using the rat cortical wedge preparation, the latter series of experiments showed the expected rightward parallel shifts of the dose-response curves."	( Functional partial agonism at ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors. Ebert, B; Krogsgaard-Larsen, P; Madsen, U; Søby, KK, 1996)	0.29
"24 microM and was a potent antiplatelet agent when dosed intravenously in a canine model."	( Discovery of potent isoxazoline glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists. Emmett, G; Jiang, B; Liu, J; Ma, P; Mousa, SA; Olson, RE; Pinto, DJ; Sielecki, TM; Sze, JY; Tobin, AE; Wang, S; Wexler, RR; Wityak, J, 1997)	0.3
" PCMBS inhibited F uptake by up to 83% in a dose-response manner."	( pH-dependent fluoride transport in intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. Ganapathy, V; He, H; Isales, CM; Whitford, GM, 1998)	0.3
" After trial and error, we found that a reduction of the dosage after long-term anesthesia with high-dose administrations of barbiturate should be made very slowly."	( [Experience in managing refractory status epilepticus caused by viral encephalitis under long-term anesthesia with barbiturate: a case report]. Fujioka, Y; Ohori, N; Ohta, M, 1998)	0.3
" Pulse cyclophosphamide has been shown to be as effective as the standard therapy in necrotizing vasculitides; however, an alarmingly high rate of infections was observed in this study in both arms possibly related to the high dosage of GCs."	( New concepts in treatment protocols for severe systemic vasculitis. Gross, WL, 1999)	0.3
"Despite the excellent in vitro potency of a series of benzamide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists, which have been reported previously, poor in vivo potency in the inhibition of platelet aggregation was observed when the most potent inhibitor XU057 was dosed intravenously to dogs."	( Synthesis and antiplatelet effects of an isoxazole series of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists. DeGrado, WF; Mousa, S; Olson, RE; Roderick, J; Xue, CB, 1998)	0.3
" Thirty healthy subjects received a 1 mg oral dose of risperidone before and after venlafaxine dosing to steady state."	( Effect of venlafaxine on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone. Albano, D; Amchin, J; Klockowski, PM; Taylor, KP; Zarycranski, W, 1999)	0.3
"5 mg/kg) were given orally by gavage; thrice weekly according to the monotherapy or dual-therapy dosing protocol."	( Immunosuppressive effect of combination schedules of brequinar with leflunomide or tacrolimus on rat cardiac allotransplantation. Antoniou, EA; Chondros, K; D'Silva, M; Deroover, A; Howie, AJ; McMaster, P, 1999)	0.3
" Isoxazolylsulfonamide 34b (DMP 802), a highly selective GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, demonstrated a prolonged duration of action after iv and po dosing and high affinity for resting and activated platelets."	( Orally active isoxazoline glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists with extended duration of action. Anderson, PS; Batt, DG; Di Meo, SV; Frietze, WE; Hausner, EA; Houghton, GC; Kapil, RP; Lalka, GK; Liu, J; Mousa, SA; Olson, RE; Orwat, MJ; Pinto, DJ; Rabel, SR; Racanelli, AL; Reilly, TM; Sielecki, TM; Thoolen, MJ; Tobin, AE; Wexler, RR; Wityak, J, 1999)	0.3
" The dosage was initially 2-4 mg/kg per day, and then was increased by 2-5 mg/kg every 2-4 days until the seizures disappeared."	( Treatment of infantile spasms with zonisamide. Hanai, T; Narazaki, O; Yanai, S, 1999)	0.3
" Recommended initial adult dosage in Japan is 100-200 mg/d, increased if necessary to 200-400 mg/d, up to a maximum of 600 mg/d."	( Zonisamide: a new antiepileptic drug. Mathews, S; Oommen, KJ, )	0.13
"To evaluate the clinical feasibility and pharmacologic behavior of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU101, administered on a prolonged, intermittent dosing schedule to patients with advanced solid malignancies."	( Phase I and pharmacologic study of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU101 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Baker, SD; Cropp, G; Drengler, R; Eckardt, JR; Eckhardt, SG; Hammond, L; Hannah, AL; Kraynak, MA; Kuhn, JG; Moczygemba, J; Rizzo, J; Rowinsky, EK; Smith, L; Sweeney, KR; Thurman, A; Villalona-Calero, MA; Von Hoff, DD; Weiss, G, 1999)	0.3
" Adding risperidone to mirtazapine probably does not necessitate a change of the dosage of either drug, but more extensive investigations are needed."	( Lack of drug interactions between mirtazapine and risperidone in psychiatric patients: a pilot study. Doorschot, CH; Loonen, AJ; Oostelbos, MC; Sitsen, JM, 1999)	0.3
" The method involved weighing of the sample, disintegration of the dosage form by homogenization, extraction of the analyte in the homogenate solution, filtration of the homogenate, dilution of the filtrate and transfer to autosampler vials."	( Automated sample preparation of Roxifiban tablets: transfer of a manual method to an automated workstation. Lloyd, DK; Reilly, K; Shamrock, WF, 2000)	0.31
"The optimal risperidone dosing strategy for acute schizophrenia requires elucidation."	( Risperidone in acutely exacerbated schizophrenia: dosing strategies and plasma levels. Chang, WH; Chiu, WC; Chou, JC; Lane, HY; Su, MH; Wu, ST, 2000)	0.31
" To investigate the effects of repeated administration, we assessed sleep in rats before, during, and after chronic dosing of THIP (3 mg/kg, once daily for 5 days; n = 9) or of placebo (n = 8)."	( gamma-aminobutyric Acid(A) (GABA(A)) agonist 4,5,6, 7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-3-ol persistently increases sleep maintenance and intensity during chronic administration to rats. Lancel, M; Langebartels, A, 2000)	0.31
"An obvious dose-response relationship for the antiproliferative effects of each drug was detected."	( Comparison of the in vitro antiproliferative effects of five immunosuppressive drugs on lymphocytes in whole blood from cats. Craigmill, AL; Gregory, CR; Kyles, AE, 2000)	0.31
" Differences between these trials included methotrexate dosing regimens, folate usage and disease duration."	( Efficacy and safety of leflunomide in active rheumatoid arthritis. Emery, P; Smolen, JS, 2000)	0.31
" Further processing of this glutathione adduct was also important in producing the lesion and was demonstrated by inhibiting gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase with acivicin pretreatment (10 mg/kg, IV) prior to dosing with efavirenz."	( The species-dependent metabolism of efavirenz produces a nephrotoxic glutathione conjugate in rats. Chen, H; Christ, DD; Davies, MH; Gan, LS; Gemzik, B; Gerson, RJ; Haley, PJ; Krahn, DF; Markwalder, JA; Meunier, PC; Miwa, GT; Mutlib, AE; Robertson, RT; Seitz, SP, 2000)	0.31
" Initial LC/MS identification of metabolites was achieved by dosing the rat with an equimolar mixture of d0:d4 roxifiban and detecting isotopic clusters of pseudomolecular ions."	( Mass spectrometric and NMR characterization of metabolites of roxifiban, a potent and selective antagonist of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor. Christ, DD; Diamond, S; Gan, L; Mutlib, AE; Nemeth, G; Shockcor, J; Way, R, 2000)	0.31
"Evaluation of relationships between serum antipsychotic drug concentrations and clinical response may provide valuable information for rational dosage adjustments."	( Relationship between plasma risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentrations and clinical response in patients with schizophrenia. Ancione, M; Avenoso, A; Facciolà, G; Madia, AG; Perucca, E; Salemi, M; Scordo, MG; Spina, E, 2001)	0.31
" The design of the study was open and risperidone dosage could be adjusted individually according to clinical response."	( Relationship between plasma risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentrations and clinical response in patients with schizophrenia. Ancione, M; Avenoso, A; Facciolà, G; Madia, AG; Perucca, E; Salemi, M; Scordo, MG; Spina, E, 2001)	0.31
"We investigated the relationships between extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) induced by risperidone, the dosage of risperidone and the combined plasma concentrations of risperidone plus its active metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, in 20 schizophrenic patients."	( Possible relationship between combined plasma concentrations of risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone and extrapyramidal symptoms. Preliminary study. Nakamura, J; Ueda, N; Yoshimura, R, 2001)	0.31
" A dosage of 100 mg/d produced a 20."	( Randomized controlled trial of zonisamide for the treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures. Ayala, R; Faught, E; Leppik, IE; Montouris, GG, 2001)	0.31
" The minimal effective dosage was 100 mg/d, but 400 mg/d was the most effective dosage."	( Randomized controlled trial of zonisamide for the treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures. Ayala, R; Faught, E; Leppik, IE; Montouris, GG, 2001)	0.31
" Concentrations of AG7185 observed during multiple dosing were higher than those observed after the first dose but were no more than predicted from the single-dose study."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of an antirhinoviral agent, ruprintrivir, in healthy volunteers. Gersten, M; Hsyu, PH; Kerr, BM; Penning, CA; Pithavala, YK, 2002)	0.31
"Leflunomide seems to possess substantial immune suppressive potency in renal and liver transplant recipients and may be safely dosed for more than 300 days."	( Experiences with leflunomide in solid organ transplantation. Brady, L; Chong, A; Huang, W; Jensik, S; Kottayil, A; Longstreth, J; Millis, M; Mital, D; Williams, JW, 2002)	0.31
" Finally, when dosed in combination with the oncolytic MRP1 substrate vincristine, LY 402913 delays the growth of MRP1-overexpressing tumors in vivo."	( Tricyclic isoxazoles are novel inhibitors of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP1). Dantzig, AH; Gruber, JM; Hollinshead, SP; Law, KL; Norman, BH; Paul, DC; Self, TD; Starling, JJ; Tabas, LB; Wagner, MM; Williams, DC; Wilson, JW, 2002)	0.72
" The company claims that valdecoxib has improved potency and broader therapeutic range than other COX-2 inhibitors including celecoxib, and has the potential for once-daily dosing [287279], [313957]."	( Valdecoxib (Pharmacia). Gotta, AW, 2002)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetics of M1 are not affected by food intake, and dosage requirements are not influenced by age or gender."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of leflunomide. Rozman, B, 2002)	0.31
" Twenty geriatric inpatients were evaluated in a naturalistic setting with regard to total daily risperidone dose and dosing interval."	( Risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentrations are not dependent on age or creatinine clearance among elderly subjects. Kastango, KB; Kirshner, MA; Maxwell, RA; Mulsant, BH; Pollock, BG; Rosen, J; Sweet, RA, 2002)	0.31
" Measurable plasma concentrations of XV459 appeared rapidly and were sustained throughout the dosing interval of 24 hours."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and time course of pharmacologic response of the active metabolite of roxifiban, XV459, a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist, following oral administration in healthy volunteers. Cain, VA; Ebling, W; Fossler, MJ; Kornhauser, DM; Ma, S; Mondick, JT; Pieniaszek, HJ; Sy, SK, 2002)	0.31
" In contrast to standard doses of 2 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a supratherapeutic valdecoxib dosage does not impair platelet function (COX-1)."	( Valdecoxib does not impair platelet function. Kent, JD; Leese, PT; Recker, DP; Talwalker, S, 2002)	0.31
"This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared the efficacy and upper gastrointestinal tract safety of valdecoxib at dosages of 5, 10, and 20 mg once daily with placebo and naproxen at the dosage of 500 mg twice daily."	( Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing efficacy and safety of valdecoxib with naproxen in patients with osteoarthritis. Bevirt, T; Eisen, G; Kivitz, A; Recker, DP; Zhao, WW, 2002)	0.31
" Since the estimated risk of the extrapyramidal side effects varied with the dose, the present method of predicting the extrapyramidal side effects of risperidone may provide a basis for developing a rational dosing regimen for the drug."	( Prediction and assessment of extrapyramidal side effects induced by risperidone based on dopamine D(2) receptor occupancy. Fukuda, M; Iga, T; Nakashima, Y; Ohno, Y; Sato, H; Sawada, Y; Takayanagi, R; Tsuchiya, F; Yamada, Y, 2002)	0.31
" The patients have had no other physical or mental problems and decreasing the dosage of zonisamide reduced the problems."	( Selective mutism and obsessive compulsive disorders associated with zonisamide. Hirai, K; Jozaki, K; Kimiya, S; Kumagai, N; Seki, T; Tabata, K, 2002)	0.31
" Form II is the thermodynamically stable crystal form over the practical range of drug substance storage and handling and dosage form processing and storage."	( Polymorphism of roxifiban. Campbell, GC; Everlof, JG; Foris, CM; Maurin, MB; Nemeth, GA; Rabel, SR; Rowe, SM; Vickery, RD, 2002)	0.31
" Nevertheless, none of these fibans was able to effectively block shear-induced platelet adhesion at targeted clinical dosing regimens except for abciximab."	( Comparative analysis of various platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists on shear-induced platelet activation and adhesion. Barbera, FA; Dorsam, RT; Feuerstein, GZ; Friedman, SM; Gibbs, S; Lauver, A; Savion, N; Varon, D; Wang, H; Wang, X, 2002)	0.31
" Site occupancy studies combined with clot retraction experiments addressed whether high affinity and slow off-rate compounds can alter clot retraction during the dosing interval."	( Regulation of clot retraction by glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists. Billheimer, JT; He, B; Kieras, CJ; Pedicord, DL; Seiffert, D; Stern, AM, 2002)	0.31
" Results of po dosed efficacy studies in the db/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes showed efficacy equal or superior to Rosiglitazone in correcting hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia."	( Amphipathic 3-phenyl-7-propylbenzisoxazoles; human pPaR gamma, delta and alpha agonists. Adams, AD; Berger, JP; Doebber, TW; Hu, Z; Jones, AB; MacNaul, KL; Moller, DE; Santini, C; Yuen, W, 2003)	0.6
" Modified cassette, or "cocktail," dosing is useful for assessing drug interactions in humans."	( Simultaneous assessment of drug interactions with low- and high-extraction opioids: application to parecoxib effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Feldman, J; Ibrahim, AE; Karim, A; Kharasch, ED, 2003)	0.32
" Placebo dosing was identical."	( Zonisamide for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. Franciscy, DM; Gadde, KM; Krishnan, KR; Wagner, HR, 2003)	0.32
" At doses lower than 10 mg/kg daily, FK778 is cleared from the circulation between the dosing intervals, thus failing to exert its inhibitory effects on immune functions."	( In vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the malononitrilamide FK778 in non-human primates. Bîrsan, T; Dambrin, C; Fitzsimmons, WE; Klupp, J; Larson, MJ; Morris, RE; Stalder, M, 2003)	0.32
"Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who received leflunomide (100 mg/day for 3 days, 10 mg/day or 20 mg/day thereafter) in the 2 phase III studies and who completed 2 years of treatment were offered inclusion in the open-label extension phase and were maintained on the same dosage of leflunomide."	( The efficacy and safety of leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a five-year followup study. Breedveld, F; Deighton, C; Emery, P; Kalden, JR; Rozman, B; Schattenkirchner, M; Sörensen, H, 2003)	0.32
" The modified Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire used in the oral dosing period detected significant improvements in the parecoxib/valdecoxib treatment group in 6 of 8 domains tested (eg, current pain, worst pain, and mood) beginning on day 4 and continuing for at least 4 days."	( Efficacy and safety of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Alston, RP; Duke, PC; Feneck, RO; Hsu, PH; Hubbard, RC; Mangano, DT; Nussmeier, NA; Ott, E; Saidman, LJ; Snabes, MC, 2003)	0.32
" Whole blood was collected at pre-dose and during the dosing interval directly into citrate fixative so that circulating levels of platelet activation could be assessed."	( Effects of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist Roxifiban on P-selectin expression, fibrinogen binding, and microaggregate formation in a phase I dose-finding study: no evidence for platelet activation during treatment with a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagon Bradley, JD; Cain, VA; Feuerstein, GZ; Hua, TA; Kornhauser, DM; Martin, DE; Munzer, DA; Seiffert, D; Stern, AM; Tchinnes, MA; Thomas, BE, 2003)	0.32
" Although its half-life is relatively short (6 to 8 hours), its duration of action is longer than anticipated from its pharmacokinetics in plasma, and a twice-daily dosing regimen is adequate to produce the desired response."	( The ideal pharmacokinetic properties of an antiepileptic drug: how close does levetiracetam come? Johannessen, SI; Perucca, E, 2003)	0.32
"Current dosing strategies should be re-evaluated, and coping strategies for common AEs should be investigated."	( Survival and effectiveness of leflunomide compared with methotrexate and sulfasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis: a matched observational study. Aletaha, D; Eberl, G; Grisar, J; Kapral, T; Machold, KP; Smolen, JS; Stamm, T, 2003)	0.32
" Ruprintrivir prophylaxis reduced the proportion of subjects with positive viral cultures (for 5x/day dosing groups, 44% for ruprintrivir treatment group versus 70% for placebo treatment group [P=0."	( Phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of ruprintrivir nasal spray 2-percent suspension for prevention and treatment of experimentally induced rhinovirus colds in healthy volunteers. Chi-Burris, K; Gersten, M; Gwaltney, JM; Hayden, FG; Hsyu, P; Patick, AK; Smith, GJ; Turner, RB; Zalman, LS, 2003)	0.32
" No compound showed death when dosed at 100 mg/kg; however, most compounds did show signs typical of dopamine activity."	( Synthesis, monoamine transporter binding properties, and behavioral pharmacology of a series of 3beta-(substituted phenyl)-2beta-(3'-substituted isoxazol-5-yl)tropanes. Carroll, FI; Howard, JL; Kuhar, MJ; Pawlush, N; Pollard, GT, 2004)	0.32
" This study examined the dose-response effect on inhibition of platelet aggregation by roxifiban (DMP754), a novel oral platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor, and its safety and tolerability in patients with a history of chronic stable angina pectoris."	( The use of roxifiban (DMP754), a novel oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor, in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Cain, VA; Daly, RN; Ebling, W; Gussak, I; Kopecky, SL; Murphy, J; Pieniaszek, HJ; Simonson, K; Sy, SK; Wilcox, RA; Williams, B; Wright, RS, 2003)	0.32
" Since low micromolar concentrations of GSNO also increase the maturation and activity of a clinically common CFTR mutant, whereas higher concentrations have the opposite effect, these observations may have implications for dosing of S-nitrosylating agents used in cystic fibrosis clinical trials."	( Concentration-dependent effects of endogenous S-nitrosoglutathione on gene regulation by specificity proteins Sp3 and Sp1. Doctor, A; Gaston, B; Hunt, JF; Palmer, LA; Zaman, K, 2004)	0.32
" This may provide valuable information for rational dosage titration."	( Correlation between scores on Continuous Performance Test and plasma concentration for schizophrenic patients on risperidone. Chang, JW; Chen, PS; Liao, YC; Su, SF; Yang, YK; Yeh, TL, 2004)	0.32
"To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety studies, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of parecoxib sodium, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor."	( Parecoxib for parenteral analgesia in postsurgical patients. Amabile, CM; Spencer, AP, 2004)	0.32
" After a 2-day washout, patients randomized to treatment period II received a full analgesic dosage of parecoxib 40 mg bid intravenously (IV) for 6 days (n = 18), with concomitant UFH (same regimen as treatment period I) on day 5 (n = 18)."	( Parecoxib sodium, an injectable COX-2-specific inhibitor, does not affect unfractionated heparin-regulated blood coagulation parameters. Hubbard, RC; Noveck, RJ, 2004)	0.32
"This study was designed to assess the safety of 25- and 50-mg dosage strengths of zonisamide for initial titration in patients with epilepsy."	( Safety of 25- and 50-mg capsules in the initiation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy: an uncontrolled, open-label study. Anthony, S; James, SP; Miller, GS; Montouris, G; Uthman, BM, 2004)	0.32
" After a screening visit, subjects began zonisamide therapy at a dosage depending on their body weight."	( Safety of 25- and 50-mg capsules in the initiation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy: an uncontrolled, open-label study. Anthony, S; James, SP; Miller, GS; Montouris, G; Uthman, BM, 2004)	0.32
" Of these subjects, 125 reached at least the 100-mg dosage before terminating the study."	( Safety of 25- and 50-mg capsules in the initiation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy: an uncontrolled, open-label study. Anthony, S; James, SP; Miller, GS; Montouris, G; Uthman, BM, 2004)	0.32
" Despite these limitations, the 25- and 50-mg zonisamide dosage formulations were well tolerated in this study."	( Safety of 25- and 50-mg capsules in the initiation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy: an uncontrolled, open-label study. Anthony, S; James, SP; Miller, GS; Montouris, G; Uthman, BM, 2004)	0.32
" Research and development programs are underway for a new modified release dosage form of tacrolimus (MR-4), a new analog of leflunomide (FK 778), and several novel compounds (PG 490-88, AGI 1096) in collaboration with other companies."	( New drugs to improve transplant outcomes. First, MR; Fitzsimmons, WE, 2004)	0.32
" Oral zonisamide was administered as an additional therapy at a dosage adequate to achieve serum drug concentrations of 10 to 40 microg/mL."	( Zonisamide therapy for refractory idiopathic epilepsy in dogs. Berg, JM; Boothe, DM; Budsberg, SC; Dewey, CW; Guiliano, R; Joseph, RJ; Kortz, GD, )	0.13
" To fully benefit from this promising new drug, FK778 dosing will be optimized in subsequent studies."	( The effects of FK778 in combination with tacrolimus and steroids: a phase II multicenter study in renal transplant patients. Chang, R; Charpentier, B; Grinyó, JM; Jurewicz, A; Klinger, M; Kreis, H; Mourad, G; Neuhaus, P; Paczek, L; Paul, LC; Rostaing, L; Short, C; Squifflet, JP; van Hooff, JP; Vanrenterghem, Y; Wlodarczyk, Z, 2004)	0.32
" Dosage was gradually increased up to 200 to 500 mg/day, and the seizures were controlled satisfactorily."	( Dialyzability of the antiepileptic drug zonisamide in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Fukuda, F; Ijiri, Y; Inoue, T; Kobayashi, T; Shibahara, N; Suzuki, K; Takenaka, H; Tanaka, K, 2004)	0.32
" For patients undergoing daytime hemodialysis sessions every 2 or 3 days, the usual dosage of ZNS (4-8 mg/kg/day) may be prescribed once a day in the evening."	( Dialyzability of the antiepileptic drug zonisamide in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Fukuda, F; Ijiri, Y; Inoue, T; Kobayashi, T; Shibahara, N; Suzuki, K; Takenaka, H; Tanaka, K, 2004)	0.32
"Formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs in the most stable dosage form for oral delivery perhaps presents the greatest challenge to pharmaceutical industry."	( Stability study of amorphous valdecoxib. Ambike, AA; Mahadik, KR; Paradkar, A, 2004)	0.32
" Patients received a mean (+/- SD) zonisamide dosage of 236 (+/- 68) mg/day."	( Acute treatment of bipolar depression with adjunctive zonisamide: a retrospective chart review. Baldassano, CF; Chang, A; Ghaemi, SN; Lipari, M; Lyman, A, 2004)	0.32
" ZNS was initiated at 2mg/kg; daily dosage was doubled at weekly intervals to achieve maintenance dosage (8."	( Zonisamide monotherapy with once-daily dosing in children with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsies: clinical effects and pharmacokinetic studies. Miura, H, 2004)	0.32
" However, since zonisamide is metabolized by cytochrome P450, liver enzyme-inducing AEDs will increase zonisamide clearance, and dosage adjustments may be necessary when it is used in combination with certain AEDs."	( Zonisamide: chemistry, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics. Leppik, IE, 2004)	0.32
" Median zonisamide maintenance dosage was 400mg/day, and the average therapeutic blood level was 16."	( Zonisamide clinical trials: European experience. Brodie, MJ, 2004)	0.32
" Based on the lack of clinically relevant in vitro and in vivo effects, adjustment of carbamazepine dosing should not be required with concomitant zonisamide administration."	( Carbamazepine pharmacokinetics are not affected by zonisamide: in vitro mechanistic study and in vivo clinical study in epileptic patients. Bergen, D; Garnett, W; Grundy, JS; Levy, RH; Mather, G; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Rosenfeld, W; Shah, J, 2004)	0.32
"This article reviews preclinical and clinical data on the efficacy and tolerability of these 4 AEDs in the management of neuropathic pain, as well as the pharmacokinetics, drug-interaction potential, adverse effects, and dosing of these agents, with an emphasis on their use in older individuals."	( Oxcarbazepine, topiramate, zonisamide, and levetiracetam: potential use in neuropathic pain. Guay, DR, 2003)	0.32
" The optimal FK778 dosage was determined to be 20 mg/kg per day, because adverse effects (weight loss and intestinal bleeding) occurred at 30 mg/kg per day."	( FK778 and FK506 combination therapy to control acute rejection after rat liver allotransplantation. Hirohashi, K; Ikeda, K; Kubo, S; Minamiyama, Y; Okuda, T; Suehiro, S; Takemura, S; Tanaka, H; Yamamoto, S; Yamasaki, K, 2004)	0.32
" The relationship between induced lupus and leflunomide was confirmed by the resolution of the skin rash when the drug was stopped and its recurrence when it was reintroduced following a dose-response effect."	( Lupus erythematosus with leflunomide: induction or reactivation? Gensburger, D; Kanitakis, J; Kawashima, M; Marotte, H; Miossec, P, 2005)	0.33
" as an initial dosing option for postoperative pain management in countries in which it is approved."	( The analgesic efficacy of intramuscular parecoxib sodium in postoperative dental pain. Daniels, S; Desjardins, PJ; Hubbard, RC; Mehlisch, DR, 2004)	0.32
" The method is suitable not only for the estimation of active ingredients in pharmaceutical dosage forms but also in vitro estimations in human plasma."	( Development and validation of a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for separation and simultaneous determination of COX-2 inhibitors in pharmaceuticals and its application to biological fluids. Meena, S; Nagaraju, D; Rao, AR; Rao, RN, 2005)	0.33
" Following a loading dose, patients initially received leflunomide at a dosage of 10 mg/1."	( Long-term open-label preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of leflunomide in patients with polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Duffy, C; Goldsmith, D; Hawkins, D; Howard, P; Petty, R; Schanberg, L; Silverman, E; Spiegel, L; Strand, V, 2005)	0.33
" In the present investigation, the effect of roxifiban (class I) on ex vivo clot dynamics using recalcified blood was tested in normal, healthy volunteers (n = 7) dosed with 1 mg BID roxifiban for 9 days."	( Using thrombelastography to determine the efficacy of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist, roxifiban, on platelet/fibrin-mediated clot dynamics in humans. Bozarth, JM; Feuerstein, GZ; Mousa, SA; Seiffert, D, 2005)	0.33
" All three agonists achieve micromolar concentrations measured in whole brain after dosing with 10 mg/kg SC."	( Locomotor activity detects subunit-selective effects of agonists and decahydroisoquinoline antagonists at AMPA/kainic acid ionotropic glutamate receptors in adult rats. O'neill, MF; Ornstein, PL; Osborne, DJ; Sanger, G; Woodhouse, SM, 2005)	0.33
" For EE, the mean (SD) AUC over a 24-hour dosing interval (AUC(tau)) was 1139 (317) pg."	( Effect of zonisamide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone oral contraceptive in healthy women. Dai, Y; Griffith, SG, 2004)	0.32
"In these healthy volunteers, steady-state zonisamide dosing had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of EE or NOR."	( Effect of zonisamide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone oral contraceptive in healthy women. Dai, Y; Griffith, SG, 2004)	0.32
" The latter were mostly associated with dosage alterations in concomitant antiepileptic drugs."	( Clinical experience with zonisamide monotherapy and adjunctive therapy in children with epilepsy at a tertiary care referral center. Aldridge, J; Kim, HL; Rho, JM, 2005)	0.33
" We designed three protocols to raise the serum ZNS concentration (SZC): (1) increase the dose in three steps, from 3 to 10 mg/kg every 3 days, (2) increase the dose from 5 to 10 mg/kg over 3-7 days, and (3) start with 10 mg/kg and maintain this dosage for 2 weeks."	( Zonisamide for West syndrome: a comparison of clinical responses among different titration rate. Funatsuka, M; Hayashi, K; Imai, K; Oguni, H; Osawa, M; Yanagaki, S; Yoshii, K, 2005)	0.33
" Physicians were advised to initiate zonisamide at 100 mg/day and titrate either to a clinical response or a maximum dosage of 600 mg/day."	( Zonisamide: physician and patient experiences. Marmarou, A; Pellock, JM, )	0.13
" Steady-state dosing of zonisamide (200mg twice daily) had no statistically significant effect on the mean (+/- SD) maximum observed plasma concentration (C(max)) [70."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state zonisamide and valproic acid in patients with epilepsy. Brodie, M; Grundy, JS; Levy, RH; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Shah, J; Smith, D, 2005)	0.33
"There is no apparent clinically significant effect of steady-state dosing of zonisamide on valproic acid pharmacokinetics, and valproic acid did not appear to affect the pharmacokinetics of zonisamide, indicating that no dosage adjustment of either drug should be required when they are used in combination in patients with epilepsy."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state zonisamide and valproic acid in patients with epilepsy. Brodie, M; Grundy, JS; Levy, RH; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Shah, J; Smith, D, 2005)	0.33
" This chart-review study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and appropriate dosage of zonisamide for treating seizures in pediatric and adolescent patients."	( Use of zonisamide in pediatric patients. Brotherton, T; Santos, CC, 2005)	0.33
" Plasma concentrations of free (unbound) and total valdecoxib and its active hydroxylated metabolite (SC-66905) were measured following single and multiple dosing (day 1 and day 8)."	( The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of valdecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Britto, MR; Mainka, MB; Parivar, K; Sarapa, N, 2005)	0.33
" The adjustment of valdecoxib dose or dosing regimen does not appear mandatory in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment, although caution is necessary during treatment of these patients with valdecoxib."	( The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of valdecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Britto, MR; Mainka, MB; Parivar, K; Sarapa, N, 2005)	0.33
" The study drug was titrated over a 6-week period and continued at a fixed dosage for a 6-week maintenance period."	( Zonisamide in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Atli, A; Dogra, S, )	0.13
"05) or 1 day after angioplasty in both dosage groups (group 1b, P<."	( 2005 Dr. Gary J. Becker Young Investigator Award: periprocedural oral administration of the leflunomide analogue FK778 inhibits neointima formation in a double-injury rat model of restenosis. Bolte, H; Brossmann, J; Fändrich, F; Hedderich, J; Heller, M; Jahnke, T; Müller-Hülsbeck, S; Rector, L; Schäfer, FK; Schäfer, PJ, 2005)	0.33
" With celecoxib, studies have shown that a 50% lower dosage is effective and causes fewer adverse effects."	( How celecoxib could be safer, how valdecoxib might have been. Cohen, JS, 2005)	0.33
"01), but this would not be clinically important in terms of dosage changes."	( Population pharmacokinetics and association between A77 1726 plasma concentrations and disease activity measures following administration of leflunomide to people with rheumatoid arthritis. Chan, V; Charles, BG; Tett, SE, 2005)	0.33
" The marked variability in pharmacokinetics suggests a place for individualized dosing of leflunomide in RA therapy."	( Population pharmacokinetics and association between A77 1726 plasma concentrations and disease activity measures following administration of leflunomide to people with rheumatoid arthritis. Chan, V; Charles, BG; Tett, SE, 2005)	0.33
" The mean MTX dosage at week 52 was similar in the 2 RCTs."	( Reduction of the efficacy of methotrexate by the use of folic acid: post hoc analysis from two randomized controlled studies. Cohen, SB; Dorrier, C; Elashoff, D; Emery, P; Furst, DE; Khanna, D; Park, GS; Paulus, HE; Simpson, KM, 2005)	0.33
" Finally, when dosed in combination with the oncolytic MRP1 substrate vincristine, 21b showed tumor regression and growth delay in MRP1-overexpressing tumors in vivo."	( Cyclohexyl-linked tricyclic isoxazoles are potent and selective modulators of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP1). Cohen, JD; Dantzig, AH; Gruber, JM; Jungheim, LN; Kroin, JS; Lander, PA; Law, KL; Norman, BH; Paul, DC; Self, TD; Starling, JJ; Tabas, LB; Williams, DC, 2005)	0.62
" Also gaboxadol dose-response curves followed the same sensitivity rank order, with EC50 values being 72 and 411 microM for alpha3beta1epsilon and alpha3beta1gamma2 subtypes, respectively."	( Impact of epsilon and theta subunits on pharmacological properties of alpha3beta1 GABAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Korpi, ER; Möykkynen, T; Ranna, M; Sinkkonen, ST; Uusi-Oukari, M, 2006)	0.33
" Effective control of partial seizures (up to 51% decrease in seizure frequency) is attained at doses of >or=300 mg/day, and optimal titration and maintenance dosing schedules have been established."	( Introduction to zonisamide. Baulac, M, 2006)	0.33
" Larger studies regarding the PK/PD relationship may be required to develop a reasonable clinical dosage regimen for Chinese female patients."	( Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in Chinese female patients with schizophrenia. Deng, CY; Li, HD; Li, WB; Li, X; Lin, QX; Lin, SG; Peng, HY; Su, FL; Wang, CY; Wang, F; Yang, M; Yu, XY; Zhou, ZL; Zhu, RH, 2006)	0.33
" Leflunomide was dosed to a targeted blood level of active metabolite, A77 1726, of 50 microg/ml to 100 microg/ml (150 microM to 300 microM)."	( Treatment of renal allograft polyoma BK virus infection with leflunomide. Atwood, W; Foster, P; Garfinkel, M; Gillen, D; Harland, R; Javaid, B; Jordan, J; Josephson, MA; Kadambi, P; Meehan, S; Millis, MJ; Sadhu, M; Thistlethwaite, RJ; Williams, J, 2006)	0.33
"3 months (range, 3-46 months), and the average zonisamide dosage was 324 mg/day (range, 100-1000 mg/day)."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of monotherapy and adjunctive therapy with zonisamide. Tisdell, J; Tosches, WA, 2006)	0.33
" Once maximum improvement was obtained the dosage was decreased."	( Disease modifying treatment for feline rheumatoid arthritis. Hanna, FY, 2005)	0.33
"A multitier approach was successful in identifying a solid dosage form that minimizes the pH-dependent absorption of this drug candidate."	( Formulation of solid dosage forms to overcome gastric pH interaction of the factor Xa inhibitor, BMS-561389. Badawy, SI; Gray, DB; Hussain, MA; Schuster, AE; Sun, D; Zhao, F, 2006)	0.33
" To reduce the risk of adverse effects related to excessive anticoagulation with the start of leflunomide in patients taking warfarin, clinicians should increase their frequency of INR monitoring and adjust the warfarin dosage accordingly to maintain therapeutic anticoagulation."	( Leflunomide and warfarin interaction: case report and review of the literature. Chonlahan, J; Halloran, MA; Hammonds, A, 2006)	0.33
" Careful dosing and periodic monitoring of patients treated with leflunomide for possible adverse drug reaction is recommended."	( Severe cutaneous adverse drug reaction to leflunomide: a report of five cases. Betkerur, J; Kushalappa, PA; Parthasarathi, G; Savita, TG; Shastri, V, )	0.13
" Enhanced dissolution combined with its direct compression feasibility and anti ulcerogenic action results in low molecular weight chitosan for developing fast release oral solid dosage forms of valdecoxib."	( Preparation, characterization and in vitro dissolution studies of solid systems of valdecoxib with chitosan. Mishra, DN; Vijaya Kumar, SG, 2006)	0.33
" LCI765 regulated expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis in relevant tissues when dosed orally in C57BL6 mice."	( 3,4,5-Trisubstituted isoxazoles as novel PPARdelta agonists. Part 2. Azimioara, M; Bursulaya, B; Cow, C; Epple, R; Gerken, A; Iskandar, M; Karanewsky, D; Kreusch, A; Martin Seidel, H; Russo, R; Saez, E; Tian, SS; Tuntland, T; Wang, X; Wityak, J; Xie, Y, 2006)	0.65
" Demographic data, zonisamide dosage and duration of treatment were collected and analysed."	( Zonisamide for migraine prophylaxis in refractory patients. Ashkenazi, A; Benlifer, A; Korenblit, J; Silberstein, SD, 2006)	0.33
" Male F344 rats were injected subcutaneously with 15 mg/kg body weight of AOM in the back twice at 7-day intervals from 5 weeks of age, and fed a diet containing 600 or 1200 ppm mofezolac for 32 weeks, starting 1 day before the first dosing of AOM."	( Suppression of azoxymethane-induced colon cancer development in rats by a cyclooxygenase-1 selective inhibitor, mofezolac. Kitamura, T; Matsuura, M; Mutoh, M; Niho, N; Sato, H; Sugimura, T; Takahashi, M; Wakabayashi, K, 2006)	0.33
" For these older drugs it has been common practice to adjust the dosage to achieve a serum drug concentration within a predefined 'therapeutic range', representing an interval where most patients are expected to show an optimal response."	( Pharmacokinetic variability of newer antiepileptic drugs: when is monitoring needed? Johannessen, SI; Tomson, T, 2006)	0.33
" Data were obtained from 407 patients enrolled in four Phase 1 (serial blood sampling) and three Phase 3 trials (sparse sampling), representing dosage regimens ranging from 4 mg single dose to flexible 1-6 mg once daily."	( Population pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in patients with acute episodes associated with bipolar I disorder. Ludwig, EA; Piotrovsky, V; Vermeulen, A, 2007)	0.34
" Bosentan causes an increase of transaminases in about 10% of patients, but this effect is reversible on dosage reduction or discontinuing the medication."	( [Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: endothelin-receptor antagonists]. Hoeper, MM, 2006)	0.33
" ZNS was initiated at a dosage of 100 mg/day and escalated to 200 mg/day at day 14."	( A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of zonisamide (zonegran) in the treatment of essential tremor. Hauser, RA; Sanchez-Ramos, J; Staffetti, JF; Sullivan, KL; Ward, CL; Zesiewicz, TA, 2007)	0.34
" In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study, patients' symptoms were stabilized during an 8-week run-in and a 6-week stabilization phases using open-label, flexibly dosed paliperidone ER (3-15 mg once daily, starting dose = 9 mg)."	( Paliperidone extended-release tablets for prevention of symptom recurrence in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eerdekens, M; Kramer, M; Kushner, S; Lim, P; Maciulis, V; Simpson, G; Vijapurkar, U, 2007)	0.34
" The proposed methods have been successfully applied to the analysis of leflunomide in pharmaceutical dosage forms and the results were statistically compared with that previously reported."	( Spectrophotometric stability-indicating methods for the determination of leflunomide in the presence of its degradates. Abbas, SS; Bebawy, LI; Fattah, LA; Refaat, HH, )	0.13
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosing and administration of the endothelin receptor antagonist, sitaxsentan, and its role in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are reviewed."	( Sitaxsentan in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Benedict, NJ, 2007)	0.34
" Consequently, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital all increase its clearance, an interaction that may necessitate a dosage increase, but which will also permit more rapid attainment of steady-state zonisamide concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions with zonisamide. Brodie, M; Sills, G, 2007)	0.34
" It has been formulated in an osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system that minimizes peak-trough fluctuations and, by obviating dose-titration, allows once-daily dosing with a therapeutically active dose from the first day."	( Extended-release paliperidone: efficacy, safety and tolerability profile of a new atypical antipsychotic. Owen, RT, 2007)	0.34
" The clinical qualifications of the two assays were conducted in two phase II clinical trials in coronary arterial disease (CAD) patients dosed with roxifiban."	( Validation and implementation of drug-dependent antibody assays in clinical trials for safety monitoring of patients dosed with roxifiban, an orally bioavailable glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist. Barrett, YC; Billheimer, J; Ebling, W; Pieniaszek, H; Seiffert, D, 2007)	0.34
"We randomly assigned 62 patients scheduled for total hip arthroplasty to the following IV dosing schedule: 1) placebo at induction, at wound closure, and 12 h after induction (control); 2) parecoxib 40 mg at induction, placebo at wound closure, and parecoxib 40 mg 12 h after induction (pre); or, 3) placebo at induction, parecoxib 40 mg at wound closure, and parecoxib 40 mg 12 h after induction (post)."	( The influence of timing of administration on the analgesic efficacy of parecoxib in orthopedic surgery. Belbachir, A; Chauvin, M; Cherif, K; Fletcher, D; Jaber, A; Jamal, A; Martinez, V; Ozier, Y; Sessler, DI, 2007)	0.34
"LEF at a dosage of 30 mg/day appears to be effective in the prevention of major relapses in WG, however, this is associated with an increased frequency of adverse events."	( Elevated relapse rate under oral methotrexate versus leflunomide for maintenance of remission in Wegener's granulomatosis. de Groot, K; Gross, WL; Hellmich, B; Iking-Konert, C; Manger, K; Metzler, C; Miehle, N; Reinhold-Keller, E, 2007)	0.34
" Both dosage regimens provided significantly greater pain relief compared with placebo on standard efficacy measures over the 24-hour study (all P < ."	( Utility and sensitivity of the sore throat pain model: results of a randomized controlled trial on the COX-2 selective inhibitor valdecoxib. Bey, M; Kohles, JD; Pan, S; Sanner, KM; Schachtel, BP; Schachtel, EP, 2007)	0.34
" Both formulations contained 1 mg risperidone per dosing unit."	( Lack of bioequivalence between generic risperidone oral solution and originator risperidone tablets. Piniella, PM; Relleke, M; van Os, S, 2007)	0.34
"001) compared to PBO in NREM sleep EEG, in a dose-response manner."	( The selective extrasynaptic GABAA agonist, gaboxadol, improves traditional hypnotic efficacy measures and enhances slow wave activity in a model of transient insomnia. Deacon, S; Dijk, DJ; Lundahl, J; Walsh, JK, 2007)	0.34
" It included (1) the drugs used for the treatment, (2) their dosage, and (3) the dosage and the schedule of adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy."	( Current treatment of West syndrome in Japan. Ito, M; Okumura, A; Ozawa, H; Tsuji, T; Watanabe, K, 2007)	0.34
" At that point in time the mean ZNS dosage was 344 mg and mean TPM dosage was 398 mg."	( [Anticonvulsant treatment with zonisamide added to topiramate. A preliminary treatment analysis in 19 patients]. Bauer, J; Bös, M, 2007)	0.34
" It has a unique extended-release delivery system, allowing once/day dosing with steady plasma concentrations of the medication."	( Paliperidone: a new extended-release oral atypical antipsychotic. Dlugosz, H; Nasrallah, HA, 2007)	0.34
", as evaluated by cassette dosing in tumor-bearing mice."	( 4,5-diarylisoxazole Hsp90 chaperone inhibitors: potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. Aherne, W; Barril, X; Borgognoni, J; Boxall, K; Brough, PA; Cansfield, JE; Cheung, KM; Collins, I; Davies, NG; Drysdale, MJ; Dymock, B; Eccles, SA; Finch, H; Fink, A; Hayes, A; Howes, R; Hubbard, RE; James, K; Jordan, AM; Lockie, A; Martins, V; Massey, A; Matthews, TP; McDonald, E; Northfield, CJ; Pearl, LH; Prodromou, C; Ray, S; Raynaud, FI; Roughley, SD; Sharp, SY; Surgenor, A; Walmsley, DL; Webb, P; Wood, M; Workman, P; Wright, L, 2008)	0.35
" Paliperidone's advanced-generation osmotic release delivery system allows for the avoidance of dosage adjustment when initiating therapy and may decrease the frequency of antido-paminergic effects that would occur with an immediate-release formulation."	( Paliperidone for schizophrenia. Deyo, Z; Dolder, C; Nelson, M, 2008)	0.35
" Average zonisamide dosage was 215 mg/day and average duration of the treatment was 121 days."	( [Zonisamide in refractory essential tremor]. Anciones, B; Bermejo, PE; Dorado, R; Ruiz-Huete, C, )	0.13
" Sleep EEG studies demonstrated lack of tolerance and withdrawal effects after 28 daily doses with gaboxadol, whereas zolpidem produced both tolerance and withdrawal effects under a similar dosing regimen."	( Gaboxadol -- a different hypnotic profile with no tolerance to sleep EEG and sedative effects after repeated daily dosing. Anderson, NJ; Cremers, TI; Ebert, B; Fahey, JM; Rasmussen, S; Sánchez, C; Vogel, V, 2008)	0.35
" First, the efficacy of the acivicin treatment was established from a dose-response investigation in which urinary gamma-GT was measured daily in rats exposed to 1750 ppm toluene, 6 h per day for five days."	( Toluene-induced hearing loss in acivicin-treated rats. Campo, P; Cosnier, F; Cossec, B; Ferrari, L; Grossman, S; Waniusiow, D, )	0.13
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of an extended-release (ER) formulation of paliperidone in patients with an acute episode of schizophrenia, in the dosage range of 3 to 15 mg daily."	( Efficacy and tolerability of oral paliperidone extended-release tablets in the treatment of acute schizophrenia: pooled data from three 6-week, placebo-controlled studies. Bobo, WV; Eerdekens, M; Hough, D; Kramer, M; Lane, R; Meltzer, HY; Nuamah, IF, 2008)	0.35
"To investigate whether zonisamide remains effective and well tolerated in the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy during long-term treatment and with flexible dosing in clinical practice."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide in patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy. Marshall, A; Wroe, SJ; Yeates, AB, 2008)	0.35
"Patients with refractory partial epilepsy who completed a fixed-dose, randomized, double-blind clinical trial were recruited in an open-label extension study with adjustment of zonisamide and other antiepileptic drug dosage according to the treating physician's usual clinical practice."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide in patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy. Marshall, A; Wroe, SJ; Yeates, AB, 2008)	0.35
"Flexible dosing with zonisamide demonstrated a good safety profile and sustained efficacy in the long-term adjunctive treatment of refractory partial epilepsy."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide in patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy. Marshall, A; Wroe, SJ; Yeates, AB, 2008)	0.35
" Therefore, in clinical practice, other features are likely to be of greater relevance when considering treatment, such as the potential for serious drug-drug interactions, convenience of dosing schedule, or rates of limiting side effects."	( Inhibition of endothelin receptors in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: does selectivity matter? Ewert, R; Kirch, W; Opitz, CF; Pittrow, D, 2008)	0.35
"This multicenter, multiple-dose, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study compared the analgesic efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens of parecoxib sodium (parecoxib) versus placebo after total hip arthroplasty."	( A multiple-day regimen of parecoxib sodium 20 mg twice daily provides pain relief after total hip arthroplasty. Brown, MT; Gimbel, JS; Halder, AM; Snabes, M; Verburg, KM; Viscusi, ER, 2008)	0.35
"The ZNS daily dosage varied between 100 mg and 500 mg (mean 368 mg)."	( [Zonisamide as add-on treatment for focal epilepsies. An outcome analysis of 74 patients]. Bauer, J; Wellmer, J; Wellmer, S, 2008)	0.35
" Paliperidone ER appears to be well tolerated at the recommended starting dosage of 6 mg/day."	( Paliperidone extended-release for the treatment of schizophrenia. Caballero, J; Marino, J, 2008)	0.35
"To determine the analgesic efficacy of 1-day and multiple-day dosing regimens of parecoxib sodium (parecoxib) after bunionectomy in 2 randomized placebo-controlled studies."	( Multiple-day efficacy of parecoxib sodium treatment in postoperative bunionectomy pain. Apfelbaum, JL; Brown, MT; Desjardins, PJ; Verburg, KM, )	0.13
"To evaluate the next-day residual effects of the novel hypnotic, gaboxadol, following bedtime dosing in healthy elderly subjects."	( Next-day residual effects of gaboxadol and flurazepam administered at bedtime: a randomized double-blind study in healthy elderly subjects. Boyle, J; Cerchio, K; Cummings, C; Gargano, C; Lines, C; McCrea, J; Wolford, D, 2009)	0.35
"The purpose of this study was to determine an oral dosing regimen of zonisamide in healthy dogs such that therapeutic concentrations would be safely reached and maintained at steady-state."	( Disposition and safety of zonisamide after intravenous and oral single dose and oral multiple dosing in normal hound dogs. Boothe, DM; Perkins, J, 2008)	0.35
"This study examines the effects of gaboxadol (an investigational treatment for insomnia), zolpidem (a current hypnotic included as an active control) and placebo on body sway and attention/information processing ability following bedtime dosing in elderly subjects who were woken during the night for assessments."	( Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and night-time effects on postural sway and critical flicker fusion of gaboxadol and zolpidem in elderly subjects. Agrawal, N; Alexander, R; Boyle, J; Calder, N; Danjou, P; Fu, I; Gargano, C; McCrea, JB; Murphy, MG, 2009)	0.35
"To evaluate tolerability, pharmacokinetics and night-time effects on body sway and critical flicker fusion (CFF) of gaboxadol following bedtime dosing in healthy elderly subjects."	( Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and night-time effects on postural sway and critical flicker fusion of gaboxadol and zolpidem in elderly subjects. Agrawal, N; Alexander, R; Boyle, J; Calder, N; Danjou, P; Fu, I; Gargano, C; McCrea, JB; Murphy, MG, 2009)	0.35
" This finding has important implications for dosing of antipsychotics in older patients with schizophrenia."	( Sensitivity of older patients to antipsychotic motor side effects: a PET study examining potential mechanisms. Graff-Guerrero, A; Kapur, S; Mamo, DC; Mulsant, BH; Pollock, BG; Uchida, H, 2009)	0.35
" Characteristic external malformations were craniofacial defects following dosing on GD7, cleft palate on GD9, cleft palate and limb and tail deformities on GD10, and limb deformities on GD11."	( Critical periods for the teratogenicity of immune-suppressant Leflunomide in mice. Fukushima, R; Hirashiba, M; Hishikawa, A; Kanamori, S; Kaneto, M; Kitagawa, H; Muranaka, R, 2009)	0.35
"Injectable poly[lac(glc-leu)] microparticles hold promise for increasing drug bioavailability and reducing dosing frequency for better management of rheumatoid arthritis."	( Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular microparticle depot of valdecoxib in an experimental model. Agnihotri, SM; Vavia, PR, 2009)	0.35
" Following oral dosing of antipsychotics, peaks and troughs in plasma drug concentrations may be mirrored by fluctuations in D(2)-receptor occupancy."	( A comparison of continuous subcutaneous paliperidone infusion and repeated subcutaneous injection of risperidone free-base in rats. Casu, G; Deriu, A; Lazzari, P; Marchese, G; Pani, L; Peddio, G; Pira, M; Pisu, C; Pittau, B; Portesani, F; Spada, GP, 2010)	0.36
" The controlled rate of release of paliperidone from the ER formulation is designed to have a slower absorption rate, which results in gradual ascending plasma concentrations with observed maximum plasma concentrations occurring at 24 hours after dosing on the first dosing day."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of the psychotropic agent paliperidone extended release. Boom, S; Cleton, A; De Meulder, M; Eerdekens, M; Janssens, L; Remmerie, B; Rossenu, S; Talluri, K; van Osselaer, N, 2009)	0.35
" ZNS mean dosage was of 283."	( Efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide as add-on in brain tumor-related epilepsy: preliminary report. Carapella, CM; Dinapoli, L; Jandolo, B; Maschio, M; Pompili, A; Saveriano, F; Vidiri, A, 2009)	0.35
" Dosage adjustments of paliperidone are not required in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment."	( The influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of paliperidone. Boom, S; Cleton, A; Crauwels, H; Eerdekens, M; Janssens, L; Molz, KH; Talluri, K; Thyssen, A, 2009)	0.35
" It offers several advantages over other available second-generation depot antipsychotics: it comes in prefilled syringes in a number of different dosage strengths; it does not require refrigeration; it does not require supplementation with oral antipsychotics; it can be administered once monthly; it can be administered with a very small bore needle; the injection volume is small; the injection site can be either the deltoid or gluteal muscles; it does not require an additional precautionary observation period after the injection."	( Paliperidone palmitate - review of the efficacy, safety and cost of a new second-generation depot antipsychotic medication. Citrome, L, 2010)	0.36
"This article overviews the recommended dosing strategies for the treatment of schizophrenia patients using the recently FDA-approved once-monthly long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotic, paliperidone palmitate."	( Practical guidance for dosing and switching paliperidone palmitate treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Alphs, L; Gassmann-Mayer, C; Gopal, S; Palumbo, J; Samtani, MN; Shiwach, R, 2010)	0.36
"Using pharmacokinetic (PK), efficacy and safety data from clinical trials and a comprehensive population PK simulation model, dosing recommendations for paliperidone palmitate have been generated."	( Practical guidance for dosing and switching paliperidone palmitate treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Alphs, L; Gassmann-Mayer, C; Gopal, S; Palumbo, J; Samtani, MN; Shiwach, R, 2010)	0.36
