eye profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	138376572
MeSH ID	M0008082

Synonym
[9-ethyl-7-(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)carbazol-3-yl]methyl-methyl-azanium
EYE ,
2413987-20-7
MS-25056
HY-145937
pk9327
CS-0436463

Research Excerpts

Overview

Dry eye disease (DED) is a frequently observed eye complaint, which has recently attracted considerable research interest. The eye is a vital organ that consists of vascular tissues and is connected to the respiratory tract through the tears and the nasolacrimal duct.

Excerpt	Reference
"The eye is an isolated and complex organ, with multiple robust anatomical and physiological barriers on the ocular surface which protect it from noxious insults such as the blink reflex, tear film and corneoscleral tissue layers. "	( Topical ocular drug delivery systems: Innovations for an unmet need. Lockwood, A; Yang, Y, 2022)
"The eye is a one-of-a-kind sensory organ with intricate anatomy and physiology. "	( Targeted Nanotherapies for the Posterior Segment of the Eye: An Integrative Review on Recent Advancements and Challenges. Gogoi, NR; Marbaniang, D; Mazumder, B; Pal, P; Ray, S, 2022)
"Dry eye disease (DED) is a frequently observed eye complaint, which has recently attracted considerable research interest. "	( Novel drug delivery systems for the management of dry eye. Nagai, N; Otake, H, 2022)
"The eye is a vital organ that consists of vascular tissues and is connected to the respiratory tract through the tears and the nasolacrimal duct."	( Covid-19 and its relation to the human eye: transmission, infection, and ocular manifestations. Abdelrazek, NA; Eissa, M; Saady, M, 2023)
"The eye is a complex organ consisting of multiple compartments with unique and specialized properties, and small disturbances in one eye region can result in impaired vision and blindness. "	( Region-resolved multi-omics of the mouse eye. Ding, C; Ji, M; Luo, R; Wang, Y; Xiang, H; Xu, N; Zhang, B; Zhang, F, 2023)
"Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex disorder of the ocular surface with a loss of tear film homeostasis, causing an imbalance in the tear-air interface and leading to ocular discomfort, pain, and vision issues. "	( Intricate insights into immune response in dry eye disease. Gurnani, B; Kaur, K; Kaur, RP, 2023)
"Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic ocular surface disorder, associated with inflammation, which can cause severe morbidity, visual compromise, and loss of quality of life, affecting up to 5-50% of the world population. "	( Autophagy in dry eye disease: Therapeutic implications of autophagy modulators on the ocular surface. Ghosh, A; Jeyabalan, N; Khamar, P; Mohan, RR; Pillai, AM; Shetty, R, 2023)
"Dry eye disease (DED) is a disorder with multifactorial etiology, and endocrine anomalies are one of the inciting factors."	( Hormones and dry eye disease. Gorimanipalli, B; Khamar, P; Sethu, S; Shetty, R, 2023)
"Dry eye disease (DED) is a broad term that includes a diverse group of clinical disorders. "	( Aqueous-deficient dry eye disease: Preferred practice pattern guidelines on clinical approach, diagnosis, and management. Basu, S; Djalilian, AR; Doctor, MB; Donthineni, PR; Galor, A; Kate, A; Shanbhag, S; Singh, S, 2023)
"Dry eye is a common condition affecting people worldwide. "	( Impact of salivary stimulation on tear film function in dry eye subjects. Aparna, S; Ashwini, DL; Sah, AK, 2023)
"The eye is an important and vital organ of the human body consisting of two segments - anterior and posterior segments and these segments are associated with many diseases. "	( A Mini-review on New Developments in Nanocarriers and Polymers for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Strategies. Kurmi, BD; Patel, P; Sharma, Y, 2024)
"Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial pathology of the preocular tear film with possible damage to the ocular surface classified in two types: (1) aqueous-deficient dry eye and (2) evaporative dry eye, caused by a decrease in goblet cell density that reduces MUC expression and/or by meibomian gland dysfunction, that results in a drop in the lipidic fraction of the tear film."	( The role of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid in mucoadhesion on an ocular surface model. Acquasaliente, L; Beninatto, R; Galesso, D; Garofolin, G; Giacomel, E; Guarise, C; Pasut, G; Pavan, M; Sartori, E; Soato, M, 2023)
"Eye health is an essential component of physical and mental health, concerning the whole life cycle and all age groups, which is a major public health and social issue related to people's livelihood. "	( [Interpretation of 14th Five-Year Plan for National Eye Health (2021-2025)]. Wang, NL, 2023)
"Dry eye is a chronic ocular surface disease caused by the instability of tear film or the imbalance of the ocular surface microenvironment which can lead to a diverse range of ocular discomfort symptoms. "	( Visual analysis of autoimmune dry eye studies based on bibliometrics. Liu, F; Long, H; Tu, N; Xiong, J; Xu, X; Zhang, R; Zhou, L; Zhou, Z, 2023)
"Dry eye syndrome is a common eye disease that affects many people worldwide. "	( Phenylboronic acid-tethered chondroitin sulfate-based mucoadhesive nanostructured lipid carriers for the treatment of dry eye syndrome. Li, J; Liu, D; Pan, W; Song, Y; Tan, G; Yu, Y, 2019)
"Eye care is a fundamental aspect of personal hygiene that should not be neglected in a critically ill child. "	( The importance of protocol-based eye care in the paediatric intensive care unit. Boal, C; Corkin, D, 2019)
"The eye is an elegant organ consisting of a number of tissues and fluids with specialised functions that together allow it to effectively transmit and transduce light input to the brain for visual perception. "	( Detection of small molecule concentration gradients in ocular tissues and humours. Boughton, BA; Demarais, NJ; Grey, AC; Swearer, SE; Thomas, ORB; Trede, D, 2020)
"Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface system whose chore mechanisms are tear film instability, inflammation, tear hyperosmolarity and epithelial damage. "	( The Role of Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements in Ocular Surface Diseases. Bernabei, F; Cicero, AFG; Giannaccare, G; Maestri, A; Pellegrini, M; Scorcia, V; Senni, C; Vagge, A, 2020)
"Dry eye disease (DED) is a highly prevalent ocular surface disorder with neuroimmune pathophysiology. "	( Transient tear hyperosmolarity disrupts the neuroimmune homeostasis of the ocular surface and facilitates dry eye onset. Fuentes, F; Galletti, JG; Giordano, MN; Guzmán, M; Keitelman, I; Miglio, M; Sabbione, F; Shiromizu, CM; Trevani, AS, 2020)
"The eye is an impervious organ that exhibits natural anatomical and physiological barriers which renders the design of an efficient ocular delivery system a formidable task and challenge scientists to find alternative formulation approaches."	( Glaucoma: Management and Future Perspectives for Nanotechnology-Based Treatment Modalities. Abdel Azim, EA; El Hoffy, NM; Elkheshen, SA; Fouly, MA; Hathout, RM, 2021)
"The eye lens is a unique organ as no cells can be replaced throughout life. "	( Searching for a UV-filter in the eyes of high-flying birds. Ambrosini, D; Elgstøen, KBP; Görbitz, CH; Lundanes, E; Morth, JP; Ràcz, B; Ringvold, A; Rise, F; Wilkins, AL; Wilson, SR; Zawadzka, M; Østeby, A, 2021)
"Eye drops are a conventional method of drug delivery to the eye, accounting for 90% of currently accessible ophthalmic formulations. "	( The new ophthalmic formulation for infection control by combining collagen/gelatin/alginate biomaterial with liposomal chloramphenicol. Chang, MC; Chen, KY; Huang, CY; Luo, TY; Peng, CL; Yeh, LK, 2020)
"Eye-acupuncture is an effective method for stroke."	( Effects of eye-acupuncture combined with rehabilitation training for poststroke dyskinesia: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Ma, N; Shao, Y; Wang, M; Wang, P; Wang, Q; Zhao, X, 2021)
"Eye irritation is a key human health endpoint assessed by in vitro and in vivo methods. "	( A simplified index to quantify the irritation/corrosion potential of chemicals - Part II: Eye. Austin, T; Charmeau-Genevois, C; Eadsforth, C; Mayer, N; Perea, M; Sarang, S; Thomas, P, 2021)
"Eye contact is a useful biomarker of social communication and known to be deficient in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)."	( An eye tracking system for monitoring face scanning patterns reveals the enhancing effect of oxytocin on eye contact in common marmosets. Ikeda, K; Konoike, N; Kotani, M; Matsumoto, K; Nakako, T; Nakamura, K; Ogi, Y; Shimono, K; Yoneyama, T, 2017)
"Each eye is an inverse eye that consists of two different cell types: pigment cells (pigc) and rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells (prcs)."	( Structure and ultrastructure of eyes and brains of Thalia democratica (Thaliacea, Tunicata, Chordata). Braun, K; Stach, T, 2017)
"The eye is a highly specialized organ that is subject to a huge range of pathology. "	( Principles of pharmacology in the eye. Awwad, S; Brocchini, S; Heng, JS; Khaw, PT; Lockwood, A; Mohamed Ahmed, AHA; Sharma, G, 2017)
"The eye is a vital sense organ related to vision, conveying the underlying physical and mental state of well-being of an individual. "	( Eyes in pituitary disorders. Chen, Y; Lin, ZH; Liu, ZH; Shi, XZ, )
"The eye is an important organ responsible for vision in most living organisms, and it is directly exposed to the atmosphere."	( Ocular toxicity of reduced graphene oxide or graphene oxide exposure in mouse eyes. Akhtar, S; An, W; Gao, L; Kang, Y; Li, K; Sha, X; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2018)
"The eye is a complex organ with a series of anatomic barriers that provide protection from physical and chemical injury while maintaining homeostasis and function. "	( Models and Approaches Describing the Metabolism, Transport, and Toxicity of Drugs Administered by the Ocular Route. Argikar, UA; Camenisch, G; Chastain, J; Chemuturi, N; Dumouchel, JL; Gunduz, M; Iyer, GR; Milton, MN; Sasseville, V; Walles, M, 2018)
"Dry eye syndrome is a common ophthalmic complaint. "	( Menopause and Dry Eye Syndrome. Lurati, AR, 2019)
"Eye rheum is a physiological discharge, which accumulates at the medial angle of the healthy eye soon after opening in the morning. "	( Frontline Science: Aggregated neutrophil extracellular traps prevent inflammation on the neutrophil-rich ocular surface. Bock, F; Christiansen, S; Dahms, F; Grüneboom, A; Günter, L; Herrmann, M; Hohberger, B; Jünemann, A; Kling, L; Krenn, V; Mahajan, A; Maueröder, C; Muñoz, LE; Petru, L; Podolska, MJ; Schauer, C; Schett, G, 2019)
"The eye is a complex organ comprised of several compartments with exclusive and specialized properties that reflect their diverse functions. "	( Protein Microarrays: Valuable Tools for Ocular Diseases Research. Barderas, R; Garranzo-Asensio, M; Guzman-Aranguez, A; Montero-Calle, A; Solís-Fernández, G, 2020)
"The eye is a very sophisticated system of optical elements for the preeminent sense of vision. "	( Determination of optical parameters of the porcine eye and development of a simulated model. Brige, P; Delattre, R; Djenizian, T; O'Connor, D; Ramuz, M; Regal, S, 2019)
"The eye is a very important, yet sensitive organ, presenting complex anatomy. "	( Nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery: modified and non-modified chitosan as a promising biocompatible carrier. Detsi, A; Pontillo, ARN, 2019)
"Eyes absent (Eya) is an evolutionarily conserved transcriptional coactivator and protein phosphatase that regulates multiple developmental processes throughout the metazoans. "	( Eyes absent tyrosine phosphatase activity is not required for Drosophila development or survival. Bai, Z; Jin, M; Jusiak, B; Mardon, G, 2013)
"The eye is a major sensory organ that requires special care for a healthy and productive lifestyle. "	( Dietary sources of lutein and zeaxanthin carotenoids and their role in eye health. Abdel-Aal, el-SM; Akhtar, H; Ali, R; Zaheer, K, 2013)
"The eye is a unique sensory structure, which must be evaluated for toxicity to determine the safety of drugs, industrial chemicals, and consumer products. "	( Ocular toxicity assessment from systemically administered xenobiotics: considerations in drug development. Brock, WJ; Jamison, J; Render, JA; Rivera, MI; Somps, CJ; Torti, V, )
"The eye is a well-organized organ whose structural complexity is essential for proper function."	( Topographical control of ocular cell types for tissue engineering. McHugh, KJ; Saint-Geniez, M; Tao, SL, 2013)
"Dark eye circle (DEC) is a common problem that usually lacks detailed classification in the etiology and structural variations. "	( Clinical analysis and classification of dark eye circle. Chang, SL; Hu, S; Huang, YL; Lee, MC; Ma, L, 2014)
"The eye is a model organ for the local delivery of therapeutics. "	( Drug delivery implants in the treatment of vitreous inflammation. Christoforidis, J; Jiang, A; Joshi, M; Wang, J, 2013)
"The eye is a very complex sensory organ consisting of numerous structures to coordinate the function of sight. "	( The role of xenobiotic transporters in ophthalmic drug delivery. Chemuturi, N; Yanez, JA, 2013)
"Eye size is an indicator of visual capability, and macroevolutionary patterns reveal that taxa inhabiting dim environments have larger eyes than taxa from bright environments. "	( Ecological constraints on sensory systems: compound eye size in Daphnia is reduced by resource limitation. Brandon, CS; Dudycha, JL, 2014)
"The eye is a good target due to its small size, minimal diffusion of therapeutic agent to the systemic circulation, and low immune and inflammatory responses."	( Cationic polyene phospholipids as DNA carriers for ocular gene therapy. Bitoque, D; Calado, S; Machado, S; Oliveira, AV; Partali, V; Pungente, MD; Silva, GA; Sliwka, HR; Zeeshan, M; Øpstad, CL, 2014)
"Eye development is a complex and highly regulated process that consists of several overlapping stages: (i) specification then splitting of the eye field from the developing forebrain; (ii) genesis and patterning of the optic vesicle; (iii) regionalization of the optic cup into neural retina and retina pigment epithelium; and (iv) specification and differentiation of all seven retinal cell types that develop from a pool of retinal progenitor cells in a precise temporal and spatial manner: retinal ganglion cells, horizontal cells, cone photoreceptors, amacrine cells, bipolar cells, rod photoreceptors and Müller glia. "	( Genetic regulation of vertebrate eye development. Eisenstat, DD; Zagozewski, JL; Zhang, Q, 2014)
"The eyestalk is a major site for the production of neurohormones and controls a variety of physiological functions such as osmotic regulation, molting, epidermal color patterns and reproduction."	( The eyestalk transcriptome of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. De Moro, G; Gerdol, M; Giulianini, PG; Manfrin, C; Pallavicini, A; Tom, M, 2015)
"Eye gaze is a window onto cognitive processing in tasks such as spatial memory, linguistic processing, and decision making. "	( Biasing moral decisions by exploiting the dynamics of eye gaze. Balkenius, C; Hall, L; Johansson, P; Pärnamets, P; Richardson, DC; Spivey, MJ, 2015)
"The eye is an important sense organ for teleost species but can vary greatly depending on the adaption to the habitat, environment during ontogeny and developmental stage of the fish. "	( Investigating photoreceptor densities, potential visual acuity, and cone mosaics of shallow water, temperate fish species. Cobcroft, JM; Hunt, DE; Rawlinson, NJ; Thomas, GA, 2015)
"The eye is an assembly of many specialized sub-organs which have specific functions, and its integral maintenance of homeostasis plays an important role of visual function."	( General considerations in ocular toxicity risk assessment from the toxicologists' viewpoints. Nomura, M; Onodera, H; Otake, S; Sasaki, S; Shibuya, K; Tomohiro, M, 2015)
"Eye development is a consequence of numerous epithelial-to-mesenchymal interactions between the prospective lens ectoderm, outpocketings of the forebrain forming optic vesicles, and surrounding mesenchyme. "	( Interplay of proliferation and differentiation factors is revealed in the early human eye development. Filipovic, N; Mardesic, S; Matas, A; Saraga-Babic, M; Vukojevic, K; Znaor, L, 2015)
"The eye is a 'window' into the brain and cardiovascular (CV) system, changes in retinal microvasculature being independently predictive of cardiovascular events."	( Neurocardiovascular instability may modulate end-organ damage: A review of this hypothesis investigating the eye and manifestations of NCVI. Kenny, RA; McGarrigle, CA; Ní Bhuachalla, B, 2015)
"Dry eye is a common disorder caused by inadequate hydration of the ocular surface that results in disruption of barrier function. "	( Clusterin Seals the Ocular Surface Barrier in Mouse Dry Eye. Argüeso, P; Bauskar, A; Fini, ME; Gleave, ME; Heur, M; Jeong, S; Kinoshita, S; Kolar, GR; Mack, WJ; Mauris, J; Moradian-Oldak, J; Nagel, BA; Nakamura, T; Panjwani, N; Pflugfelder, SC; Wilson, MR, 2015)
"The eye is a privileged immune site but commensal bacteria are found on the ocular surface."	( Ocular Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Cantarini, L; Generali, E; Selmi, C, 2015)
"Eye localization is a fundamental process in many facial analyses. "	( An Efficient Robust Eye Localization by Learning the Convolution Distribution Using Eye Template. Dou, Y; Li, X; Niu, X; Xiao, R; Xu, J, 2015)
"The eye is considered to be a critical organ when determining safety standards for radio frequency (RF) radiation. "	( Absence of acute ocular damage in humans after prolonged exposure to intense RF EMF. Adibzadeh, F; Naus-Postema, NC; Paulides, MM; van Rhoon, GC; Verduijn, GM, 2016)
"Dry eye is a common, multifactorial disease currently diagnosed by a combination of symptoms and signs. "	( The Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Point-of-Care Test in Dry Eye. Galor, A; Lanza, NL; Perez, VL; Valenzuela, F, 2016)
"Eye is a vital sense organ of our body and any disorder can lead to serious medical implications that may put great financial burden on patient and their family. "	( Recent Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery, with Special Emphasis on Lipid Based Nanocarriers. Sah, AK; Suresh, PK, 2015)
"The eye is a very sensitive accessible organ and is subjected to intended and unintended exposure to nanomaterials."	( Safety and toxicity of nanomaterials for ocular drug delivery applications. Cai, D; Hein, T; Kuo, L; Mehra, NK; Palakurthi, S, 2016)
"The eye is a target site for GH action and growth hormone has been implicated in diabetic retinopathy and other ocular dysfunctions. "	( Growth hormone and ocular dysfunction: Endocrine, paracrine or autocrine etiologies? Harvey, S; Martinez-Moreno, CG, 2016)
"Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex, multifactorial condition that is challenging to diagnose and monitor clinically. "	( Tear film assessments for the diagnosis of dry eye. Ciralsky, JB; Dohlman, TH; Lai, EC, 2016)
"The eye is a distinctive organ with protective anatomy and physiology. "	( A comprehensive insight on ocular pharmacokinetics. Agrahari, V; Hadji, H; Joseph, M; Mandal, A; Mitra, AK; Mitra, R; Pal, D; Ray, A; Trinh, HM, 2016)
"Eye volume is an important quantity for anatomic and metabolic reasons, which due to differences in eye set, or position within (or outside) the bony orbit, can be underestimated in living and fossil forms when calculated from aperture diameter."	( Eye Size and Set in Small-Bodied Fossil Primates: A Three-Dimensional Method. Burrows, AM; DeLeon, VB; Halenar, LB; Rosenberger, AL; Schenck, R; Smith, TD, 2016)
"The eye is a sensitive organ with complex optical system involves in the perception of light. "	( Ocular promoting activity of grape polyphenols-A review. Hwang, JW; Kim, EK; Kim, YS; Natarajan, SB; Park, PJ, 2017)
"The eye is a complex sensory organ composed of a range of tissue types including epithelia, connective tissue, smooth muscle, vascular and neural tissue. "	( Macrophage physiology in the eye. Chinnery, HR; Dando, SJ; McMenamin, PG, 2017)
"Eye development is a complex process that involves the formation of the retina and the lens, collectively called the eyeball, as well as the formation of auxiliary eye structures such as the eyelid, lacrimal gland, cornea and conjunctiva. "	( Eye formation in the absence of retina. Jamrich, M; Lang, RA; Liu, C; Shah, R; Smith, AN; Swindell, EC, 2008)
"Dry eye is a potent stimulus of both innate and adaptive immune systems. "	( Epithelial-immune cell interaction in dry eye. de Paiva, CS; Li, DQ; Pflugfelder, SC; Stern, ME, 2008)
"The eye is an immune privileged site that is styled to maintain the visual pathway while at the same time provide defense against invading organisms. "	( Immune regulation and the eye. Stein-Streilein, J, 2008)
"Red eye is a common presentation in clinical practice with conjunctivitis being the most common cause of red eye. "	( Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and differential diagnosis of the red eye. Granet, D, )
"Eye irritation is an important endpoint in the safety evaluation of consumer products and their ingredients. "	( The isolated chicken eye test as a suitable in vitro method for determining the eye irritation potential of household cleaning products. McNamee, PM; Prinsen, MK; Roggeband, R; Schutte, K, 2009)
"The eye is a complex organ whose embryonic origin and developmental dynamics are now better known. "	( [Development and genetic anomalies of the eye]. Calvas, P, 2009)
"Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent inflammatory disorder of the lacrimal functional unit of multifactorial origin leading to chronic ocular surface disease, impaired quality of vision, and a wide range of complications, eventually causing a reduction in quality of life. "	( Dry eye disease as an inflammatory disorder. Calonge, M; Corell, A; Diebold, Y; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A; González-García, MJ; Herreras, JM; Reinoso, R, 2010)
"The eye is an excellent target organ for such cell-based therapeutics due to its ready accessibility, the prevalence of vasculo- and neurodegenerative diseases affecting vision, and the availability of animal models to demonstrate proof of concept."	( Stemming vision loss with stem cells. Friedlander, DF; Friedlander, M; Krohne, TU; Marchetti, V, 2010)
"Dry eye syndrome is a common disorder of the tear film caused by decreased tear production or increased evaporation. "	( Development and characterization of Cyclosporine A loaded nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery: Cellular toxicity, uptake, and kinetic studies. Aksungur, P; Demirbilek, M; Denkbaş, EB; Ludwig, A; Unlü, N; Vandervoort, J, 2011)
"The eye is a sensitive indicator of the teratogenic effects of ethanol with ophthalmic defects such as microphthalmia frequently observed in FAS children. "	( Histological characterisation of the ethanol-induced microphthalmia phenotype in a chick embryo model system. Brennan, D; Chummun, K; Giles, S; Kennelly, K, 2011)
"The eye is an immune privileged site through a wide variety of mechanisms that allow selected immune responses without causing inflammation."	( The mechanisms and consequences of ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression in the skin and eye. Norval, M, 2011)
"The eye is an immunologically privileged and profoundly immunosuppressive environment. "	( A new look at immune privilege of the eye: dual role for the vision-related molecule retinoic acid. Caspi, RR; Horai, R; Mattapallil, MJ; Zhou, R, 2011)
"Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder that results in eye discomfort, visual disturbance, and often ocular surface damage. "	( Understanding dry eye disease: a managed care perspective. Fiscella, RG, 2011)
"The eyespot is a potent stimulus, acting as a social signal that confers dominant status to its bearer, and activates the sympathetic nervous system in opponents that observe it during aggressive interactions."	( Manipulation of visual sympathetic sign stimulus modifies social status and plasma catecholamines. Korzan, WJ; Summers, CH; Summers, TR, 2002)
"The eye is an end arteriolar system and is therefore susceptible to changes in blood pressure."	( Hypertension and the eye. Hurcomb, PG; Wolffsohn, JS, 2002)
"eyeless (ey) is a key regulator of the eye development pathway in Drosophila. "	( Eyeless collaborates with Hedgehog and Decapentaplegic signaling in Drosophila eye induction. Henry Sun, Y; Kango-Singh, M; Singh, A, 2003)
"The EyeSite is a web-based database of protein families for proteins that function in the eye and their homologous sequences. "	( EyeSite: a semi-automated database of protein families in the eye. Edo-Ukeh, AA; Fefeu, S; Lee, DA; Orengo, CA; Slingsby, C, 2004)
"The eye is an organ of such remarkable complexity and apparently flawless design that it presents a challenge to both evolutionary biologists trying to explain its phylogenetic origins, and developmental biologists hoping to understand its formation during ontogeny. "	( How to make an eye. Treisman, JE, 2004)
"The eye is a unique organ because of its constant exposure to radiation, atmospheric oxygen, environmental chemicals and physical abrasion. "	( Pharmacological consequences of oxidative stress in ocular tissues. Leday, AM; Ohia, SE; Opere, CA, 2005)
"The eye is an extension of the brain and thus many of its tissues are incapable of regeneration. "	( Immune privilege of the eye and fetus: parallel universes? Niederkorn, JY; Wang, S, 2005)
"The eye is an excellent candidate for gene therapy as it is immune privileged and much of the disease-causing genetics are well understood. "	( Efficient non-viral ocular gene transfer with compacted DNA nanoparticles. Cooper, MJ; Farjo, R; Naash, MI; Quiambao, AB; Skaggs, J, 2006)
"The eye is an immune-privileged site with unique mechanisms for the prevention of damaging immune inflammation."	( An eye's view of T regulatory cells. Stein-Streilein, J; Taylor, AW, 2007)
"The eye is considered to be a critical organ when determining safety standards for radiofrequency radiation. "	( Calculation of SAR and temperature rise in a high-resolution vascularized model of the human eye and orbit when exposed to a dipole antenna at 900, 1500 and 1800 MHz. Flyckt, VM; Kroeze, H; Lagendijk, JJ; Raaymakers, BW, 2007)
"The eye is a privileged site that cannot tolerate destructive inflammatory responses. "	( Fas ligand-induced apoptosis as a mechanism of immune privilege. Brunner, T; Ferguson, TA; Fletcher, SM; Green, DR; Griffith, TS, 1995)
"The eye is a gravity-sensitive organ, as evidence by changes in pupil diameter during parabolic flight."	( Eye development and the appearance and maintenance of corneal transparency. Conrad, GW; Funderburgh, JL, 1992)
"The eye is an isolated unit but with a potentially high degree of sensitivity to toxic substances. "	( Morphological assessment of visual dysfunction. Gopinath, C; Heywood, R, 1990)
"The eye is a common site for autoimmune inflammatory diseases, many of which are linked to HLA antigens. "	( HLA antigens in ocular tissues. I. In vivo expression in human eyes. Abi-Hanna, D; Wakefield, D; Watkins, S, 1988)
"The eye is an exposed and documented portal of entry for blood and other potentially infectious debris."	( The eyes as a portal of entry for hepatitis and other infectious diseases. Cobo, JC; Harley, DP, 1985)