" In patients with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CrCL]: 50-80 mL/min), dosage should be adjusted."	( Practical guidance for dosing and switching paliperidone palmitate treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Alphs, L; Gassmann-Mayer, C; Gopal, S; Palumbo, J; Samtani, MN; Shiwach, R, 2010)	0.36
"To assess the efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide in a study allowing flexible dosing in a more diverse and less refractory population than assessed in randomized controlled trials."	( Flexible dosing of adjunctive zonisamide in the treatment of adult partial-onset seizures: a non-comparative, open-label study (ZEUS). Baker, G; Dupont, S; Ellis, S; Giallonardo, AT; Smith, P; Springub, J; Striano, S; Trinka, E; Yeates, A, 2010)	0.36
" The entrance prescription has been with paliperidone ER in a dosage of 6mg once a day."	( [Treatment with paliperidone extended-release tablets in a case of resistant undifferentiated schizophrenia: clinical improvement with 12 mg and evaluation through 3TRE scale]. Carlone, C; Muscillo, M; Piccione, M; Rusconi, AC, )	0.13
" Signalment, radiographic findings, laboratory data, dosage of leflunomide, treatment duration, treatment response, and occurrence of adverse effects were determined from medical records."	( Efficacy of leflunomide for treatment of immune-mediated polyarthritis in dogs: 14 cases (2006-2008). Baker, TA; Colopy, SA; Muir, P, 2010)	0.36
" On the basis of findings in this study, a starting dosage for leflunomide of 3 to 4 mg/kg (1."	( Efficacy of leflunomide for treatment of immune-mediated polyarthritis in dogs: 14 cases (2006-2008). Baker, TA; Colopy, SA; Muir, P, 2010)	0.36
" The final dosage of zonisamide was 50-200 mg/day, with the 100 mg/day being the most frequently administered dose."	( [Zonisamide in the preventive treatment of refractory migraine]. Alvaro-González, LC; Arias, M; Blanco, M; Bueno, V; Caminero, A; Díaz-González, M; Forcea, N; García-Moncó, JC; Gracia-Naya, M; Guerrero-Peral, AL; Hernando, I; Iglesias--Díez, F; Leira, R; Maciñeiras-Montero, JL; Mateos, V; Mederer-Hengstl, S; Ortega, F; Oterino, A; Pascual-Gómez, J; Pato-Pato, A; Pego-Reigosa, R; Pérez, C; Rodríguez, R; Sánchez-Herrero, J; Santos-García, D, )	0.13
" However, these data were utilized to optimize the intramuscular paliperidone palmitate dosage regimen."	( Intramuscular paliperidone palmitate. Hoy, SM; Keating, GM; Scott, LJ, 2010)	0.36
" Agents such as celecoxib, which are highly COX-2 specific and have shown excellent efficacy in relieving inflammation and associated pain, unfortunately exhibit only modest aqueous solubility, thus restricting dosing options."	( [Selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), celecoxib and parecoxib: a systematic review]. Mateos, JL, 2010)	0.36
" In addition, FK778 also reduced the levels of preformed circulating autoantibodies in adult mice, although the dosage required was 4 times higher than that used in neonates."	( Leflunomide derivative FK778 inhibits production of antibodies in an experimental model of alloreactive T-B cell interaction. Agüeros, C; Arias, M; Benito, A; Cosme, LS; Gimenez, T; Gómez-Alamillo, C; Merino, J; Merino, R; Ramos-Barrón, MA; Santiuste, I, 2009)	0.35
" NVP-BEP800 showed in vivo activity in a variety of dosing regimens covering daily to weekly schedules, potentially providing a high degree of flexibility in dose and schedule within the clinical setting."	( Preclinical antitumor activity of the orally available heat shock protein 90 inhibitor NVP-BEP800. Brough, PA; Brueggen, J; Chène, P; Drysdale, MJ; Garcia-Echeverria, C; Jensen, MR; Massey, AJ; Pfaar, U; Radimerski, T; Ruetz, S; Schoepfer, J; Schweitzer, A; Wood, M, 2010)	0.36
" The incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms appears to be low across all dosage ranges; however, akathisia may be more frequent with higher doses."	( Iloperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Caballero, J; Marino, J, 2010)	0.36
"This study assessed the efficacy and the safety of a dosing regimen that was revised from earlier studies for the investigational injectable atypical antipsychotic paliperidone palmitate (approved in the USA, August 2009) for adult patients with acutely exacerbated schizophrenia."	( A randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of 3 doses of paliperidone palmitate in adults with acutely exacerbated schizophrenia. Gopal, S; Herben, V; Kusumakar, V; Lim, P; Lindenmayer, JP; Lull, J; Palumbo, J; Pandina, GJ; Yuen, E, 2010)	0.36
" Zonisamide was initiated at a dosage of 100 mg/d, which was increased by 100 mg/d every 2 weeks for 8 weeks to a maximum dosage of 500 mg/d."	( Placebo-controlled trial of zonisamide for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arias, AJ; Covault, J; Feinn, R; Kranzler, HR; Oncken, C, 2010)	0.36
" Patients [n = 493; Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score >or= 20] were randomized (2:2:1) to flexibly dosed paliperidone ER (3-12 mg/day), quetiapine (400-800 mg/day), or placebo for the acute treatment phase."	( A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled study of paliperidone extended release for the treatment of acute manic and mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder. Berwaerts, J; Hough, DW; Lim, P; Nuamah, IF; Palumbo, JM; Vieta, E; Yuen, EC, 2010)	0.36
"In the male patients, there was no correlation between the RIS dosage and plasma PRL levels, between plasma RIS levels and PRL levels, or between the plasma 9-OH-RIS levels and PRL levels."	( Gender differences in the relationship between the risperidone metabolism and the plasma prolactin levels in psychiatric patients. Fukui, N; Inoue, Y; Ono, S; Someya, T; Sugai, T; Suzuki, Y; Tsuneyama, N; Watanabe, J, 2010)	0.36
" Subjects were randomized to 6 mg/d paliperidone ER or placebo with flexible dosing (3-12 mg/d) until day 15."	( Paliperidone extended-release in schizoaffective disorder: a randomized, controlled study comparing a flexible dose with placebo in patients treated with and without antidepressants and/or mood stabilizers. Bossie, CA; Canuso, CM; Carothers, J; Kosik-Gonzalez, C; Lindenmayer, JP; Schooler, N; Turkoz, I; Walling, D, 2010)	0.36
" A cautious dosing and titration schedule is recommended at the initiation of therapy due to the potential for orthostatic hypotension and dizziness."	( Iloperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Bishop, DL; Bishop, JR, 2010)	0.36
" Piritramide dosage and incidence of side effects were not reduced."	( Efficacy of intravenous paracetamol compared to dipyrone and parecoxib for postoperative pain management after minor-to-intermediate surgery: a randomised, double-blind trial. Brodner, G; Cosanne, I; Ellger, B; Freise, H; Gogarten, W; Hahnenkamp, K; Huppertz-Thyssen, M; Van Aken, H; Wempe, C, 2011)	0.37
"time to peak plasma concentration occurs in 2 - 4 h but elimination half-life is 18 h for extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers and 33 h for poor CYP2D6 metabolizers, suggesting that once or twice daily dosing would be feasible."	( Iloperidone: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability, regulatory affairs, and an opinion. Citrome, L, 2010)	0.36
" Oral dosing of 2 or 4 yielded a dose-dependent decrease in circulating lymphocyte numbers in multiple species and showed a therapeutic effect in rodent models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	( Inhibition of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: discovery of (E)-1-(4-((1R,2S,3R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethanone oxime (LX2931) and (1R,2S,3R)-1-(2-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)butane-1,2,3, Aleem, S; Augeri, DJ; Bagdanoff, JT; Bednarz, M; Boteju, L; Brooks, B; Brown, P; Carlsen, M; Carson, KG; Dong, L; Donoviel, MS; Frazier, KS; Gopinathan, S; Hazelwood, J; Heydorn, WE; Jessop, TC; Kimball, SD; Kramer, J; Lai, Z; Layek, S; Main, A; Moran, L; Nouraldeen, A; Oravecz, T; Owusu, IB; Sonnenburg, WK; Tarver, J; Wilson, A; Yalamanchili, P; Yan, J; Zhang, H, 2010)	0.36
"), and once-monthly flexible dosing as deltoid or gluteal injections on day 36 (50 mg eq."	( A double-blind study of paliperidone palmitate and risperidone long-acting injectable in adults with schizophrenia. Gassmann-Mayer, C; Gopal, S; Hough, D; Lane, R; Pandina, G; Remmerie, B; Simpson, G, 2011)	0.37
" Zonisamide was titrated to a target dosage of 300 or 400 mg/day."	( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive zonisamide in adult patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Chen, Y; Hu, Y; Lu, Y; Wang, X; Xiao, F; Xiao, Z; Yu, W, 2011)	0.37
" Iloperidone has established tolerability at recommended dosages of up to 24 mg daily; however, the dosage must be slowly increased over seven days, and twice-daily administration is required to avoid orthostatic hypotension."	( Iloperidone: A new drug for the treatment of schizophrenia. Arif, SA; Mitchell, MM, 2011)	0.37
" The dosage range of paliperidone ER (6-12 mg/day) was compared with 2 risperidone dosage ranges: 2-4 and 4-6 mg/day."	( Paliperidone ER and oral risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: a comparative database analysis. Bossie, CA; Canuso, CM; Lindenmayer, JP; Schooler, N; Turkoz, I, 2011)	0.37
"]; then once-monthly deltoid or gluteal injections, flexibly dosed [50, 100, or 150 mg eq."	( A comparative study of paliperidone palmitate and risperidone long-acting injectable therapy in schizophrenia. Gu, N; Li, H; Ning, X; Rui, Q; Xu, H, 2011)	0.37
"To observe the effect of parecoxib on morphine dosage in patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) following thoracoscope-assisted thoracotomy."	( [Effects of parecoxib on morphine dosage in postoperative patient-controlled analgesia following thoracoscope-assisted thoracotomy]. Gu, MN; Hou, XM; Liu, GW; Liu, XJ; Xiao, JF, 2011)	0.37
"The application of parecoxib may reduce the dosage of morphine in PCA following thoracoscope-assisted thoracotomy and results in good analgesic effect without affecting the patients respiratory function and sputum elimination."	( [Effects of parecoxib on morphine dosage in postoperative patient-controlled analgesia following thoracoscope-assisted thoracotomy]. Gu, MN; Hou, XM; Liu, GW; Liu, XJ; Xiao, JF, 2011)	0.37
" Iloperidone and asenapine are dosed twice daily, in contrast to lurasidone, which is dosed once daily with food."	( Iloperidone, asenapine, and lurasidone: a brief overview of 3 new second-generation antipsychotics. Citrome, L, 2011)	0.37
" Experiments on an SSF planted with Phragmites australis and an unplanted SSF with mainly vertical flow conditions to which Glyphosate was continuously dosed showed that in the planted SSF Glyphosate retardation exceeds 54% compared to 14% retardation in the unplanted SSF."	( Comparative studies on the retardation and reduction of glyphosate during subsurface passage. Grützmacher, G; Heise, S; Krause, B; Litz, NT; Weigert, A, 2011)	0.37
"This study aimed to explore the relationship between dosage of paliperidone and drug attitude, and also clarify the factors associated with drug attitude, using Intention-to-Treat (ITT) analysis."	( Social interaction and drug attitude effectiveness in patients with schizophrenia. Lin, WK; Lung, FW; Tsai, JK, 2011)	0.37
" The recommended initiation dosing regimen is 234 mg on Day 1 and 156 mg on Day 8 via intramuscular (deltoid) injection; followed by 39 to 234 mg once-monthly thereafter (deltoid or gluteal)."	( Onset of efficacy and tolerability following the initiation dosing of long-acting paliperidone palmitate: post-hoc analyses of a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Alphs, L; Bossie, CA; Fu, DJ; Ma, YW; Sliwa, JK, 2011)	0.37
" Prescribing information recommends a starting dosage of 1 mg twice daily and then titrated over 7 days to reach a target dosage of 12 to 24 mg/d."	( Iloperidone for the management of adults with schizophrenia. Crabtree, BL; Montgomery, J, 2011)	0.37
" Slow initial titration and twice-daily dosing are potential disadvantages."	( Iloperidone for the management of adults with schizophrenia. Crabtree, BL; Montgomery, J, 2011)	0.37
" Collagen and U46619 caused in vivo thrombus formation with the former, but not latter, sensitive to oral dosing with aspirin."	( Thrombosis is reduced by inhibition of COX-1, but unaffected by inhibition of COX-2, in an acute model of platelet activation in the mouse. Armstrong, PC; Emerson, M; Kirkby, NS; Mitchell, JA; Warner, TD; Zain, ZN, 2011)	0.37
" on days 1 and 8, and flexible dosing [25-100 mg eq."	( A randomized trial of paliperidone palmitate and risperidone long-acting injectable in schizophrenia. Eerdekens, M; Fleischhacker, WW; Gassmann-Mayer, C; Gopal, S; Hough, D; Lane, R; Lim, P; Remmerie, B, 2012)	0.38
" Combined dosing with gefitinib and AZ12253801 similarly delayed the onset of symptoms, and at 200 days suppressed small intestinal tumourigenesis more effectively than either treatment alone (median small intestinal adenoma volume (47 mm(3) (comb) vs 248 mm(3) (AZ12253801), P=0."	( Dual inhibition of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like 1 growth factor receptors reduce intestinal adenoma burden in the Apc(min/+) mouse. Clarke, AR; Maughan, TS; Shaw, PH, 2011)	0.37
" Weight-based dosing of paliperidone ER in adolescents with schizophrenia does not appear to be necessary."	( A randomized, double-blind study of paliperidone extended-release in treatment of acute schizophrenia in adolescents. Hough, D; Nuamah, I; Robb, A; Singh, J; Vijapurkar, U, 2011)	0.37
" This article reviews the recommended dosing regimens for initiation and maintenance treatment with paliperidone palmitate in adult patients with schizophrenia."	( Dosing and switching strategies for paliperidone palmitate: based on population pharmacokinetic modelling and clinical trial data. Alphs, L; Gassmann-Mayer, C; Gopal, S; Palumbo, JM; Samtani, MN, 2011)	0.37
" Zonisamide is a second-generation antiepileptic drug (AED) that has broad-spectrum efficacy, a favorable side-effect profile and simpler dosing than earlier drugs."	( Zonisamide in the treatment of epilepsy. Holder, JL; Wilfong, AA, 2011)	0.37
"There was no correlation between risperidone dosage and QTc or plasma risperidone levels and QTc."	( QT prolongation of the antipsychotic risperidone is predominantly related to its 9-hydroxy metabolite paliperidone. Fukui, N; Inoue, Y; Ono, S; Saito, M; Someya, T; Sugai, T; Suzuki, Y; Tsuneyama, N; Watanabe, J, 2012)	0.38
" Iloperidone 4-8, 10-16, and 20-24 mg/day (all dosed twice daily) were compared with placebo."	( Efficacy of iloperidone in the short-term treatment of schizophrenia: a post hoc analysis of pooled patient data from four phase III, placebo- and active-controlled trials. Citrome, L; Hochfeld, M; Meng, X; Stahl, SM, 2012)	0.38
" In addition, significant oral efficacy was observed in a 14-day BRAF(V600E)-dependent human Colo-205 tumor xenograft mouse model, upon dosing at 30 and 100 mg/kg BID."	( Identification of 1-(3-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-3-(5-(1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylpropan-2-yl)isoxazol-3-yl)urea hydrochloride (CEP-32496), a highly potent and orally efficacious inhibitor of V-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 (B Abraham, S; Apuy, JL; Armstrong, RC; Ator, MA; Bhagwat, S; Campbell, BT; Chao, Q; Cramer, MD; Dorsey, BD; Ezawa, M; Faraoni, R; Gardner, MF; Ghose, AK; Gibney, M; Gitnick, D; Gunawardane, RN; Herbertz, T; Holladay, MW; Hua, H; Insko, DE; James, J; Jones-Bolin, S; Lai, AG; Nepomuceno, RR; Rowbottom, MW; Ruggeri, B; Setti, E; Sprankle, KG; Struss, B; Tran, L; Valenta, I; Williams, M, 2012)	0.38
"We aimed to explore relations between symptomatic remission and functionality evaluation in schizophrenia patients treated with paliperidone extended-release (ER), as seen in a normal day-to-day practice, using flexible dosing regimens of paliperidone ER."	( Effects of paliperidone extended release on the symptoms and functioning of schizophrenia. Chan, CH; Cheng, KS; Chiu, WC; Huang, MW; Lan, TH; Li, CY; Liu, IC; Su, PW; Ten, PR; Wu, BJ; Yang, TT; Yeh, YC, 2012)	0.38
" Flexible dosing in the range 3-12 mg/day was used throughout the study."	( Effects of paliperidone extended release on the symptoms and functioning of schizophrenia. Chan, CH; Cheng, KS; Chiu, WC; Huang, MW; Lan, TH; Li, CY; Liu, IC; Su, PW; Ten, PR; Wu, BJ; Yang, TT; Yeh, YC, 2012)	0.38
"Due to high interindividual variability in peripheral pharmacokinetic parameters, dosing of antipsychotics relies on clinical trial and error."	( Predicting plasma concentration of risperidone associated with dosage change: a population pharmacokinetic study. Bies, RR; Mamo, DC; Mimura, M; Pollock, BG; Suzuki, T; Tsunoda, K; Uchida, H; Watanabe, K, 2012)	0.38
" In light of the known relationship between plasma drug concentration, dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, and clinical effects, our results confirm that individualized dosing with the measurement of antipsychotic plasma concentrations has the potential for bedside clinical application."	( Predicting plasma concentration of risperidone associated with dosage change: a population pharmacokinetic study. Bies, RR; Mamo, DC; Mimura, M; Pollock, BG; Suzuki, T; Tsunoda, K; Uchida, H; Watanabe, K, 2012)	0.38
"008), but was not correlated with patients' age, results of lipid profile, and dosage of zonisamide."	( Low serum leptin level is associated with zonisamide-induced weight loss in overweight female epilepsy patients. Kim, DW; Park, KS; Yoo, MW, 2012)	0.38
" The dosing initiation regimen resulted in rapidly achieved and maintained therapeutic paliperidone levels over the study (average concentrations during the dosing interval were 34."	( A one-year prospective study of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the highest available dose of paliperidone palmitate in patients with schizophrenia. Coppola, D; Gopal, S; Hough, DW; Liu, Y; Nuamah, I; Pandina, G; Remmerie, B; Samtani, MN; Sulaiman, A, 2012)	0.38
" Multiple linear regression analysis (95 samples) revealed that sex, smoking habit, and dose explained 21% of the variation in plasma total risperidone after oral dosage (dose alone only explained 11% of the variation)."	( Risperidone and total 9-hydroxyrisperidone in relation to prescribed dose and other factors: data from a therapeutic drug monitoring service, 2002-2010. Bowskill, SV; Fisher, DS; Flanagan, RJ; Handley, SA; Patel, MX, 2012)	0.38
"Risperidone therapeutic drug monitoring can help assess adherence and guide dosage even after RLAI."	( Risperidone and total 9-hydroxyrisperidone in relation to prescribed dose and other factors: data from a therapeutic drug monitoring service, 2002-2010. Bowskill, SV; Fisher, DS; Flanagan, RJ; Handley, SA; Patel, MX, 2012)	0.38
" In two 13-week trials, one of which was conducted in Chinese patients, intramuscular paliperidone palmitate administered using the recommended initiation dosage regimen was noninferior to LAI-risperidone in patients with schizophrenia in terms of the between-group treatment difference (intramuscular paliperidone palmitate vs LAI-risperidone) for the mean change from baseline to endpoint in PANSS total score."	( Extended-release intramuscular paliperidone palmitate: a review of its use in the treatment of schizophrenia. Carter, NJ, 2012)	0.38
" More importantly, subcutaneous co-administrations or even single dose of CBIO completely prevented or reversed morphine tolerance to analgesia (exhibited by a single dose or a dose-response curve of morphine) in both formalin-induced acute phase nociception and tonic phase pain."	( Interactions of the potent D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor CBIO with morphine in pain and tolerance to analgesia. Gong, N; Hashimoto, K; Ma, AN; Wang, HL; Wang, YC; Wang, YX, 2012)	0.38
" Although paliperidone is the active metabolite of risperidone, paliperidone's route of metabolism and elimination is quite different from that for risperidone and paliperidone ER may be preferred over risperidone when liver disease, drug-drug interactions or other alterations in metabolism render the appropriate dosing of risperidone difficult to determine for an individual patient."	( Oral paliperidone extended-release: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability. Citrome, L, 2012)	0.38
" once daily) dosing resulted in increased toxicity, which correlated with increased trough plasma sitaxentan concentrations."	( An overview of the preclinical toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of sitaxentan (Thelin®), a potent endothelin receptor antagonist developed for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cross, DM; Derzi, M; Horsley, E; Owen, K; Stavros, FL, 2012)	0.38
" When flexibly dosed with a mean doses of approximately 70 to 110 mg every four weeks, paliperidone palmitate appears comparable in efficacy and tolerability to risperidone long-acting injection flexibly dosed with mean doses of approximately 35 mg every two weeks."	( Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia. Nussbaum, AM; Stroup, TS, 2012)	0.38
" From the day of arthritis onset, rats were treated daily by gavage with leflunomide (Lef) or ART at a dosage of 10 mg/kg/d or 5 mg/kg/d, respectively, for 16 days."	( Inhibitory effect of the antimalarial agent artesunate on collagen-induced arthritis in rats through nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Chen, G; Huang, H; Li, C; Li, Y; Lin, S; Lin, W; Liu, P; Shen, W; Shen, X; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zhou, C, 2013)	0.39
" Logistic regression showed that age at entry, the presence of DM, and daily dosage of corticosteroid were associated with development of severe infections."	( Risk factors of severe infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with leflunomide. Jeon, HS; Jun, JB; Yoo, HG; Yoo, WH; Yu, HM, 2013)	0.39
"These results showed that some patients with RA who were taking leflunomide developed severe infections requiring hospitalization, and that older age, DM, and a higher daily dosage of corticosteroid were risk factors associated with leflunomide-associated severe infections."	( Risk factors of severe infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with leflunomide. Jeon, HS; Jun, JB; Yoo, HG; Yoo, WH; Yu, HM, 2013)	0.39
" Sitaxentan was detected in plasma of suckling pups receiving milk from females dosed with sitaxentan."	( An evaluation of reproductive and developmental toxicity of sitaxentan (thelin) in rats. Cross, DM; Derzi, M; Horsley, E; Owen, K; Stavros, FL, 2012)	0.38
" We conclude that concomitant dosing with a cardiac stimulant and endothelin antagonist can partially reverse loss of physical performance capacity under hypobaric hypoxia, independent from improving blood oxygen saturation."	( The combination of theophylline and endothelin receptor antagonism improves exercise performance of rats under simulated high altitude. Boico, A; Hamilton, K; Hanna, G; Irwin, D; Palmer, G; Piantadosi, CA; Radiloff, DR; Schroeder, T; Shan, S; Wu, C; Zhao, Y, 2012)	0.38
" This model may aid the development of individualized risperidone dosing regimens in children and adolescents."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone to estimate CYP2D6 subpopulations in children and adolescents. Aman, MG; Bies, RR; Saldaña, SN; Sherwin, CM; Vinks, AA, 2012)	0.38
" Because clinical trials are conducted under tightly controlled conditions, using rigid dosing schedules and employing strict exclusion/exclusion criteria, there is a need for 'real-world' evidence of an antiepileptic drug's effectiveness and tolerability in clinical practice, where patients are much more diverse in terms of clinical characteristics and treatment is tailored to the individual's specific needs."	( Zonisamide in clinical practice. Dupont, S; Stefan, H, 2012)	0.38
") Interventions were daily dosing with placebo (n = 74), 200 mg of zonisamide (n = 76), or 400 mg of zonisamide (n = 75), in addition to diet and lifestyle counseling by a dietitian for 1 year."	( Zonisamide for weight reduction in obese adults: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Allison, DB; Bray, GA; Gadde, KM; Kopping, MF; Wagner, HR; Yonish, GM, 2012)	0.38
" Leflunomide can be used for RA patients on chronic dialysis without any dosage modification."	( Leflunomide in dialysis patients with rheumatoid arthritis--a pharmacokinetic study. Bergner, R; Löffler, C; Peters, L; Schmitt, V, 2013)	0.39
" Moving forward, such studies must be conducted with careful patient selection and attention to dosing in order to minimize adverse side effects."	( Endothelin antagonists for diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Kohan, DE; Pollock, DM, 2013)	0.39
" This achieves therapeutic levels rapidly and simplifies dosing regimens, leading to potentially better adherence and improved outcome."	( The pharmacology and formulation of paliperidone extended release. Baker, GB; Chue, JA; Chue, PS; MacKenzie, EM, 2012)	0.38
" Chronic dosing with HSP90 inhibitors reversed hyperglycemia in the diabetic db/db mouse model, and improved insulin sensitivity in the diet-induced obese mouse model of insulin resistance, further supporting the concept that the HSF1 pathway is a potentially viable anti-diabetes target."	( Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors activate the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) stress response pathway and improve glucose regulation in diabetic mice. Elliman, SJ; Gao, J; Gromada, J; Hughes, TE; Kemp, DM; Kosinski, PA; Lee, JH, 2013)	0.39
" However, these agents differ from one another in terms of formulations, pharmacokinetics, and dosing and nonmetabolic adverse effect profile."	( Asenapine, iloperidone and lurasidone: critical appraisal of the most recently approved pharmacotherapies for schizophrenia in adults. Bobo, WV, 2013)	0.39
" They responded well to the reduction in dosage or to withdrawal of the apparent causing agent."	( [Medication-related oculogyric crises: a description of four cases and a review of the literature]. Campistol, J; Darling, A; Perez-Duenas, B; Poo, P, 2013)	0.39
" If dosing recommendations for this population would have been based only on the results of the single efficacy trial included in this program, paliperidone dosing in adolescents might have been limited to 3 mg/d in adolescents less than 51 kg and to 6 mg/d in adolescents greater than or equal to 51 kg."	( An integrated approach for establishing dosing recommendations: paliperidone for the treatment of adolescent schizophrenia. Gobburu, JV; Laughren, TP; Mathis, M; Wang, Y; Younis, IR, 2013)	0.39
" Phase 1 (4 weeks) was a continuation of usual antipsychotic treatment (UAT); phase 2 (5 weeks) consisted of a 1-week cross-titration from UAT to flexibly dosed paliperidone ER (3-12 mg/d), followed by 4 weeks of paliperidone ER alone."	( Safety of paliperidone extended-release in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and hepatic disease. Alphs, L; Amatniek, J; Canuso, CM; Deutsch, SI; Henderson, DC; Mao, L; Mikesell, C; Rodriguez, S; Sheehan, J, 2014)	0.4
"The results of this study suggest that switching elderly patients from risperidone to PAL may result in superior safety and patient satisfaction, and may also make it possible to reduce the dosage of biperiden."	( Study of the efficacy and safety of switching from risperidone to paliperidone in elderly patients with schizophrenia. Gen, K; Hibino, H; Inoue, Y; Matsumoto, H; Mikami, A; Mikami, K; Otomo, M; Suzuki, H, 2013)	0.39
" Subjects received either: 1) paliperidone palmitate (PP; 234 mg day 1 and 156 mg day 8 [corresponding to 150 and 100 milligram equivalents of paliperidone, respectively], both administered in deltoid muscle, followed by once-monthly flexible dosing in deltoid or gluteal muscle) and risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI)-matched placebo injections; or, 2) RLAI (25 mg, days 8 and 22; followed by biweekly flexible dosing) and PP-matched placebo injections."	( Paliperidone palmitate versus risperidone long-acting injection in markedly-to-severely ill schizophrenia subjects: onset of efficacy with recommended initiation regimens. Alphs, L; Bossie, CA; Fu, DJ; Kern Sliwa, J; Ma, YW, 2014)	0.4
"Using the recommended dosing regimens for PP and RLAI, both PP and oral risperidone (used during RLAI initiation) improved symptoms of schizophrenia in markedly-to-severely ill subjects at days 4-22."	( Paliperidone palmitate versus risperidone long-acting injection in markedly-to-severely ill schizophrenia subjects: onset of efficacy with recommended initiation regimens. Alphs, L; Bossie, CA; Fu, DJ; Kern Sliwa, J; Ma, YW, 2014)	0.4
" The dosage was increased to 20 mg/day after 3 months."	( Leflunomide for inflammatory arthritis in end-stage renal disease on peritoneal dialysis: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic study. Ahern, MJ; Barbara, JA; Russo, PA; Shanahan, EM; Smith, MD; Wiese, MD, 2013)	0.39
" Once-daily dosing is indicated, considering the long plasma half-life and linear pharmacokinetics of the drug."	( Profile of once-daily zonisamide as monotherapy for treatment of partial seizures in adults. Mula, M, 2013)	0.39
"Clinical pharmacology as an interdisciplinary science is unique in its capacity and the diversity of the methods and approaches it can provide to derive dosing recommendations in various subpopulations."	( An integrated clinical pharmacology approach for deriving dosing recommendations in a regulatory setting: review of recent cases in psychiatry drugs. Mehta, MU; Rogers, H; Uppoor, RS; Younis, IR; Zhang, H; Zhu, H, 2013)	0.39
" A biweekly simulation of multiple dosing revealed that Formulation C, the selected formulation, with a high load and large particle size would provide adequate initial and maintenance levels of the active moiety (Risperidone and its metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone)."	( Microsphere delivery of Risperidone as an alternative to combination therapy. D'Souza, S; DeLuca, P; Faraj, J, 2013)	0.39
" The variables discussed include dose, dosing schedule, genes, drug-drug interactions, and other medical factors."	( Complexities of personalized medicine: how genes, drug-drug interactions, dosing schedules, and other factors can combine to produce clinically meaningful differences in a drug's effect. Preskorn, SH, 2013)	0.39
" In the USA, dosing tends to be expressed in mg] or oral risperidone [during initiation of risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI) days 1-28] and biweekly flexible-dose RLAI (n=173; initial injection day 8)."	( Paliperidone palmitate versus oral risperidone and risperidone long-acting injection in patients with recently diagnosed schizophrenia: a tolerability and efficacy comparison. Alphs, L; Bossie, CA; Fu, DJ; Ma, YW; Sliwa, JK, 2014)	0.4
"The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the effects of switching from oral risperidone to flexibly dosed oral paliperidone extended-release (ER) in Brazilian adults with schizophrenia because of lack of efficacy, intolerability, or nonadherence after a minimum trial of 30 days on adequate (labeled) doses of oral risperidone, according to individual clinical judgment."	( Switching from oral risperidone to flexibly dosed oral paliperidone extended-release: core symptoms, satisfaction, and quality of life in patients with stable but symptomatic schizophrenia: the RISPALI study. Appolinário, JC; Bressan, RA; Campos, JA; de Oliveira, IR; Elkis, H; Gattaz, WF; Grabowski, HM; Henna, E; Lacerda, AL; Lawson, FL; Louzã, MR; Périco, Cde A; Quevedo, J; Rocha, FL; Ruschel, SI; Sacomani, E; Zorzetto Filho, D, 2014)	0.4
" Innovative new oral and intra-articular pharmaceutically engineered dosage forms are examined."	( What's new in NSAID pharmacotherapy: oral agents to injectables. Atkinson, TJ; Fudin, J; Jahn, HL; Kubotera, N; Rennick, AL; Rhorer, M, 2013)	0.39
"This study explores relevant outcomes with flexibly dosed paliperidone extended-release (ER) in a real-world design."	( Paliperidone extended-release in patients with non-acute schizophrenia previously unsuccessfully treated with other oral antipsychotics. Dilbaz, N; Franco, MA; Lahaye, M; Lara, E; Millet, B; Naber, D; Neznanov, NG; Peuskens, J; Rancans, E; Schreiner, A; Smeraldi, E; Turczynski, J, 2014)	0.4
" All patients were titrated on iloperidone to 6mg BID by Day 4, then flexibly dosing between 6 and 12mg BID, as needed."	( A trial evaluating gradual- or immediate-switch strategies from risperidone, olanzapine, or aripiprazole to iloperidone in patients with schizophrenia. Alva, G; Brams, M; Citrome, L; Glick, ID; Hochfeld, M; Jackson, R; Kianifard, F; Mattingly, G; Meng, X; Pestreich, L; Weiden, PJ; Winseck, A, 2014)	0.4
" Eight Collies received fluralaner chewable tablets once at a dose of 168 mg/kg; eight sham dosed Collies served as controls."	( Safety of fluralaner, a novel systemic antiparasitic drug, in MDR1(-/-) Collies after oral administration. Allan, MJ; Nuernberger, MC; Paul, AJ; Roepke, RK; Walther, FM, 2014)	0.4
" Fluralaner was administered on three occasions at 8-week intervals at doses of up to 56, 168, and 280 mg fluralaner/kg body weight, equivalent to 1, 3, and 5 times the highest recommended treatment dose of fluralaner; sham dosed dogs served as controls."	( Safety of fluralaner chewable tablets (Bravecto), a novel systemic antiparasitic drug, in dogs after oral administration. Allan, MJ; Nuernberger, MC; Roepke, RK; Walther, FM, 2014)	0.4
" During the subsequent open-label period (45-57 weeks), zonisamide dosing could be adjusted according to tolerability/response."	( Adjunctive zonisamide therapy in the long-term treatment of children with partial epilepsy: results of an open-label extension study of a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Bradshaw, K; Giorgi, L; Guerrini, R; Rosati, A, 2014)	0.4
"5mg/kg oral dosage demonstrated uniform and predictable afoxolaner plasma concentrations above threshold levels required for efficacy for more than one month."	( Discovery and mode of action of afoxolaner, a new isoxazoline parasiticide for dogs. Benner, EA; Confalone, PN; Cordova, D; Dietrich, RF; Gould, BR; Hartline, EJ; Jones, GS; Kinney, JB; Lahm, GP; Long, JK; McDowell, RG; Rhoades, DF; Schroeder, ME; Shoop, WL; Waddell, ME; Wagerle, T; Xu, M, 2014)	0.4
" This study investigated the safety of the concurrent use of Bravecto and Scalibor Protectorband at the recommended dosage regimens."	( Safety of the concurrent treatment of dogs with Bravecto (fluralaner) and Scalibor protectorband (deltamethrin). Allan, MJ; Fisara, P; Nuernberger, MC; Roepke, RK; Walther, FM, 2014)	0.4
"Throughout the study period of 24 weeks, there were no clinical findings related to the concurrent treatment with Bravecto in dogs fitted with Scalibor Protectorband at the recommended dosage regimen."	( Safety of the concurrent treatment of dogs with Bravecto (fluralaner) and Scalibor protectorband (deltamethrin). Allan, MJ; Fisara, P; Nuernberger, MC; Roepke, RK; Walther, FM, 2014)	0.4
" Analyses were performed assuming dosing of clinical trials, real-world practice, PIs, and highest therapeutic dose available, because of variation in practice settings."	( Cost-effectiveness of aripiprazole once-monthly compared with paliperidone palmitate once-monthly injectable for the treatment of schizophrenia in the United States. Baker, RA; Bentley, TG; Citrome, L; Eramo, A; Gutierrez, B; Hansen, K; Kamat, SA; Ortendahl, J; Sapin, C, 2014)	0.4
" When PI dosing was assumed, this ICER increased to US$19,968/relapse averted."	( Cost-effectiveness of aripiprazole once-monthly compared with paliperidone palmitate once-monthly injectable for the treatment of schizophrenia in the United States. Baker, RA; Bentley, TG; Citrome, L; Eramo, A; Gutierrez, B; Hansen, K; Kamat, SA; Ortendahl, J; Sapin, C, 2014)	0.4
" Under various dosing scenarios, AOM results indicated fewer relapses at lower overall costs or a reasonable cost-effectiveness threshold (i."	( Cost-effectiveness of aripiprazole once-monthly compared with paliperidone palmitate once-monthly injectable for the treatment of schizophrenia in the United States. Baker, RA; Bentley, TG; Citrome, L; Eramo, A; Gutierrez, B; Hansen, K; Kamat, SA; Ortendahl, J; Sapin, C, 2014)	0.4
" The mean dosage of ZNS was 388 mg."	( Zonisamide for refractory juvenile absence epilepsy. Crespel, A; Gelisse, P; Genton, P; Serafini, A; Velizarova, R, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) data were also generated in tumor-bearing mice to gain an understanding of optimal dosing schedules and regimens."	( Preclinical antitumor activity of SST0116CL1: a novel heat shock protein 90 inhibitor. Carollo, V; Giannini, G; Milazzo, FM; Pace, S; Vesci, L, 2014)	0.4
" Patients continued their randomized treatment, with dosing adjusted according to tolerability/response (zonisamide 200-500 mg/day; carbamazepine 400-1,200 mg/day)."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide versus carbamazepine monotherapy for treatment of partial seizures in adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy: results of a phase III, randomized, double-blind study. Baulac, M; Giorgi, L; Patten, A, 2014)	0.4
" A high drug exposure NOEL on oral dosing in the rat suggested that a high therapeutic margin could be achieved."	( Novel DNA gyrase inhibiting spiropyrimidinetriones with a benzisoxazole scaffold: SAR and in vivo characterization. Basarab, GS; Brassil, P; Doig, P; Galullo, V; Gowravaram, M; Haimes, HB; Kern, G; Kutschke, A; McNulty, J; Schuck, VJ; Stone, G, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of this compound, depending on the dosage and schedule of treatment, on lymphocyte subsets in non-immunized mice and humoral immune response in SRBC (sheep red blood cells)-immunized mice."	( The effect of 5-amino-3-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxylic acid hydrazide on lymphocyte subsets and humoral immune response in SRBC-immunized mice. Drynda, A; Mączyński, M; Obmińska-Mrukowicz, B; Ryng, S, 2015)	0.42
" The patients were given ZNS as add-on treatment, and the ZNS dosing and the visit frequency were governed by the treating physician."	( Retention rate of zonisamide in intractable epilepsy. Andersen, H; Lindstrøm, P; Nakken, KO, 2015)	0.42
" The dosage and time of therapy need to be explored in the future; additional studies of large samples are needed."	( BK Virus-Associated Nephropathy with Plasma Cell-Rich Infiltrates Treated by Bortezomib-Based Regimen. Chen, JS; Cheng, DR; Ji, SM; Li, X; Liu, ZH; Wen, JQ; Wu, D; Xie, KN; Zhang, MC, 2015)	0.42
" Dogs tolerated all dosing forms with no evidence of adverse effects."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose rectal zonisamide administration in normal dogs. Boothe, D; Brewer, DM; Cerda-Gonzalez, S; Dewey, CW; Van Horne, K, )	0.13
"5%) injection into the upper lip to characterize the dose-response curve of each individual drug in the orofacial pain test in mice."	( Synergism between tramadol and parecoxib in the orofacial formalin test. Aragon-Martinez, OH; Castañeda-Santana, DI; de la Rosa-Coronado, M; Isiordia-Espinoza, MA; Zapata-Morales, JR, 2015)	0.42
" Following the second dosing on study day 28-30, total on-dog flea burden was reduced by 100% on days 40-45 and 54-60."	( Evaluation of afoxolaner chewables to control flea populations in naturally infested dogs in private residences in Tampa FL, USA. Carithers, D; Chwala, M; Crevoiserat, L; Dryden, MW; Foley, KM; Hawkins, A; Jones, E; McGrady, JC; Patton, PR; Smith, V, 2015)	0.42
" Dosing ETX0914 in human volunteers showed sufficient exposure and minimal adverse effects to expect a highly efficacious anti-gonorrhea therapy."	( Responding to the challenge of untreatable gonorrhea: ETX0914, a first-in-class agent with a distinct mechanism-of-action against bacterial Type II topoisomerases. Alm, RA; Barvian, K; Basarab, GS; Doig, P; Galullo, V; Gardner, H; Gowravaram, M; Huband, M; Kern, GH; Kimzey, A; Kutschke, A; Lahiri, SD; Lawrence, K; McNulty, J; Morningstar, M; Mueller, JP; Newman, JV; Perros, M; Schuck, VJ; Singh, R; Tommasi, R; Vishwanathan, K; Walkup, G, 2015)	0.42
" The preclinical ADME properties of LY2562175 were consistent with enabling once daily dosing in humans, and it was ultimately advanced to the clinic for evaluation in humans."	( Discovery of 6-(4-{[5-Cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl]methoxy}piperidin-1-yl)-1-methyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylic Acid: A Novel FXR Agonist for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia. Agejas Francisco, J; Bocchinfuso, WP; Bueno, AB; Cannady, EA; Cox, A; Genin, MJ; Jones, TM; Manninen, PR; Michael, LF; Michael, MD; Montrose-Rafizadeh, C; Raddad, E; Reidy, C; Stille, JR, 2015)	0.42
" Increasing the dosage regimen can be applied to ceftriaxone and azithromycin, but the emergence of high-level resistance has already been reported."	( New treatment options for infections caused by increasingly antimicrobial-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Chong, Y; Lee, H; Lee, K, 2016)	0.43
" And it showed dosage dependent."	( [Effects of leflunomide on experimental autoimmune uveitis in Lewis rats]. Fang, C; He, Y; Huang, C; Li, J; Lin, Z; Zhan, S; Zhou, D, 2015)	0.42
" After oral dosing (15 mg/kg), the plasma exposure (AUC0-t) of leflunomide increased to 3-fold in HRN mice compared with wild type mice."	( Inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes and sodium/bile acid cotransporter exacerbates leflunomide-induced hepatotoxicity. Cao, YY; Chen, C; Lin, YF; Luan, Y; Ma, LL; Ni, X; Pan, GY; Wang, J; Wang, L; Wu, ZT; Zhang, XF, 2016)	0.43
" Pronounced threshold increases were observed following administration of a constant zonisamide dosage combined with different doses of perampanel."	( Synergism of perampanel and zonisamide in the rat amygdala kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Komori, T; Potschka, H; Rettenbeck, ML; Russmann, V; Salvamoser, JD, 2016)	0.43
" Thus, a single dose of sarolaner administered orally at the minimum dosage of 2mg/kg, resulted in excellent efficacy within 48h against existing tick infestations, and against weekly re-infestations for 35 days after treatment."	( Efficacy of a novel oral formulation of sarolaner (Simparica™) against five common tick species infesting dogs in the United States. Carter, L; Chapin, S; Everett, WR; Holzmer, S; Honsberger, NA; Mahabir, SP; Myers, MR; Rugg, JJ; Six, RH; Young, DR, 2016)	0.43
" Dogs were dosed by their owners at home on Day 0 and on approximately Days 30 and 60."	( Efficacy and safety of sarolaner (Simparica™) against fleas on dogs presented as veterinary patients in the United States. Cherni, JA; Mahabir, SP; Six, RH, 2016)	0.43
" In exploratory safety studies in dogs, sarolaner demonstrated safety in dogs≥8 weeks of age upon repeated monthly dosing at up to 20mg/kg."	( Discovery of sarolaner: A novel, orally administered, broad-spectrum, isoxazoline ectoparasiticide for dogs. Chubb, N; Curtis, MP; Hedges, L; Inskeep, GA; Knauer, CS; McTier, TL; Meeus, P; Menon, S; Mills, B; Pullins, A; Woods, DJ; Zinser, E, 2016)	0.43
" An additional 9 subjects (22-24 years) were administered once daily zonisamide at 300 mg for 14 days, and comprised the multiple dosing group."	( Population pharmacokinetics of zonisamide after oral administration in healthy Chinese volunteers. Bi, S; Chen, Y; Dai, Q; Liu, Y; Lu, W; Qiu, X; Sun, F; Xia, P; Xiang, R; Xiong, L; Yang, B; Yu, M, 2016)	0.43
" Thus, a single dose of sarolaner administered orally at the minimum dosage of 2 mg/kg, resulted in ≥99."	( Efficacy of a novel oral formulation of sarolaner (Simparica™) against four common tick species infesting dogs in Europe. Becskei, C; Doherty, P; Geurden, T; Grace, S; Liebenberg, J; Lloyd, A; Mahabir, SP; Six, RH; Slootmans, N; Strube, C, 2016)	0.43
" Initial pharmacokinetics evaluation indicated an excellent brain exposure following oral dosing in mice, suggesting that further investigation into the use of alkoxyisoxazoles as σ1 ligands for antinociception is warranted."	( Development of Novel Alkoxyisoxazoles as Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonists with Antinociceptive Efficacy. Gao, ZB; Gunosewoyo, H; Liu, T; Pang, T; Shi, JJ; Shi, M; Sun, H; Tang, J; Xu, YZ; Yang, F; Yu, LF; Zhang, W; Zheng, YM, 2016)	0.93
" Group 4 was dosed once on Day 0 with Bravecto™."	( Comparative efficacy of oral administrated afoxolaner (NexGard™) and fluralaner (Bravecto™) with topically applied permethrin/imidacloprid (Advantix(®)) against transmission of Ehrlichia canis by infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks to dogs. Crafford, D; Erasmus, H; Fourie, JJ; Jongejan, F; Schunack, B, 2016)	0.43
"The lack of commercially available liquid dosage forms for pediatric patients prompted this study."	( Long-term Stability of Zonisamide, Amitriptyline, and Glycopyrrolate in Extemporaneously Prepared Liquid-dosage Forms at Two Temperatures. Nahata, MC, )	0.13
"Flexible dosing of iloperidone for maintenance-phase therapy, with a modal dose of 12 mg/day was effective in preventing relapse in subjects previously stabilized on iloperidone."	( A Randomized Trial of Iloperidone for Prevention of Relapse in Schizophrenia: The REPRIEVE Study. Ahmed, S; Han, G; Mancione, L; Manning, R; Mayo, MG; Ryan, JM; Weiden, PJ; Wolfgang, CD, 2016)	0.43
"The aim of this review was to evaluate current literature for dosing recommendations for the use of antiepileptic medications in patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT)."	( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)	0.43
" Micromedex® DRUGDEX as well as package inserts were used to obtain known pharmacokinetic properties and dosage adjustment recommendations in RRT if known."	( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)	0.43
"Data regarding antiepileptic drug use in RRT are limited and mostly consist of case reports limiting our proposed dosing recommendations."	( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)	0.43
"Additional studies are necessary before specific dosing recommendations can be made for most antiepileptic drugs in critically ill patients receiving RRT, specifically with newer agents."	( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)	0.43
" The abundance of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) was statistically significantly increased in RA-patient biopsies compared with controls and correlated with the administered dosage of methotrexate (MTX), the most frequently prescribed immunosuppressive drug for RA."	( Proteome Analysis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Gut Mucosa. Andersen, V; Bennike, TB; Birkelund, S; Bonderup, OK; Bøgsted, M; Carlsen, TG; Christiansen, G; Ellingsen, T; Glerup, H; Meyer, MK; Stensballe, A, 2017)	0.46
" The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of these drugs in dosage forms."	( Bioanalytical method for the estimation of co-administered esomeprazole, leflunomide and ibuprofen in human plasma and in pharmaceutical dosage forms using micellar liquid chromatography. Talaat, W, 2017)	0.46
"Hydrophilic matrix systems are currently some of the most widely used drug delivery systems for controlled-release oral dosage forms."	( Evaluation of the drug solubility and rush ageing on drug release performance of various model drugs from the modified release polyethylene oxide matrix tablets. Maniruzzaman, M; Nokhodchi, A; Shojaee, S, 2017)	0.46
" Of the responders, 12% had used doses above 20 mg daily and 70% had used alternate daily dosing with leflunomide."	( Putting recommendations into practice: Australian rheumatologists' opinions on leflunomide use in rheumatoid arthritis. Hopkins, AM; O'Doherty, CE; Proudman, SM; Wiese, MD, 2017)	0.46
" Mean dosage of ZNS at final follow-up was 300 mg/d."	( Zonisamide in Brain Tumor-Related Epilepsy: An Observational Pilot Study. Cantelmi, T; Dinapoli, L; Fabi, A; Giannarelli, D; Maialetti, A; Maschio, M; Vidiri, A; Zarabla, A, )	0.13
" Therefore, drug monitoring is necessary for appropriate dosage adjustments."	( Chromatographic determination of zonisamide, topiramate and sulpiride in plasma by a fluorescent 'turn-on' chemosensor. Barary, MA; El-Yazbi, AF; Ibrahim, FA; Wagih, MM, 2017)	0.46
" Data that were extracted from the medical records included signalment, body weight, underlying indication for leflunomide, dosage of leflunomide, treatment duration, concurrent medications, treatment response, and adverse events."	( A Retrospective Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Leflunomide in Dogs. Lappin, MR; Legare, M; Sato, M; Veir, JK, 2017)	0.46
"Results suggest that the starting dosage of leflunomide should be 2 mg/kg/d rather than the currently suggested dosage of 3-4 mg/kg/d."	( A Retrospective Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Leflunomide in Dogs. Lappin, MR; Legare, M; Sato, M; Veir, JK, 2017)	0.46
" Optimal dosing strategies in recipients with impaired kidney function remain undefined, with limited pharmacokinetic data to date."	( Ganciclovir Dosing Strategies and Development of Cytomegalovirus Resistance in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Case Report. Agrawal, N; Beltran, D; Echenique, IA; Najafian, N; Ramirez-Ruiz, L, 2017)	0.46
" The highest risk of infection is associated with corticosteroids depending on the dose, so that a dosage as low as possible but stable in the perioperative period is recommended."	( [Perioperative management of immunosuppressive treatment in patients undergoing joint surgery]. Krüger, K, 2017)	0.46
" The dosage of zonisamide was therefore decreased."	( Suspected zonisamide-related anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome in a cat. Collinet, A; Sammut, V, 2017)	0.46
" Desensitization was further verified by dose-response profiles of agonists, carbamoylcholine and epibatidine in the absence and presence of PNU-120596."	( Counteracting desensitization of human α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with bispyridinium compounds as an approach against organophosphorus poisoning. Niessen, KV; Rappenglück, S; Scheffel, C; Seeger, T; Thiermann, H; Wanner, KT; Worek, F, 2018)	0.48
" The Epac-inhibitor ESI-09 reversed established paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia in wild-type mice even when dosing started 10 days after completion of paclitaxel treatment."	( Orally active Epac inhibitor reverses mechanical allodynia and loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Cheng, X; Dougherty, PM; Heijnen, CJ; Huo, X; Kavelaars, A; Li, Y; Mei, F; Singhmar, P, 2018)	0.48
" In Study 3, efficacy and safety were assessed in 8 lotilaner-treated cats until Day 35, before and after 24 h incubation of the female live ticks removed from the animals 12, 18 and 24 h after dosing and subsequent weekly infestations."	( Laboratory evaluation of the efficacy and speed of kill of lotilaner (Credelio Cavalleri, D; Drake, J; Murphy, M; Nanchen, S; Seewald, W, 2018)	0.48
" To reduce the daily dosing of L-DOPA in patients, inhibitors of dopamine catabolizing enzymes, particularly monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), are prescribed."	( Garcinol, an effective monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Bhattacharya, P; Borah, A; Chakrabarty, J; Dutta, A; Mazumder, MK; Paul, R; Phukan, BC, 2018)	0.48
" Dogs were dosed in a fed state."	( Laboratory evaluations of the 3-month efficacy of oral lotilaner (Credelio™) against experimental infestations of dogs with the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. Baker, K; Cavalleri, D; Drake, J; Ellenberger, C; Hacket, K; Murphy, M; Nanchen, S; Seewald, W, 2018)	0.48
" This study focused on whether there was a difference in the number of heartworm medication doses that were purchased in the 12-months follow-up period for dogs that receive either fluralaner or other flea/tick medications that are dosed monthly."	( A comparative analysis of heartworm medication use patterns for dogs that also receive ectoparasiticides. Heaney, K; Lavan, R; Tunceli, K; Vaduvoor, SR, 2018)	0.48
"Annual purchases of heartworm medication for dogs by owners that receive a flea and tick medication dosed at 12-week intervals was incrementally higher than the number of doses purchased for dogs receiving monthly flea and tick medications."	( A comparative analysis of heartworm medication use patterns for dogs that also receive ectoparasiticides. Heaney, K; Lavan, R; Tunceli, K; Vaduvoor, SR, 2018)	0.48
" Prior studies in human and animal medicine have suggested that patients more closely adhere to prescriber dosing recommendations when they receive a longer-duration medication."	( Dog owner flea/tick medication purchases in the USA. Armstrong, R; Lavan, R; Normile, D; Tunceli, K, 2018)	0.48
" Ectoparasiticide purchase patterns were compared for two products (afoxalaner and spinosad) with monthly dosing and one product (fluralaner) with an extended (12 week) dosing interval."	( Dog owner flea/tick medication purchases in the USA. Armstrong, R; Lavan, R; Normile, D; Tunceli, K, 2018)	0.48
" In conclusion, tropifexor was well tolerated, had a pharmacokinetic profile suitable for once-daily dosing and showed dose-dependent target engagement without altering plasma lipids in healthy volunteers."	( Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the Novel Non-Bile Acid FXR Agonist Tropifexor (LJN452) in Healthy Volunteers. Badman, MK; Chen, J; Danis, K; Desai, S; Gan, L; Klickstein, LB; Laffitte, B; Neelakantham, S; Vaidya, S; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
"The dose-response relationships of antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia are not well defined, but such information would be important for decision making by clinicians."	( Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic Drugs for Acute Schizophrenia. Crippa, A; Davis, JM; Leucht, S; Orsini, N; Patel, MX; Siafis, S, 2020)	0.56
" Dose-response curves were constructed with random-effects dose-response meta-analyses and a spline model."	( Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic Drugs for Acute Schizophrenia. Crippa, A; Davis, JM; Leucht, S; Orsini, N; Patel, MX; Siafis, S, 2020)	0.56
" For some drugs, higher than currently licensed doses might be tested in further trials, because their dose-response curves did not plateau."	( Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic Drugs for Acute Schizophrenia. Crippa, A; Davis, JM; Leucht, S; Orsini, N; Patel, MX; Siafis, S, 2020)	0.56
" Cell-lines with derangements in HUWE1/c-MYC pathway were highly sensitive to GS-626510, with a dose-response decrease in cell proliferation and viability."	( Derangements in HUWE1/c-MYC pathway confer sensitivity to the BET bromodomain inhibitor GS-626510 in uterine cervical carcinoma. Altwerger, G; Andikyan, V; Azodi, M; Bellone, S; Bonazzoli, E; Gnutti, B; Guglielmi, A; Han, C; Huang, GS; Manara, P; Menderes, G; Nagarkatti, N; Pelligra, S; Ratner, E; Santin, AD; Schwartz, PE; Silasi, DA; Tymon-Rosario, J; Zammataro, L; Zeybek, B, 2020)	0.56
" The convenience of 12-week dosing and less frequent dosing were the most frequently identified product qualities associated with their choice of an extended effect flea and tick treatment."	( Flea and tick treatment satisfaction, preference, and adherence of dog owners in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia who treated their dog with fluralaner. Armstrong, R; Lavan, R; Lipworth, K; Newbury, H; Normile, D, 2020)	0.56