Effects

Eye acupuncture has a good effect on cognition disorders in patients of CCCI. The eye has an elastic cover and is filled with uniform fluid.

Eye tracking has shown promise for providing insight into neurophysiological change because of neural injury, but video-based technology limits usage to a laboratory or clinic. The eye shape has been receiving increasing attention as a possible biomarker for myopia.

Excerpt	Reference
"Eye acupuncture has a good effect on cognition disorders in patients of CCCI and can enhance life quality of the patients."	( [Observation on therapeutic effect of eye acupuncture on cognition disorders in patients of chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency]. Li, Z, 2009)
"The eye has a dual vascular supply. "	( Control of ocular blood flow. Bill, A; Nilsson, SF, 1985)
"The eye has an elastic cover and is filled with uniform fluid."	( [New determinations of the eye rotation center and criteria for the formation of its membrane in terms of the floating eye model and experimental support of the latter]. Galoian, VR, )
"An eye phenotype has been described in the mouse Arl13 mutant, however, zebrafish arl13b is maternally deposited, and an early role for cilia proteins has not been tested in zebrafish eye development."	( Loss of zebrafish dzip1 results in inappropriate recruitment of periocular mesenchyme to the optic fissure and ocular coloboma. Kwan, KM; Lusk, S; Nandamuri, SP, 2022)
"Eye tracking has shown promise for providing insight into neurophysiological change because of neural injury, but video-based technology limits usage to a laboratory or clinic."	( Changes in Eye Tracking Features Across Periods of Overpressure Exposure. Halford, E; McGuire, SM; Rao, HM; Smalt, CJ, 2023)
"The DeyeCOM sign has been described as a predictor of ischemic stroke."	( The Sustained DeyeCOM Sign as a Predictor of Large Vessel Occlusions and Stroke Mimics. Agrawal, K; Attenhofer, KS; Hailey, L; Hemmen, TM; Huisa-Garate, B; Meyer, BC; Meyer, DM; Modir, R; Mortin, M; Rapp, KS, 2018)
"Eye tracking has been used to objectively evaluate attention to the dentition (mouth) in female models with different levels of dental esthetics quantified by the aesthetic component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN)."	( Objective assessment of the contribution of dental esthetics and facial attractiveness in men via eye tracking. Baker, RS; Beck, FM; Fields, HW; Firestone, AR; Rosenstiel, SF, 2018)
"The eye shape has been receiving increasing attention as a possible biomarker for myopia."	( An Update of Eye Shape and Myopia. Kuo, AN; Matsumura, S; Saw, SM, 2019)
"An eye model has been developed to quantify the performance of manual and robotic microcannulation. "	( Quantitative assessment of manual and robotic microcannulation for eye surgery using new eye model. Arai, F; Harada, K; Ida, Y; Kato, I; Mitsuishi, M; Noda, Y; Sugita, N; Tanaka, S; Tomita, K; Ueta, T, 2015)
"The eye has been one of the most intensively studied organs in Drosophila. "	( Eye development. Baker, NE; Li, K; Quiquand, M; Ruggiero, R; Wang, LH, 2014)
"Eye drops have been globally accepted as a formulation for anterior segment applications."	( Recent Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery, with Special Emphasis on Lipid Based Nanocarriers. Sah, AK; Suresh, PK, 2015)
"Eyes have been shown to play a key role during human social interactions. "	( The Eyes as Windows Into Other Minds. Grossmann, T, 2017)
"Eye tracking has been used to investigate gaze behaviours in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). "	( Atypical gaze patterns in children and adults with autism spectrum disorders dissociated from developmental changes in gaze behaviour. Endo, Y; Kato, N; Kitazawa, S; Nakano, T; Nakano, Y; Ohta, H; Tanaka, K; Yamamoto, T; Yamane, Y, 2010)
"Eye development has been a paradigm for the study of organogenesis, from the demonstration of lens induction through epithelial tissue morphogenesis, to neuronal specification and differentiation. "	( Pax6: a multi-level regulator of ocular development. Ashery-Padan, R; Farhy, C; Menuchin, Y; Shaham, O, 2012)
"Eyestalk ablation has been frequently resorted in matured forms for inducing maturation of gonads."	( Effects of eyestalk ablation on moulting and growth of penaeid prawn Metapenaeus dobsoni (de Man). Balasubramanian, T; Jayalakshmy, KV; Nair, KK; Nair, M; Venkitraman, PR, 2004)
"Eye-rubbing has been implicated in the pathogenesis of keratoconus. "	( Unilateral keratoconus in a child with chronic and persistent eye rubbing. Ioannidis, AS; Nischal, KK; Speedwell, L, 2005)
"No eye has been enucleated."	( Focal stereotactic external beam radiotherapy as a vision-sparing method for the treatment of peripapillary and perimacular retinoblastoma: preliminary results. Chan, HS; Gallie, B; Heon, E; Jaywant, S; Laperriere, N; Michaels, H; Millar, BA; Sahgal, A, 2006)
"Eye uptake has been a potential concern with N-isopropyl-p-[123I]iodoamphetamine (I-123 IMP) because it has been observed in certain animal species. "	( The relationship of the eye uptake of N-isopropyl-p-[123I]iodoamphetamine to melanin production. Hill, TC; Holman, BL; Kaplan, ML; Lee, RG; Lin, TH; Wick, MM; Wu, JL, 1984)
"Eye development has been studied in 10-16-day-old embryos and newborn mice, genotypes Miwh/mi fi/fi, Miwh/mi or/or, Miwh/mi, or/or, fi/fi and wild-type (+/+) (normal mice from the inbred strain C57Bl/Mib). "	( [Development of microphthalmos in Mi wh/mi fi/fi and Mi wh/mi or/or mice]. Osipov, VV; Vakhrusheva, MP, 1981)
"The eye of Aplysia has been used to explore various aspects of circadian rhythms. "	( Aging affects the ocular circadian pacemaker of Aplysia californica. Block, GD; Eskin, A; Kerbeshian, M; Levenson, J; Sloan, MA; Tran, Q, 1999)
"Eyes from mice have been assayed for 5-HT content at various times during the day. "	( Daily variation in the eye's 5-HT stores. Baker, PC; Hoff, KM, 1979)
"The eye development has been studied in the 12-day-old, 14-day-old embryos and in neonates of Cm/+ ak/ak genotype. "	( [The interaction of the coloboma and aphakia mutant genes in mice]. Koniukhov, BV; Sazhina, MV, )

Actions

Eye contact plays an important role in social interaction and can capture and hold attention. Eye diseases can cause discomfort and anxiety in patients, with the ultimate fear of loss of vision and facial disfigurement. The eye plays a double role: on the one side it is the optic camera, on the other side independent of the optic path ways it's the light receptor which stimulates the retino-hypotha.

Excerpt	Reference
"Eye exposure may cause severe burns, and after inhalation or ingestion damage to the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract occurs."	( Osmium absorption after osmium tetroxide skin and eye exposure. Friedova, N; Kesslerova, K; Kohout, P; Lach, K; Obertova, N; Pelclova, D, 2020)
"Eyes with prior blunt eye trauma or had underwent vitrectomy operations were excluded."	( Axial length of cataract eyes: a comparison of two cohorts over a span of 10 years apart. Chen, YH; Fang, PC; Hsiao, YT; Kuo, HK; Kuo, MT; Wu, PC, 2021)
"Eye contact plays an important role in social interaction and can capture and hold attention. "	( Are you looking at me? Impact of eye contact on object-based attention. Gao, Y; Hu, S; Kong, F; Song, F; Zhang, T; Zhao, J; Zhou, S, 2021)
"The eye on the lower side in the lateral decubitus or prone with head turn position was termed the dependent eye."	( Effects of different sleeping postures on intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure in healthy young subjects. Kim, YY; Lee, TE; Yoo, C, 2013)
"Dry eye in humans displays increased prevalence in the aged and in women. "	( Ocular surface disease and dacryoadenitis in aging C57BL/6 mice. Darlington, GJ; de Paiva, CS; Li, DQ; McClellan, AJ; Pflugfelder, SC; Volpe, EA; Zhang, X, 2014)
"Eye closure might cause sustained inhibition of the omnipause neurons."	( Experimental tests of hypotheses for microsaccade generation. Ghasia, FF; Shaikh, AG, 2015)
"Eye detection plays an important role in many practical applications. "	( Visual-context boosting for eye detection. Li, X; Song, M; Sun, Z; Tao, D, 2010)
"Eye diseases can cause discomfort and anxiety in patients, with the ultimate fear of loss of vision and facial disfigurement. "	( Newer approaches for optimal bioavailability of ocularly delivered drugs: review. Balasubramaniam, J; Kant, S; Kesavan, K; Pandit, JK; Singh, PN, 2011)
"The eye area plays an important role in the assessment of a person. "	( The "jaguar's eye" as a new beauty trend? Age-related effects in judging the attractiveness of the oblique eye axis. Eisenmann-Klein, M; Feser, D; Gründl, M; Horczakiwskyj, R; Jung, M; Klein, S; Prantl, L, 2008)
"The eye plays a double role: on the one side it is the optic camera, on the other side independent of the optic path ways it is the light receptor which stimulates the retino-hypothalamique pathway of the endocrine-visceral system. "	( [Influence of light through the eyes on metabolism and hormones]. Hartmann, C; Hollwich, F, )

Treatment

All treated eyes at all time periods exhibited four characteristic histologic lesions. Treated eyes had significant increases in equatorial diameter and vitreous chamber depth. The treated eyes became less myopic than the fellow eyes.