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."	( Abbasi, S; Abd El-Wahab, A; Abdallah, M; Abebe, G; Aca-Aca, G; Adama, S; Adefegha, SA; Adidigue-Ndiome, R; Adiseshaiah, P; Adrario, E; Aghajanian, C; Agnese, W; Ahmad, A; Ahmad, I; Ahmed, MFE; Akcay, OF; Akinmoladun, AC; Akutagawa, T; Alakavuklar, MA; Álava-Rabasa, S; Albaladejo-Florín, MJ; Alexandra, AJE; Alfawares, R; Alferiev, IS; Alghamdi, HS; Ali, I; Allard, B; Allen, JD; Almada, E; Alobaid, A; Alonso, GL; Alqahtani, YS; Alqarawi, W; Alsaleh, H; Alyami, BA; Amaral, BPD; Amaro, JT; Amin, SAW; Amodio, E; Amoo, ZA; Andia Biraro, I; Angiolella, L; Anheyer, D; Anlay, DZ; Annex, BH; Antonio-Aguirre, B; Apple, S; Arbuznikov, AV; Arinsoy, T; Armstrong, DK; Ash, S; Aslam, M; Asrie, F; Astur, DC; Atzrodt, J; Au, DW; Aucoin, M; Auerbach, EJ; Azarian, S; Ba, D; Bai, Z; Baisch, PRM; Balkissou, AD; Baltzopoulos, V; Banaszewski, M; Banerjee, S; Bao, Y; Baradwan, A; Barandika, JF; Barger, PM; Barion, MRL; Barrett, CD; Basudan, AM; Baur, LE; Baz-Rodríguez, SA; Beamer, P; Beaulant, A; Becker, DF; Beckers, C; Bedel, J; Bedlack, R; Bermúdez de Castro, JM; Berry, JD; Berthier, C; Bhattacharya, D; Biadgo, B; Bianco, G; Bianco, M; Bibi, S; Bigliardi, AP; Billheimer, D; Birnie, DH; Biswas, K; Blair, HC; Bognetti, P; Bolan, PJ; Bolla, JR; Bolze, A; Bonnaillie, P; Borlimi, R; Bórquez, J; Bottari, NB; Boulleys-Nana, JR; Brighetti, G; Brodeur, GM; Budnyak, T; Budnyk, S; Bukirwa, VD; Bulman, DM; Burm, R; Busman-Sahay, K; Butcher, TW; Cai, C; Cai, H; Cai, L; Cairati, M; Calvano, CD; Camacho-Ordóñez, A; Camela, E; Cameron, T; Campbell, BS; Cansian, RL; Cao, Y; Caporale, AS; Carciofi, AC; Cardozo, V; Carè, J; Carlos, AF; Carozza, R; Carroll, CJW; Carsetti, A; Carubelli, V; Casarotta, E; Casas, M; Caselli, G; Castillo-Lora, J; Cataldi, TRI; Cavalcante, ELB; Cavaleiro, A; Cayci, Z; Cebrián-Tarancón, C; Cedrone, E; Cella, D; Cereda, C; Ceretti, A; Ceroni, M; Cha, YH; Chai, X; Chang, EF; Chang, TS; Chanteux, H; Chao, M; Chaplin, BP; Chaturvedi, S; Chaturvedi, V; Chaudhary, DK; Chen, A; Chen, C; Chen, HY; Chen, J; Chen, JJ; Chen, K; Chen, L; Chen, Q; Chen, R; Chen, SY; Chen, TY; Chen, WM; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Cheng, GJ; Cheng, J; Cheng, YH; Cheon, HG; Chew, KW; Chhoker, S; Chiu, WN; Choi, ES; Choi, MJ; Choi, SD; Chokshi, S; Chorny, M; Chu, KI; Chu, WJ; Church, AL; Cirrincione, A; Clamp, AR; Cleff, MB; Cohen, M; Coleman, RL; Collins, SL; Colombo, N; Conduit, N; Cong, WL; Connelly, MA; Connor, J; Cooley, K; Correa Ramos Leal, I; Cose, S; Costantino, C; Cottrell, M; Cui, L; Cundall, J; Cutaia, C; Cutler, CW; Cuypers, ML; da Silva Júnior, FMR; Dahal, RH; Damiani, E; Damtie, D; Dan-Li, W; Dang, Z; Dasa, SSK; Davin, A; Davis, DR; de Andrade, CM; de Jong, PL; de Oliveira, D; de Paula Dorigam, JC; Dean, A; Deepa, M; Delatour, C; Dell'Aiera, S; Delley, MF; den Boer, RB; Deng, L; Deng, Q; Depner, RM; Derdau, V; Derici, U; DeSantis, AJ; Desmarini, D; Diffo-Sonkoue, L; Divizia, M; Djenabou, A; Djordjevic, JT; Dobrovolskaia, MA; Domizi, R; Donati, A; Dong, Y; Dos Santos, M; Dos Santos, MP; 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Laloo, A; Langaro, MC; Langham, MC; Lao, X; Larocca, MC; Lassus, J; Lattimer, TA; Lazar, S; Le, MH; Leal, DB; Leal, M; Leary, A; Ledermann, JA; Lee, JF; Lee, MV; Lee, NH; Leeds, CM; Leeds, JS; Lefrandt, JD; Leicht, AS; Leonard, M; Lev, S; Levy, K; Li, B; Li, C; Li, CM; Li, DH; Li, H; Li, J; Li, L; Li, LJ; Li, N; Li, P; Li, T; Li, X; Li, XH; Li, XQ; Li, XX; Li, Y; Li, Z; Li, ZY; Liao, YF; Lin, CC; Lin, MH; Lin, Y; Ling, Y; Links, TP; Lira-Romero, E; Liu, C; Liu, D; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, LP; Liu, M; Liu, T; Liu, W; Liu, X; Liu, XH; Liu, Y; Liuwantara, D; Ljumanovic, N; Lobo, L; Lokhande, K; Lopes, A; Lopes, RMRM; López-Gutiérrez, JC; López-Muñoz, MJ; López-Santamaría, M; Lorenzo, C; Lorusso, D; Losito, I; Lu, C; Lu, H; Lu, HZ; Lu, SH; Lu, SN; Lu, Y; Lu, ZY; Luboga, F; Luo, JJ; Luo, KL; Luo, Y; Lutomski, CA; Lv, W; M Piedade, MF; Ma, J; Ma, JQ; Ma, JX; Ma, N; Ma, P; Ma, S; Maciel, M; Madureira, M; Maganaris, C; Maginn, EJ; Mahnashi, MH; Maierhofer, M; Majetschak, M; Malla, TR; Maloney, L; Mann, DL; Mansuri, A; Marelli, E; Margulis, CJ; Marrella, A; Martin, BL; Martín-Francés, L; Martínez de Pinillos, M; Martínez-Navarro, EM; Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez, D; Martínez-Velasco, A; Martínez-Villaseñor, L; Martinón-Torres, M; Martins, BA; Massongo, M; Mathew, AP; Mathews, D; Matsui, J; Matsumoto, KI; Mau, T; Maves, RC; Mayclin, SJ; Mayer, JM; Maynard, ND; Mayr, T; Mboowa, MG; McEvoy, MP; McIntyre, RC; McKay, JA; McPhail, MJW; McVeigh, AL; Mebazaa, A; Medici, V; Medina, DN; Mehmood, T; Mei-Li, C; Melku, M; Meloncelli, S; Mendes, GC; Mendoza-Velásquez, C; Mercadante, R; Mercado, MI; Merenda, MEZ; Meunier, J; Mi, SL; Michels, M; Mijatovic, V; Mikhailov, V; Milheiro, SA; Miller, DC; Ming, F; Mitsuishi, M; Miyashita, T; Mo, J; Mo, S; Modesto-Mata, M; Moeller, S; Monte, A; Monteiro, L; Montomoli, J; Moore, EE; Moore, HB; Moore, PK; Mor, MK; Moratalla-López, N; Moratilla Lapeña, L; Moreira, R; Moreno, MA; Mörk, AC; Morton, M; Mosier, JM; Mou, LH; Mougharbel, AS; Muccillo-Baisch, AL; Muñoz-Serrano, AJ; Mustafa, B; Nair, GM; Nakanishi, I; Nakanjako, D; Naraparaju, K; Nawani, N; Neffati, R; Neil, EC; Neilipovitz, D; Neira-Borrajo, I; Nelson, MT; Nery, PB; Nese, M; Nguyen, F; Nguyen, MH; Niazy, AA; Nicolaï, J; Nogueira, F; Norbäck, D; Novaretti, JV; O'Donnell, T; O'Dowd, A; O'Malley, DM; Oaknin, A; Ogata, K; Ohkubo, K; Ojha, M; Olaleye, MT; Olawande, B; Olomo, EJ; Ong, EWY; Ono, A; Onwumere, J; Ortiz Bibriesca, DM; Ou, X; Oza, AM; Ozturk, K; Özütemiz, C; Palacio-Pastrana, C; Palaparthi, A; Palevsky, PM; Pan, K; Pantanetti, S; Papachristou, DJ; Pariani, A; Parikh, CR; Parissis, J; Paroul, N; Parry, S; Patel, N; Patel, SM; Patel, VC; Pawar, S; Pefura-Yone, EW; Peixoto Andrade, BCO; Pelepenko, LE; Peña-Lora, D; Peng, S; Pérez-Moro, OS; Perez-Ortiz, AC; Perry, LM; Peter, CM; Phillips, NJ; Phillips, P; Pia Tek, J; Piner, LW; Pinto, EA; Pinto, SN; Piyachaturawat, P; Poka-Mayap, V; Polledri, E; Poloni, TE; Ponessa, G; Poole, ST; Post, AK; Potter, TM; Pressly, BB; Prouty, MG; Prudêncio, M; Pulkki, K; Pupier, C; Qian, H; Qian, ZP; Qiu, Y; Qu, G; Rahimi, S; Rahman, AU; Ramadan, H; Ramanna, S; Ramirez, I; Randolph, GJ; Rasheed, A; Rault, J; Raviprakash, V; Reale, E; Redpath, C; Rema, V; Remucal, CK; Remy, D; Ren, T; Ribeiro, LB; Riboli, G; Richards, J; Rieger, V; Rieusset, J; Riva, A; Rivabella Maknis, T; Robbins, JL; Robinson, CV; Roche-Campo, F; Rodriguez, R; Rodríguez-de-Cía, J; Rollenhagen, JE; Rosen, EP; Rub, D; Rubin, N; Rubin, NT; Ruurda, JP; Saad, O; Sabell, T; Saber, SE; Sabet, M; Sadek, MM; Saejio, A; Salinas, RM; Saliu, IO; Sande, D; Sang, D; Sangenito, LS; Santos, ALSD; Sarmiento Caldas, MC; Sassaroli, S; Sassi, V; Sato, J; Sauaia, A; Saunders, K; Saunders, PR; Savarino, SJ; Scambia, G; Scanlon, N; Schetinger, MR; Schinkel, AFL; Schladweiler, MC; Schofield, CJ; Schuepbach, RA; Schulz, J; Schwartz, N; Scorcella, C; Seeley, J; Seemann, F; Seinige, D; Sengoku, T; Seravalli, J; Sgromo, B; Shaheen, MY; Shan, L; Shanmugam, S; Shao, H; Sharma, S; Shaw, KJ; Shen, BQ; Shen, CH; Shen, P; Shen, S; Shen, Y; Shen, Z; Shi, J; Shi-Li, L; Shimoda, K; Shoji, Y; Shun, C; Silva, MA; Silva-Cardoso, J; Simas, NK; Simirgiotis, MJ; Sincock, SA; Singh, MP; Sionis, A; Siu, J; Sivieri, EM; Sjerps, MJ; Skoczen, SL; Slabon, A; Slette, IJ; Smith, MD; Smith, S; Smith, TG; Snapp, KS; Snow, SJ; Soares, MCF; Soberman, D; Solares, MD; Soliman, I; Song, J; Sorooshian, A; Sorrell, TC; Spinar, J; Staudt, A; Steinhart, C; Stern, ST; Stevens, DM; Stiers, KM; Stimming, U; Su, YG; Subbian, V; Suga, H; Sukhija-Cohen, A; Suksamrarn, A; Suksen, K; Sun, J; Sun, M; Sun, P; Sun, W; Sun, XF; Sun, Y; Sundell, J; Susan, LF; Sutjarit, N; Swamy, KV; Swisher, EM; Sykes, C; Takahashi, JA; Talmor, DS; Tan, B; Tan, ZK; Tang, L; Tang, S; Tanner, JJ; Tanwar, M; Tarazi, Z; Tarvasmäki, T; Tay, FR; Teketel, A; Temitayo, GI; Thersleff, T; Thiessen Philbrook, H; Thompson, LC; Thongon, N; Tian, B; Tian, F; Tian, Q; Timothy, AT; Tingle, MD; Titze, IR; Tolppanen, H; Tong, W; Toyoda, H; Tronconi, L; Tseng, CH; Tu, H; Tu, YJ; Tung, SY; Turpault, S; Tuynman, JB; Uemoto, AT; Ugurlu, M; Ullah, S; Underwood, RS; Ungell, AL; Usandizaga-Elio, I; Vakonakis, I; van Boxel, GI; van den Beucken, JJJP; van der Boom, T; van Slegtenhorst, MA; Vanni, JR; Vaquera, A; Vasconcellos, RS; Velayos, M; Vena, R; Ventura, G; Verso, MG; Vincent, RP; Vitale, F; Vitali, S; Vlek, SL; Vleugels, MPH; Volkmann, N; Vukelic, M; Wagner Mackenzie, B; Wairagala, P; Waller, SB; Wan, J; Wan, MT; Wan, Y; Wang, CC; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JF; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, S; Wang, WM; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, Z; Wang, ZG; Warriner, K; Weberpals, JI; Weerachayaphorn, J; Wehrli, FW; Wei, J; Wei, KL; Weinheimer, CJ; Weisbord, SD; Wen, S; Wendel Garcia, PD; Williams, JW; Williams, R; Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)	0.72
" The covariate analysis did not highlight any need for dosing adjustments in the population studied to date."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ATR inhibitor berzosertib in phase I studies for different cancer types. Falk, M; Hendriks, BS; Jansen, M; Terranova, N, 2021)	0.62
" The extended dosing interval up to 12 weeks was the most frequently selected benefit of fluralaner."	( Flea and tick treatment satisfaction, preference, and adherence of US cat owners prescribed topical fluralaner (Bravecto Armstrong, R; Lavan, R; Normile, D; Vaala, W, )	0.13
"The extended dosing interval of up to 12 weeks was the leading preference factor and the key driver of user satisfaction with fluralaner leading to improved adherence to redosing recommendations."	( Flea and tick treatment satisfaction, preference, and adherence of US cat owners prescribed topical fluralaner (Bravecto Armstrong, R; Lavan, R; Normile, D; Vaala, W, )	0.13
"05, Panc215, A6L) in a dose-response manner, and the inhibitor in vitro effect on cell growth was evaluated."	( Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor Effects on Pancreatic Cancer Cell Cultures. Eshleman, JR; Gulla, A; Kazlauskas, E; Liang, H; Matulis, D; Petrauskas, V; Strupas, K, 2021)	0.62
" The size of the average purchase gap was determined for all dose combinations out to 12 months of protection (5-7 doses for fluralaner and 12 doses for the other three products dosed monthly."	( Analysis of gaps in feline ectoparasiticide purchases from veterinary clinics in the United States. Heaney, K; Husain, I; Lavan, R; Normile, D; Singh, A, 2021)	0.62
" However, clinical translation has been impeded by dose-limiting toxicities that have necessitated dosing schedules which have reduced therapeutic efficacy."	( Heat-activated nanomedicine formulation improves the anticancer potential of the HSP90 inhibitor luminespib in vitro. Ahmed, L; Allen, C; Bannigan, P; Dunne, M; Epp-Ducharme, B; Evans, JC; Fan, L, 2021)	0.62
"The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of hard capsule shells on the possibility of non-invasive monitoring and authentication of medicines presented in capsules dosage form."	( Influence of the quality of capsule shell on the non-invasive monitoring of medicines using Terizidone as an example. Balyklova, KS; Demkin, NA; Pomerantsev, AL; Rodionova, OY; Titova, AV, 2021)	0.62
" Berzosertib plus cisplatin with gemcitabine was associated with significantly higher hematologic toxicities despite attenuated dosing of cisplatin with gemcitabine."	( Effect of Cisplatin and Gemcitabine With or Without Berzosertib in Patients With Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. Cui, Y; Dreicer, R; Emamekhoo, H; Frankel, PH; Hoimes, C; Kim, WY; Lara, PN; Lyou, Y; Michaelson, D; Milowsky, M; Mortazavi, A; Newman, E; Pal, SK; Parikh, M; Parikh, R; Srinivas, S; Teply, B; Vaishampayan, U; Weng, P; Zhang, T, 2021)	0.62
" The most frequently reported benefit of using fluralaner was the 12-week dosing interval, selected by 76% of respondents in the US, 82% in the UK, and 70% in France."	( Flea and tick treatment satisfaction, preference, and adherence reported by cat owners in the US, UK, or France who treated their cats with transdermal fluralaner. Armstrong, R; Hubinois, C; Lavan, RP; Newbury, H; Normile, D, )	0.13
" A longer flea and tick dosing interval, as seen with fluralaner, correlates with higher user satisfaction and preference among cat owners."	( Flea and tick treatment satisfaction, preference, and adherence reported by cat owners in the US, UK, or France who treated their cats with transdermal fluralaner. Armstrong, R; Hubinois, C; Lavan, RP; Newbury, H; Normile, D, )	0.13
" Blood samples were collected through 168 hours after dosing for quantification and plasma protein-binding determination."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tropifexor, a Potent Farnesoid X Receptor Agonist, in Participants With Varying Degrees of Hepatic Impairment. Chen, J; Gu, J; Hackling, M; Nidamarthy, PK; Prince, WT; Reis da Silva Torrao, L; Shah, B; Stringer, R; Woessner, R, 2022)	0.72

Class	Description
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent
monocyclic heteroarene
isoxazoles	Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID701844	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-12, Volume: 55, Issue:13	Mitigating heterocycle metabolism in drug discovery.
AID8112	Specificity constant of the BSA-catalyzed deprotonation of compound at pH 9	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-05, Volume: 8, Issue:9	An enantioselective fluorimetric assay for alcohol dehydrogenases using albumin-catalyzed beta-elimination of umbelliferone.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	751 (9.11)	18.7374
1990's	1225 (14.86)	18.2507
2000's	2597 (31.50)	29.6817
2010's	3187 (38.65)	24.3611
2020's	485 (5.88)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	900 (10.43%)	5.53%
Reviews	833 (9.65%)	6.00%
Case Studies	526 (6.09%)	4.05%
Observational	23 (0.27%)	0.25%
Other	6,351 (73.57%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.1	1	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
alpha-ketobutyric acid alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.	1.97	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; short-chain fatty acid
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	1.97	1	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	16.9	333	7	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.52	2	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid 5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	human metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	3.79	3	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.02	1	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
adenine [no description available]	4.79	9	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.85	12	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	2.78	3	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	1.99	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.93	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.17	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	2.76	3	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	4.02	4	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	1.96	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	5.45	2	2	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	3.14	5	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.39	2	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
cadaverine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	6.26	17	0	amino-acid anion
carbamyl phosphate Carbamyl Phosphate: The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).	3.08	5	0	acyl monophosphate; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ureidosuccinic acid ureidosuccinic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. N-carbamoylaspartic acid : An N-carbamoylamino acid that is aspartic acid with one of its amino hydrogens replaced by a carbamoyl group.	2.38	2	0	aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; N-carbamoyl-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.91	4	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	4.86	35	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
catechol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	7.73	3	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	7.82	22	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.4	2	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	6.27	35	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	4.35	4	1	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	3.22	5	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.47	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
aminoethylphosphonic acid Aminoethylphosphonic Acid: An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.. (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.	2.13	1	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	4.46	2	2	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.41	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	3.63	2	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	2.68	3	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
nornicotine nornicotine: agricultural or horticultural insecticide; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure	2.41	2	0
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.03	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	5.74	3	1	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	2.88	4	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
2,4-diaminobutyric acid 2,4-diaminobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid : A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups.	3.06	5	0	diamino acid; gamma-amino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	2.74	3	0	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	1.99	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	3.36	7	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	3.6	9	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	4.9	1	1	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	2.72	3	0	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	7.56	17	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.52	8	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate: isomeric with isopentenyl pyrophosphate. prenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol.	2.15	1	0	prenol phosphate	epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
5,6-dihydroorotate 4,5-dihydroorotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. dihydroorotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that results from the base-catalysed cyclisation of N(alpha)-carbethoxyasparagine.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; N-acylurea; pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid; secondary amide
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	3.05	1	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.4	7	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	9.07	14	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	10.41	206	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	1.99	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.4	2	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2.07	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	3.09	5	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.23	4	1
histamine [no description available]	4.45	5	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.68	3	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.41	2	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	9.03	14	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	9.09	4	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	7.98	4	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	4.57	7	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.7	3	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	3.22	6	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.43	2	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.13	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.02	1	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	3.28	6	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.75	3	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	6.78	5	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	2.91	4	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
naphthalene [no description available]	2.47	2	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	3	4	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	3.23	5	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.1	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	3.41	7	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.02	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.41	7	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.08	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	3.68	10	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	1.97	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.7	3	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	1.98	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.87	3	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.	2	1	0	phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound	algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.37	2	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	3.5	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.45	2	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.69	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	5.92	18	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	4.36	6	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.42	2	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	4.37	3	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.41	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.1	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	3.01	4	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
spermidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
taurine [no description available]	3.85	12	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.05	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
tryptamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	3.13	5	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	6.19	12	3	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	6.52	24	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.	2.02	1	0	prenol phosphate	antigen; antioxidant; epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	3.62	9	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0	tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.69	3	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	6.03	36	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	1.98	1	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	4.45	7	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
(alpha-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (alpha-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine: structure given in first source; glutamate receptor agonist	2.02	1	0	alpha-amino acid
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	1.96	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	3.78	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.06	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.25	6	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	3.3	6	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
pd 173074 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; dimethoxybenzene; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2.17	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	3.51	2	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.07	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-hydroxysaclofen 2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source	2	1	0	organochlorine compound
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2	1	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.46	2	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	2	1	0	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.42	2	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
phaclofen phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source	4.18	5	0	organophosphate oxoanion; zwitterion
tramiprosate tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.	3.22	6	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0	phenols
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.67	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	4.09	4	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
pleconaril WIN 63843: structure given in first source	5.56	8	0
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-ol 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-ol: inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; RN given refers to parent cpd	6.92	30	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	3.1	5	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	5.09	10	1	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	12.23	50	3	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
win 52035 Win 52035: structure given in first source	3.38	7	0	aromatic ether
win 52084 Win 52084: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 7/89	4.14	16	0	aromatic ether
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.69	3	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.12	5	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	13.52	43	24	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	5.8	6	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethacridine Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.	2.46	2	0	acridines
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	7.18	12	9	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	6.18	3	1	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	1.95	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.4	2	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	3.08	5	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.	1.96	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid
theophylline [no description available]	3.63	9	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
dan 2163 [no description available]	4.78	5	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.54	2	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.21	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	3.15	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	2.42	2	0	methoxybenzenes
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.47	2	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version	1.97	1	0
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	4.03	4	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.13	1	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
arotinolol arotinolol: structure given in first source; arotinolol is the (+-)-isomer	3.41	1	1	aromatic amide; thiophenes
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	8.49	19	7	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.07	1	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist	5.08	42	0	alpha-amino acid
atrazine [no description available]	3.44	7	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	12.69	50	2	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.13	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	2.21	1	0	azobenzenes
baclofen [no description available]	8.53	79	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.49	2	0	benzamides
benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.	2.01	1	0	benzenes; carboxamidine	serine protease inhibitor
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	4.9	1	1	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	2.02	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	2.4	2	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.1	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.25	1	0
bumetanide [no description available]	2.44	2	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	6.87	5	5	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	3.76	3	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
caffeine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.79	7	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	2	1	0	biphenyls
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	15.48	96	8	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxide carbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.	3.8	2	1	dibenzoazepine; epoxide; ureas	allergen; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.46	2	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.1	5	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.92	4	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	1.99	1	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	21.15	98	14	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	2.11	1	0
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.08	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.05	1	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	4.06	2	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	3.23	6	0	benzodiazepine
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	7.24	12	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	4.79	10	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.11	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.05	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	7.33	12	1	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cirazoline cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	6.52	9	2	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.97	1	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	7.4	11	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	4.11	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	3.08	1	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	9.09	16	2	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	3.6	9	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.02	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	2.48	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	2.49	2	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	1.96	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.02	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	6.18	3	1	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	3.37	1	1	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.91	4	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	3.6	9	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.69	3	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	8.94	59	2	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.03	1	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	1.99	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.45	2	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	11.79	39	12	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	3.06	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	4.95	12	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.89	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	2.08	1	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	1.99	1	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	3.22	6	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	3.5	2	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
disulfoton Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.	2.04	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.05	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	15.02	73	9	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	1.99	1	0
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.	1.98	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.43	2	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	4.42	6	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
e 4031 E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD	2.02	1	0	sulfonamide
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	4.9	1	1	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
eperisone eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines
epirizole Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.	3.34	1	1	aromatic ether
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.99	13	0
etanidazole Etanidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.. etanidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent
etazolate Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.	1.96	1	0	ethyl ester; hydrazone; pyrazolopyridine	alpha-secretase activator; antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.31	1	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	6.04	8	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	3.83	2	1	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	8.62	17	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	6.76	9	7	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	6.94	10	7	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	4.62	7	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	3.62	9	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	4.05	15	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	4.61	8	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	5.02	7	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.	2.08	1	0	decanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; prodrug
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	5.85	7	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	5.08	3	3	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fp 83 FP 83: structure given in first source	5.08	3	3	organic molecular entity
fluspirilene Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	1.95	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	4.67	8	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.95	4	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	1.97	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	12.62	41	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gaboxadol gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure	18.87	478	36	oxazole
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid 4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure	6.53	15	1
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	1.99	1	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gbr 12935 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).	2.11	1	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	4.71	2	1
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.1	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	1.95	1	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	5.72	6	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	8.84	137	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	3.82	2	1	methoxybenzenes
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	3.17	1	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.72	3	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
guvacine guvacine: RN given refers to parent cpd. guvacine : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which has been hydrogenated at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions of the pyridine ring.	2.13	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; beta-amino acid; pyridine alkaloid; secondary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	GABA reuptake inhibitor; plant metabolite
gyki 52466 GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0	benzodiazepine
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.21	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.21	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	15.5	95	23	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	3.76	2	1	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	2.9	4	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2.38	2	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	1.95	1	0	barbiturates
tele-methylhistamine tele-methylhistamine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist. N(tele)-methylhistamine : A primary amino compound that is the N(tele)-methyl derivative of histamine.	1.96	1	0	imidazoles; primary amino compound	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.4	2	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.02	1	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	10.35	39	2	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	3.83	3	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
mk 473 MK 473: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	8.34	16	4	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	5.93	9	3	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	2.21	1	0	piperidines
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	3.98	4	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	2.01	1	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indolepropanol phosphate indolepropanol phosphate: binds specifically to the alpha subunit, but not to the beta subunit of tryptophan synthase. 3-(indol-3-yl)propyl phosphate : An monoalkyl phosphate compound having an O-3-(indol-3-yl)propyl substituent.	2.15	1	0	indoles; monoalkyl phosphate
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	4.76	30	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.02	1	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.39	2	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	3	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	6.55	27	0	tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	3.69	10	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.39	2	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	2.41	2	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	7.7	10	4	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	3.11	5	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	5.58	9	2	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	5.97	4	1	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	12.37	28	16	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.38	2	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kojic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
kojic amine kojic amine: author refers to above as GABA analog; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.06	5	0
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	3.42	7	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	2.06	1	0
lamotrigine [no description available]	14.32	60	3	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	1.99	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	25	1,313	130	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	3.15	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lg 100268 LG 100268: a retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective compound; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
qx-314 QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	local anaesthetic
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	3.51	8	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	5.47	4	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
ly 171883 LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.	2.39	2	0	acetophenones; aromatic ether; phenols; tetrazoles	anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.17	5	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.08	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	2.42	2	0	anthracenes
edaravone [no description available]	4.9	1	1	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.9	4	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	3.54	2	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
memantine [no description available]	3.63	2	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.13	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	8.56	8	6	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	4.9	1	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	1.98	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	5.86	2	1	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.03	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	4.14	1	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	5.89	10	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	2.03	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolachlor metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.75	3	0	aromatic amide; benzenes; ether; organochlorine compound
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	4.1	3	1	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	3.38	1	1	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	5.27	12	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	3.38	1	1	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	3.49	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	5.87	2	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
mofezolac mofezolac: Cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; structure in first source; RN from Toxlit	9.77	31	0	methoxybenzenes
monodansylcadaverine monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.	1.99	1	0	aminonaphthalene; primary amino compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; protective agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	15.78	133	1	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.25	6	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.77	3	0	purine nucleoside
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.02	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	3.08	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.01	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	3.35	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	7.62	9	3	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.73	3	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	4.74	9	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nipecotic acid nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	3.49	8	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoxetine nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	3.45	1	1	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	2.02	1	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2.01	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.01	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	3.28	6	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	5.54	3	1	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	5.3	3	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	3.52	2	0	carbazoles
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	1.98	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.39	1	1	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.03	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.18	5	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	2.71	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	3.93	2	1	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	7.99	4	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pamidronate [no description available]	4.09	2	0	phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.37	2	0	aromatic amine
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.3	6	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.86	12	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	4.54	4	0	oxopurine
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	3.37	1	1	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.38	2	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	1.95	1	0	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	12.51	36	3	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	2.51	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	1.95	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.39	2	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.41	2	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	3.81	2	1	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	4.36	6	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipamperone pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.	3.77	2	1	aromatic ketone; bipiperidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
piperazine [no description available]	3.94	3	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist	3.59	9	0
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	14.33	57	3	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	5.96	5	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.38	7	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.08	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2.02	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0	chromones
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	5.54	5	3	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.68	3	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	2.7	3	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.39	2	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	4.33	20	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	3.54	2	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	1.99	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
propachlor propachlor: structure. propachlor : An anilide that consists of 2-chloroacetanilide bearing an N-isopropyl substituent.	1.98	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
proxymetacaine proxymetacaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.42	1	1	benzoate ester
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	3.89	12	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	6.31	7	2	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	6.84	11	2	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
qx-222 QX-222: amphipathic amine; RN given refers to ion; structure	2.13	1	0	amino acid amide
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	2.07	1	0	benzothiazoles
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	21.71	435	107	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	5.71	11	2	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate	2	1	0	tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
ro 15-4513 Ro 15-4513: a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors	2.73	3	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
rofecoxib [no description available]	14.7	75	9	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	2.01	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ronidazole Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.	1.95	1	0	C-nitro compound; carbamate ester; imidazoles	antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.48	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sarpogrelate sarpogrelate: structure given in first source	2.41	1	0	hemisuccinate; stilbenoid
salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.	2.01	1	0	benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.02	1	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	1.99	1	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	6.82	7	1	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	4.05	2	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.43	2	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sk&f 97541 3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid: structure given in first source; GABA-A receptor antagonist	2.11	1	0
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.15	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	3.43	1	1	pyridines
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	3.24	6	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
fenofibrate [no description available]	3.14	1	0	benzochromenone; delta-lactone; naphtho-alpha-pyrone	platelet aggregation inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.15	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylacetone succinylacetone: inhibitor of heme biosynthesis. 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is heptanoic acid in which oxo groups replace the hydrogens at positions 4 and 6. It is an abnormal metabolite of the tyrosine metabolic pathway and a marker for type 1 tyrosinaemia.	1.97	1	0	beta-diketone; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	3.41	1	1	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.96	4	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	5.82	12	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	17.84	113	18
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.85	4	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.67	3	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	7.29	13	1	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sulthiame sulthiame: was heading 1964-94 (see under THIAZINES 1964-90); use THIAZINES to search SULTHIAME 1966-94	5.25	3	0	organic molecular entity
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	3.08	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.46	2	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
4-methylglutamic acid 4-methylglutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is glutamic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	1.99	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glutamic acid derivative
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.06	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tegafur [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	2.66	2	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.79	2	1	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.01	1	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	3.59	1	1	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.37	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
3-hydroxyaspartic acid 3-hydroxyaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyaspartic acid : A hydroxy-amino acid that is aspartic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.99	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; hydroxy-amino acid
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	5.7	6	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	2.21	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	3.51	2	0	thiazolidenedione
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	4.04	4	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	2.21	1	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	5.11	5	2	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	1.98	1	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.37	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source	4.04	4	0
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	3	1	0	amino acid
tremorine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
triallate Triallate: A pre-emergence, selective herbicide for the control of wild oats in various crops.	2.52	2	0	tertiary amine
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	2.7	3	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
triclosan [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluralin Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.	2.77	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	3.87	2	1	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	3.27	6	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-methylurapidil [no description available]	1.98	1	0
urethane [no description available]	2.4	2	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
usnic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	benzofurans
vesnarinone [no description available]	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
vigabatrin [no description available]	10.43	33	2	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
wb 4101 N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxine; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.46	2	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	2.01	1	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	3.48	1	1	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.73	3	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	7.73	20	9	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	22.35	614	94	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	2.93	4	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
zotepine zotepine: structure	2.67	3	0	dibenzothiepine; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic drug
corticosterone [no description available]	3.51	8	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	10.7	38	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	2.38	2	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	3.36	7	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.38	2	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.38	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	3.23	6	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.78	3	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	7.75	3	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.46	2	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.08	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	4.34	6	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.26	6	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	5.65	6	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	12.93	39	11	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	7.71	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	3.81	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	2.13	1	0
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	1.99	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.8	3	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	1.99	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	5.85	18	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.1	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.67	3	0	dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.02	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	5.05	41	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	4.61	26	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.25	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.66	3	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	6.3	29	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	9.37	64	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	11.47	13	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.13	5	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.66	3	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	4.49	2	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	3.26	6	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	3.81	2	1	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.37	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	4.5	24	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	1.95	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	3.21	1	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	5.91	9	3	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	1.99	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	7.53	41	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	1.98	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.41	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.57	2	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	11.19	31	3	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	1.97	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
benzoxazolone benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	benzoxazole	allelochemical; phytoalexin
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	6.89	12	1	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	1.98	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.83	3	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	5.82	35	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	3.25	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
monomethylhydrazine Monomethylhydrazine: Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.	3.12	1	0
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	3.47	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.37	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	1.99	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	6.87	8	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aniline [no description available]	2.1	1	0	anilines; primary arylamine
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	1.97	1	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	1.97	1	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.64	6	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.71	3	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	6.72	7	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.06	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	11.04	48	3	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.17	5	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	6.41	7	1	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	3.61	9	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.52	9	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	7.94	4	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	4.88	11	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.81	11	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.05	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2	1	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	3.4	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	8.75	20	2	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	2.1	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.36	7	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	2.9	4	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	3.41	7	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.38	2	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.94	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	3.48	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	3.78	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	3.41	1	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	11.45	56	3	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.27	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
cordycepin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	4.18	5	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.56	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	6.78	11	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
acetylene [no description available]	2.46	2	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.59	2	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.04	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	1.97	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3	4	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
formaldoxime formaldoxime: structure in first source. nitrone : A nitrogen ylide obtained by oxygenation of any imine.	7.1	1	0
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	2.05	1	0	acyl chloride
fluoroform fluoroform: structure	1.98	1	0	fluoromethanes	refrigerant
nitromethane nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.	7.11	1	0	primary nitroalkane; volatile organic compound	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; explosive; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	1.99	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	6.29	11	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	3.13	1	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.05	1	0
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	1.96	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2	1	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
3-buten-2-one buten-2-one : A methyl ketone that is butan-2-one with an unsaturation at position 3.	1.97	1	0	enone; methyl ketone
propionamide [no description available]	2.21	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; primary fatty amide
acrylamide [no description available]	3.1	5	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.97	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
methyl acetate methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.	2.41	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; fragrance; polar aprotic solvent
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	3.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	4.9	1	1	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	5.01	12	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
quintozene quintozene: active ingredient of variety of fungicides. pentachloronitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which every hydrogen has been replaced by a chlorine. A fungicide used on a variety of crops, including cotton, rice and seed grains, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	1.96	1	0	aromatic fungicide; C-nitro compound; pentachlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	8.04	15	3	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.	1.98	1	0
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.11	5	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
phthalimide phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.05	1	0	phthalimides
propoxycaine Propoxycaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)	3.42	1	1	benzoate ester
1-naphthoic acid naphthoic acid : An aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of a naphthalene skeleton substituted by one or more carboxy groups.	2.04	1	0	naphthoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fungal xenobiotic metabolite
methylmercury ii [no description available]	1.98	1	0	methylmercury compound
2,6-xylidine 2,6-xylidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-dimethylaniline : A primary arylamine that is aniline in which the hydrogens at the 2- and 6-positions are replaced by methyl groups. It is used in the production of some anasthetics and other chemicals. It is a drug metabolite of lidocaine (local anasthetic).	1.99	1	0	dimethylaniline; primary arylamine	carcinogenic agent; drug metabolite
hexachlorobutadiene hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure	2.67	3	0	organochlorine compound
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	3.41	7	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	2.38	2	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	6.72	17	1	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
quinoline [no description available]	2.5	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	1.97	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.41	1	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.95	4	0	xanthene
mecoprop mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.07	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	2.05	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
2-chloroaniline [no description available]	2.07	1	0
1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.	2	1	0	phenylenediamine	hydrogen donor
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for bromine & chlorine moieties	1.97	1	0	organochlorine compound
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.36	2	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.	3.47	8	0	5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	1.95	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
4-toluenesulfonyl chloride [no description available]	2.02	1	0
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.91	4	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.25	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene [no description available]	2.38	2	0
4-nitroaniline [no description available]	1.97	1	0	nitroaniline	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	7.74	3	0	benzenes; nitrile
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	3.87	11	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
acetoacetanilide N-phenylacetoacetamide: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ethyl bromoacetate [no description available]	4.9	1	1
ethyl cyanoacetate ethyl cyanoacetate: affect muscarinic and nicotinic receptors; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.25	1	0
allyl bromide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
acrolein [no description available]	2.93	4	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.71	3	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
dimethyldioctadecylammonium dimethyldioctadecylammonium: a cationic lipid analog; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2	1	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.1	1	0
vinyl acetate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	acetate ester
diisopropyl ether [no description available]	2.07	1	0
acetic anhydride acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.	1.97	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride	metabolite; reagent
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	2	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
bromobenzene [no description available]	1.98	1	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	3.43	7	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dicyanmethane malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.51	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; dinitrile
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	7.57	44	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.21	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	6.93	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	18.8	210	32	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.1	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	4.11	4	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	3.17	1	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
hexahydroazepine hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.17	1	0	azacycloalkane; azepanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	2.21	1	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
pelargonic acid pelargonic acid: K salt acts as cariostatic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nonanoic acid : A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.	2.13	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antifeedant; Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	2.02	1	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
propylene propylene: structure	2.1	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid : A benzoic acid derivative carrying 3-, 4- and 5-methoxy substituents.	1.99	1	0	benzoic acids; methoxybenzenes	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
chloranil Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.	2.38	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	1.97	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.1	1	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
triethylamine [no description available]	8.01	4	0	tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.94	4	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
1,4-naphthoquinone naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.	2.05	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	2.01	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	1.97	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	6.2	10	1	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	2.95	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyacetacide cyacetacide: structure	1.93	1	0
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	4.9	1	1	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.	2.13	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	chelator
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.03	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	1.97	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
tetraphenylborate Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.	1.97	1	0
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.39	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.68	3	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	1.95	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
potassium cyanide [no description available]	5.42	4	1	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.48	2	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	5.22	16	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	9.37	27	1	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.57	2	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	7.09	10	1	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	2.03	1	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzisothiazole benzisothiazole: structure in first source. 1,2-benzisothiazole : A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole.	2.05	1	0
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	4.7	9	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.24	5	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	6.53	8	1	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	16.33	521	25	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	13.79	109	9	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	3.17	1	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyridazine pyridazine: structure given in first source	3.17	1	0	diazine; pyridazines
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	5.59	13	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	17.47	56	3	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	3.51	2	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	8.63	9	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	1.96	1	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
pirinitramide Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.	7.17	6	6	nitrile
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	2.11	1	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.72	3	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
5-chlorosalicylic acid 5-chlorosalicylic acid: major metabolite of meseclazone; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-chlorosalicylic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by chlorine.	1.95	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; monochlorobenzenes; monohydroxybenzoic acid
flurothyl Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.	2.68	3	0	ether
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	4.39	4	1	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.49	2	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
phenylbenzoquinone phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.07	5	0
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	2.37	2	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride trans-1,4-Bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane Dihydrochloride: An anti-cholesteremic agent that inhibits delta 7-reductase, delta 14 reductase, and sterol biosynthesis.	3.08	1	0
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	4.09	3	1	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	3.7	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid 5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid: structure. 5-methyl-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid : A memebr of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole with methyl and carboxylic acid group substituents at positions 5 and 3 respectively.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pyrazoles	metabolite
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.75	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	4.06	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	3.81	3	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2.07	1	0	ketene
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	4.04	3	1	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	2.13	1	0	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	7.47	48	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	1.96	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
nuciferine nuciferine: CNS depressant; glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	3.77	10	0
menadiol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	methylnaphthalenes; naphthalenediols; naphthohydroquinone
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.. 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.	2	1	0	acyl sulfate; adenosine bisphosphate; purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.11	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
cytisine [no description available]	3.6	9	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	7.87	103	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
quinoline-4-carboxylic acid quinoline-4-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	quinolinemonocarboxylic acid
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	4.97	38	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
indole-3-carbaldehyde indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.	2.6	1	0	heteroarenecarbaldehyde; indole alkaloid; indoles	bacterial metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.31	1	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
azetidine [no description available]	3.17	1	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
oxetane oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.	7.06	1	0	oxetanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
trichloromethyl chloroformate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	7.78	20	1
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	4.36	6	0	thiazolidine
margaric acid margaric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. heptadecanoic acid : A C17 saturated fatty acid and trace component of fats in ruminants.	2.02	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; mammalian metabolite
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.38	2	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.76	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
tetranitromethane [no description available]	7.39	2	0	organonitrogen compound
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	1.99	1	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
dithiazanine Dithiazanine: 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.. dithiazanine : A cationic C3-cyanine dye with 3-ethylbenzothiazol-2-yl groups at both ends.	1.99	1	0	benzothiazoles; benzothiazolium ion	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	1.99	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.17	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	4.9	1	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.64	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.08	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.01	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.01	1	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.89	4	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	5.24	4	1	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.75	3	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	3.36	7	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
butyramide butanamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of butanoic acid and ammonia.	2.03	1	0	butanamides; primary fatty amide
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.94	12	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
n-butyl nitrite n-butyl nitrite: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1570	2.41	1	0	nitroso compound
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.15	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.82	3	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.44	2	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
2,4-dichloroaniline 2,4-dichloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,4-dichloroaniline : A dichloroaniline carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.5	2	0	dichloroaniline
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.68	3	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
linamarin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	beta-D-glucoside
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	1.99	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
glycylglycine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite
diepoxybutane diepoxybutane: difunctional alkylating agent; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	1.97	1	0	epoxide	mutagen
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2	1	0	bis(azo) compound
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	1.97	1	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	4.9	1	1	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
nitrosobenzene [no description available]	2.1	1	0	benzenes; nitroso compound	xenobiotic metabolite
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	5.97	2	1	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
allyl acetate allyl acetate: potential fumigant for treating stored grains	2.08	1	0
methylisonitrile methylisonitrile: structure	3.08	1	0	isocyanide
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	2.06	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.06	1	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	5.12	14	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
4-nitrobenzonitrile 4-nitrobenzonitrile: structure given in first source	7.06	1	0
methyl isocyanate methyl isocyanate: structure. methyl isocyanate : The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.	1.98	1	0	isocyanates	allergen; apoptosis inducer
methoxyacetic acid methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.11	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; human xenobiotic metabolite; mutagen
hexamethylene glycol hexane-1,6-diol : A diol that is hexane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6.	3.51	1	0	diol; primary alcohol
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.45	2	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester	hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.08	1	0
clopenthixol Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	3.37	1	1	N-alkylpiperazine; primary alcohol; thioxanthenes	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
glycochenodeoxycholic acid Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.	2.04	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	5.55	6	1	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
formal glycol [no description available]	3.15	1	0	cyclic acetal; dioxolane
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2.71	3	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannoheptulose Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.. D-keto-manno-heptulose : The open chain form of D-manno-heptulose.. D-manno-heptulose : A manno-heptulose with a D-configuration. It has been found in avocados.	1.96	1	0	D-manno-heptulose
diketene [no description available]	1.94	1	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.52	2	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
pyridine n-oxide pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.	2.06	1	0	pyridine N-oxides	drug metabolite
2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl Bromide: A chemical reagent that reacts with and modifies chemically the tryptophan portion of protein molecules. Used for 'active site' enzyme studies and other protein studies. Sometimes referred to as Koshland's reagent.	2	1	0
calcium citrate Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.	2.02	1	0	organic calcium salt	flavouring agent; food additive; food preservative; nutraceutical
ametryne ametryne: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, TRIAZINE (75-83) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & TRIAZINES (72-74); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. ametryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethylamino and an isopropylamino group at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.1	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide
n-methylpyrrolidone 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.	2.07	1	0	lactam; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones	polar aprotic solvent
2-phenylbenzothiazole 2-phenylbenzothiazole: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	7.3	9	2	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylphosphonic acid methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.	2.46	2	0	one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids
1-aminomethylphosphonic acid 1-aminomethylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid substituted by an aminomethyl group. It is a metabolite of the herbicide glyphosate.	3.58	7	0	one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	2.91	3	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	2.66	3	0	phenylacetaldehydes
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid 4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid: phenyl deriv of GABA; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.4	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxylic acid 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxylic acid: has anti-tumor, antiviral, hypoglycemic, antifungal and anti-HIV activities; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
2-acetylfuran 2-acetylfuran : A furan carrying an acetyl substituent at the 2-position. Used in the production of the antibiotic cefuroxime (CHEBI:3515).	6.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; furans; methyl ketone
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.02	1	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.94	4	0	alkali metal hydroxide
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	2.13	1	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.7	3	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	4.05	4	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.02	1	0
pseudouridine [no description available]	3.49	2	0	pseudouridines	fundamental metabolite
2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	benzenes; carbonyl compound
phenylphosphonic acid phenylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM same as N1	2.02	1	0	benzenes
metylperon metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone
diphenyldiselenide diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	3.23	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
2,5-dihydrofuran 2,5-dihydrofuran: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	2.9	4	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	3.13	5	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	1.99	1	0	2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.43	4	1	tertiary amine
5-hydroxyindole [no description available]	2.44	2	0	hydroxyindoles	human metabolite
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.1	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	4.32	20	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.7	3	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
meldrum's acid Meldrum's acid: structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	4.69	5	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
molinate molinate : A member of the class of azepanes that is azepane in which the nitrogen is substituted by an (ethylsulfanyl)carbonyl group, -C(=O)SEt. A thiocarbamate herbicide not approved for use in the U.S. or European Union, it is used control grass weeds in rice paddies.	2.96	4	0	azepanes; monothiocarbamic ester	agrochemical; antispermatogenic agent; herbicide
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	1.98	1	0	thioxanthenes
glyphosphine glyphosine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of glycine bearing two N-phosphonomethyl substituents.	2.02	1	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acids; tertiary amino compound	plant growth retardant
cme-carbodiimide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
uridine diphosphate galactose Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.. UDP-alpha-D-galactose : A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.	2	1	0	UDP-D-galactose	mouse metabolite
metobromuron metobromuron: structure	2.01	1	0	ureas
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	2.37	2	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
copper(ii) nitrate copper(II) nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having copper(2+) as the couterion.	2.11	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.52	2	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
9-anilinoacridine [no description available]	2.21	1	0
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.08	1	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	1.99	1	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
anabaseine anabaseine: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	bipyridines
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	6.93	8	1	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine [no description available]	2.46	2	0
phenoxyacetic acid phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.	2.57	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant growth retardant
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.54	2	0	carbon oxoanion
2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
cyanoketone Cyanoketone: 2 alpha-Cyano-17 beta-hydroxy-4,4',17 alpha-trimethylandrost-5-ene-3-one. An androstenolone-nitrile compound with steroidogenesis-blocking activity.	7.35	2	0
cladribine [no description available]	4.67	3	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
strombine N-methyliminodiacetic acid: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	4.9	36	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	1.99	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	4.68	6	1	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
terbutylazine terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.07	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
4-deethylatrazine desethylatrazine: a chlorotriazine herbicide; structure in first source. deethylatrazine : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a propan-2-yl group.	2.11	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	marine xenobiotic metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	4.41	21	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
dysprosium Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.	2.08	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	7.55	2	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	2.72	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	1.98	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	3.37	7	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.53	2	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	4.42	20	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.71	3	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	7.49	2	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	7.98	4	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	11.17	9	1	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	5.84	6	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.08	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	5.49	4	1	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	1.95	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.06	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.66	3	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.11	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.66	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	3.37	6	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.05	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	1.96	1	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	2.06	1	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	3	4	0	titanium group element atom
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	1.98	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.4	2	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.37	2	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2	1	0	sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.11	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
palladium chloride palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.	2.06	1	0	palladium coordination entity	catalyst
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	1.97	1	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.74	3	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	5.17	2	1	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.41	2	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.05	1	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.1	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
monoethylglycinexylidide monoethylglycinexylidide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; metabolite of xylocaine; structure. monoethylglycinexylidide : Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.	3.41	1	1	amino acid amide	drug metabolite
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	2.04	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.05	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	1.97	1	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.07	5	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	8.44	7	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.92	4	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	6.94	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	1.98	1	0
hymexazol hymexazol: a chemical used to sterilize soil; structure in first source. hymexazol : A member of the class of isoxazoles carrying hydroxy and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively. It is used worldwide as a systemic soil and seed fungicide for the control of diseases caused by Fusarium, Aphanomyces, Pythium, and Corticium spp. in rice, sugarbeet, fodderbeet, vegetables, cucurbits, and ornamentals.	1.97	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; isoxazoles	antifungal agrochemical
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	5.1	2	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.15	1	0	aluminium sulfate
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.05	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.39	2	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
cadmium nitrate cadmium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd. cadmium nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having Cd(2+) as the counterion.	2.03	1	0	cadmium salt; inorganic nitrate salt	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; hepatotoxic agent
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	1.97	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	8.61	29	2
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	3.21	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	2.06	1	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	3.09	5	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	1.96	1	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
cysteic acid Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.	1.96	1	0	alanine derivative; amino sulfonic acid; carboxyalkanesulfonic acid; cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	animal metabolite
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.46	2	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.55	7	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	4.11	3	1	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	4.1	3	1	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
devrinol devrinol: structure. napropamide : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-napropamide.. N,N-diethyl-2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propanamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is propanamide substituted by two ethyl groups at the nitrogen atom and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; naphthalenes
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	1.97	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
eedq EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent	2.66	3	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.7	11	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
showdomycin Showdomycin: 3-beta-D-Ribofuranosylmaleimide. Antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces showdoensis. It is possibly active also as a sulfhydryl reagent.	3.05	1	0
fluorides [no description available]	3.06	5	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
18-crown-6 18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	phase-transfer catalyst
mecysteine mecysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer. methyl L-cysteinate : An L-cysteinyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of L-cysteine with methanol. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough.	2.17	1	0	L-cysteinyl ester; primary amino compound; thiol	mucolytic
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.4	2	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
metribuzin metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.	2.01	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.92	4	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	12.79	48	2	benzenes; phenyl acetates
pyrrolidine [no description available]	4.78	5	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: flame retardant	2.41	2	0	trialkyl phosphate
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.83	5	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	4.25	17	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.06	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.6	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	4.9	1	1
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.03	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.1	1	0
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	1.95	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
alkenes [no description available]	6.05	36	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	8.48	73	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
alovudine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2.42	2	0
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	2.43	2	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.03	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	4.19	16	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	4.45	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	10.62	14	8	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
eterobarb [no description available]	3.08	1	0	barbiturates
gallium citrate [no description available]	4.9	1	1
benthiocarb Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.	2.42	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; monothiocarbamic ester
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	4.2	5	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	12.19	38	1	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate 1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC	3.34	6	0
meseclazone meseclazone: 2-methyl analog of seclazone; structure	1.95	1	0
dimethyl suberimidate Dimethyl Suberimidate: The methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. Each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine.	1.95	1	0
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	3.4	6	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.	3.48	1	1	formamidines; tertiary amino compound	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
etoposide [no description available]	4.65	6	1	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.91	4	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	2.11	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.06	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
gamma-aminobutyric acid cetyl ester gamma-aminobutyric acid cetyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
cartazolate cartazolate: structure	1.96	1	0
iprodione iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.	2.06	1	0	benzenes; dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; nematicide
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	4.46	7	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.72	3	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
hydroxymaprotilin hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.03	1	0
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
bezafibrate [no description available]	3.35	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.74	3	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
n-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine: reactive arylating intermediate from acetaminophen & N-hydroxyacetaminophen; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	ketoimine; quinone imine
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	2.02	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.94	4	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	5.73	6	3	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	1.97	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.53	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	3.13	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	4.83	3	2	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arildone [no description available]	2.41	2	0	methoxybenzenes
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	1.97	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
diaziquone diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines; carbamate ester; enamine	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	2.88	4	0
n-cyano-n'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-n''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine N-cyano-N'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-N''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine: potassium channel opener	2.02	1	0	pyridines
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	5.73	7	3	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
progabide acid progabide acid: RN given refers to NA salt; structure	2.37	2	0
progabide progabide: GABA agonist; structure	5.01	13	0	diarylmethane
chlorsulfuron chlorsulfuron: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. chlorsulfuron : An N-sulfonylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the non-sulfonylated nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group. A herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley and oats.	2.21	1	0	methoxy-1,3,5-triazine; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	3.45	7	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
metazachlor metazachlor: alpha-chloroacetamide herbicide. metazachlor : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl and a (1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.78	3	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazoles	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
amonafide xanafide: salt formulation of amonafide; DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor	2.11	1	0	isoquinolines
haloxyfop haloxyfop: RN given refers to parent cpd. haloxyfop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of haloxyfop-P (the more active, R enantiomer) and (S)-haloxyfop (the less active enantiomer). A post-emergence herbicide used to control annual and perennial grass weeds. Commercial use of the racemate was phased out in favour of the most active enantiomer, used as the proherbicide esters haloxyfop-P-methyl and haloxyfop-P-etotyl.. 2-(4-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-phenoxypropanoic acid in which the hydrogen at the para position of the phenyl ring has been replaced by a [3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy group.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; pyridines
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	4.38	2	2	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	6.25	19	2	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
haloperidol decanoate [no description available]	5.09	3	1	organic molecular entity
metsulfuron methyl metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.	2.46	2	0	1,3,5-triazines; benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.75	3	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	3.12	1	0	aromatic ketone
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	3.87	3	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	7.83	10	2	dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	1.97	1	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.04	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
imazethapyr imazethapyr: do not confuse with imazapyr, which is the 5-desethyl analog of imazethapyr	2.31	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
losulazine hydrochloride losulazine hydrochloride: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
clomazone clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.	6.81	75	0	isoxazolidinone; monochlorobenzenes	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	3.17	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.17	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	6.71	9	2	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
gusperimus gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride	5.78	7	0	N-acyl-amino acid
amifloxacin amifloxacin: structure in UD	3.06	1	0	quinolines
disoxaril disoxaril: antipicornavirus agent	11.24	46	0	aromatic ether
tiospirone tiospirone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
fosphenytoin fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source	3.11	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
brequinar brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.	6.61	15	0	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.9	4	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.06	1	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	tetralins
fadrozole Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.	2.41	1	0	imidazopyridine
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	4.05	2	0	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
remacemide remacemide: structure given in first source	4.01	2	0	stilbenoid
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	4.92	4	2	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	7.18	14	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	12.33	31	2	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	2	1	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	4.11	2	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	7.02	5	2	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	10.65	24	3	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
xanomeline xanomeline: a cholinergic agonist; used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	tetrahydropyridine; thiadiazoles	muscarinic agonist; serotonergic agonist
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	6.99	4	3	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	4.97	2	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
irinotecan [no description available]	4.39	3	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	3.5	1	1	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	10.8	19	9	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	4.9	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	3.27	6	0	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	4.1	3	1	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	9.49	7	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
4-pentenoic acid 4-pentenoic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. pent-4-enoic acid : A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.	1.96	1	0	pentenoic acid
pyranine pyranine: structure	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	3.24	6	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
prosulfocarb prosulfocarb : A monothiocarbamic ester that is carbamothioic S-acid substituted by two propyl groups at the nitrogen atom and a benzyl group at the the sulfur atom.	2.81	3	0	benzenes; monothiocarbamic ester	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
benoxacor benoxacor: a herbicide safener that protects corn from injury by metachlor	2.25	1	0	benzoxazine
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	3.1	5	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
sodium persulfate sodium persulfate: RN given refers to peroxydisulfuric acid, di-Na salt	2.05	1	0
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
colestipol Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.	3.35	1	0
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	2.31	1	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
cyamemazine cyamemazine: phototoxic neuroleptic effects; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	phenothiazines
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.43	2	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	3.53	7	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	4.95	2	1	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	2.01	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	6.11	10	3	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	3.57	2	0
ursolic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.63	9	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.48	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.8	3	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.02	1	0	2'-deoxycytidine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide: disulfide is an important moiety in this cpd. aldrithiol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a pyridin-2-yldisulfanediyl group at position 2. It is a reagent used in molecular biology as an oxidizing agent. Also used in peptide synthesis and for detecting thiols.	2	1	0	organic disulfide; pyridines	oxidising agent
norvaline norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure. L-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration.	1.96	1	0	2-aminopentanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.13	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bathocuproine bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.35	2	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	2.38	2	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.05	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	4.7	11	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1	2.41	2	0	purine nucleoside
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	3.23	6	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
tetraiodothyroacetic acid tetraiodothyroacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is thyroacetic acid carrying four iodo substituents at positions 3, 3', 5 and 5'.	2.08	1	0	2-halophenol; aromatic ether; iodophenol; monocarboxylic acid	apoptosis inducer; human metabolite; thyroid hormone
terizidone terizidone: minor descriptor (1975-1984); on-line & Index Medicus search OXAZOLES (1975-1984); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	9.65	18	2
lathosterol lathosterol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.03	1	0	3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid; Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
falintolol falintolol: RN & structure given in first source; RN refers to (anti-(R))-isomer	1.99	1	0
rilmakalim rilmakalim: potassium channel opener; rimalkalim may be a typo	1.99	1	0
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	5.48	4	1	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
n-phenylglycine N-phenylglycine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-phenylglycine : A glycine carrying an N-phenyl substituent.	2.01	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	allergen
boron nitride [no description available]	2.1	1	0	nitride
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.21	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.11	1	0
alpha-naphthyl isocyanate alpha-naphthyl isocyanate: used to separate enantiomers of beta-blockers; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
salicylhydroxamic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phenols	antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.68	3	0	phenanthroline
anthranil 2,1-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,2-oxazole ring across positions 3 and 4.	9.57	24	0	2,1-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	14	87	5	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	3.58	2	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
diazobenzenesulfonic acid diazobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	4.32	1	1	anthocyanidin chloride
2-aminobenzaldehyde 2-aminobenzaldehyde: structure	2.05	1	0
2-hydroxypyrimidine pyrimidone : A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.. pyrimidin-2-ol : The hydroxypyrimidine that is pyrimidine mono-substituted at C-2 by a hydroxy group.	1.99	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine	electron donor; Lewis base
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.08	1	0
2-bromohydroquinone 2-bromohydroquinone: metabolite of bromobenzene & 2-bromophenol; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	2.02	1	0	imidazoles
setoperone [no description available]	3.77	2	1
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	6.16	5	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	5.43	4	1	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	3.21	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	4.14	1	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
propacetamol propacetamol: prodrug for acetaminophen; structure given in UD; RN given refers to HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 5/90	5.72	5	4	alpha-amino acid ester
4-aminopyrimidine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aminopyrimidine
triheptanoin [no description available]	2.25	1	0
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.	3.18	4	0	quinolines
ethanolamine o-sulfate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
2,3-dihydrofuran dihydrofuran : Compounds containing a mono-unsaturated furan ring skeleton.	2.25	1	0	dihydrofuran
1,2-benzisoxazole 1,2-benzisoxazole: structure in first source. 1,2-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,2-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzisoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	5.69	14	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
perisoxal perisoxal: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	9.44	5	1	aralkylamine
dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.	1.96	1	0	fatty amide	geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent
broxaterol broxaterol: RN given refers to parent cpd	11	36	21
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	2.75	3	0
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	3.79	3	0
erythromycin propionate-n-acetylcysteinate [no description available]	2.11	1	0
pirodavir pirodavir: antipicornavirus agent; structure given in first source	2.5	2	0
ocaperidone ocaperidone: structure given in first source	2.67	3	0	pyridopyrimidine
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	21.49	100	17	1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.42	2	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.97	4	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
pyrithidium bromide [no description available]	1.95	1	0
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	3.18	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
leupeptin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
squalamine squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	bile acid
cyclopentenyl cytosine cyclopentenyl cytosine: inhibits CTP synthetase; used in therapy of colonic neoplasms; structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (1R-(1alpha,4beta,5beta))-isomer	2.02	1	0
fr 109615 cispentacin: structure given in first source; isolated from Bacillus cereus	2.08	1	0
amperozide amperozide : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by ethyl and 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]piperazin-1-yl groups. An atypical antipsychotic which was in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance-related disorders. It is a potent 5-HT2A antagonist and used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs.	3.08	1	0	diarylmethane; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary carboxamide; ureas	anxiolytic drug; dopamine uptake inhibitor; geroprotector; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	2.17	1	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxaben isoxaben : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid and the amino group of 3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-amine.	2.01	1	0	benzamides; isoxazoles	cellulose synthesis inhibitor; herbicide
thifensulfuron methyl thifensulfuron methyl: structure in first source. thifensulfuron-methyl : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of thifensulfuron with methanol. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control of grass and broad-leaved weeds.	2.06	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; methyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; thiophenes	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