Excerpt	Reference
"Then eyes were treated with CLU and sealing was evaluated immediately by quantification of clinical dye uptake."	( Recombinant Human Clusterin Seals Damage to the Ocular Surface Barrier in a Mouse Model of Ophthalmic Preservative-Induced Epitheliopathy. Barr, JT; Chintala, SK; Condruti, R; Fini, ME; Hao, Z; Jeong, S; Liu, PW; O'Conner, CF; Pan, J; Satapathy, S; Wilson, MR, 2023)
"Eye salvage treatment consisted of systemic chemotherapy plus focal therapy planned by a multidisciplinary team."	( Ocular preservation in patients with bilateral retinoblastoma before chemotherapy in situ era: A report from a Mexican Retinoblastoma Reference Hospital. Del Carmen Bernal-Díaz, Z; Murillo-Maldonado, MA; Pérez-Villanueva, H; Ramírez-Ortiz, MA; Reyes-López, A, 2020)
"For eyes treated with WERT, cataracts developed in 71.7% versus 35.3% for LSRT."	( Lens Dose-Response Prediction Modeling and Cataract Incidence in Patients With Retinoblastoma After Lens-Sparing or Whole-Eye Radiation Therapy. Berry, JL; Chang, EL; Jones, M; Kim, JW; Murphree, AL; Nguyen, SM; Olch, AJ; Salinas, V; Sison, J; Wong, KK, 2019)
"Eyes treated with flunixin meglumine contained less 6-keto PGF1alpha than did control eyes."	( Effect of flunixin meglumine on prostacyclin accumulation in the equine eye. Cooley, PL; Laratta, LJ; Milvae, R; Riis, RC, 1984)
"Eyes treated with pilocarpine developed approximately 6D myopia (p < 0.001 from 0 to 90 min) with a decrease in anterior lens radius of curvature (ALRC) (p < 0.001 from 0 to 90 min, repeated measures anova). "	( Effects of muscarinic receptor modulators on ocular biometry of guinea pigs. Fang, F; Huang, F; Li, C; Liu, Y; Qu, J; Xie, R; Zhou, X; Zhu, Y, 2015)
"One eye was treated, and the other served as a negative control."	( Clinical effect of four different ointment bases on healthy cat eyes. Eördögh, R; Loncaric, I; Nell, B; Schwendenwein, I; Tichy, A, 2016)
"The eye treatment beam line depth dose curves provide validation of Monte Carlo simulation of a Bragg curve and SOBP with 4%/2 mm accuracy."	( Experimental depth dose curves of a 67.5 MeV proton beam for benchmarking and validation of Monte Carlo simulation. Castenada, CM; Daftari, IK; Faddegon, BA; Ramos-Méndez, J; Shin, J, 2015)
"When eye diseases are treated by topical administration, the success of treatment lies in the effective drug concentration in the target tissue. "	( Ocular Drug Distribution After Topical Administration: Population Pharmacokinetic Model in Rabbits. Coutant, AL; Djebli, N; Fabre, D; Fabre, G; Griguer, F; Khier, S; Leriche, C; Tavernier, A, 2017)
"Dry eyes are treated by instillation of eye drops of cyclosporine A emulsion or by punctal plug insertion in canaliculus to block tear drainage. "	( Ophthalmic delivery of cyclosporine A by punctal plugs. Chauhan, A; Gupta, C, 2011)
"Eyes treated with eye drops had baseline values at +8, +10 and +12 hours."	( Bioavailability of fluorescein from a new drug delivery system in human eyes. Diestelhorst, M; Lux, A; Maier, S; Steinfeld, A; Süverkrüp, R, 2004)
"One eye was treated 3 times daily for 2 weeks with one of the following ointments: (1) neomycin-bacitracin-polymyxin B, (2) 0.6% prednisolone-0.3% gentamicin, (3) neomycin-polymyxin B-0.05% dexamethasone, or (4) treated (artificial tears) control. "	( Changes in bacterial and fungal ocular flora of clinically normal horses following experimental application of topical antimicrobial or antimicrobial-corticosteroid ophthalmic preparations. Gemensky-Metzler, AJ; Kowalski, JJ; Schmall, LM; Wilkie, DA; Willis, AM; Yamagata, M, 2005)
"All eyes treated with two methods showed significant development of myopia compared with the contralateral eye. "	( [Comparison on morphology and ultrastructure of two kinds of myopic models]. Gong, HH; Hu, J; Liu, K; She, ZY; Wang, J; Zhou, GM; Zhou, XD, 2005)
"The eyes treated with sodium hyaluronate tended to show a higher flow rate than those treated with saline."	( Water flow in Tenon's capsule and subconjunctival tissue of rabbit. Hori, S; Masuda, K; Shimizu, K, 1984)
"The eyes treated with corticosteroids, however, still had fibrinolytic activity."	( [The influence of corticosteroids on the fibrinolytic activity indifferent tissues of the eye (author's transl)]. Arnold, HW, 1981)
"In eye pre-treated with IN eyedrops the rise in fluorescein and protein concentration in the secondary aqueous was less than the control eyes; the rise in the control eyes was less than in the eye of rabbits not treated with IN."	( The effect of indomethacin on the anterior segment of the eye after paracentesis. Glasius, E; Oosterhuis, JA; Swart-van den Berg, M; van Delft, JL; van Haeringen, NJ, 1981)
"40 eyes were treated with a combination of amphotericin B and ketoconazole, and 16 of the 40 responded favorably."	( Ocular blastomycosis in dogs: 73 cases, 108 eyes (1985-1993). Bloom, JD; Gerding, PA; Hamor, RE, 1996)
"The eyes treated with a + 10 D lens developed moderate hyperopia (+ 4.8 +/- 0.5 D) at day 4."	( Effects of continuous light on experimental refractive errors in chicks. Callender, MG; Guo, SS; Herbert, KL; Sivak, JG, 1996)
"Both eyes (treated and fellow control) were measured before lid-closure, at the end of the deprivation period, and several times over the following 8 to 12 weeks."	( Form deprivation myopia in mature common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Nickla, DL; Troilo, D; Wildsoet, CF, 2000)
"One eye (treatment) received a device that contained 12 mg 5-FU and the other eye (control) received a placebo device that contained no drug."	( Subconjunctival sustained release 5-fluorouracil. Ashton, P; Blandford, DL; Brown, JD; Pearson, PA; Smith, TJ, 1992)
"All eyes treated with dexamethasone, with or without vitrectomy, exhibited less clinical and histologic manifestations of inflammation."	( Effect of intravitreal dexamethasone on ocular histopathology in a rabbit model of endophthalmitis. Brent, BD; Diamond, JG; Maxwell, DP; Wu, L, 1991)
"In eyes treated with EI topically twice daily for three weeks, SP or the red pepper extract capsaicin, a releaser of SP-like immunoreactivity (SPLI), had less miotic effect than in control eyes."	( Effects of the substance P antagonist [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]SP on miosis caused by echothiophate iodide or pilocarpine hydrochloride. Mandahl, A, 1985)
"Eyes treated with topical application of 5.0% timolol alone showed no difference in HSV-1 ocular shedding, compared with untreated eyes."	( Timolol induces HSV-1 ocular shedding in the latently infected rabbit. Berman, E; Dudley, JB; Haruta, Y; Hill, JM; Kwon, BS; Maguire, LJ; Shimomura, Y, 1987)
"Eyes pre-treated with dexamethasone 6, 4, and 2 h before challenge showed a significant reduction in conjunctival edema assessed histologically and clinically 1 h after challenge."	( Effects of topical pre-treatment with dexamethasone on the immediate and late phases of topically induced ocular anaphylaxis in the rat. Allansmith, MR; Barney, NP; Bloch, KJ; Bonini, S; Trocmé, SD, 1988)
"In eyes treated with PI/LI and ALT, the IOP control was improved in 12 per cent, unchanged in 30 per cent and remained uncontrolled in 58 per cent."	( Argon laser trabeculoplasty in narrow angle glaucoma. Hitchings, RA; Nagasubramanian, S; Wishart, PK, 1987)
"Two eyes were treated with pilocarpine before perfusion of spheres to observe any effect on outflow."	( Unconventional aqueous humor outflow of microspheres perfused into the equine eye. Brooks, DE; Samuelson, DA; Smith, PJ; Whitley, RD, 1986)
"The eyes treated with 0.5 timolol twice a day showed a sustained hypotensive response of 4-5 mm Hg which lasted for the 4 months experimental period."	( Attempt to arrest eye growth by means of ocular hypotony. Caruso, C; Cennamo, G; Nastri, G, 1985)
"Eyes treated with 5-FU 0.375 or 1.0 mg showed no toxic reaction."	( Effects of selected repeated intravitreal chemotherapeutic agents. Fiscella, R; Gailitis, R; Peyman, GA; Vernot, J; Weinberg, D; Woodhouse, M, 1985)
"When treating the eyes as a distinct module, the best modular hypothesis identified for C."	( Modularity in the trilobite head consistent with the hypothesized segmental origin of the eyes. Hopkins, MJ; Vargas-Parra, EE, 2022)
"In untreated eyes, CRT significantly decreased from the initial to final visits (368.93 ± 125.45 vs 306.27 ± 89.70 μm) (P = 0.028)."	( The fellow eye effect of unilateral intravitreal conbercept injections in eyes with diabetic macular edema. Di, Y; Li, B; Li, L; Li, Z; Ye, J; Yu, R, 2020)
"Treated eyes had significantly higher clinical scores. "	( Clinical effect of four different ointment bases on healthy cat eyes. Eördögh, R; Loncaric, I; Nell, B; Schwendenwein, I; Tichy, A, 2016)
"On treating dry eye model with nimesulide 0.1% eye drops and ketorolac 0.5% eye drops, there were improvements in Schirmer test values, TBUT and fluorescein corneal staining and histopathologically reduced inflammatory reaction, with signs of healing and regeneration."	( Comparison between two cyclooxygenase inhibitors in an experimental dry eye model in albino rabbits. El-Gohary, AA; El-Hossary, GG; El-Shazly, AH; El-Shazly, LH, 2008)
"The treated eyes of the high-light-reared monkeys were more hyperopic than the form-deprived eyes of the normal-light-reared monkeys."	( Protective effects of high ambient lighting on the development of form-deprivation myopia in rhesus monkeys. Huang, J; Hung, LF; Smith, EL, 2012)
"All treated eyes at all time periods exhibited four characteristic histologic lesions: scleral collagen hyalinization, ciliary body pigment dispersion and clumping, focal disruption of the ciliary body epithelium, and focal ciliary process atrophy. "	( The long-term effects of semiconductor diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation on the normal equine eye and intraocular pressure(a). Cavens, VJ; Gemensky-Metzler, AJ; Lehman, AM; Weisbrode, SE; Wilkie, DA, 2012)
"Treated eyes had significant increases in equatorial diameter and vitreous chamber depth."	( The combination of IGF1 and FGF2 and the induction of excessive ocular growth and extreme myopia. Fischer, AJ; Liu, J; Ritchey, ER; Tang, J; Zelinka, CP, 2012)
"Treated eyes were measured 3 and 7 h after lens application (between 9 and 10 am), as well as 1, 2 and 4 days later, around the same time as the initial lens application."	( Relationship between intraocular pressure and eye growth in chick. Abbott, M; Hills, T; Humphries, M; Pyne, K; Schmid, KL; Wildsoet, CF, 2003)
"The treated eyes became less myopic than the fellow eyes (P=0.024), particularly in patients younger than 10 years (-0.1 D versus -1.6 D, respectively; P=0.003) or when the scleral buckle extended beyond two quadrants (-0.4 D versus -1.3 D, respectively; P=0.020)."	( Refractive changes following scleral buckling surgery in juvenile retinal detachment. Ideta, H; Kawasaki, T; Okuyama, M; Sato, T, 2003)
"Eyes treated with eye drops had baseline values at +8, +10 and +12 hours."	( Bioavailability of fluorescein from a new drug delivery system in human eyes. Diestelhorst, M; Lux, A; Maier, S; Steinfeld, A; Süverkrüp, R, 2004)
"The treated rabbit eyes and the control eyes showed no light microscopic evidence of ocular toxicity at 1 month following injection. "	( Intraocular use of rituximab. Baratz, KH; Cameron, JD; Dixon, LE; Donaldson, MJ; Grube, T; Johnson, KM; Johnston, PB; Kitzmann, AS; Marler, RJ; Mohney, BG; O'Neill, BP; Pulido, JS; Salomao, DR, 2007)
"The treated eyes of the full- goggle group were significantly larger than their untreated eyes in both the axial and equatorial dimensions."	( Retinal-image degradation produces ocular enlargement in chicks. Hodos, W; Kuenzel, WJ, 1984)
"Pretreatment of eyes with clorgyline, 1%, markedly potentiated the pressure lowering response to epinephrine, 0.1%, applied topically."	( Effects of selective inhibition of type A and type B monoamine oxidase on intraocular pressure in the cat and the rabbit. Colasanti, BK; Trotter, RR, )
"The treated eyes of these birds also showed gross depigmentation and histologically evident loss of the outer retina, most typically in the temporal retina."	( Effect of choroidal and ciliary nerve transection on choroidal blood flow, retinal health, and ocular enlargement. Fitzgerald, ME; Reiner, A; Shih, YF, )
"NMDA-treated eyes became myopic within 7 days of treatment and remained so until at least 35 days after treatment. "	( N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced excitotoxicity causes myopia in hatched chicks. Fischer, AJ; Seltner, RL; Stell, WK, 1997)
"Untreated left eyes served as the controls."	( Ocular irritation: microscopic changes occurring over time in the rat with surfactants of known irritancy. Carr, GJ; Maurer, JK; Parker, RD, )
"Untreated left eyes served as the controls."	( Ocular irritation: pathological changes occurring in the rat with surfactants of unknown irritancy. Carr, GJ; Maurer, JK; Parker, RD, )
"The treated eyes of the 0 h group developed full refractive compensation for the lens (treated eye - control eye, mean +/- SEM = -5.8+/-1.1 D) and had increased vitreous chamber depth (0.13+/-0.02 mm) and axial length (0.12+/-0.02 mm) relative to the untreated control eye. "	( Effect of interrupted lens wear on compensation for a minus lens in tree shrews. Norton, TT; Shaikh, AW; Siegwart, JT, 1999)
"Untreated left eyes served as the controls."	( Microscopic changes with acetic acid and sodium hydroxide in the rabbit low-volume eye test. Maurer, JK; Parker, RD, )
"The treated eye change in pulsatile ocular blood flow was not correlated to the change in perfusion pressure."	( Acute effect of latanoprost on pulsatile ocular blood flow in normal eyes. Geyer, O; Man, O; Silver, DM; Weintraub, M, 2001)
"In treatment eyes, pressures remained significantly lower throughout the experimental period (3 mo)."	( Subconjunctival sustained release 5-fluorouracil. Ashton, P; Blandford, DL; Brown, JD; Pearson, PA; Smith, TJ, 1992)
"Treated eyes can be used for practice and experimental surgery."	( Dehydration of post-mortem eyes for practice and experimental surgery. Kornmehl, EW; Swinger, CA, 1985)

Toxicity

The new formulation of Bti SH-14 is not acutely toxic via dermal route, has low eye irritation and would not cause dermal irritation or hypersensitivity to tested animals. Diagnostic ARFI elastography is a safe and feasible ultrasonic imaging mode and may potentially be applied for human eyes in its present form.