carbohydrazide carbohydrazide: structure. carbohydrazide : A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.. carbonyl dihydrazine : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between hydrazinecarboxylic acid and hydrazine.	2.07	1	0	carbohydrazide; one-carbon compound
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	15.1	155	10	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroacridine 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroacridine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.1	1	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
5-aminopyrazole 5-aminopyrazole: structure in first source	2.53	2	0
phenylenediamine mustard phenylenediamine mustard: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	2.15	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
cyclopropylcarbinol cyclopropylcarbinol: potential anti-amoebic agent; inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase 2 from Entamoeba histolytica	2.07	1	0
1-benzylpiperidine 1-benzylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.59	2	0
methyl orsellinate methyl orsellinate: orcinol derivative from the lichen Peltigera leucophlebia (Peltigeraceae); structure in first source	2.25	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
phenyliodosodiacetate phenyliodosodiacetate: glycol-cleaving reagent used with amino alcohols in ring opening & Mannich base reactions; structure	2.11	1	0
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
bendamustine hydrochloride [no description available]	3.27	1	0
n-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3'-sulfonate N-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3'-sulfonate: reagent for rapid modification of carboxyl groups in proteins; structure	5.51	67	0
rivastigmine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	4.37	6	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine: structure	2.07	1	0
4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol [no description available]	1.99	1	0
lotrafiban [no description available]	2.01	1	0
gamma-glutamine-4-nitroanilide gamma-glutamine-4-nitroanilide: substrate for glutaminase B.; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.96	1	0
bexarotene [no description available]	2.15	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
s20098 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetamides
6-sulfanilamidoindazole 6-sulfanilamidoindazole: induces acute arthritis & periarticular inflammation in rats	1.97	1	0
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	2.48	2	0	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
acetaminophen cysteine acetaminophen cysteine: an acetaminophen metabolite	2.02	1	0	S-conjugate
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	6.17	3	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
isoxaflutole isoxaflutole: structure in first source. isoxaflutole : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazole substituted by a 2-(methanesulfonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl group and a cyclopropyl group at positions 4 and 5, respectively. It is a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor which is used as a herbicide for weed control in maize and sugarcane.	6.08	37	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ketone; cyclopropanes; isoxazoles; sulfone	agrochemical; EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor; proherbicide
3-phenyl-5-methylisoxazole-4-carbonyl chloride [no description available]	1.96	1	0
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	2.78	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
foe 5043 FOE 5043: an oxyacetamide with herbicidal activity; structure given in first source. flufenacet : An aromatic amide that is acetamide in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a propan-2-yl and 4-fluorophenyl groups while the methyl hydrogen is replaced by a [5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]oxy group.	2.82	3	0	aromatic amide; monofluorobenzenes; thiadiazoles	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
procion brilliant red m-2bs [no description available]	1.97	1	0
orellanine orellanine: isolated from Cortinarius orellanus	3.12	1	0	bipyridines
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	8.49	36	2	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors	1.97	1	0	pyrrolidines
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	5.19	11	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
tandospirone tandospirone: structure given in first source. tandospirone : A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM).	2.11	1	0	bridged compound; dicarboximide; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyrimidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug
goethite [no description available]	2.02	1	0
bis(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate bis(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: mutagenic,nephrotoxic metabolite of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, a flame retardant; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
methylglucoside [no description available]	2.04	1	0
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt	3.4	1	1
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	2.15	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound	protein kinase agonist
diflufenican diflufenican : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the carbamoyl nitrogen and a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; pyridinecarboxamide	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
quinclorac quinclorac: an herbicide. quinclorac : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-8-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 have been replaced by chlorines. It is used (particularly as its dimethylamine salt, known as quinclorac-dimethylammonium) as a (rather persistent) herbicide for the post-emergence control of weeds in rice, grass and turf. It is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	agrochemical; herbicide; synthetic auxin
sulcotrione sulcotrione: a bleaching herbicide. sulcotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted by a 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-triketone; cyclohexanones; sulfone	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
ac 263,222 imazapic: imidazolinone herbicide. imazapic : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazapic. It is a selective imidazolinone herbicide for pre- and post-emergent control of some annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds. It kills plants by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS).. 5-methyl-2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is 5-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl group, which in turn is substituted at positions 4, 4, and 5 by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups, respectively.	2.05	1	0	imidazolines; imidazolone; methylpyridines; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
sarsasapogenin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	sapogenin
isometamidium chloride isometamidium chloride: Samorin & Veridium are tradenames	1.95	1	0	organic molecular entity
n-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid N-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	diarylmethane
glycyltyrosine Gly-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
gamma-glutamylglutamate gamma-glutamylglutamate: an endogenous dipeptide in the rat olfactory bulb which activates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/93	2.39	2	0	dipeptide	human metabolite
16-dehydropregnenolone 16,17-didehydropregnenolone : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is pregnenolone with a double bond between positions 16 and 17.	2.02	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; enone
albizziin albizziin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.97	1	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
glycyl-l-phenylalanine glycylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Gly-Phe : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-phenylalanine residues.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite; metabolite
nipecotic acid amide nipecotic acid amide: RN & N1 form 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotamide : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of nipecotic acid with ammonia.	1.96	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
methyl beta-galactoside methyl beta-galactoside: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer. methyl galactoside : A methyl glycoside in which the H of the OH group on C-1 of galactose is replaced by a methyl group.. methyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.04	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; methyl D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative
pyrroline pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.	2.77	3	0	pyrroline
bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	3	4	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
imidazoleacetic acid imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure. imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.. imidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.	4.51	4	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
s-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.	2.37	2	0	glutathione conjugate
oxoglaucine 1,2,9,10-tetramethoxy-7H-dibenzo(de,g)quinolin-7-one: a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110alpha inhibitor that reactivates latent HIV-1; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid
nipecotic acid ethyl ester nipecotic acid ethyl ester: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
2,5-dihydroxypyridine pyridine-2,5-diol : A dihydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	4.9	1	1	dihydroxypyridine	mouse metabolite
isosteviol isosteviol: an antihyperglycemic agent; obtained by acid hydrolysis of stevioside; was indexed to steviol 1985-2007	2.08	1	0	diterpenoid
combretastatin combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN	2.07	1	0
coumarin 6 coumarin 6: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
rmi 15731 RMI 15731: structure	3.06	1	0
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0
karanjin karanjin: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	extended flavonoid
cinchonidine cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.04	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
galgravin galgravin: an anti-PAF constituent from the stems of Piper futokadsura, the Chinese drug haifengteng; structures of the isomers galgravin, galbelgin (10569-12-7) and veraguensin (19950-55-1) given in first source; RN given refers to galgravin, the (2alpha,3beta,4beta,5alpha)-isomer. galgravin : A member of the class of aryltetrahydrofurans carrying two 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as two methyl groups at positions 3 and 4.	2.15	1	0	aryltetrahydrofuran; dimethoxybenzene; lignan; ring assembly	bone density conservation agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer	3.17	5	0	21-hydroxy steroid
benzyloxyamine benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.42	2	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.15	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	3.13	5	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
mizoribine [no description available]	6.09	8	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	organic thiophosphate
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	2.05	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.71	3	0	oligopeptide
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	3.82	2	1
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	3.87	3	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	3.21	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
alphaxalone alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure	2.43	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
sr141716 [no description available]	4.05	2	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	4.36	6	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	14.45	59	8	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
bicuculline methiodide [no description available]	3.67	10	0
2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5h)-one 2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5H)-one: a mixed agonist/antagonist of the benzodiazepine receptor	2.67	3	0
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.42	2	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	beta-carbolines
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.07	1	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether: structure CF2=C(CF3)OCH2F; a vinyl ether	2.68	3	0	organofluorine compound
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0
dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes	2.05	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.71	3	0
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer	1.99	1	0
indo-1 indo-1: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source	1.96	1	0	beta-carbolines
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	5.64	14	0
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	1.98	1	0
n-benzylglucamine dithiocarbamate N-benzylglucamine dithiocarbamate: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	3.49	7	0
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	2.9	4	0	oligopeptide
bismuth nitrate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
pyronaridine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aminoquinoline
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.1	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
tryptoline tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.06	1	0	beta-carbolines
perhydrohistrionicotoxin perhydrohistrionicotoxin: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha(R*),7 beta,8 alpha))-isomer; structure	2.05	1	0
sr 95531 [no description available]	4.37	20	0	methoxybenzenes
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.02	1	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
bretazenil bretazenil: RN given for (S) isomer	2.04	1	0
cl 218872 CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure	2.37	2	0	pyridazines; ring assembly
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	5.1	5	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
dihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	capsaicinoid
triptolide [no description available]	4.06	4	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-n-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide 3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide: a dopamine receptor imaging agent; RN refers to (S)-isomer; RN & structure given in first source	3.77	2	1
s-nitrosomercaptoethanol S-nitrosomercaptoethanol: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor. It is an anti-infective agent and inhibits Bacillus cereus spore outgrowth.	2	1	0
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3h)-one 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3H)-one: inhibits binding of benzodiazepine cpds to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain	1.96	1	0
parthenolide [no description available]	2.98	4	0	germacranolide
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	2.67	3	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	3.08	5	0
tadalafil [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
leucinamide leucinamide: leucine aminopeptidase alternative substrate to leucyl beta naphthylamide; RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer	2.03	1	0
10-hydroxycarbamazepine 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine: main metabolite of oxcarbazepine; structure given in first source. licarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine, reduced across the C-10,11 positions and carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen and a hydroxy function at C-10. A voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects, it is related to oxcarbazepine and is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine.	2.47	2	0	carboxamide; dibenzoazepine; ureas	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker
desmethylsertraline desmethylsertraline: metabolite of sertraline	2.01	1	0
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	2.05	1	0
monochlorobimane monochlorobimane: marker for glutathione	2.44	2	0	organochlorine compound; pyrazolopyrazole	fluorochrome
way 100135 WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	piperazines
2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
s-(n-methylcarbamoyl)glutathione S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)glutathione: metabolite of N-methylformamide	1.98	1	0
dihydro-dids [no description available]	1.97	1	0
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.46	2	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
ici 198615 ICI 198615: an LTD4 receptor antagonist; SRS-A antagonist; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
sc 58125 1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole: a COX-2 inhibitor	2.73	3	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
nitisinone [no description available]	3.11	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; cyclohexanones; mesotrione	EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
ruthenium tetraoxide ruthenium tetraoxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of Ru-O4	2.03	1	0
u 99194a (5,6-dimethoxyindan-2-yl)dipropylamine: has 20-fold preference for D3 versus D2 dopamine receptors	2.03	1	0
mk 436 MK 436: structure	2.36	2	0
3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole 3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole: structure in first source	9.74	49	2
n,n-dipropyl-2-(4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl)ethylamine monohydrochloride N,N-dipropyl-2-(4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl)ethylamine monohydrochloride: structure given in first source; a sigma receptor ligand	2.03	1	0
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	4.9	1	1	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
muricholic acid muricholic acid: internal standard in analysis of fecal bile acids; RN given refers to (3 alpha,5 beta)-isomer	2.58	2	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 6-hydroxy steroid; 7-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
deramciclane deramciclane: structure in first source; RN refers to (exo-EGYT 3886)-isomer	3.19	1	0
n-4-hydroxymethylbenzylglucamine dithiocarbamate N-4-hydroxymethylbenzylglucamine dithiocarbamate: cadmium chelating agent; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
valdecoxib [no description available]	20.13	273	70	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
parecoxib parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.	22.4	420	188	isoxazoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
12-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid 12-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid: emits radioluminescence when excited by radioactive decay of tritium	1.98	1	0
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	4.53	2	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
fluorescein 5-maleimide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylcysteine S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine: activates bovine coronary arterial & rat hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2	1	0
dx 9065a (2S)-2-(4-(((3S)-1-acetimidoyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-(7-amidino-2-naphtyl)propanoic acid: structure given in first source	2	1	0
acetylphenylalanyl-prolyl-boroarginine Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH : A C-terminal boronic acid petide that is N-acetyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine in which the C-termnal carboxy group has been replaced by a borono (-B(OH)2) group. A thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor, thereby acting as an anticoagulant.. DuP-714 : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH and hydrogen chloride. A thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor, thereby acting as an anticoagulant.	2	1	0	acetamides; C-terminal boronic acid peptide; guanidines	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
o-carbamylserine O-carbamylserine: RN given refers to (D)-iosmer	1.94	1	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
benzyne benzyne: structure in first source. benzyne : 1,2-didehydrobenzene and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.98	4	0	aryne; benzyne
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.01	1	0	carbene; methanediyl
phosphoramide phosphoramide: RN given refers to triamide. phosphoramide : A compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).	2.11	1	0
hypoiodous acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	iodine oxoacid
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.45	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.55	2	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	5.82	6	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663 [no description available]	9.09	24	1	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib [no description available]	4.54	7	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)	3.13	1	0	leucine derivative
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	1.99	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
bay x 1005 2-(4-(quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid: inhibits synthesis of leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; inhibits five-lipoxygenase activating protein(FLAP)and leukotriene A4 hydrolase(LTA4H); structure given in first source;	2.05	1	0
nnc 711 NNC 711: structure in first source	2.4	2	0
7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one: structure. 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one : A cholestanoid consisting of a cholesterol core having an oxo group at the 3-position, a C=C bond at the 4,5-position and an alpha-hydroxy group at the 7-position.	3.35	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; cholestanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
23-seleno-25-homotaurocholic acid [no description available]	3.35	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	2.74	3	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
polytrimethylene carbonate trimethylene carbonate: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate: structure given on p.19451 of first source. sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate : A crown compound that is 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane in which the hydrogens of the amino groups at position 7 and 13 are replaced by 2-(2,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-1-benzofuran-6-yl groups. It is a cell-impermeant fluorescent sodium indicator.	1.99	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; crown compound; tetracarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	1.98	1	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
gamma-glutamylcysteine L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.	2.66	3	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
coenzyme f420 coenzyme gamma-F420-2 : The amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of F420-0 with the amino group of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid.	2	1	0
garenoxacin garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.	3.21	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; isoindoles; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rubimaillin rubimaillin: structure given in first source. rubimaillin : A benzochromene that is 2H-benzo[h]chromene which is substituted by two methyl groups at position 2, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a hydroxy group at position 6. Found in the Chinese medical plant Rubia cordifola, It has an anti-cancer effect by inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation. It is also a dual inhibitor of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 and 2 (ACAT1 and ACAT2), but is more selective for the ACAT2 isozyme.	2.08	1	0	benzochromene; methyl ester; phenols	acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
iguratimod iguratimod: an immunosuppressive agent	3.55	2	0	organic molecular entity
tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0
succinylacetoacetate 3,5-dioxooctanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is suberic acid which oxo groups replace the hydrogens at positions 3 and 5. It is an abnormal metabolite of the tyrosine metabolic pathway and a marker for type 1 tyrosinaemia.	1.97	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; beta-diketone	human metabolite
2-amino-3-(3-(carboxymethoxy)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid 2-amino-3-(3-(carboxymethoxy)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid: glutamate receptor antagonist; protects against kainic acid neurotoxicity in cultured cerebral cortex neurons	4.33	6	0
5-(4-piperidyl)isoxazol-3-ol 5-(4-piperidyl)isoxazol-3-ol: structure given in first source; a partial agonist at the GABA-A receptor on cultured hippocampal neurones; antagonizes muscimol-stimulated benzodiazepine binding to rat cortical membranes	6.1	15	0	piperidines
blonanserin [no description available]	3.58	2	0	organic molecular entity
anthglutin anthglutin: reversible inhibitor of glutamyl transspeptidase; structure	2.67	3	0
4',6-dichloroflavan 4',6-dichloroflavan: antirhinovirus cpd; structure given in first source	3.76	3	0
furamidine furamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; WR 199385 refers to di-HCl; pafuramidine is a prodrug of this	2.03	1	0
gyki 53655 GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist	3.11	5	0
methotrexate [no description available]	20.43	307	55	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
r 61837 R 61837: antirhinovirus cpd; structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl-1-((3-phenyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)methyl)pyridine 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl-1-((3-phenyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)methyl)pyridine: RN refers to (R)-isomer; a dopamine autoreceptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid: RN refers to (R-)-isomer; structure in first source; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.9	4	0
ly 293558 tezampanel: structure given in first source; an AMPA receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source	2.48	2	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
rg 6866 RG 6866: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
win 56291 Win 56291: anti-rhinoviral drug; structure given in first source	2.92	4	0
cgp 36742 (3-aminopropyl)(n-butyl)phosphinic acid: interacts preferably with GABA-B RECEPTORS (IC50=38 μM) and GABA-C receptors (IC50=62 μM) over GABA-A RECEPTORS (IC50=508 μM)	3.11	1	0
4-hydroxy-25-desoxyneorollinicin 4-hydroxy-25-desoxyneorollinicin: isol from Rollina papilionella; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
r 78206 R 78206: stabilizer of poliovirus virions & procapsids; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
sulbactam [no description available]	2.02	1	0	penicillanic acids
8-((4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyryl)thio)adenosine 5'diphosphate 8-((4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyryl)thio)adenosine 5'diphosphate: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
agatoxin-489 agatoxin-489: structure given in first source; anhydrous MW 489 Da; isolated from Agelenopsis aperta	2.02	1	0
cs 722 CS 722: has spinal reflex depressant effects; structure given in first source	3.08	5	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
n-(n-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-iodobenzamide N-(N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-iodobenzamide: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	piperidines
l 741742 L 741742: selective toward D4 receptors; structure in first source	2.93	4	0	primary amine
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
n-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-4-amino-1,2-naphthoquinone N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-4-amino-1,2-naphthoquinone: structure given in first source	3.49	8	0
carbapenems [no description available]	5.42	4	1
sk&f 100330-a SK&F 100330-A: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	D-xylose
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	2.25	1	0	quinomethane
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	11.73	10	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	6.75	18	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.46	2	0
bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(2+) ion bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(2+) ion: RN given refers to (Cu+2) cation	1.98	1	0
pitrazepin pitrazepin: effects are not tissue specific; induced a bursting discharge pattern in cultures derived from hippocampus & hypothalamus; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
fludalanine MK 0642: combination of fludalanine & pentizidone	1.96	1	0
isoarecolone [no description available]	2.01	1	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.1	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
bdp 12 1-(quinoxalin-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: modulates AMPA receptor desensitization ; an analog of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine	2.03	1	0	N-acylpiperidine
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	3.02	4	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.74	3	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
gamma-glutamylglutamine gamma-glutamylglutamine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. gamma-Glu-Gln : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the gamma-carboxy group of glutamic acid with the amino group of glutamine	2.38	2	0	dipeptide	human metabolite
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.	6.54	11	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	3.53	2	0
5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid 5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	8.13	5	0
jtt 501 JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source	6.14	17	0
cyanopindolol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	indoles
ym 09151-2 nemonapride: structure in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. nemonapride : A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.. (2R,3R)-nemonapride : An optically active form of nemonapride having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.68	3	0	N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)benzamide
5-methylsulfonylamino-6-phenoxy-1-indanone 5-methylsulfonylamino-6-phenoxy-1-indanone: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	11.62	28	12	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	2.15	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
bms 207940 N-((2'-(((4,5-dimethyl-3-isoxazolyl)amino)sulfonyl)-4-(2-oxazolyl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-2-yl)methyl)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamide: an ET(A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
pk 9084 PK 9084: anticonflict & anticonvulsant quinoline derivative; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	5.97	4	1	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
jte 522 tiracoxib: The combined administration of tiracoxib with probucol significantly inhibited the tumor growth. The angiogenesis was markedly reduced; no further information available 1/31/2001. tilmacoxib : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is that is 1,3-oxazole which is substituted at positions 2, 4 and 5 by methyl, cyclohexyl, and 3-fluoro-4-sulfamoylphenyl groups, respectively.	2.01	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
westiellamide westiellamide: from blue-green algae Westiellopsis prolifica; also from the marine ascidian Lissoclinum bistratum; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	cyclic peptide
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	4.9	1	1	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	4.9	1	1	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.01	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	4.45	7	0	carbodiimide
4-toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide [no description available]	2.49	2	0
decamethoxine decamethoxine: structure	2.21	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
(sulfobromophthalein)glutathione conjugate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.	6.93	14	0	5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
1-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)azetidine 1-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)azetidine: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
2-gluthionyl-3,5,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone 2-gluthionyl-3,5,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone: glutathione conjugate of tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone; irreversibly inhibits glutathione S-transferase	2.38	2	0
roxifiban acetate roxifiban acetate: structure in first source	3.5	8	0
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	2.02	1	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	2.76	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
1,2-diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine [no description available]	2.15	1	0
mefloquine carboxylic acid Ro 21-5104: structure given in first source; main metabolite of mefloquine	2.05	1	0	quinolines
acetylalanine 4-nitroanilide acetylalanine 4-nitroanilide: RN given refers to (S)-isomer	1.97	1	0
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	4.79	2	1
isoxazolin-5-one isoxazolin-5-one : An isoxazole that is 3-isoxazoline substituted at position 5 by an oxo group.	4.63	8	0	isoxazoles
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4h-isoxazolo(4,5-d)azepin-3-ol 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-isoxazolo(4,5-d)azepin-3-ol: glycine antagonist; see also record for (4,5-c) cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.66	3	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	3.54	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
4-hydroxynipecotic acid 4-hydroxynipecotic acid: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	1.96	1	0
gabaculine gabaculine: potent inhibitor of aminobutyrate aminotransferase from Streptomyces toyocaensis.; also inhibits a variety of PLP-dependent aminotransferases; structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (S)-gabaculine : The (S)-enantiomer of gabaculine.	1.96	1	0	5-aminocyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.47	8	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	9.27	13	11	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
mesotrione mesotrione: brandname is after the Callistemon (MYRTACEAE) plant it was found in; structure in first source. mesotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(methanesulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl group.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-triketone; C-nitro compound; sulfone	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	5.54	5	1	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
roxifiban roxifiban: structure in first source	8.05	37	7
xv 459 XV 459: structure in first source	5.89	13	2
lu 135252 [no description available]	4.34	3	0
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	10.43	143	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
pozanicline [no description available]	4.33	3	0
orbofiban orbofiban: structure in first source	3.4	7	0
quizalofop quizalofop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of quizalofop-P of and (S)-quizalofop. Quizalofop is used (commonly as the corresponding ethyl ester, known as quizalofop-ethyl) as a selective post-emergence herbicide against annual and winter-hard grasses. The active isomer is the R enantiomer, which is known as quizalofop-P.. 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-phenoxypropanoic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para position by a (6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy group.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; quinoxaline derivative
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester: is an indirect measure of cell membrane integrity-are noninvasive and can be monitored conveniently directly in multiwell plates	2.05	1	0
2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxamide 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxamide: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
propargylglycine propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.37	2	0
glycitin glycitin: structure in first source. glycitin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6, a hydroxy group at position 4' and a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 7.	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
ethyl-2-methylthio-4-methyl-5-pyrimidine carboxylate [no description available]	2.41	2	0
3-isoxazolidone 3-isoxazolidone: structure. isoxazolidinone : An oxazolidinone in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	4.01	15	0	oxazolidinone
n(1)-((5'-phosphoribulosyl)formimino)-5-aminoimidazo-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide N(1)-((5'-phosphoribulosyl)formimino)-5-aminoimidazo-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide: structure given in first source; an intermediate in imidazole glycerol phosphate synthesis	2	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
2-sulfamoylacetylphenol 2-sulfamoylacetylphenol: reductive metabolite of zonisamide	3.09	5	0
1-((4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thiazoyl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine 1-((4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thiazoyl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
n-(3-pyridylmethyl)adriamycin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
hydrastine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	isoquinolines	metabolite
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	3.4	1	1	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
razaxaban razaxaban: structure in first source	3.65	9	0
mcc-555 [no description available]	3.1	1	0
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	2.46	2	0	anabasine
lapatinib [no description available]	3.44	2	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	18.22	147	31	benzodioxoles
succinobucol succinobucol: monosuccinic acid ester of probucol; a metabolically stable modification of probucol, an equipotent antioxidant to probucol but is pharmacologically distinct	2.05	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
lenalidomide [no description available]	3.16	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	5.91	6	0	N-acyl-amino acid
santonin Santonin: Anthelmintic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia maritima and other species of Artemisia found principally in Russian and Chinese Turkestan and the Southern Ural region. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	2.47	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; santonin	plant metabolite
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.95	4	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	2.98	4	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.28	5	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.15	1	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
lanosterol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nogalamycin Nogalamycin: An anthrocycline from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by binding to DNA.. nogalamycin : An anthracycline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces nogalater. It is a DNA intercalator and exhibits anticancer properties.	2.37	2	0
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	6.33	11	1
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.59	2	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
esi-05 ESI-05: an Epac inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
nsc-126771 dichloroallyl lawsone: structure	2.41	2	0
acivicin [no description available]	15.24	393	10	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
pnu 120596 1-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)urea: an alpha7nAChR agonist; structure in first source	7.56	94	0	ureas
wortmannin [no description available]	2.73	3	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
menogaril Menogaril: A semisynthetic anthracycline with the amino sugar on the D ring. It displays broad-spectrum antineoplastic activity against a variety of tumors.	2.37	2	0
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.44	2	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
pifithrin mu 2-phenylacetylenesulfonamide: induces p53-independent apoptotic killing of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells; also inhibits Hsp70 and autophagy	2.13	1	0	benzenes
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.59	2	0
adozelesin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	4.56	4	0
interferon-gamma aplysamine-1: from sponge Aplysia sp.; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
sampangine sampangine: a plant-derived copyrine alkaloid extracted from the stem bark of Cananga odorata. sampangine : A copyrine alkaloid with formula C15H8N2O, extracted from several plants including the stem bark of Cananga odorata. It is a heme biosynthesis inhibitor and exhibits antifungal and anticancer properties.	2.21	1	0	alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.11	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	7.26	6	1	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.05	1	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.07	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
acetogenins Acetogenins: Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.	2.13	1	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	4.72	9	0
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.97	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	2.08	1	0
3-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid 3-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source; a selective GABA-A agonist; a cyclopentane analog of GABA; RN given for (trans)-isomer	3.08	1	0
secalonic acid secalonic acid: consists of 4 acids (A,C,D,E) differing only in their stereochemistry; RN given is for parent cpd; structure	3.15	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.52	2	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.77	3	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.46	2	0
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	1.96	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	4.31	4	1	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	2.72	3	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	oligopeptide
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.15	1	0
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	2.59	2	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.1	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	2.68	3	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.67	3	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.04	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.02	1	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	1.98	1	0	cellotriose
gulose gulose: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gulopyranose : The pyranose form of gulose.. gulose : An aldohexose that is the C-3 epimer of galactose.	1.98	1	0	D-aldohexose; D-gulose; gulopyranose
win 54954 Win 54954: broad-spectrum antipicornavirus drug; structure given in first source	6.18	18	2	aromatic ether
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	3.59	9	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.44	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	3.54	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	2.71	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
mycothiol mycothiol: a glyco-inositol-cysteine found in MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS which conjugates exogenous compounds for detoxication; it is a microbe counterpart to eucaryotic GLUTATHIONE; acted on by mycothiol disulfide reductase and mycothiol S-conjugate amidase and MDF dehydrogenase;. mycothiol S-conjugate : Any S-conjugate of mycothiol.. mycothiol : A pseudodisaccharide, 1D-myo-inosityl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, in which the hydroxy group at the 2-position of the glucose moiety is replaced by an (N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amido group.	2.03	1	0
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	4.24	3	1	benzazocine
rocuronium Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	3.46	1	1	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; acetate ester; androstane; morpholines; quaternary ammonium ion; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.03	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
linezolid [no description available]	4.37	3	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2.39	2	0
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.03	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
securinine securinine: a quinolizine pseudoalkaloid (not from amino acid) from Securinega suffurutiosa or Securinini nitras	1.98	1	0	indolizines
grandisin grandisin: structure given in first source; a lignan isolated from the bark of Cryptocarya crassinervia; RN given refers to ((2alpha,3beta,4alpha,5beta)-(-))-isomer	2.58	2	0	lignan
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.1	4	0
bispyribac bispyribac: acute human self-poisoning with bispyribac-containing herbicide Nominee has been reported; structure in first source. bispyribac : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by (4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy groups at positions 2 and 6. Its sodium salt is used as a broad spectrum post emergent herbicide for the control of grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds in rice crops.	2.57	2	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; pyrimidines	herbicide
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source	2.77	3	0	tetritol phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	3.57	2	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	3.39	1	1	tripeptide
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	1.99	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.02	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	1.95	1	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
sultamicillin sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam	2.02	1	0	penicillanic acid ester
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3.57	8	0	cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.15	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	3.13	1	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.91	4	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	8.47	16	3	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.07	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	4.13	2	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	1.99	1	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.02	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	12.7	73	3	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.06	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	4.04	14	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	3.5	1	1	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.02	4	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	13.93	75	4	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	1.98	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.06	1	0
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.72	3	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	6.59	8	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid 2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid: structure in first source	3.1	5	0
obeticholic acid obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.	5.82	10	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	farnesoid X receptor agonist; hepatoprotective agent
gw 3965 GW 3965: a liver X receptor ligand	3.02	4	0	diarylmethane
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	2.03	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2	1	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	3.12	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
eptifibatide [no description available]	3.12	5	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide	anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.19	5	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.07	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	4.9	1	1
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.07	1	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	1.96	1	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.37	7	0	actinomycin	mutagen
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	4.32	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	3.49	8	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	3.14	5	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.38	2	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.11	1	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	4.9	1	1	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
l 743,872 [no description available]	3	4	0
gw 257406x maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus	4.4	3	0
5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	2.44	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
cmx 001 [no description available]	3.61	2	0
abt 492 WQ 3034: structure in first source	3.21	1	0
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	2.52	2	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.46	2	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
2'-c-methylcytidine 2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.	2	1	0	potassium salt
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-n-oxyl 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-N-oxyl: structure given in first source	2	1	0	aminoxyls; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	8.59	8	7	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
oxazolidine oxazolidine: structure given in first source	3.85	3	0	oxazolidine
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.4	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
4-nitrophenyl hexanoate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
ferruginine ferruginine: norferruginine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
n-fluorobenzenesulfonimide N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.1	1	0	triterpenoid
deformylflustrabromine deformylflustrabromine: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Flustra folicea; structure in first source	2.61	2	0	tryptamines
geraniol [no description available]	4.9	1	1	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	3.13	1	0	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	2.99	4	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	5.34	10	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.98	13	0	isomethyleugenol
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	2.17	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	5.55	12	0	stilbene
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.31	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	3.53	1	1	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.1	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.38	2	0	diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	1.97	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
s 1033 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kcc 009 KCC 009: inhibits transglutaminase	5.95	12	0
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	1.97	1	0
bucillamine [no description available]	5.99	7	0	organic molecular entity
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	2.04	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
ly382884 [no description available]	2.71	3	0	benzoic acids
alphaxalone RU 5135: powerful antagonist of GABA stimulation of diazepam binding; structure in first source	2.89	4	0	11-oxo steroid
fludarabine [no description available]	4.52	5	1	purine nucleoside
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	4.57	7	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	4.5	5	1	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	3.83	3	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	2.41	2	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2.71	3	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.05	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-beta-d-glycero-hex-3-enopyran-2-ulose 1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhex-3-enopyran-2-ulose: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	anhydrohexose; deoxyketohexose
2-mercaptobenzimidazole 2-mercaptobenzimidazole: purine synthesis antimetabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	3.64	1	1	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
vrt 532 VRT 532: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine: acts on macrophage migration inhibitory factor; structure in first source. 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine : A member of the class of pyrimidines carrying iodo and phenyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.04	1	0	biaryl; organoiodine compound; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibitor
3-methyl-5-isoxazolecarboxylic acid 3-methyl-5-isoxazolecarboxylic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0
n-phenyl-n'-3-hydroxyphenylthiourea [no description available]	2.41	2	0
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.02	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
deltoin deltoin: from Saposhnikovia divaricata (Fang Feng in Chinese); structure in first source	2.17	1	0	furanocoumarin
5-(5-ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)isoxazole 5-(5-ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)isoxazole: inhibits Hsp27 phosphorylation; structure in first source	3.8	10	0
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	2.1	1	0	diarylmethane
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	2.1	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	12.17	15	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
cct018159 CCT018159: structure in first source. CCT-018159 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole carrying 1,4-benzodioxane-6-yl and 5-ethyl-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 4 and 5 respectively.	2.08	1	0	benzodioxine; pyrazoles; resorcinols	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
secinh3 SecinH3: a small molecule antagonist of cytohesins; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	triazoles
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.02	1	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
n-methylcytisine N-methylcytisine: alkaloid from Sophora flavescens with anthelmintic activity; RN given refers to parent cpd(1R)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	1.98	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
urb 597 cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	biphenyls
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.1	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	3.15	5	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	4.04	5	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.05	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	3.78	3	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.59	8	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	16.18	76	8	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
sodium ethoxide sodium ethoxide : An organic monosodium salt that has ethoxide as the counterion.	6.93	1	0	organic sodium salt	nucleophilic reagent
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	2.07	1	0
5-doxylstearate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aminoxyls
buthionine buthionine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.38	2	0
ccg 1423 CCG 1423: inhibits RhoA signaling; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.1	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
tamoxifen [no description available]	4.16	5	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nadp [no description available]	6.28	11	1
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	3.01	4	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	3.09	4	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium chloride 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium: a fluorescent redox probe used to provide direct visualization of actively respiring bacteria	2.42	2	0
3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione 3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	3.99	14	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.98	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.57	8	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0608 7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine: an antiviral agent	2.1	1	0
glycylproline Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	4.37	6	0	alkali metal atom
alpha-sarcin alpha-sarcin: basic protein 150 aa, MW 16 kDa; isolated from aspergillus giganteus; sequence similarity with ribonucleases such as RIBONUCLEASE T1; 85% identity with restrictocin; a ribotoxin cleaving the phosphodiester bond on the 3' side of G4325 in the alpha-sarcin/ricin domain of rat 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA; sometimes called a ribosome-inactivating protein but falls outside the normal definition of plant RIP that de-adenylate rRNA	1.97	1	0
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	4.79	7	1	salicylamides
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	4.05	2	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	3.14	5	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	2.49	2	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.42	2	0
s-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachloro-1,3-butadienyl)glutathione S-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachloro-1,3-butadienyl)glutathione: nephrotoxin; RN given for (L)-isomer	1.97	1	0
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.17	1	0
dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium: RN given refers to bromide	2	1	0
4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl)piperidine 4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl)piperidine: a potent ligand for sigma receptors; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	piperidines
cystine [no description available]	6.27	11	1
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.17	1	0	benzazepine
isothaz isothaz: muscimol antagonist	3.06	5	0
deracoxib SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.	7.31	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ly 303070 GYKI 53784: a 2,3-benzodiazepine cpd	2	1	0
3-deoxyhexulose 3-deoxyhexulose: interacts with the enzymes of fructose metabolism; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91. 3-deoxy-keto-D-fructose : A deoxyketohexose that is keto-D-fructose that is lacking the hydroxy group at position 3. A metabolite of 3-deoxyglucosone, a dicarbonyl sugar synthesised through the Maillard reaction.	2	1	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; beta-hydroxy ketone; deoxyketohexose; hexanone
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside [no description available]	2.41	2	0
18-crown-6 2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid 18-crown-6 2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid: structure in first source; RN given for (2R,3R,11,12)-isomer	2.08	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.11	1	0
naphthofluorescein [no description available]	2.11	1	0	xanthenes
cambinol cambinol: inhibitor of human silent information regulator 2 enzymes; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	3.39	7	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	4.01	14	0
cx717 CX717: structure in first source	6.26	17	2
gw 7647 GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.	2.5	2	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; ureas	PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	3.16	5	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	2.02	1	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	3.52	8	0	quinoxaline derivative
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2.76	3	0	quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.39	2	0
sew2871 SEW2871: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	4.25	18	0
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	3.63	9	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.9	4	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
ver-49009 VER-49009: inhibits heat shock protein 90 molecular chaperone; structure in first source. 5-(5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-N-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of ethylamine.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide; monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; pyrazoles; resorcinols	Hsp90 inhibitor
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	3.6	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.39	2	0
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	2.46	2	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	3.51	8	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	3.38	2	0
tcn 201 [no description available]	2.31	1	0
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	2.52	2	0	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2.92	4	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
tanikolide tanikolide: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
ku 55933 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source	2.53	2	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	5.71	10	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.92	4	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	8.48	43	2	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.73	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.03	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
scopoletin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.38	2	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.02	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.04	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	3.38	7	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	3.09	5	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	4.51	7	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	1.98	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	1.96	1	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	1.98	1	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	3.13	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	4.9	1	1	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	2.68	3	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	4.47	5	1	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin d2 9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin D2: has potent antineoplastic & weak smooth muscle contracting activities; structure given in first source. prostaglandin J2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins J that consists of prosta-5,9,13-trien-1-oic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 11 and a hydroxy group at position 15 (the 5Z,13E,15S stereoisomer).	2	1	0	prostaglandins J	human metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	5.8	4	2	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	3.56	1	1	thromboxane	human metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	7.52	2	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	3.41	7	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	4.54	7	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	3.65	2	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	3.35	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	2.04	1	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.11	1	0	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	4.9	1	1	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
garcinol garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi	2.17	1	0
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	2.13	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	2.08	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
gossypin gossypin: do not confuse with gossypin(e) which is synonym for choline. gossypin : A glycosyloxyflavone that is gossypetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage.	1.98	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; pentahydroxyflavone	neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
morusin morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.	4.9	1	1	extended flavonoid; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.15	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	4.9	1	1	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	3.5	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.03	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	2.07	1	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
iobenguane (131i) 3-((aminoiminomethyl)thio)-2-propenoic acid: potent agonist at GABA-receptors; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/89	3.49	2	0
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	3.23	6	0	stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	2.43	2	0	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
ro 61-8048 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	C-nitro compound
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.41	2	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	7.21	8	5	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-arachidonylglycine N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide	2.25	1	0	fatty amide; N-acylglycine
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	1.95	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
ubiquinone 8 [no description available]	4.9	1	1	ubiquinones	biomarker
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	3.34	6	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
codeine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
mitolactol Mitolactol: Alkylating antineoplastic toxic to bone marrow; used in breast cancer, also in combination with other drugs.	1.96	1	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	4.88	4	2	hydrochloride
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	3.61	2	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	2.4	2	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	4.47	2	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethisterone Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.	1.95	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	drug metabolite; progestin
hydrocodone Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.	5.75	2	2	morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	2.41	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	14.31	56	3	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
meprednisone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	4.47	5	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	6.66	7	3	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	11.23	42	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	16.15	74	8	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.43	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.	4.82	9	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	Hsp90 inhibitor
lobeline Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.	1.98	1	0
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	16	91	49	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
lysophosphatidylglycerol lysophosphatidylglycerol : A glycerophosphoglycerol resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylglycerol, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.44	2	0	a 3-acyl-sn-glycero-1-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)(1-)
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid 4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).	2	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor agonist; teratogenic agent
a 85380 A 85380: structure given in first source; A-85380 is the S-enantiomer; A-159470 is the R-enantiomer	2.02	1	0
ar-r 17779 AR-R 17779: structure in first source	2.43	2	0
3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine: an alpha7nAChR nicotinic receptor agonist	4.02	4	0	dimethoxybenzene
4-aminocrotonic acid [no description available]	4.02	4	0
a 192621 A 192621: ET(B) receptor antagonist	2.11	1	0
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	3.37	1	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	5.19	3	3	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	3.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	5.24	6	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
l 745870 3-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine: selective for D(4) receptors; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	piperazines
l 365260 L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively	1.99	1	0	benzodiazepine
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	8.11	69	1	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.1	1	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	4.54	7	0
obelin obelin: calcium-sensitive photoprotein obtained from the hydroid Obelia geniculata	1.97	1	0
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0
stiripentol stiripentol: structure	5.11	4	0
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	2.15	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mead acid mead acid: also known as 20:3(n-9). (5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosatrienoic acid : A 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid in which all three double bonds adopt cis-configuration.	1.96	1	0	5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	3.24	6	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
glycitein glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone	fungal metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
1-(4-(6-bromobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3h-cyclopenta(c)quinolin-8-yl)ethanone 1-(4-(6-bromobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta(c)quinolin-8-yl)ethanone: G-1 was able to induce both c-fos expression and proliferation in the ERalpha-negative/GPR30-positive SKBR3 breast cancer cells, the requirement for ERalpha expression in GPR30/EGFR signaling may depend on the specific cellular context of different tumor types	2.15	1	0	agonist
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	4.2	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fexaramine fexaramine: structure in first source	3.17	1	0	biphenyls
su 11248 [no description available]	2.86	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	3.33	6	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.17	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.21	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	4.12	14	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.06	1	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	1.97	1	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.68	3	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.68	3	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.49	2	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	5.22	3	1	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.55	2	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.17	1	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	4.9	1	1	boron group element atom
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	4.36	1	1	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
cefteram pivoxil cefteram pivoxil: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephams; oxime O-ether; pivaloyloxymethyl ester; tetrazoles
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.1	1	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
batimastat batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.	3.43	1	1	hydroxamic acid; L-phenylalanine derivative; organic sulfide; secondary carboxamide; thiophenes; triamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.71	3	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
methoprene Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.	3.56	1	1	isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; isopropyl ester	juvenile hormone mimic
dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol: structure given in first source. dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol : A guaiacyl lignin obtained by cyclodimerisation of coniferol.	2.31	1	0	1-benzofurans; guaiacols; guaiacyl lignin; primary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
plastoquinone [no description available]	2.46	2	0	plastoquinone
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.47	2	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	5.14	3	1	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	3.12	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	2.31	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.67	3	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	4.77	5	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	7.84	52	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	7.02	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	5.91	7	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	5.04	2	1	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
bialaphos bilanafos : A tripeptide comprising one L-phosphinothricyl and two L-alanyl units joined in sequence.	2.06	1	0	phosphinic acids; tripeptide	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
2,3-dehydrosilybin dehydrosilybin: inhibits cytochrome P450 1A1 catalytic activity; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	flavonolignan
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.07	1	0
3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine 3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine: potent inhibitor of endogenous respiration of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; RN given refers to iodide; RN for parent cpd not in Chemline 10/24/83; structure	2.92	4	0
marfey's reagent Marfey's reagent: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	8.04	8	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
ro 48-3657 sibrafiban: prodrug of Ro-44-3888; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	N-acylglycine
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.45	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.04	1	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	5.21	9	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
4,4'-dibenzamido-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-dibenzamido-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: anion transport inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
epiboxidine epiboxidine: an isoxazole analog of epibatidine; less toxic than epibatidine; structure given in first source	3.42	7	0
viroxime [no description available]	3.26	6	0
gw-5074 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one 6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2	2.03	1	0	naphthalenes
cgp 37849 2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer	2.01	1	0
flumethrin flumethrin: synthetic pyrethrin insecticide	3.9	2	1
c.i. fluorescent brightening agent 28 4,4'-bis({4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid : An organosulfonic acid comprising stilbene having 4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino groups at the 4 and 4'-positions and sulfo groups at the 2- and 2'-positions.	2	1	0
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	3.7	10	0
monorden monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II	2.59	2	0	cyclic ketone; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antifungal agent; metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
coomassie brilliant blue [no description available]	2.08	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	3.7	10	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	1.96	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
phosphorus pentoxide phosphorus pentoxide: drying agent for bacterial cultural extracts analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography; structure. diphosphonate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphonic acid.	1.96	1	0
boron oxide boron oxide: RN given refers to B2O3	2.11	1	0	boron oxide
radium Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.	1.94	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	6.96	22	1	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	3.37	7	0	amidobenzoic acid
ciproxifan [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone
s-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine: RN given refers to (L-Cys)-isomer; structure given in first source. S-(cis-1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine : An S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in which the dichlorovinyl group has cis- (Z-) geometry.	2.66	3	0	S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine
bongkrekic acid Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.	2.17	1	0	ether; olefinic compound; tricarboxylic acid	apoptosis inhibitor; ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; toxin
avermectin b(1)a avermectin B(1)a: RN given refers to avermectin B(1)a; see also avermectins & demethylavermectins	2.21	1	0	avermectin
cilastatin [no description available]	3.54	2	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.41	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
myxothiazol myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.	2.05	1	0
s-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione [no description available]	2.66	3	0	peptide
histrionicotoxin histrionicotoxin: toxin isolated from Colombian frog, Dendrobates histrionicus; structure. histrionicotoxin : An azaspiro compound that is 1-azaspiro[5.5]undecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8, a but-1-en-3-yn-1-yl group at position 7 and a pent-3-en-1-yn-5-yl group at position 2 (the 2S,6R,7S,8S stereoisomer).	2.05	1	0
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.15	1	0	phosphatidylethanolamine
cgp 39653 CGP 39653: NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-(beta)(2-(di-n-butylamino)-6-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium betaine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials	6.86	84	0
oxonol v oxonol V: fluorescent probe; see also record for oxonol dyes (isoxazole); structure	5.85	31	0
1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine 1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine: RN given in first source; RN given refers to (R-(Z,Z))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/90. 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl L-serine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.. phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1) : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are octadecenoyl groups.	2.15	1	0	phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1)	mouse metabolite
ro 09-0410 Ro 09-0410: structure given in first source	3.76	3	0
ww-781 WW-781: used to measure action potential propagation in the heart	2.38	2	0
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor	4.78	9	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
rupintrivir rupintrivir: a rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitor	10.64	46	2
everolimus [no description available]	2.78	3	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	2.1	1	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
asialo gm1 ganglioside [no description available]	1.99	1	0
indiplon indiplon: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	pyrimidines
gt 2331 4-(2-(5,5-dimethylhex-1-ynyl)cyclopropyl)imidazole: the (1R,2R)-isomer is more potent than the (1S,2S)-isomer	2.01	1	0
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	2.06	1	0
(melle-4)cyclosporin (melle-4)cyclosporin: a non-immunosuppressive analog of cyclosporin A	3.23	1	0
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	6.14	15	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
fm1 43 FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source	2.51	2	0	organic bromide salt; pyridinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt; tertiary amine	fluorochrome
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	3.86	2	1
arteannuin b [no description available]	2.31	1	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	1.95	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
bicuculline methobromide [no description available]	3.23	6	0
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.31	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	2.37	2	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.12	5	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
aa 193 AA 193: structure given in first source	3.07	5	0
etoposide phosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	furonaphthodioxole
u 62840 U 62840: stereoisomeric benzindene prostaglandin analog; structure given in first source	4.9	4	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; human blood serum metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent; vitamin K antagonist
ganaxolone ganaxolone: a selective, high-affinity, steroid modulator of the GABA(A) receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer	3.18	5	0	corticosteroid hormone
vilazodone hydrochloride [no description available]	2.11	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	11.53	29	2	diarylmethane
mrk 016 MRK 016: an inverse agonist of GABA(A) alpha5 receptors; structure in first source	5.59	8	0
bay 44-4400 Bay 44-4400: a semisynthetic derivative of anthelminitic cyclodepsipeptide; PF1022A. emodepside : A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.	4.5	2	2	cyclooctadepsipeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antinematodal drug
belinostat [no description available]	2.11	1	0	hydroxamic acid; olefinic compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
panobinostat Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.	2.25	1	0	cinnamamides; hydroxamic acid; methylindole; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
phenylalanylglycine phenylalanylglycine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Phe-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and glycine residues.	2.37	2	0	dipeptide	metabolite
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.72	3	0	ammonium ion derivative
3-methyl-n-(3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)isoxazole-5-carboxamide 3-methyl-N-(3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)isoxazole-5-carboxamide: a LIMK2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.81	3	0
dioleoylphosphatidic acid dioleoylphosphatidic acid: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidic acid : A phosphatidic acid in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.04	1	0	1,2-bis(octadec-9-enoyl)phosphatidic acid
9h-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-n-(1-methylethyl)- 9H-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-N-(1-methylethyl)-: an epichaperome (purine-scaffold) inhibitor; structure in first source	3.41	1	0
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.08	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	2.07	1	0
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.	3.25	1	0
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	2.15	1	0	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
cefmenoxime Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmenoxime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.	1.98	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
tri-cyclen [no description available]	2.02	1	0
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	2.69	3	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
ssr180711 SSR180711: a selective alpha7 acetylcholine nicotinic receptor (n-AChRs) partial agonist; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
desvenlafaxine succinate Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.43	2	0
spc-839 SPC-839: an inhibitor of activator protein 1; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
s 16924 S 16924: structure in first source	2	1	0
kb r7943 2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	3	1	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
dmp 728 DMP 728: structure in first source; RN given refers to the monomethane sulfate	2.41	2	0
lesogaberan lesogaberan: a gastrointestinal system agent; structure in first source	4.14	1	0
ucb 34714 brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.	5.87	2	2	gamma-lactam; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative	anticonvulsant
azd9272 AZD9272: an mGluR5 antagonist	2.1	1	0
4-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide 4-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: a long-acting COX-2 inhibitor; structure in first source. mavacoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-fluorophenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine to treat pain and inflammation in dogs with degenerative joint disease.	2.31	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zanoterone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	steroid
paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	22.85	474	129	1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.82	11	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	4.9	1	1	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
eslicarbazepine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	dibenzooxazepine
pexacerfont [no description available]	2.07	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
naproxen-n-butyl nitrate naproxen-n-butyl nitrate: a nitric oxide-releasing NSAID derivative. naproxcinod : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of naproxen with the hydroxy group of 4-(nitrooxy)butanol. A cyclooxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donator that is metabolised to naproxen and a nitric oxide donating moiety, effective in treatment of osteoarthritis.	3.18	1	0	carboxylic ester; methoxynaphthalene; nitrate ester	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
pi103 PI103: pyridofuropyrimidine antineoplastic; a potent inhibitor of class I phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K); structure in first soruce	2.54	2	0	aromatic amine; morpholines; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
s 24795 S 24795: acetylcholine agonist	2.5	2	0
gw 4064 [no description available]	10.56	185	0	stilbenoid
flb 457 FLB 457: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
l 838,417 L 838,417: structure in first source	3.16	1	0
trachyspic acid trachyspic acid: isolated from Talaromyces trachyspermus; inhibits heparanase; structure given in first source. trachyspic acid : An oxaspiro compound that is 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]non-2-en-4-one substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 2, carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3, an oxo group at position 9 and a nonyl group at position 8. Isolated from the culture broth of the fungus Talaromyces trachyspermus, it exhibits inhibitory activity against the enzyme heparanase.	2.06	1	0	oxaspiro compound; tricarboxylic acid	EC 3.2.1.166 (heparanase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
sp 100030 N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide: transcription factor inhibitor specific to T-cells	2.1	1	0
tivozanib N-(2-chloro-4-((6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy)phenyl)-N'-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)urea: KNR-951 is the HCl, monohydrate salt; an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether
avosentan Avosentan: structure in first source	4.09	2	0
3-(4-(4-((1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethoxy)carbonylamino)-3-methyl-5-isoxazolyl)benzylsulfanyl)propanoic acid methyl ester [no description available]	2.5	2	0
thiocolchicoside thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure	4.9	1	1	glycoside
3,9-bis((ethylthio)methyl)-k-252a 3,9-bis((ethylthio)methyl)-K-252a: RN given for (9S-(9alpha,10beta,12alpha))-isomer; mixed lineage kinase inhibitor, neuroprotective agent, and neurotrophic agent derived from K-252a; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
perampanel perampanel : A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.	3.92	3	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	AMPA receptor antagonist; anticonvulsant
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	3.63	2	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mavoglurant mavoglurant: antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	2.21	1	0
rucaparib AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.9	1	1	azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
darapladib darapladib: a selective lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) inhibitor, on biomarkers of cardiovascular (CV) risk	2.05	1	0
s-nitrosocysteinylglycine S-nitrosocysteinylglycine: nitric oxide adduct; found in the rat brain. S-nitroso-L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of S-nitroso-L-cysteine with the amino group of glycine.	2	1	0	dipeptide; nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound
ps1145 PS1145: IkappaB kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	beta-carbolines
chir 99021 Chir 99021: structure in first source. CHIR 99021 : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively.	2.84	3	0	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; cyanopyridine; diamine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	1.99	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
way-362450 [no description available]	4.75	3	0	indoles
osu 03012 OSU 03012: a PDK-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; aromatic amide; glycine derivative; organofluorine compound; phenanthrenes; pyrazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
bicuculline methochloride bicuculline methochloride: guaternary analog of bicuculline; specific GABA antagonist in spinal cord; structure	2.39	2	0
hispolon hispolon: structure given in first source	7.57	2	0
iperoxo iperoxo: a muscarinic M2 receptor agonist; structure in first source	4.09	13	0
opc-14857 OPC-14857: metabolite of aripiprazole; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarbonylurea 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarbonylurea: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
apixaban [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; lactam; piperidones; pyrazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
bibw 2992 [no description available]	3	1	0	aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2-amino-4-boronobutanoic acid 2-amino-4-boronobutanoic acid: structure in first source	2	1	0
mna 279 HMR 279: a leflunomide analog; structure in first source	5.92	33	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	4.9	1	1
fistularin 3 fistularin 3: structure given in first source; isolated from the marine sponge Aplysina archeri	3.3	6	0
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	2.25	1	0	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.76	3	0
2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone 2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
3-(5-chlorofuran-2-yl)-5-methyl-4-phenylisoxazole 3-(5-chlorofuran-2-yl)-5-methyl-4-phenylisoxazole: inhibits cyclooxygenase-1; structure in first source	8.59	2	0
n-((3s)-1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)oct-3-yl)-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride N-((3S)-1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)oct-3-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
2-furoyl-ligrlo-amide 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide: a potent and selective proteinase-activated receptor 2 agonist	2.07	1	0
cay 10404 3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-trifluoromethylisoxazole: a cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) inhibitor	4.24	17	0	sulfonic acid derivative
volasertib BI 6727: a polo-like kinase inhibitor with broad antitumor activity; structure in first source	3.41	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	9.57	33	1
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	2.72	3	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	4.9	1	1
negamycin negamycin: broad spectrum hydrazide antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces species; action seems to be due to its binding to ribosomes & interference with amino coding in protein synthesis; precursor is probably leucyl-negamycin; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search AMINO ACIDS, DIAMINO (76-85); RN given refers to (threo-L)-isomer	2.1	1	0
cariprazine cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.	3.35	1	0
3beta-hydroxy-17-(1h-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene 3-hydroxy-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	3.35	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
abt-737 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
phenylnitrene [no description available]	2.07	1	0
brivanib [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoroindole; pyrrolotriazine; secondary alcohol	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.01	1	0
lurasidone hydrochloride Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	7.06	14	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
pnu-282987 [no description available]	3.47	7	0
chlorantranilipole chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.	2.8	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; organobromine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyrazoles; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
arbaclofen placarbil arbaclofen placarbil: an R-baclofen prodrug; may improve the treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, spasticity; structure in first source	4.14	1	0
cenicriviroc cenicriviroc: an inhibitor of HIV-1. cenicriviroc : A member of the class of benzazocines that is (5Z)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-benzazocine which is substituted by a 2-methylpropyl, N-{4-[(S)-(1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methanesulfinyl]phenyl}carboxamide and 4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl groups at positions 1, 5 and 8, respectively. It is a potent chemokine 2 and 5 receptor antagonist currently in development for the treatment of liver fibrosis in adults with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).	4.55	1	1	aromatic ether; benzazocine; diether; imidazoles; secondary carboxamide; sulfoxide	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; chemokine receptor 2 antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.42	2	0	nystatins
er-086526 eribulin: a halichondrin B derivative that suppresses microtubule growth and acts as an antimitotic agent; structure in first source. eribulin : A fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of marine sponge natural products. Inhibits growth phase of microtubules via tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism, which leads to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage	2.25	1	0	cyclic ketal; cyclic ketone; macrocycle; polycyclic ether; polyether; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
mesosulfuron-methyl mesosulfuron-methyl: an herbicide	2.06	1	0
3-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-methyleneisoxazolidin-5-one 3-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-methyleneisoxazolidin-5-one: structure in first source	3.02	4	0
methiozolin [no description available]	3.49	7	0
alisporivir alisporivir: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog; structure/sequence in first source	3.23	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anticoronaviral agent
8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-methyl-2-(3-(4-methylphenyl)-5-isoxazolyl)-, hydrochloride (1:1), (1r,2s,3s,5s)- 3beta-(4-chlorophenyl) tropane-2beta-(3-(4'-methylphenyl) isoxazol-5-yl) hydrochloride: a potent and selective dopamine transporter inhibitor	2.1	1	0
2,5-dimethylcelecoxib 2,5-dimethylcelecoxib: non-COX-2 inhibitory structural analog of celecoxib	2.31	1	0
anacetrapib [no description available]	2.05	1	0
pyroxasulfone pyroxasulfone: an herbicide	4.05	12	0
apremilast [no description available]	3.21	1	0	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
cyantraniliprole cyantraniliprole: an insecticide; structure in first source. cyantraniliprole : A carboxamide that is chlorantraniliprole in which the chlorine atom attached to the phenyl ring has been replaced by a cyano group. A ryanodine receptor agonist, it is used as insecticide for the control of whitefly, thrips, aphids, fruitflies, and fruit worms in crops such as onions, potatoes and tomatoes. It is highly toxic to honeybees.	2.08	1	0	nitrile; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2.04	1	0
gw9508 GW9508: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	aromatic amine
lisdexamfetamine dimesylate Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: A dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT and DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.	3.17	1	0
cefdinir Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.	2	1	0
ru 66647 telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;	2.1	1	0
trametinib [no description available]	2.5	2	0	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
azastene azastene: inhibitor of ovarian & adrenal steroidogenesis in rats; progesterone antagonist	2.37	2	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	2.01	1	0
lc15-0444 LC15-0444: Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors; orally active small molecule for the treatment of type II diabetes	2.15	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
doramectin [no description available]	3.31	1	0	macrolide
at 13387 (2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)-(5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)methanone: structure in first source. onalespib : A member of the class of isoindoles that is isoindole in which the amino group has been acylated by a 2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylbenzoyl group and in which position 5 of the isoidole moiety has been substituted by a (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl group. A second-generation Hsp90 inhibitor.	4.7	4	0	benzamides; isoindoles; N-alkylpiperazine; resorcinols; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; Hsp90 inhibitor
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.89	4	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	7.82	18	3
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	3.51	8	0
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	2.1	1	0	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
brexpiprazole brexpiprazole: a serotonin agent; structure in first source	3.35	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.72	3	0
sazetidine-a sazetidine-A: a ligand that desensitizes alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors without activating them; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
ns 9283 3-(3-(pyridine-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)benzonitrile: an alpha4beta2 nAChR agonist	2.15	1	0
decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid: contains GABA moiety; RN given refers to HCl, (4a alpha,5 alpha,8a alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.47	2	0
esorubicin esorubicin: RN given refers to parent cpd; synthesized deriv of doxorubicin	3.36	1	1
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.74	3	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.41	1	0
jaw [no description available]	2.45	2	0	indolecarboxamide
alpha(-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)-2-(methyvlsulfonyl)-beta-oxo-4-(trifluromethyl)benzenepropanenitrile) diketonitrile: structure in first source. 2-cyano-3-cyclopropyl-1-(2-mesyl-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)propan-1,3-dione : A beta-diketone and nitrile resulting from the the degradation of the isoxazole ring of isoxaflutole. The active herbicide of the proherbicide isoxaflutole.	4.64	8	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; cyclopropanes; nitrile; sulfone	agrochemical; EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor; herbicide
hmr 1098 HMR 1098: KATP channel blocker; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
methampicillin brassinazole: a triazole-type brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor; structure in first source. brassinazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by phenyl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl and p-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. An inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis.	2.02	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor
spergualin spergualin: from bacillus isolated from soil sample collected at Ohira-san	3.13	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	5.73	6	1	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hbbpc [no description available]	2.41	2	0
mdv 3100 [no description available]	2.52	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; imidazolidinone; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; thiocarbonyl compound	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
tin mesoporphyrin tin mesoporphyrin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrogen, (SP-4-2)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 5/88	3.03	1	0
macitentan [no description available]	2.87	3	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; pyrimidines; ring assembly; sulfamides	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist; orphan drug
azd2066 [no description available]	7.68	6	3
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.16	5	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	3.12	1	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	3.5	2	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.43	2	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
thrombin receptor peptide (42-55) thrombin receptor peptide (42-55): tethered ligand exposed by cleavage of platelet thrombin receptor by thrombin, activates platelets and induces platelet activation; amino acid sequence given in first source; do not confuse with other TRAP (CD40L, MtrB, TRAP protocol, or thrombospondin related anonymous protein)	2.01	1	0
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.02	1	0
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	1.98	1	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	3.78	11	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	2.41	2	0	peptide hormone
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.02	1	0
echistatin echistatin: 49 amino acid residues given in first source; from the venom of the viper Echis	2.44	2	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	4.9	4	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	4.34	5	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	2	1	0
calcium crimson calcium crimson: a fluorescent calcium indicator	2.01	1	0	ammonium betaine; sulfonamide	fluorochrome
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	5.27	3	1	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	13.03	32	6
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.5	8	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	3.38	1	1	21-hydroxy steroid
kn 92 KN 92: KN 93 isomer; a calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II inhibitor;	2.15	1	0
oxonol vi oxonol VI: structure given in first source; see also oxonol dyes (isoxazole)	5.92	33	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	3.59	8	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine APX001A: has antifungal activity; structure in first source	7.31	17	1
tg101209 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ns 11394 3'-(5-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)benzoimidazol-1-yl)biphenyl-2-carbonitrile: an anxiolytic agent; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	5.2	3	1
s-nitrosopenicillamine S-nitrosopenicillamine: activates bovine coronary arterial & rat hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase	2	1	0
aramchol [no description available]	3.13	1	0
n-cyclopropyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide N-cyclopropyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	4.03	12	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
alpha-amanitin Alpha-Amanitin: A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.. alpha-amanitin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.	2.11	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.07	1	0
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.06	1	0
n-acetyl-s-pentachloro-1,3-butadienylcysteine N-acetyl-S-pentachloro-1,3-butadienylcysteine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
s-(2-chloroethyl)glutathione S-(2-chloroethyl)glutathione: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.97	1	0	oligopeptide
be-43472b BE-43472B: a bisanthraquinone antibiotic natural product from Streptomyces strain N1-78-1; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
6-fluoro-5,7-dibromo-2-methyl-1-formyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 6-fluoro-5,7-dibromo-2-methyl-1-formyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: an Epac1 inhibitor; structure in first source	3.31	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.01	4	0
nnc 55-0396 NNC 55-0396: a calcium channel blocker with high selectivity for CaV3 channels over high voltage activated channels; structure in first source. NNC 55-0396 dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of NNC 55-0396. It is a stable analogue of mibefradil and a highly selective T-type calcium channel blocker.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; potassium channel blocker; T-type calcium channel blocker
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol bis(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)pentamethine oxonol: a bis-oxonol dye	3.1	5	0
kw-2478 [no description available]	2.25	1	0
bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials	3.29	6	0
delta7-dafachronic acid delta7-dafachronic acid: structure in first source. (25S)-Delta(7)-dafachronic acid : A Delta(7)-dafachronic acid that has S configuration at position 25 (the carbon attached to the carboxy group).	2.21	1	0	Delta(7)-dafachronic acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
butaclamol Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.	2.03	1	0
a 867744 4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-3-propionyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: positive modulator of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	2.03	1	0	organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	3.47	2	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.66	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
merocyanine dye merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure	4.17	5	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	7.45	7	2
oxathiol oxathiol: reagent which complexes with polonium; used to remove absorbed doses of Po-210 in rats; structure	3.15	1	0
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	2.01	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.43	2	0
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	2.1	1	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.67	3	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mln 8237 MLN 8237: an aurora kinase A inhibitor	3.41	1	0	benzazepine
snx 2112 SNX 2112: an orally available small molecule Hsp90 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.85	3	0
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	4.72	30	0
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	2.13	1	0	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tak-875 [no description available]	2.17	1	0	biphenyls
N-[4-[3-[[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-5-isoxazolyl]phenyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester CAY10603: a HDAC6 inhibitor	2.15	1	0	carbamate ester
suvorexant suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.	6.63	5	1	1,3-benzoxazoles; aromatic amide; diazepine; organochlorine compound; triazoles	central nervous system depressant; orexin receptor antagonist
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	10.56	20	4	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	6.02	8	1
incb-018424 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mannans [no description available]	4.96	2	1
afoxolaner afoxolaner: an oral, chewable insecticide-acaricide to control fleas and ticks in dogs	9.92	64	24
ixazomib ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.	3.21	1	0	benzamides; boronic acids; dichlorobenzene; glycine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; orphan drug; proteasome inhibitor
ver 155008 VER 155008: structure in first source	2.41	1	0	purine nucleoside
nvp-bep800 [no description available]	2.76	3	0
cem 101 solithromycin: an antibacterial fluoroketolide; structure in first source	5.86	3	1
phosphinothricin phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.	4.2	16	0	organic anion
(5-(2,4-bis((3s)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol (5-(2,4-bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol: a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor with in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	benzyl alcohols; morpholines; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; mTOR inhibitor
pinane-thromboxane a2 pinane-thromboxane A2: RN given refers to (1S-(1a alpha,2 beta(Z),3 alpha(1E,3S*),5 alpha))-isomer; structure in second source	1.98	1	0
lysophosphatidylserine lysophosphatidylserine: stimulates histamine secretion from isolated mast cells in mouse plasma. lysophosphatidylserine : An acylglycerophosphoserine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylserine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl. Formula C7H13NO9PR, where R represents the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acyl group.. 1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoserine in which the acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).	2.44	2	0	1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine
debio 0932 CUDC 305: an Hsp90 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.57	2	0
glycolipids [no description available]	2.06	1	0
a-582941 A-582941: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist	2.85	3	0
bms 665053 BMS 665053: structure in first source	3.17	1	0
pf 04929113 [no description available]	4.48	3	0
v158411 V158411: a Chk1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	20.8	389	60
sr1001 SR1001: a selective RORalpha and RORgamma inverse agonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	sulfonamide
resolvin d1 resolvin D1: an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator; structure in first source. resolvin D1 : A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).	2.1	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; triol	anti-inflammatory agent