Excerpt	Reference
"The uncertainties associated with identificatin of adverse drug reactions are numerous."	( Adverse effects of the drugs most frequently administered to the elderly--Part II. Hayhoe, DA; Lyle, WM, 1976)
" Therapeutic dosis of NK 631 was no immunosuppressed but toxic dosis of NK 631 was slightly decreased in ear thickness of delayed hypersensitivity."	( [Safety evaluation of NK 631. Antigenicity, effect on delated hypersensitivity, irritative effect on eye mucous membrane and mutangenicity of pepleomycin (NK 631) (author's transl)]. Abe, F; Ezura, H; Inoue, H; Koyu, A; Matsuda, A; Takahashi, K; Yamashita, T; Yoshioka, O; Yoshizawa, K, 1978)
"The toxic reactions and side effects of glucocorticoids in humans are discussed."	( Toxic reactions and side effects of glucocorticoids in man. Bond, WS, 1977)
" The results of these studies confirmed that Magic Methyl is markedly toxic by all routes studied and particularly by the inhalation route since the LC50 value for rats was found to be between 5 and 6 ppm."	( Acute toxicity of methyl fluorosulfonate (Magic Methyl). Braun, W; Hite, M; Peck, H; Rinehart, W, 1979)
" On single oral administration to the dogs in toxic or lethal doses the antibiotic suppressed the blood formation up to aplasia of the bone marrow."	( [Acute toxicity of carminomycin administered perorally to laboratory animals]. Belova, IP; Filippos'iants, ST; Gol'dberg, LE; Shepelevtseva, NG; Vertogradova, TP, 1978)
" Since the acute dermal LD50 closely approximated the acute oral LD50 in rats, this route might constitute the most serious hazard involved with V-TH and special precautions should be exercised when handling or using this substance."	( Acute and subacute toxicology and safety evaluation of hexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-S-triazine. Davis, ER; Fochtman, FW; McClain, RM; Shanor, SP; Winek, CL, )
"Oral LD50 (rat), primary skin irritation (rabbit), cutaneous sensitization (guinea pig) and eye irritation (rabbit) studies were conducted on the three tetramethylbenzene isomers: durene , isodurene and prehnitene."	( Acute toxicity of tetramethylbenzenes: durene, isodurene and prehnitene. Lewis, TR; Lynch, DW; Perone, VB; Schuler, RL; Ushry, WB, 1978)
"Part I: Hard data concerning adverse drug reactions are notoriously difficult to obtain."	( A literature survey of the potentially adverse effects of the drugs commonly prescribed for the elderly. Hayhoe, DA; Lyle, WM, 1976)
" Vascular, neurologic, and ophthalmic toxic effects were minor."	( Intracarotid BCNU (NSC-409962): a toxicity study in six rhesus monkeys. Crafts, DC; Levin, VA; Nielsen, S, 1976)
"Non-animal toxicity tests and testing strategies for use in identifying the potential toxic hazard of chemicals and products, and in providing information for use in risk and safety assessment, are in the course of development, validation and evaluation."	( Non-animal alternative toxicity tests for detergents: genuine replacements or mere prescreens? Atkinson, K; Balls, M; Clothier, R; Reader, S; Tarrant, J, 1991)
" Clinical and experimental studies revealed the structural and functional disorders in the organs and body systems exposed to long and constant action of the stated factors, which let the changes be considered as a criterion of the harmful action and serve to base the maximal allowable conditions and assure the safe work conditions when handling laser devices."	( [The hygienic bases of laser safety]. Levina, AV; Pal'tsev, IuP, 1992)
" The following article outlines the clinically relevant common drug-related side effect on the lids, cornea, conjunctiva, lens, retina, uvea, and the optic nerve, as well as effects on the intraocular pressure, refraction and accommodation."	( [Ocular side effects of drugs]. Hockwin, O; Müller-Breitenkamp, U, 1992)
"This article summarizes animal studies conducted to determine the toxic and mutagenic potential of temafloxacin."	( Comparison of organ-specific toxicity of temafloxacin in animals and humans. Krasula, RW; Pernet, AG, 1991)
" A single oral dose of 5 g SHC/kg body weight given to five male and five female F-344 rats and a single dermal dose of 2 g SHC/kg body weight applied to five male and five female NZW rabbits resulted in no deaths or signs of toxic stress."	( Evaluation of the acute toxicity of silahydrocarbon. Bunger, SK; Doarn, CR; Kinkead, ER; Wolfe, RE, 1991)
" CPC is orally toxic to rats, mice and rabbits and can cause severe eye irritation."	( Acute inhalation toxicity of cetylpyridinium chloride. Davidson, TJ; Lin, GH; Voss, KA, 1991)
" These agents represent an improvement over their quinolone counterparts in many ways, including a wider spectrum of antimicrobial activity, improved pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy against a wider range of diseases, and fewer and less severe adverse effects."	( Quinolone toxicity: methods of assessment. Patterson, DR, 1991)
" IOA monomer had an acute oral LD50 in rats greater than 5000 mg/kg, was slightly irritating to the eyes and skin of rabbits on single exposures, and exhibited no genotoxic or cell-transforming potential."	( Acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and dermal carcinogenicity assessment of isooctyl acrylate. Gordon, SC; Griffith, FD; Zimmerman, DD, 1991)
" Since many of these toxic reactions develop only after a prolonged period of therapy, careful follow-up on a regular basis is essential."	( Side effects from amiodarone. Podrid, PJ; Wilson, JS, 1991)
" Daily observations, feed consumption and body weights, ophthalmoscopic examinations, organ weights, serum chemistry, haematology, urinalysis and histopathological evaluations revealed no evidence of any adverse effects associated with olestra ingestion."	( Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of olestra in Fischer 344 rats. Bolte, HF; Bruce, RD; Knezevich, AL; Maurer, JK; Tierney, WJ; Wood, FE, 1991)
" The data show that GLA and its formulation are slightly toxic following oral exposure."	( Summary of safety evaluation toxicity studies of glufosinate ammonium. Ebert, E; Leist, KH; Mayer, D, 1990)
" Many of the adverse effects of rIL-2 administration to rats are similar to those reported in humans receiving rIL-2 immunotherapy and the results confirm that the rat is an appropriate species in which to study selected aspects of rIL-2 toxicity."	( Toxicity of human recombinant interleukin-2 in rats. Pathologic changes are characterized by marked lymphocytic and eosinophilic proliferation and multisystem involvement. Anderson, TD; Hayes, TJ, 1989)
" Therefore, the ocular toxicity of the beta-blockers was thought to be minor and the toxic effects seen in this study were thought to be due to benzalkonium chloride, which possibly accumulates in the ocular pigments."	( Ocular toxicity of beta-blockers and benzalkonium chloride in pigmented rabbits: electrophysiological and morphological studies. Chou, A; Hori, S; Takase, M, 1985)
" Two hundred sixty-nine were followed for 1 year and 48 withdrew from the trial without any symptom suggesting a withdrawal syndrome: 4 because of adverse effects; 6, lack of efficacy despite triple therapy; 9, intercurrent diseases; 10, noncompliance independent of adverse effects; 18, personal reasons not associated with treatment; and 1, lost to follow-up."	( Efficacy and safety of rilmenidine for arterial hypertension. Beau, B; Brisgand, B; Laurin, S; Mahieux, F; Paraire, M; Vitou, P, 1988)
" The result indicate that Opti-Free is safe and effective under both normal and exaggerated use conditions."	( Opti-Free chemical disinfectant: a safety study with various soft contact lenses. Anderson, M; Carmichael, C; Gibbs, DE; Nicovich-Cushing, G; Rockett, J; Stein, JM, )
" Larvae 24 h, 48 h and 72 h old, heterozygous for various recessive genetic markers on the first and third chromosomes, were exposed to the LD50 and half of this dose for different periods of time."	( Genotoxicity of metacid established through the somatic and germ line mosaic assays and the sex-linked recessive lethal test in Drosophila. Das, CC; Dey, L; Majhi, B; Tripathy, NK, 1987)
" Larvae of different instars carrying suitable recessive genetic markers on their first and third chromosomes were exposed to the LD50 or half of this dose for the entire larval life."	( Genotoxicity of Rogor studied in the sex-linked recessive lethal test and wing, eye and female germ-line mosaic assays in Drosophila melanogaster. Das, CC; Dey, L; Majhi, B; Tripathy, NK, 1988)
" Electroretinographic patterns at one and two weeks indicated a toxic response to 20 mg of cefepime."	( Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of cefepime (BMY-28142) following intravitreal injection in pigmented rabbit eyes. Jay, WM; Shockley, RK, 1988)
" There is much concern about the possible adverse effects of this population-wide, low-level lead exposure, particularly on the developing organism, wherein the central nervous system may be one primary target."	( Toxic effects of lead in the developing nervous system: in oculo experimental models. Hoffer, BJ; Olson, L; Palmer, MR, 1987)
"The currently recognized toxic effects of quinine in humans are identified and the problems of management of overdosage of quinine are discussed."	( Quinine toxicity. Bateman, DN; Dyson, EH, 1986)
" Many substances have been examined in animal toxicity studies for their acute toxic effects, far fewer for chronic toxic effects."	( A balanced approach to the detection, characterisation and mechanism of the toxicity of industrial chemicals. Oliver, GJ; Pemberton, MA; Purchase, IF; Rhodes, C, 1987)
" DMAC was slightly more toxic with all treated rabbits dying of acute hepatic necrosis."	( Acute and subchronic toxicity of dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide following various routes of administration. Kennedy, GL; Sherman, H, 1986)
" The LD50 values determined in male and female mice were 26."	( Improvement of bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs. III. Oral acute toxicity and local irritation of medium chain glyceride. Awazu, S; Fukami, M; Kimura, K; Maeda, E; Okada, R; Sasahara, K; Sekine, M, 1985)
" Both perorally and intravenously, ACCPE was significantly less acutely toxic than CS."	( Acute toxicity and primary irritancy of 2-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-o-chlorophenyl-6-ethoxypyridine. Ballantyne, B, 1985)
" Our results suggest that the intravitreal administration of vidarabine dissolved in DMSO may be a safe and effective means of drug therapy."	( Ocular toxicity of intravitreal vidarabine solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide. Meyers-Elliott, R; Niizawa, JM; Yoshizumi, MO, 1986)
"A review of current literary sources disclosed a host of adverse reactions which may potentially be associated with the topical administration of timolol maleate."	( Potential systemic and ocular side effects associated with topical administration of timolol maleate. Trawick, AB, 1985)
"We determined whether liposome-intercalated amphotericin B was less toxic than commercial amphotericin B when injected intravitreally in the primate."	( Ocular toxicity of intravitreally injected liposomal amphotericin B in rhesus monkeys. Barza, M; Baum, J; D'Amico, DJ; Szoka, F; Tremblay, C, 1985)
"Acute toxic effects of methyl isocyanate in the rat were determined for two hour exposures to concentrations in the range 11 ppm (very slight effect) to 65 ppm (lethality: pulmonary oedema)."	( Acute toxicity of methyl isocyanate: a preliminary study of the dose response for eye and other effects. Andersson, N; Kerr Muir, M; Salmon, AG, 1985)
" We analyzed the prevalence of ocular side effects of chlorpromazine and found that the most prevalent side effect was anterior lens capsule dusting followed by corneal stromal pigment dusting."	( The prevalence of the ocular side effects of chlorpromazine in the Tuscaloosa Veterans Administration patient population. Alexander, LJ; Bowerman, L; Thompson, LR, 1985)
"This communication is an expansion of an earlier paper on the adverse effects of commonly used systemic drugs on the human eye and represents an effort to include all of the reported adverse ocular effects for drugs using references dating through June 1970."	( The adverse effects of commonly used systemic drugs on the human eye. II. Silverman, HI, 1972)
" Toxicity studies conducted on laboratory animals indicate that the probability of toxic side reactions resulting from the use of zinc-cadmium sulfide phosphor spray is very low."	( Skin temperature recording with phosphors: toxicity studies on animals. Alt, LL; Derse, PH, 1966)
"Antianxiety drugs, like other drugs used in psychiatry, can cause a wide range of adverse effects."	( Adverse effects of antianxiety drugs. Edwards, JG, 1981)
"Ketoconazole, acetyl-dichlorophenyl-imidazole, when administered topically to the eyes of normal New Zealand white rabbits in concentrations of 1%, 3% and 5% in arachis oil has been shown to have no toxic effect to the conjunctival and corneal epithelium of these animals."	( Study of ketoconazole toxicity in rabbit cornea and conjuctiva. Oji, EO, 1982)
" The information was selected as it might relate to potential toxic effects of hydrogen sulfide to man and summarized, noting information gaps that may require further investigation."	( A critical review of the literature on hydrogen sulfide toxicity. Andjelkovich, DA; Beauchamp, RO; Boreiko, CJ; Bus, JS; Popp, JA, 1984)
"A drug registry was established at Southern California College of Optometry (SCCO) to study use rates and incidence of adverse side effects of the nine pharmaceutical agents in the California optometry law."	( Use of diagnostic pharmaceutical agents and incidence of adverse effects. Applebaum, M; Jaanus, SD, 1983)
" The material is slightly to moderately toxic when given as a single oral dose; its LD50 in male rats is 1690 mg/kg, in male guinea pigs 860 mg/kg, and in male dogs greater than 3400 mg/kg although in the dog emesis prevented accurate quantitation."	( Acute and environmental toxicity studies with hexazinone. Kennedy, GL, 1984)
" Possible adverse drug associations can be identified in this system, and cause-and-effect relationships may on occasion be proven."	( The national registry of drug-induced ocular side effects. Fraunfelder, FT; Meyer, SM, 1984)
" As cannabigerol lacked these toxicities, it appears that the ocular hypotensive effect of this cannabinoid is somewhat dissociable from both the adverse central and ocular effects accompanying marihuana intake."	( Intraocular pressure, ocular toxicity and neurotoxicity after administration of cannabinol or cannabigerol. Allara, RD; Colasanti, BK; Craig, CR, 1984)
"Timolol maleate, a nonselective beta blocker, has been associated with adverse reactions when administered topically or systemically."	( Side effects of timolol. Baumann, JD; Hetherington, J; Zimmerman, TJ, 1983)
" Selection and safe use of these photodisruptors, however, require a limited understanding of certain basic physical principles."	( Laser photodisruptors. Damage mechanisms, instrument design and safety. Belcher, CD; Buzney, SM; Mainster, MA; Sliney, DH, 1983)
" The test compounds, which included alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, amides, acids and a detergent, inhibited uridine uptake at concentrations lower than those required to kill the cells; thus uridine uptake inhibition is a more sensitive indicator of toxic action than is cell lethality."	( Uridine uptake inhibition as a cytotoxicity test: correlations with the Draize test. Sathe, S; Shopsis, C, 1984)
" In the initial exploratory phase, range-finding acute toxicity studies using a few animals will suffice to screen out highly toxic decontaminants ."	( A toxicology program for evaluating the safety of a chemical warfare decontaminant. Chan, PK; Hayes, AW; Kopchik, R; O'Hara, GP; Smith, JM, 1984)
"Subsequent to the publication of the 1977 edition of the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), several additions and changes were introduced that substantially improved the content and accessibility of the RTECS data file."	( Improvements in the NIOSH registry of toxic effects of chemical substances. Fang, JC; Friedman, AE; Lewis, RJ; MacDonald, WE; Tatken, RL, 1980)
" The results were subjected to statistical analysis with a two-factor partlyhierarchical anova and no toxic effects were detected."	( [An ocular toxicity study with flupirtine as an example of evaluation of possible ocular drug side effects in human volunteers (author's transl)]. Koch, HR; Kremer, F; Marzinkowski, A; Trier, HG, 1982)
"An acute oral LD50 of Pepper Sauce in male white Sprague-Dawley rats was determined to be 23."	( Pepper sauce toxicity. Markie, DC; Shanor, SP; Winek, CL, 1982)
" We studied the ocular toxic effects of a desmethyl derivative of misonidazole after subconjunctival administration of 140 and 70 mg."	( Ocular absorption and toxicity of a radiosensitizer and its effect on hypoxic cells. Adomat, H; Josephy, PD; Palcic, B; Rootman, J, 1982)
" Single-dose rat and mouse oral administration led to LD50 values of 123 mg/kg for male CF1 mice and 187 mg/kg for male Sprague-Dawley rats."	( The mammalian toxicity of fluomine dust. Amster, RL; Bowers, RS; Haun, CC; Kinkead, ER; Mac Ewen, JD; Vernot, EH, 1981)
" Sodium arsenite was an order of magnitude more toxic and mutagenic than sodium arsenate."	( Genotoxicity of two arsenic compounds in germ cells and somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Ramos-Morales, P; Rodríguez-Arnaiz, R, 1995)
" Several adverse effects, such as corneal oedema, retinopathy and glaucoma, are vision-threatening, and patients often fail to describe their symptoms properly."	( Ocular adverse effects of neuropsychiatric agents. Incidence and management. Oshika, T, 1995)
" Our observations provide good evidence that lovastatin and simvastatin have no undesirable toxic effects on the lens and other ocular tissues, compared with fenofibrate."	( Ocular drug safety and HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors. Hockwin, O; Paulus, U; Schmidt, J; Schmitt, C; von Bergmann, K, 1994)
" Skin application of HCFC-141b to rabbits at 2000 mg/kg body weight produced no adverse effects."	( Acute and subchronic toxicity of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b). Brock, WJ; Farr, C; Kawano, T; Millischer, RJ; Rusch, GM; Trochimowicz, HJ, 1995)
" We conclude that there is greater risk of toxic anterior segment effects when mitomycin C is used as adjunctive therapy following filtration or pterygium surgery."	( Ocular toxicity of mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil in the rabbit. Feldman, F; Heathcote, JG; Ikeda-Douglas, JV; Morrow, GL; Stein, RM, 1994)
" Among the various soft drug design strategies, it was found that the "inactive metabolite" and the "soft analog" approaches are the most useful for designing safe and selective ophthalmic drugs."	( Designing safer ophthalmic drugs by soft drug approaches. Bodor, N, 1994)
"In the retina, the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) reduces the toxic effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)."	( A derivative of a rigid glutamate analog protects the retina from excitotoxicity. Arban, R; Fadda, E; Kozikowski, AP; Lipartiti, M; Manev, H; Siliprandi, R, 1994)
" These results indicate that the recombinant FPV/NDV virus is a safe and effective vaccine for poultry."	( The safe and effective use of fowlpox virus as a vector for poultry vaccines. Cochran, MD; Junker, DE; McMillen, JK; Reddy, DN; Valencia, DM, 1994)
" MIC may be the most toxic of all isocyanates because of its very high vapor pressure relative to other isocyanates and because of its ability to exert toxic effects on numerous organ systems."	( The Bhopal accident and methyl isocyanate toxicity. Guest, I; Varma, DR, 1993)
"Long-term tamoxifen has generally only few and usually mild adverse side effects."	( Long-term toxicity of tamoxifen. Rutqvist, LE, 1993)
" Comparison of these results with human exposure levels and previously published data indicates that the lipase appears safe for consumers in the given applications, requires no special occupational health precautions in manufacture and is of low environmental impact."	( Safety evaluation of a lipase expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. Greenough, RJ; Perry, CJ; Stavnsbjerg, M, 1996)
"This investigation was undertaken to determine prolonged adverse effects of benzalkonium chloride (BzCl), a cationic surfactant, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, after an initial treatment of and subsequent removal from a primary culture system of rabbit corneal epithelial cells."	( Prolonged adverse effects of benzalkonium chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate in a primary culture system of rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Acosta, D; Grant, RL, 1996)
"Media opacities, toxic effects to the retina, optic nerve or other ocular structures."	( Toxicity of intravitreal interferon alpha-2b in the rabbit. Addison, DJ; Britton, WA; Kertes, PJ; Leonard, BC; Marshall, DH; Munro, SM, 1995)
" In the remaining eyes, to dosages of 1 million units, the agent produced no clinically or pathologically evident toxic ocular effects."	( Toxicity of intravitreal interferon alpha-2b in the rabbit. Addison, DJ; Britton, WA; Kertes, PJ; Leonard, BC; Marshall, DH; Munro, SM, 1995)
"Interferon alpha-2b appears to be safe and well tolerated up to dosages of 1 million units."	( Toxicity of intravitreal interferon alpha-2b in the rabbit. Addison, DJ; Britton, WA; Kertes, PJ; Leonard, BC; Marshall, DH; Munro, SM, 1995)
" Based on this toxicity evaluation, the dried leaf material and aqueous extracts of this plant are considered safe for use in preliminary field trials."	( Mammal toxicity assessment of the plant molluscicide, Apodytes dimidiata (Icacinaceae), in South Africa. Appleton, CC; Brackenbury, TD; Thurman, G, 1997)