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	5.6	9	2
vpc32183 VPC32183: lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor antagonist	2.97	4	0
pf-4778574 PF-4778574: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
gelsemoxonine gelsemoxonine: isolated from Gelsemium elegans Benth; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
oclacitinib [no description available]	2.11	1	0
nitd008 NITD008: inhibits enterovirus 71	2.1	1	0
letermovir letermovir: has antiviral activity; structure in first source	3.21	1	0
fosinopril Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.	3.41	1	1
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.49	2	0
abemaciclib [no description available]	2.17	1	0
dinaciclib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
gsk525762a molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	benzodiazepine
aripiprazole lauroxil [no description available]	3.35	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; dodecanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	H1-receptor antagonist; prodrug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
ve 821 3-amino-6-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	3.68	2	0	aromatic amide
azd4547 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzamides; N-arylpiperazine; pyrazoles	fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.45	2	0
gsk1210151a GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	imidazoquinoline
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.	2.13	1	0	aminopyrimidine; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.7	3	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	4.15	3	1	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	1.98	1	0
tuftsin Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.	1.97	1	0	peptide
aza-pinacol aza-pinacol: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.71	10	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	6.29	6	1
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	5.67	6	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	4.47	7	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	5.79	8	3	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex roquinimex: structure in first source	1.98	1	0	aromatic amide
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	3.43	1	1	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	5.35	10	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
laquinimod [no description available]	4.08	2	0	aromatic amide
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2.25	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	2.87	4	0	benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	5.47	19	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
tenuazonic acid Tenuazonic Acid: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin.. tenuazonic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is 5-(butan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione carrying an additional acetyl group at position 3. A mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi.	2.1	1	0
bisnoryangonin bisnoryangonin: extract from mushrooms	1.95	1	0	styrenes
4-hydroxycoumarin 2-hydroxychromone: structure	2.51	2	0	hydroxycoumarin
teriflunomide [no description available]	13.69	122	8	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
3-deazauridine 3-Deazauridine: 4-Hydroxy-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-pyridinone. Analog of uridine lacking a ring-nitrogen in the 3-position. Functions as an antineoplastic agent.	2.36	2	0	N-glycosyl compound
reutericyclin reutericyclin: a new tetramic acid related to tenuazonic acid found in sourdough produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LTH2584 exhibits antimicrobial activity	2.1	1	0
hispidin hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).	1.95	1	0	2-pyranones; catechols	antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
mna 715 2-cyano-3-hydroxy-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hepten-6-ynamide: structure in first source; a derivative of A77 1726, the active metabolite of the antirheumatic drug leflunomide, where the isoxazole ring has opened to become a nitrile and an alkyne	11.41	87	3
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	4.4	2	2	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lfm a13 LFM A13: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
2-cyano-3-cyclopropyl-3-hydroxy-n-(3'-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propenamide 2-cyano-3-cyclopropyl-3-hydroxy-N-(3'-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propenamide: a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor; amino acid sequence in first source	2.4	2	0
mk 0641 MK 0641: combination of above cpds	1.96	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	3.3	6	0
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.77	3	0
brevetoxin brevetoxin: from Ptychodiscus brevis	2.25	1	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
bismuth oxybromide bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation	4.9	1	1
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	5.63	17	1
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	4.9	1	1
cep-32496 agerafenib: inhibitor of RAF family kinases; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
clomipramine sodium green: a new fluorescent sodium indicator; no further information available 3/96. sodium green : A quaternary ammonium salt that is the tetrakis(N,N,N-trimethylmethammonium) salt of 5-({[4-(13-{4-[({3-carboxy-4-[(2,7-dichloro-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]-2,5-bis(methyloxy)phenyl}-1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecan-7-yl)-2-hydroxy-5-(methyloxy)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)-2-(2,7-dichloro-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	1.99	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt	fluorochrome
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	3.84	4	0	ketal
pelabresib CPI-0610: a bromodomain and extra-terminal protein inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	4.28	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic heterotricyclic compound; primary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
cc-115 1-ethyl-7-(2-methyl-6-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydropyrazino(2,3-b)pyrazin-2(1H)-one: an mTOR kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.69	2	0
vx-970 berzosertib: an ATR kinase inhibitor	11.83	39	3	sulfonamide
cpsi-1306 CPSI-1306: inhibits macrophage migration inhibitory factor	2.8	3	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	7.17	9	3
gsk-2816126 GSK-2816126: inhibits EZH2 methyltransferase; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	piperazines; pyridines
n-((3-isopropylisoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-4-methoxy-3-((1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)oxy)benzamide N-((3-isopropylisoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-4-methoxy-3-((1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)oxy)benzamide: inhibits the presynaptic choline transporter; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
coriaria lactone coriaria lactone: induces convulsions in rats	2.05	1	0
kibdelomycin kibdelomycin: an antibiotic that inhibits both gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV; isolated from Kibdelosporangium; structure in first source	3.21	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.06	1	0
etp-46464 ETP-46464: inhibits ATM and Rad3-related kinase; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	4.9	1	1
glutaminase [no description available]	3.49	8	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.81	3	0
lysophosphatidylethanolamine lysophosphatidylethanolamine : A glycerophosphoethanolamine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylethanolamine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl.	2.08	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.06	1	0
ckd732 CKD732: angiogenesis inhibitor	3.21	1	0
azd0914 zoliflodacin: a DNA gyrase inhibitor for treatment of gonorrhea	12.13	28	8
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.67	3	0
g(m3) ganglioside G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).	1.99	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide; sialodiosylceramide; sialotriaosylceramide	mouse metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.17	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.15	1	0
glaucarubin Glaucarubin: (1 beta,2 alpha,11 beta,12 alpha,15 beta(S))-11,20-Epoxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroxy-15-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)picras-3-en-16-one. A quassinoid (Simaroubolide) from Simaruba glauca, a tropical shrub. It has been used as an antiamebic agent and is found to be cytotoxic. It may be of use in cancer chemotherapy.	1.95	1	0
carboxypeptidase b Carboxypeptidase B: A ZINC-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The enzyme catalyzes the preferential cleavage of a C-terminal peptidyl-L-lysine or arginine. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.2.2 and EC 3.4.12.3.	1.96	1	0
apatorsen apatorsen: an antisense oligonucleotide that targets Hsp27 for support of cancer therapy	3.31	1	0
2,3,5-(triglutathion-s-yl)hydroquinone [no description available]	2.39	2	0
tro 40303 3,5-seco-4-norcholestan-5-one oxime-3-ol: a cardioprotective agent; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
4-(2-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4-isoxazolyl)methoxy)phenyl)cyclopropyl)benzoic acid 4-(2-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4-isoxazolyl)methoxy)phenyl)cyclopropyl)benzoic acid: a farnesoid X receptor agonist; structure in first source	4.42	4	1
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	3.49	7	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	2.02	1	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	3.14	1	0
moxidectin moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity	7.52	14	9
margatoxin [no description available]	2.17	1	0
selamectin selamectin: a broad-spectrum endectocide; structure in first source	5.71	9	2
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	13.43	152	5
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.11	1	0
amatoxin [no description available]	7.11	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	3.14	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.05	1	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.53	2	0
edetic acid solasodine: RN given refers to (3beta,22alpha,25R)-isomer; structure. solasodine : An oxaspiro compound and steroid alkaloid sapogenin with formula C27H43NO2 found in the Solanum (nightshade) family. It is used as a precursor in the synthesis of complex steroidal compounds such as contraceptive pills.	2.01	1	0
technetium tc 99m medronate Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.	2.03	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.76	3	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.4	2	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.79	3	0
rupestonic acid rupestonic acid: isolated from Artemisia rupestris; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.5	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.31	1	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	3.26	6	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyinosine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	4	4	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.69	10	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	2	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2.37	2	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.76	3	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	1.97	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2.04	1	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	4.86	4	2	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.26	6	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.11	1	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	4.09	3	1	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	12.98	79	4	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	1.99	1	0	dacarbazine
ganciclovir [no description available]	6.3	14	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	2.13	1	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	14.21	44	11	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chir-124 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
ro 3306 RO 3306: structure in first source	2.51	2	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	5.13	8	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	2	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
alanosine [no description available]	2.38	2	0
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.	2.77	3	0	dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines	delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	8.54	21	1	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	4.34	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
pyrazofurin pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.	2.41	2	0	C-glycosyl compound; pyrazoles	antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.42	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.39	2	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
clozapine n-oxide clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	dibenzodiazepine
coelenterazine coelenterazine: active group in AEQUORIN, a coelenterate luciferin. Oplophorus luciferin : An imidazopyrazine that is imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one in which positions 2, 6, and 8 are substituted by 4-hydroxybenzyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, and benzyl groups, respectively.	2.04	1	0
ver-50589 VER-50589: inhibits heat shock protein 90 molecular chaperone; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	3.05	1	0
fr 167653 FR 167653: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	6.79	12	5	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
sta 9090 [no description available]	5.02	6	0	ring assembly; triazoles
pf-477736 PF 00477736: a Chk1 inhibitor; structure in first source. PF-00477736 : A diazepinoindole that is 8-amino-4,5-dihydro-6H-[1,2]diazepino[4,5,6-cd]indol-6-one which is substituted at position 2 by a 1-methylpyrazol-4-yl group and in which the amino group at position 8 has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of (2R)-2-cyclohexylglycine to give the corresponding carboxamide. It is an inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk 1).	2.15	1	0
nms-e973 NMS-E973: structure in first source	3.7	3	0
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	2.1	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	5.67	14	0
eye [no description available]	2.51	2	0
tauromuricholate tauromuricholic acid: RN given refers to (3 alpha,5 beta,6 beta,7 beta)-isomer	2.15	1	0
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	2.44	2	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.1	5	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.15	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.9	4	0
antimony sodium gluconate Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.	1.98	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.02	1	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.39	2	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	4.54	7	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	7.44	22	1
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.36	6	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Canine Diseases [description not available]	12.74	137	48
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	5.67	9	2
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	5.67	9	2
Anoxemia [description not available]	7.05	16	2
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	7.05	16	2
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	16.1	103	20
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	10.09	25	4
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	16.1	103	20
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	10.09	25	4
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	7.9	12	1
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	3.17	5	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	2.31	1	0
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Happy Puppet Syndrome [description not available]	6.32	4	1
Angelman Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)	6.32	4	1
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	3.23	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	3.48	7	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.48	7	0
Central European Encephalitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	8.17	22	3
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	8.17	22	3
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	6.03	25	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	6.03	25	1
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	2.31	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	11.02	15	8
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	10.51	12	8
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	11.02	15	8
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	10.51	12	8
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	4.94	13	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	3.67	9	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	4.94	13	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	3.67	9	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	4.62	9	0
Acariasis [description not available]	9.39	42	8
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	10.23	27	5
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	10.46	34	5
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	21.34	233	173
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	10.23	27	5
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	10.46	34	5
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	21.34	233	173
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	8.36	19	3
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	8.36	19	3
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	6.95	8	2
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	6.95	8	2
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	2.41	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	11.95	45	3
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	3.13	4	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	3.13	4	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	4.13	15	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	8.08	19	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	14.94	296	3
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	4.13	15	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	8.08	19	1
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	2.31	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	3.25	5	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	3.25	5	0
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	5.9	4	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	8.57	11	4
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	5.9	4	1
Infections, Picornaviridae [description not available]	7.04	10	1
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Black Fever [description not available]	6.19	8	4
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	6.19	8	4
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	5.25	11	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	9.23	15	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	9.23	15	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	10.98	58	8
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	10.98	58	8
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	3.57	8	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	13.63	38	9
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	13.63	38	9
Bradykinesia [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.47	7	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	3.47	7	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	6.2	10	3
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	6.2	10	3
Tungiasis An infestation with the flea TUNGA PENETRANS causing inflammation, pruritus, and pain, in both humans and other mammals. There is a high incidence of secondary infections such as BACTEREMIA and TETANUS.	3.8	1	1
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	6.96	9	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	6.96	9	1
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	7.57	10	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	7.57	10	1
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	2.44	2	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	23.42	436	148
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	23.42	436	148
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	12.93	39	13
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	12.93	39	13
Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.	3.51	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	9.69	27	2
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	6.04	27	1
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	6.04	27	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	2.59	2	0
Allodynia [description not available]	10.88	41	9
Ache [description not available]	15	83	18
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	3.77	11	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	15	83	18
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	23.34	616	99
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	23.34	616	99
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	12.45	73	14
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	5.85	10	2
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	5.36	12	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	6.84	22	1
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	5.36	12	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	6.84	22	1
Emesis [description not available]	6.94	10	3
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	10.84	17	11
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	6.94	10	3
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	8.12	16	4
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	8.12	16	4
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	9.2	35	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	9.2	35	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	5.25	18	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	5.25	18	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	8.16	21	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	8.16	21	1
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	3.52	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	12.93	63	7
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	12.93	63	7
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	3.83	11	0
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	4.15	5	0
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.	4.15	5	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	14.62	108	6
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	9.17	14	2
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	9.17	14	2
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	4.6	8	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	4.6	8	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	9.5	39	10
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	8.13	12	2
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	8.13	12	2
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	2.21	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	8.46	44	2
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	8.46	44	2
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	7.26	19	2
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	7.26	19	2
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	11.69	55	6
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	11.69	55	6
Chronic Illness [description not available]	14.36	60	19
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	10.61	26	7
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.59	2	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.5	2	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	14.36	60	19
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	14.03	60	14
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	5.59	6	1
Pyrexia [description not available]	7.84	16	1
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	6.34	13	3
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	15.91	76	29
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	5.59	6	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	7.84	16	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	6.34	13	3
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	11.2	26	6
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	4.24	3	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	11.2	26	6
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	6.4	8	0
Itching [description not available]	3.34	6	0
Flea Infestations Parasitic attack by members of the order SIPHONAPTERA.	10.39	52	19
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	6.4	8	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	3.34	6	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	4.47	8	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.47	8	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	2.21	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.21	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	6.26	12	1
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	6.26	12	1
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.81	3	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	10.81	24	4
Aura [description not available]	16.35	190	25
Absence Seizure [description not available]	12.84	101	4
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	10.81	24	4
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	16.35	190	25
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	12.84	101	4
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	9.52	61	17
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	5.8	9	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	5.8	9	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	7.37	22	2
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	7.37	22	2
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	8.62	13	3
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	8.62	13	3
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	11.51	33	20
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	11.51	33	20
Postoperative Cognitive Complications COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.	8.77	6	1
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	4.25	3	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	4.25	3	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.78	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	7.24	21	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	7.24	21	1
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	3.46	2	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	4.88	13	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	4.88	13	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	9.99	62	4
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	7.1	6	2
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	7.1	6	2
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	15.37	48	21
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	15.37	48	21
Bone Cancer [description not available]	3.89	11	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	3.89	11	0
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	3.3	5	0
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	3.3	5	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.77	10	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	4.88	12	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	4.88	12	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	4.82	7	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	4.82	7	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	6.11	6	1
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	6.11	6	1
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.25	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	5.09	9	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	5.09	9	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	3.97	2	1
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	3.97	2	1
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	3.82	3	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	9.52	19	9
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	3.82	3	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	8.81	27	3
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	8.81	27	3
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	4.93	4	2
Thrombopenia [description not available]	6.03	10	3
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	6.03	10	3
Calculosis [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Avian Diseases [description not available]	4.02	2	1
Pediculosis [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	2.59	2	0
Mucorales Infection [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Mucormycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.	2.52	2	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	4.02	5	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	4.02	5	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Bleeding [description not available]	5.5	8	2
Anus Diseases Diseases involving the ANUS.	2.25	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.99	4	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	5.5	8	2
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	2.25	1	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	2.53	2	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	3.22	5	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	3.22	5	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.25	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	7.25	23	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	4.31	18	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	6.63	18	1
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	4.31	18	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	5.08	3	1
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	5.08	3	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	9.96	19	4
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.59	2	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	3.41	2	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	4.39	4	1
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	4.39	4	1
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	8.43	26	2
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Bile Reflux Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.	2.25	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	2.47	2	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	12.96	30	10
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	2.73	3	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	3.44	7	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	3.81	11	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	9.12	22	3
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	9.12	22	3
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.69	2	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.89	3	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	8.35	15	2
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	6.63	8	1
Cardiac Death [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Diathesis [description not available]	5.42	5	1
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	7.84	4	4
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	7.92	6	4
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	5.34	4	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	5.89	8	1
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	6.28	2	2
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Co-infection [description not available]	6.76	4	1
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	8	5	4
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	8.36	40	2
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	8.71	16	4
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	7.65	7	2
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	6.93	11	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	4.82	2	1
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	4.72	1	1
Berger Disease [description not available]	8.11	10	6
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	4.9	2	1
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	5.51	5	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	9.17	10	3
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	10.97	35	4
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	4.82	2	1
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	4.72	1	1
Sinus Infections [description not available]	5.66	3	2
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	6.52	9	2
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	8.59	13	4
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	6.4	7	2
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	12.02	18	10
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	5.53	5	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	4.81	2	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	5.55	3	1
Low Back Ache [description not available]	8.91	8	3
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	5.29	4	1
Bucket Handle Tears [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	4.72	1	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	4.72	1	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	8.71	16	4
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	7.65	7	2
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	6.24	7	2
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	6.93	11	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	4.82	2	1
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	8.11	10	6
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	4.9	2	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	5.51	5	1
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	4.72	1	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	9.17	10	3
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	10.97	35	4
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	4.82	2	1
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	6.54	17	1
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	7.92	6	4
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	4.72	1	1
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	5.66	3	2
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	6.52	9	2
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	8.59	13	4
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	6.4	7	2
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	12.02	18	10
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	5.53	5	1
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	4.81	2	1
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	5.55	3	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	8.91	8	3
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	5.29	4	1
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	7.84	4	4
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	7.92	6	4
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	5.34	4	1
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	6.28	2	2
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	4.72	1	1
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	4.72	1	1
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	7.1	6	3
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	4.72	1	1
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	3.27	5	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	3.82	10	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.27	5	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	3.82	10	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	2.25	1	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2.31	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	8.71	24	5
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	8.71	24	5
Polyarthritis [description not available]	8.37	29	2
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	8.37	29	2
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	8.39	11	3
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	8.39	11	3
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	3.27	6	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	6.42	7	2
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	6.42	7	2
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	6.76	21	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.76	21	1
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	5.67	3	1
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	11.89	22	10
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	11.89	22	10
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	6	3	1
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	6	3	1
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	3.15	5	0
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	6.86	12	2
Blood Clot [description not available]	5.85	22	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	5.85	22	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	4.3	3	1
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	4.3	3	1
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	2.52	2	0
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	2.25	1	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	2.25	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	5.83	35	0
Acute Renal Colic [description not available]	4.51	2	2
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	3.87	2	1
Renal Colic A severe intermittent and spasmodic pain in the lower back radiating to the groin, scrotum, and labia which is most commonly caused by a kidney stone (RENAL CALCULUS) passing through the URETER or by other urinary track blockage. It is often associated with nausea, vomiting, fever, restlessness, dull pain, frequent urination, and HEMATURIA.	4.51	2	2
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	9.01	20	3
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	9.01	20	3
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	5.71	5	4
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	5.71	5	4
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.31	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	4.36	7	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	4.36	7	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	2.31	1	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	4.7	3	2
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	3.7	1	1
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	3.7	1	1
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.7	1	1
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	5.82	15	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	6.18	12	1
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	5.82	15	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	3.23	1	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	3.55	2	0
Collagenous Colitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Colitis, Collagenous A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial COLLAGEN.	2.31	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	8.29	16	3
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	8.29	16	3
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	2.31	1	0
Fibrosis, Inflammatory Perianeurysmal [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.	2.31	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	3.48	2	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	3.48	2	0
Maggot Infestations [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Direct Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.84	3	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	2.78	3	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.41	1	0
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	2.9	3	0
Bimalleolar Ankle Fractures [description not available]	3.7	1	1
Ankle Fractures Fractures of any of the bones of the ANKLE.	3.7	1	1
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	5.05	9	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.55	2	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	5.05	9	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.73	3	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	4.62	1	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	4.44	8	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	5.19	6	2
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	5.19	6	2
Polyomavirus Infections Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).	11.14	42	1
Hair Diseases Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.	2.15	1	0
Surgical Incision [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Flatus [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	2.15	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	5.26	6	2
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	5.26	6	2
Recrudescence [description not available]	12.52	47	8
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	4.49	5	1
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	4.49	5	1
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	2.74	3	0
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	2.15	1	0
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	4.56	9	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	4.56	9	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	10.01	21	6
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	7.17	11	2
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	7.17	11	2
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Atresia, Esophageal [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Esophagotracheal Fistula [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	5.6	17	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.15	1	0
Esophageal Atresia Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.	2.15	1	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	11.21	23	2
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	5.28	12	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	5.28	12	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	8.4	8	4
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	8.4	8	4
Bone Fractures [description not available]	5.25	6	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	5.25	6	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	9.85	10	9
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	9.85	10	9
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	7.64	33	1
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	2.15	1	0
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.15	1	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	2.71	3	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2.45	2	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	12.78	35	12
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	10.16	39	4
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	12.78	35	12
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	10.16	39	4
Koch's Disease [description not available]	3.64	9	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	3.64	9	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	5.18	17	0
Hepato-Pulmonary Syndrome [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome A syndrome characterized by the clinical triad of advanced chronic liver disease, pulmonary vascular dilatations, and reduced arterial oxygenation (HYPOXEMIA) in the absence of intrinsic cardiopulmonary disease. This syndrome is common in the patients with LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	2.52	2	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	15.81	75	18
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	15.81	75	18
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	2.15	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	7.77	10	3
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	7.77	10	3
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	9.9	12	9
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	9.9	12	9
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.15	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	3.01	4	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	5.27	6	2
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	3.53	1	1
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	5.27	6	2
Urge Incontinence [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Arrhythmia [description not available]	4.56	5	1
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	14.82	56	19
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	4.56	5	1
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	14.82	56	19
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	3.53	1	1
Urinary Incontinence, Urge Involuntary discharge of URINE that is associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void. It is usually related to the involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle of the bladder (detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor instability).	3.53	1	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	3.64	9	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	3.64	9	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	3.64	3	0
Benign Essential Tremor [description not available]	7.03	8	4
Essential Tremor A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)	7.03	8	4
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	9.08	31	2
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	9.08	31	2
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	7.68	24	1
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	4.09	15	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	4.09	15	0
Shingles [description not available]	3.23	5	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.23	5	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	12.91	35	8
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	6.65	4	1
Weight Reduction [description not available]	10.58	23	6
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	10.58	23	6
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	3.45	7	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	3.51	1	1
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	3.51	1	1
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	4.31	6	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	4.31	6	0
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	2.15	1	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	3.05	4	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	3.02	4	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	9.48	12	3
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	9.48	12	3
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Day Blindness [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	3.87	2	1
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.54	2	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	7.27	14	3
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	7.27	14	3
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.51	2	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	8.48	43	2
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	8.48	43	2
Shoulder Pain Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.	8.5	8	6
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	6.68	17	0
Injuries, Prenatal [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	5.97	5	2
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	5.97	5	2
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	2.17	1	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	4.02	5	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	4.02	5	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.57	8	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	3.57	8	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	3.09	1	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	3.09	1	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.17	1	0
Anastomotic Leak Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.	2.17	1	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	2.17	1	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	7.13	6	2
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	7.13	6	2
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.97	4	0
Bone Spur [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	3.91	2	1
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.45	2	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.45	2	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	3.91	2	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	6.2	22	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	6.2	22	0
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	2.78	3	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.72	3	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	4.1	16	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	7.16	7	1
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	7.16	7	1
Joint Pain [description not available]	5.75	7	3
Pyomyositis An intramuscular suppuration of the large skeletal muscle groups. It is associated with INFECTION such as STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS and PYODERMA. It was known as a tropical disease but is increasing among the immunocompromised (IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST). Symptoms include muscle pain, FEVER, and leucocytosis. It has been diagnosed by MRI SCANS.	2.17	1	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	5.75	7	3
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	4.8	2	1
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	4.8	2	1
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	9.14	13	4
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	9.14	13	4
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	3.12	5	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	2.17	1	0
Tick Paralysis Paralysis caused by a neurotropic toxin secreted by the salivary glands of ticks.	3.97	2	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	3.13	5	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	5.24	11	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.49	2	0
Baltic Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	7.99	7	4
Unverricht-Lundborg Syndrome An autosomal recessive condition characterized by recurrent myoclonic and generalized seizures, ATAXIA, slowly progressive intellectual deterioration, DYSARTHRIA, and intention tremor. Myoclonic seizures are severe and continuous, and tend to be triggered by movement, stress, and sensory stimuli. The age of onset is between 8 and 13 years, and the condition is relatively frequent in the Baltic region, especially Finland. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp109-110)	7.99	7	4
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	2.93	4	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	3.3	6	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.58	2	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	5.86	23	1
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	4.74	6	0
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	4.74	6	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	3.85	2	1
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	8.48	12	2
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	3.59	1	1
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	4.43	8	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	4.83	2	1
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	5.34	2	2
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	4.48	1	1
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	4.48	1	1
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	5.34	2	2
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	2.17	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	4.46	4	1
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	15.48	94	17
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	15.48	94	17
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	3.09	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	6.96	9	1
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	6.96	9	1
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	3.09	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	3.37	6	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	3.37	6	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	2.21	1	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	4.32	4	1
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	4.32	4	1
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	3.4	7	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	3.4	7	0
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	2.21	1	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	2.21	1	0
Intussusception A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.	2.21	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	8.81	48	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	2.21	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	3.09	5	0
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	2.47	2	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	8.55	21	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.77	3	0
Psychoses [description not available]	13.99	74	14
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	13.99	74	14
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	4.77	7	0
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	4.77	7	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	11.6	40	6
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	11.6	40	6
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.08	1	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	6.16	6	2
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	6.16	6	2
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	4.39	7	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	4.39	7	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.08	1	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.77	3	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	2.44	2	0
Lassitude [description not available]	7.41	8	6
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	9.86	11	6
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	3	1	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	7.41	8	6
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	9.86	11	6
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	3	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	3	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.47	1	1
Deficiency, Yin [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	6.7	11	2
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	6.7	11	2
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	5.3	4	1
Chromosomes, Ring [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	8.18	16	1
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	5.3	4	1
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	8.18	16	1
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome A condition of persistent pain and discomfort in the BACK and the LEG following lumbar surgery, often seen in patients enrolled in pain centers.	2.08	1	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.32	6	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.75	3	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	5.42	5	1
Cyst [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	5.42	5	1
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	7.11	6	2
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	7.11	6	2
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides [description not available]	4.69	4	0
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.	4.69	4	0
Occupational Injuries Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.	2.78	3	0
Bruise [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Sprains [description not available]	4.06	3	1
Hand Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the hand.	2.08	1	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	2.45	2	0
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	4.06	3	1
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.46	2	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.46	2	0
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.49	2	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	11.8	21	5
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	11.8	21	5
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	2.46	2	0
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	2.08	1	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	7.49	10	2
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	7.49	10	2
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	6.48	9	0
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.	2.77	3	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	8.77	10	0
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	4.52	5	1
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	4.52	5	1
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.	2.48	2	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	2.98	4	0
Catatonic Schizophrenia [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	5.3	12	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	8.94	22	3
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	5.3	12	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	8.94	22	3
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	2.08	1	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	3.92	4	0
Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.	3.85	2	1
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	7.35	30	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	7.35	30	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	2.08	1	0
Burns, Electric Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.	2.08	1	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	5.62	3	2
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	5.62	3	2
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.08	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	2.08	1	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.48	2	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	3.67	3	0
Adjustment Sleep Disorder [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Keratoacanthoma A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.	2.8	3	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.08	1	0
Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.	2.08	1	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	2.08	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	6.38	14	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	6.38	14	0
Forestier-Certonciny Syndrome [description not available]	4.15	3	0
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell [description not available]	5.07	3	0
Polymyalgia Rheumatica A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with GIANT CELL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.	4.15	3	0
Giant Cell Arteritis A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)	5.07	3	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	5.41	5	1
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	5.41	5	1
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	6.75	9	1
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	6.75	9	1
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	5.81	8	1
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.1	1	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	2.48	2	0
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.08	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	2.44	2	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	2.47	2	0
Infections, Rickettsia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	3.63	9	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	3.63	9	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	2.08	1	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	12.01	25	10
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Infections, RNA Virus [description not available]	2.47	2	0
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	2.08	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	3	1	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	3	1	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	5.73	2	1
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	4.68	6	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	4.68	6	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	2.1	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	4.66	6	1
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	4.66	6	1
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	4.55	5	1
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	4.55	5	1
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	2.1	1	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	2.1	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.47	2	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	2.74	3	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.48	2	0
MODS [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	3.02	4	0
Benedict Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	4.83	12	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	4.83	12	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	3.41	2	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	2.1	1	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.1	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	4.39	2	2
Action Tremor [description not available]	5.27	12	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	4.39	2	2
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	5.27	12	1
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	2.1	1	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	2.1	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	6.25	13	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	6.25	13	0
DRESS Syndrome [description not available]	4.19	3	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	2.75	3	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	2.1	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	8.98	11	2
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	8.98	11	2
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	2.7	3	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	5.87	10	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	5.87	10	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	3.59	8	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	3.59	8	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	4.85	13	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.49	2	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	3.19	5	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.	2.1	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	3.9	4	0
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	3.9	4	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	2.1	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	2.1	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.74	3	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.42	7	0
Delusional Parasitosis A delusional disorder of belief in infestation by insects or other parasites. This FORMICATION is typically accompanied by dermatological manifestation such as PRURITUS that may lead to self-mutilation in order to remove the perceived parasites. It can be either primary or secondary to a somatic or psychiatric condition.	2.78	3	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	2.46	2	0
Night Blindness Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.1	1	0
Bilateral Diffuse Uveal Melanocytic Proliferation, Paraneoplastic [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	3.12	5	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	7.09	17	2
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Sinus Tachycardia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.	2.11	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.1	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	2.44	2	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	3.44	7	0
ATLL [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.42	2	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.49	2	0
Candidiasis, Invasive An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.	2.11	1	0
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	5.58	6	1
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	3.4	2	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	5.58	6	1
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	3.15	5	0
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	4.81	4	0
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	4.81	4	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	4.18	3	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	4.18	3	1
Angel Dust Abuse [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	2.11	1	0
Tenosynovitis Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.	2.11	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	7.65	16	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	7.65	16	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	7.78	10	3
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	7.78	10	3
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	5.35	2	2
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	5.35	2	2
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	2.11	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.11	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	2.11	1	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	6.53	6	3
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	6.53	6	3
Kidney Stones [description not available]	6.91	11	1
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	6.91	11	1
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	3.03	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	3.7	3	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	3.7	3	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2.11	1	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	2.11	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.9	2	1
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	3.9	2	1
Breathlessness [description not available]	7.91	9	2
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	4.39	4	1
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	7.91	9	2
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	4.09	5	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	4.09	5	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	2.11	1	0
Bechterew Syndrome [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Spondylarthropathies Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features. They are associated with the HLA-B27 ANTIGEN and some with a triggering infection. Most involve the axial joints in the SPINE, particularly the SACROILIAC JOINT, but can also involve asymmetric peripheral joints. Subsets include ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; and others.	2.75	3	0
Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II An autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE deficiency. Large amounts of GLYCOGEN accumulate in the LYSOSOMES of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL); HEART; LIVER; SPINAL CORD; and BRAIN. Three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. The infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC). The childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. The adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (From Muscle Nerve 1995;3:S61-9; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4)	2.11	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Adenoma Sebaceum Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis	3.84	2	1
Acquired Language Disorders [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Language Disorders Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.	2.11	1	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.11	1	0
Tuberous Sclerosis Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.	3.84	2	1
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	2.52	2	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.71	3	0
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	5.75	2	1
Absence Status [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	3.26	6	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	3.64	9	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	2.11	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	6.05	5	2
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.	3.5	1	1
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	3.28	6	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	3.69	3	0
Aspiration, Respiratory [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.47	2	0
Indigestion [description not available]	7.08	4	3
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	7.08	4	3
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	4.13	3	1
Microscopic Polyangiitis A primary systemic vasculitis of small- and some medium-sized vessels. It is characterized by a tropism for kidneys and lungs, positive association with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), and a paucity of immunoglobulin deposits in vessel walls.	2.11	1	0
Tachypnea Increased RESPIRATORY RATE.	2.11	1	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	5.25	4	3
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	5.25	4	3
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	2.53	2	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.44	2	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	3.44	2	0
Aortitis Syndrome [description not available]	4.71	4	0
Takayasu Arteritis A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.	4.71	4	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	5.56	9	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	5.56	9	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	3.4	2	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	3.03	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	3.38	2	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	5.58	17	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	5.58	17	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2.11	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.75	3	0
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	2.96	4	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	4.08	5	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	4.08	5	0
Myxoid Liposarcoma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Liposarcoma, Myxoid A liposarcoma containing round mesenchymal cells and a myxoid extracellular matrix in stroma.	2.11	1	0
Protein Folding Diseases [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Erythro et Keratodermia Variabilis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	7.65	9	3
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	7.65	9	3
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	2.13	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	3.89	4	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	2.11	1	0
Funnel Chest A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.	2.11	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	4.06	15	0
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.	2.53	2	0
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	2.11	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	2.11	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	3.66	3	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.48	2	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.46	2	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	2.53	2	0
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	2.13	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	2.44	2	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	2.49	2	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	3.4	2	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.43	2	0
Tooth Mobility Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)	3.03	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	2.13	1	0
Infections, Neisseriaceae [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	2.11	1	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.	2.13	1	0
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma, Lobular A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.	2.13	1	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	5.65	10	2
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	5.65	10	2
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	4	5	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2.72	3	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	4	5	0
Autism [description not available]	6.29	7	2
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	6.29	7	2
E chaffeensis Infection [description not available]	4.48	2	2
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	2.13	1	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	3.87	4	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	7.62	15	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	7.62	15	1
Adult-Onset Dystonias [description not available]	5.08	3	1
Dystonic Disorders Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.	5.08	3	1
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	5.72	2	1
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	5.72	2	1
Grippe [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	2.74	3	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	2.13	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	5	9	1
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.	3.41	2	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	5	9	1
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	2.13	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	2.13	1	0
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	2.53	2	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.43	2	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	3.51	1	1
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	3.51	1	1
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	5.52	3	1
Chronic Esophagitis, Eosinophilic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Eosinophilic Esophagitis Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens.	2.13	1	0
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	8.85	20	7
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	8.85	20	7
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	3.15	5	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	2.13	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.61	9	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	2.13	1	0
SAPHO Syndrome [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome Syndrome consisting of SYNOVITIS; ACNE CONGLOBATA; PALMOPLANTAR PUSTULOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; and OSTEITIS. The most common site of the disease is the upper anterior chest wall, characterized by predominantly osteosclerotic lesions, hyperostosis, and arthritis of the adjacent joints. The association of sterile inflammatory bone lesions and neutrophilic skin eruptions is indicative of this syndrome.	3.41	2	0
Habronemiasis [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	3.96	1	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	3.79	11	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	3.06	1	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	2.5	2	0
Teratogenesis The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.	2.15	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	3.71	3	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	3.71	3	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	3.04	1	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	3.68	3	0
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	2.13	1	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	2.13	1	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	5.7	7	3
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	5.7	7	3
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	3.66	9	0
Familial Felty Syndrome [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	2.13	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.73	3	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	2.13	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	3.32	6	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	3.32	6	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	7.47	11	3
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Serositis Inflammation of a serous membrane.	2.13	1	0
Episcleritis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	7.47	11	3
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	2.48	2	0
Scleritis Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.	2.13	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	5.78	5	0
Herpes Zoster, Ocular [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.	2.15	1	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	2.5	2	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	3.14	5	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	2.15	1	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2.49	2	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Armstrong Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	2.73	3	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Corridor Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	6.47	10	1
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	4.69	3	2
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	5.83	4	2
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	4.69	3	2
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	3.83	2	1
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	2.04	1	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	4.52	5	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	2.04	1	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	4.52	5	0
Adolescent Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	5.59	6	1
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	3.43	1	1
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	2.04	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	2.04	1	0
Segond Fracture [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	2.04	1	0
Exanthem [description not available]	4.35	7	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	4.35	7	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.05	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	3.51	8	0
Lymphocytic Colitis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Colitis, Lymphocytic A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show infiltration of LYMPHOCYTES in the superficial EPITHELIUM and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria).	2.04	1	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	2.04	1	0
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.4	2	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	2.04	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	3.82	11	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	3.82	11	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.36	2	0
Eisenmenger Syndrome [description not available]	5.27	4	1
Eisenmenger Complex A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.	5.27	4	1
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	2.04	1	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	3.65	3	0
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus [description not available]	4.54	5	0
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)	4.54	5	0
Infection [description not available]	5.79	8	1
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	5.79	8	1
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	5.27	12	1
Pleural Diseases Diseases involving the PLEURA.	3.66	3	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	5.07	5	2
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	5.07	5	2
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	5.04	3	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	3.53	8	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	3.65	3	0
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Scleroderma, Diffuse A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.	2.05	1	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.41	2	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.05	1	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	2.96	1	0
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	7.12	11	1
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	7.12	11	1
Asperger Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Asperger Syndrome A disorder beginning in childhood whose essential features are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These symptoms may limit or impair everyday functioning. (From DSM-5)	2.05	1	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	3.36	2	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.45	2	0
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell Group of disorders which feature accumulations of active HISTIOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTES, but where the histiocytes are not LANGERHANS CELLS. The group includes HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS; SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS; xanthogranuloma; reticulohistiocytoma; JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA; xanthoma disseminatum; as well as the lipid storage diseases (SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTE SYNDROME; and NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES).	2.46	2	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	2.44	2	0
Patent Foramen Ovale [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Foramen Ovale, Patent A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance.	2.05	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	7.49	13	1
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	7.49	13	1
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	2.05	1	0
Myositis, Multiple [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Polymyositis Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)	2.74	3	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.46	2	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	2.72	3	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	2.43	2	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	4.31	4	1
Impotence [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	4.31	4	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	2.06	1	0
Latent Tuberculosis The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.	2.46	2	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.94	4	0
Argininosuccinate Synthase Deficiency Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Citrullinemia A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)	2.05	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Cogan Syndrome A condition consisting of inflammatory eye disease usually presenting as interstitial KERATITIS, vestibuloauditory dysfunction, and large- to medium-vessel vasculitis.	2.05	1	0
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Orbital [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Orbital Pseudotumor A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the ORBIT of the eye. It is usually composed of mature LYMPHOCYTES; PLASMA CELLS; MACROPHAGES; LEUKOCYTES with varying degrees of FIBROSIS. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (ORBITAL MYOSITIS) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (DACRYOADENITIS).	2.05	1	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	2.44	2	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	3.44	1	1
Meigs Syndrome The triad of benign FIBROMA or other ovarian tumors with ASCITES, and HYDROTHORAX due to large PLEURAL EFFUSIONS.	2.06	1	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	4.89	4	2
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	4.89	4	2
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	3.85	2	0
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules A number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. They are usually detected by chest CT scans (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY). Such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions.	3.37	2	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	3.85	2	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	3.85	2	1
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2.73	3	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	2.9	4	0
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	2.74	3	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	2.96	1	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	2.41	2	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	2.47	2	0
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)	4.1	15	0
Impotence, Arteriogenic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	3.36	2	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	3.37	2	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	3.86	4	0
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.	3.88	4	0
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	7.19	7	2
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	7.19	7	2
Galactorrhea Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.	2.44	2	0
Adult-Onset Still Disease [description not available]	5.59	6	1
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.	5.59	6	1
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.44	2	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	3.44	1	1
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	2.05	1	0
Macrophage Activation Syndrome A serious complication of childhood systemic inflammatory disorders that is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. It is seen predominantly in children with systemic onset JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.	2.05	1	0
Aggressive Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.	2.05	1	0
Lathyrism A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.	2.42	2	0
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	3.83	2	1
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Ataxia with Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	2.05	1	0
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Disease An inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficient enzyme activity in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX, resulting in deficiency of acetyl CoA and reduced synthesis of acetylcholine. Two clinical forms are recognized: neonatal and juvenile. The neonatal form is a relatively common cause of lactic acidosis in the first weeks of life and may also feature an erythematous rash. The juvenile form presents with lactic acidosis, alopecia, intermittent ATAXIA; SEIZURES; and an erythematous rash. (From J Inherit Metab Dis 1996;19(4):452-62) Autosomal recessive and X-linked forms are caused by mutations in the genes for the three different enzyme components of this multisubunit pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. One of the mutations at Xp22.2-p22.1 in the gene for the E1 alpha component of the complex leads to LEIGH DISEASE.	2.05	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.71	3	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	2.97	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	4.08	3	1
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	4.08	3	1
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	2.05	1	0
SUNCT Syndrome A primary headache disorder that is characterized by frequent short-lasting, unilateral, neuralgiform pain attacks in the ocular area, with CONJUNCTIVA fluid-filling and tearing. SUNCT syndrome is usually resistant to treatment.	2.06	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.47	2	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	2.05	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	2.06	1	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	5.98	9	1
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	5.98	9	1
Prolapse The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.	2.06	1	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	2.96	4	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.39	2	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	2.72	3	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.94	4	0
Icterus [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	2.44	2	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.06	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	4.39	2	2
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	4.39	2	2
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	6.17	4	3
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	6.17	4	3
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	2.06	1	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	2.06	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.92	4	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.74	3	0
Mandibular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.	2.06	1	0
Cutaneous Fistula An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.	2.06	1	0
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	2.06	1	0
Aspirin Induced Asthma [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.06	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.34	7	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	4.29	4	1
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.06	1	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	3.45	1	1
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	2.44	2	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	2.06	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.44	2	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	2.72	3	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.06	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	3.82	2	1
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	2.94	4	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	2.94	4	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	3.1	5	0
Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.	2.06	1	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	2.47	2	0
Infections, Roseolovirus [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Binge-Eating Disorder A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	3.86	2	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	2.07	1	0
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	5.06	5	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	5.05	5	2
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	5.05	5	2
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hypermyotonia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	2.07	1	0
B-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	2.07	1	0
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	2.07	1	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Chondrodysplasia Punctata A heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common character of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy. The group includes a severe autosomal recessive form (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC), an autosomal dominant form (Conradi-Hunermann syndrome), and a milder X-linked form. Metabolic defects associated with impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form.	2.07	1	0
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Dermal Sinus [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Glossoptosis, Micrognathia, and Cleft Palate [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	2.07	1	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2.93	4	0
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	3.46	1	1
Arthritis, Spinal [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	2.07	1	0
Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.07	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.07	1	0
Cyclothymia [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.46	2	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.06	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.44	2	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	2.4	2	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	5.31	2	2
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	2.36	2	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	4.68	3	2
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	4.68	3	2
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	4.22	18	0
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.	2.07	1	0
Allergic Angiitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Churg-Strauss Syndrome Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.	2.08	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2.07	1	0
Aspergilloses, Bronchopulmonary [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.07	1	0
Verruca [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Skin Diseases, Viral Skin diseases caused by viruses.	2.07	1	0
Molluscum Contagiosum A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.07	1	0
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	2.07	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	2.08	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.08	1	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	2.77	3	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.08	1	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.08	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	4.63	3	2
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	4.63	3	2
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	3	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.46	2	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	2.08	1	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	3.46	1	1
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	2.43	2	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	5.24	4	1
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	2.08	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	2.46	2	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.08	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	2.71	3	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	3.83	4	0
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	3	1	0
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome [description not available]	3	1	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	3	1	0
Frigidity [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Capgras Syndrome A psychotic disorder characterized by the patient's belief that acquaintances or closely related persons have been replaced by doubles or imposters.	2.08	1	0
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	2.08	1	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	2.01	1	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	7.87	9	2
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	7.87	9	2
Rheumatoid Nodule Subcutaneous nodules seen in 20-30% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. They may arise anywhere on the body, but are most frequently found over the bony prominences. The nodules are characterized histologically by dense areas of fibrinoid necrosis with basophilic streaks and granules, surrounded by a palisade of cells, mainly fibroblasts and histiocytes.	4.04	5	0
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	2.01	1	0
Hallux Abductovalgus [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Hallux Valgus Lateral displacement of the great toe (HALLUX), producing deformity of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT with callous, bursa, or BUNION formation over the bony prominence.	3.39	1	1
Kussmaul Aphasia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Enteropathy, Exudative [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Protein-Losing Enteropathies Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.01	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	7.05	5	4
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	8.66	11	4
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	7.05	5	4
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	8.66	11	4
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	4.72	2	1
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	3.81	2	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.92	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	2.92	1	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	4.72	2	1
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	3.81	2	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	3.58	3	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.92	1	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	2.43	2	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	2.01	1	0
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	2.01	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2.93	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.93	1	0
Skin Diseases, Vascular Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.	2.01	1	0
Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.	2.93	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	2.01	1	0
Acquired Communication Disorders [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Communication Disorders Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive LANGUAGE DISORDERS, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., MENTAL RETARDATION), psychiatric conditions, and HEARING DISORDERS.	2.01	1	0
Anhidrosis [description not available]	5.4	5	1
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	2.01	1	0
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.01	1	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	2.01	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.4	1	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	4.71	2	1
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	2.34	2	0
Amnionitis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Chorioamnionitis INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.	1.93	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	1.93	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	2.86	4	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.41	2	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	2.01	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	2.01	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	3.1	5	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	3.1	5	0
4 Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Deficiency Disease [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Tyrosinemias A group of disorders which have in common elevations of tyrosine in the blood and urine secondary to an enzyme deficiency. Type I tyrosinemia features episodic weakness, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular injury, and seizures and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. Type II tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, painful corneal ulcers, and keratoses of the palms and plantar surfaces and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme TYROSINE TRANSAMINASE. Type III tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp42-3)	2.93	1	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.01	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	3.4	1	1
Anti-GBM Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.	2.02	1	0
Post-Natal Depression [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)	2.02	1	0
Binge Eating [description not available]	5.29	2	2
Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.	5.29	2	2
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	3.4	1	1
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.69	3	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	4.54	3	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	4.54	3	0
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	2.02	1	0
Aseptic Meningitis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Meningitis, Aseptic A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)	2.02	1	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	2.02	1	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	2.42	2	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.02	1	0
Fasciitis, Necrotizing A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.	2.02	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Ritter Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	2.43	2	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	3.24	6	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	4.31	4	1
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	4.31	4	1
Low Bone Density [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	2.41	2	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	2.92	4	0
Hyperidrosis [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.	2.93	1	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	3.34	2	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	3.4	1	1
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Gingival Hyperplasia Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)	2.02	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	5.4	5	1
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	5.4	5	1
Hives [description not available]	5.02	3	3
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	3.41	1	1
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	5.02	3	3
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.94	1	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	2.94	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	2.93	1	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Papulosquamous Disorders [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	2.43	2	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	2.02	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	2.02	1	0
Axonotmesis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Trauma, Nervous System Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.	2.02	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	2.02	1	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	2.89	4	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	2.02	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	4.74	2	1
Habit Chorea [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Tics Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)	2.02	1	0
Odontalgia [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Toothache Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.	2.94	1	0
Clubbed Fingers [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.02	1	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	2.02	1	0
Bronchiolitis, Exudative [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.	2.69	3	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.94	1	0
Laryngeal Spasm [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Laryngismus A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.	2.02	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	3.41	1	1
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.41	2	0
Ankle Injuries Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.	3.41	1	1
Adult Rickets [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	2.94	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	7.17	8	5
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	7.17	8	5
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	4.33	1	1
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	4.33	1	1
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	4.33	1	1
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.03	1	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.94	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Pott Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.41	1	1
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	2.03	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.	2.03	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.4	2	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	2.42	2	0
Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Polychondritis, Relapsing An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.	2.42	2	0
Abdominal Hernia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	2.41	2	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	3.42	1	1
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	2.03	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.03	1	0
Congenital Oculofacial Paralysis, Moebius [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Vocal Cord Paralysis Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.	2.03	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	2.03	1	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	3.82	2	1
Fractures, Ununited A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.89	4	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	3.42	1	1
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	2.03	1	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	2.39	2	0
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	2.7	3	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	2.03	1	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	2.03	1	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	2.03	1	0
Lock Jaw [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.95	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	4.29	4	1
Fibromuscular Dysplasia An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.	2.03	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.03	1	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	2.03	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	2.03	1	0
Tuberculosis, Hepatic Infection of the LIVER with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. It is characterized by localized small tuberculous miliary lesions or tumor-like mass (TUBERCULOMA), and abnormalities in liver function tests.	2.03	1	0
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2.04	1	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	2.96	1	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	2.04	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	6.44	5	1
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	6.44	5	1
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.04	1	0
Action Myoclonus-Renal Failure Syndrome [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Pemphigoid [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	2.42	2	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	2.04	1	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	2.04	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2.04	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.04	1	0
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.	2.04	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	3.47	8	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	3.75	11	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	1.96	1	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	1.96	1	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	1.96	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.37	2	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	1.95	1	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	1.98	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	2.38	2	0
Childhood Tic Disorders [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	1.98	1	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	1.98	1	0
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).	3.37	1	1
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	1.98	1	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.9	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	3.37	1	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	2.89	4	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	1.98	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	1.98	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	5.64	5	4
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	1.98	1	0
Deficiency Disease, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease An inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE, transmitted as an X-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. Clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)	1.98	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	3.24	6	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.67	3	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	1.99	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	2.37	2	0
Absence of Brain, Congenital [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	1.99	1	0
Deficiency, IgA [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Deficiency, IgG [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Heatstroke [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	2.4	2	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	1.99	1	0
Cerebral Arterial Diseases Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.	1.99	1	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.	1.99	1	0
Froehlich's Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	1.99	1	0
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	1.99	1	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	2.39	2	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	3.31	2	0
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Body Rocking [description not available]	2	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	2	1	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	2	1	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	2	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.92	1	0
Benign Familial Infantile Convulsions [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Pyuria The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.	2	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	2	1	0
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	2	1	0
Epilepsy Progressive Myoclonic 2 [description not available]	2	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	4.87	4	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	4.87	4	0
Cochlear Diseases Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).	4.87	4	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	4.87	4	0
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	4.87	4	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.92	1	0
Benign Frontal Childhood Epilepsy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	2.01	1	0
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	2.01	1	0
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	3.39	1	1
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	3.39	1	1
Cyst, Dental Root [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	2.65	3	0
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	1.95	1	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	3.36	1	1
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.38	2	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	2.38	2	0
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	1.97	1	0
Concussive Convulsion [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	1.97	1	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.97	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	1.97	1	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	2.37	2	0
Echo Virus Infections [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	1.97	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	1.97	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	1.97	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	2.37	2	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	3.35	1	1
Palsy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	1.96	1	0

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