"3% for SP 578) in 13-week rat studies did not show any adverse effect."	( An overview of the safety evaluation of the Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase enzyme (SP 628) and the Aspergillus aculeatus xylanase enzyme (SP 578). Bergman, A; Broadmeadow, A, )
" Very mild eye irritation, which was less than that of betaxolol hydrochloride, was observed particularly with BMO maleate, which is an excellent candidate for safe treatment of glaucoma."	( Ocular-specific chemical delivery systems of betaxolol for safe local treatment of glaucoma. Barros, MD; Bodor, N; Farag, HH; Prokai, L; Somogyi, G; Wu, WM, 1997)
" Relatively slight hematologic changes (reduced hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocyte counts, increased reticulocyte numbers, and thrombocyte counts as well as a shift in the differential blood count) at 100/50 mg/kg are interpreted as changes most probably secondary to the other toxic effects."	( Trimethylphosphate: a 30-month chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study in Wistar rats with administration in drinking water. Bomhard, EM; Krinke, GJ; Rossberg, WM; Skripsky, T, 1997)
" Adverse effects were similar to those observed with other statins and primarily involved the liver and muscle tissue."	( Preclinical safety evaluation of cerivastatin, a novel HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Schlüter, G; von Keutz, E, 1998)
" Patients requiring high-dose inhaled corticosteroids should be monitored for adverse effects, with appropriate lifestyle changes and pharmacologic strategies implemented."	( Establishing a therapeutic index for the inhaled corticosteroids: part II. Comparisons of systemic activity and safety among different inhaled corticosteroids. Sorkness, CA, 1998)
" Animals were evaluated for toxic effects, including assessment of toxicant-induced alterations to the ocular and respiratory systems."	( Acute inhalation toxicity of neutralized chemical agent identification sets (CAIS) containing agent in chloroform. Johnson, R; McVeety, B; Morgan, EW; Olajos, EJ; Phelps, RL; Renne, RA; Salem, H, )
" Drug-related toxic effects on the retina described in humans and animals are unrelated to melanin binding: melanin binding and retinal toxicity are two separate entities, the latter being related to the intrinsic toxicity of the compound rather than its ability to bind."	( Binding of drugs to eye melanin is not predictive of ocular toxicity. Davies, T; Hanton, G; Jezequel, S; Leblanc, B; Taradach, C, 1998)
"To appraise the data on systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids."	( Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipworth, BJ, 1999)
"All inhaled corticosteroids exhibit dose-related systemic adverse effects, although these are less than with a comparable dose of oral corticosteroids."	( Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipworth, BJ, 1999)
" Therefore, these changes were not toxic changes."	( [General toxicity study of gadobenate dimeglumine formulation (E7155) (3)--4-week repeated dose intravenous toxicity study followed by 4-week recovery period in rats]. Aoki, T; Bussi, S; Masters, RE; Morisetti, A; Sagami, F; Tirone, P, 1999)
" Methods for detecting, preventing, and treating ocular toxic reactions were then reviewed for each drug."	( Ocular toxicity associated with systemic drug therapy. Moorthy, RS; Valluri, S, 1999)
" The prediction of toxicity from chemical structure can make a valuable contribution to the reduction of animal usage in the screening out of potentially toxic chemicals at an early stage and in providing data for making positive classifications of toxicity."	( Prediction of toxicity from chemical structure. Barratt, MD, 2000)
" The amyloid prion protein fragment 106-126 (P106-126) has been shown to be toxic in cultured hippocampal neurons ()."	( In vivo cytotoxicity of the prion protein fragment 106-126. Chabry, J; Ettaiche, M; Pichot, R; Vincent, JP, 2000)
" Peribulbar block appears to be a safe and useful analgesic technique for paediatric ophthalmic surgery."	( Safety and efficacy of peribulbar block as adjunct to general anaesthesia for paediatric ophthalmic surgery. Deb, K; Dehran, M; Shende, D; Subramaniam, R; Tandon, R, 2001)
" Surprisingly, chronic expression of Cre recombinase from these transgenes (UAST-cre) was found to be toxic for proliferating cells."	( Reduction of Cre recombinase toxicity in proliferating Drosophila cells by estrogen-dependent activity regulation. Heidmann, D; Lehner, CF, 2001)
" The technique is non-invasive, painless, and confers no adverse effects or damage to the eye."	( Standardized electroretinography in primates: a non-invasive preclinical tool for predicting ocular side effects in humans. Bee, WH, 2001)
" The LD50 of GSPE was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg when administered once orally via gastric intubation to fasted male and female albino rats."	( Acute and long-term safety evaluation of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Bagchi, D; Bagchi, M; Gross, SM; Kothari, SC; Lim, PM; Preuss, HG; Ray, S; Stohs, SJ, )
" No clinical signs indicative of an adverse effect of administration of formulated hIL-12 plasmid were observed."	( Safety toxicity study of plasmid-based IL-12 therapy in Cynomolgus monkeys. Coleman, M; French, M; Horner, MJ; Jenkins, M; Johnson, R; Loera, D; Pericle, F; Perrard, J; Quezada, A, 2002)
" Results indicate that the LD50 of HCA-SX is greater than 5,000 mg/kg when administered once orally via gastric intubation to fasted male and female Albino rats."	( Safety and mechanism of appetite suppression by a novel hydroxycitric acid extract (HCA-SX). Bagchi, D; Bagchi, M; LeDay, AM; Ohia, SE; Opere, CA; Stohs, SJ, 2002)
" Ketotifen was safe and well tolerated in the adult and pediatric populations, with an incidence of ocular adverse events of 18."	( Ocular tolerability and safety of ketotifen fumarate ophthalmic solution. Abelson, MB; Chapin, MJ; Kapik, BM; Shams, NB, )
" This is done in a safe fashion by applying intelligent testing paradigms."	( Ocular safety: a silent (in vitro) success story. Curren, RD; Harbell, JW, 2002)
" Physicians should be aware of the side-effect profile and current industry standards for medications used in corneal refractive surgery, including off-label uses."	( Possible adverse effects of drugs used in refractive surgery. Fraunfelder, FW; Rich, LF, 2003)
" The toxic target organs are the liver, kidney, and bone marrow."	( Safety evaluation of recombinant staphylokinase in rhesus monkeys. Chen, Y; Ding, L; Gao, Y; Guo, S; Li, Y; Liu, W; Lu, Q; Wen, L, )
" Based on these data, BD5088 alpha-amylase preparation may be considered safe for use in food production such as corn wet milling."	( Safety evaluation of an alpha-amylase enzyme preparation derived from the archaeal order Thermococcales as expressed in Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar I. Chew, L; Davis, JW; Foley, HH; Frawley, N; Hanselman, DS; Landry, TD; Stelman, SJ; Thomas, J; Wolt, J, 2003)
" The duration of correction and side effect profile are reported."	( A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of the safety and efficacy of Myobloc (botulinum toxin type B)-purified neurotoxin complex for the treatment of crow's feet: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Baumann, L; Black, L; Bryde, J; Duncan, R; Halem, M; Slezinger, A; Vujevich, J, 2003)
" No signs of adverse response were detected at any concentration up to the highest levels tested, 10,000 ppm or 779 (male) or 859 (female) mg/kg."	( Four week feeding toxicity study with phenylphosphinic acid in rats. Donner, EM; Kennedy, GL; Stadler, JS, 2003)
"(1) Abnormal colour vision and brightness were two adverse effects of sildenafil observed during pre-marketing studies."	( Ocular adverse effects of sildenafil. , 2003)
" A No Observed Adverse Effect Level of 2433 mg/kg bw/day for male and 2728 mg/kg bw/day female rats was identified in the study."	( A subchronic 90-day oral rat toxicity study and in vitro genotoxicity studies with a conjugated linoleic acid product. Menzel, A; O'Hagan, S, 2003)
"To report recent ocular adverse drug reactions identified by the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects."	( Adverse ocular drug reactions recently identified by the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects. Fraunfelder, FT; Fraunfelder, FW, 2004)
"Case reports from the National Registry and the World Health Organization were collected and adverse drug reactions categorized as follows: certain, probable/likely, possible, unlikely, and conditional/unclassifiable."	( Adverse ocular drug reactions recently identified by the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects. Fraunfelder, FT; Fraunfelder, FW, 2004)
"Recent reports to the National Registry have led to identification of new ocular adverse drug reactions."	( Adverse ocular drug reactions recently identified by the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects. Fraunfelder, FT; Fraunfelder, FW, 2004)
" Safe exposure time to avoid UVR injury to the lens and cornea was found to be 2 h without a filter, 4 h with a UVR filter, 200 a yellow filter, and 400 h with a filter combination."	( Estimation of safe exposure time from an ophthalmic operating microscope with regard to ultraviolet radiation and blue-light hazards to the eye. Michael, R; Wegener, A, 2004)
" The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine whether intraocular injection of methamphetamine (MA) is toxic to the healthy adult rat retina and to analyse its effects on the compromised retina after an injection of the ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist, kainate, which is known to cause retinal neuropathology."	( Methamphetamine exacerbates the toxic effect of kainic acid in the adult rat retina. Osborne, NN; Rodrigues, LG; Schmidt, KG; Tavares, MA; Wood, JP, 2004)
" An integrated database was used to examine adverse events and laboratory data."	( Safety of rosuvastatin. Harris, S; Hunninghake, DB; Hutchinson, HG; Kastelein, JJ; Pears, J; Shepherd, J; Stein, EA, 2004)
" Cultured human corneal endothelial and stromal cells exposed to ciclosporin in vitro exhibited no adverse effects and only minor effects on DNA synthesis."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics and safety of ciclosporin, a novel topical treatment for dry eye. Acheampong, A; Tang-Liu, DD, 2005)
"Some eyedrops, gels or ointments may cause adverse effects as serious as those observed with systemic therapies."	( Systemic adverse effects of topical ocular treatments. Frau, E; Labetoulle, M; Le Jeunne, C, 2005)
"Gene expression arrays reveal the potential linkage of altered gene expression with specific adverse effects leading to disease phenotypes."	( Searching for biomarkers of developmental toxicity with microarrays: normal eye morphogenesis in rodent embryos. Knudsen, TB; Nemeth, KA; Singh, AV, 2005)
" No changes in body weight or adverse effects were observed following necropsy."	( Safety and toxicological evaluation of a novel niacin-bound chromium (III) complex. Bagchi, D; Bagchi, M; Bartz, J; Brenneman, KA; Chatterjee, A; Kincaid, AE; Limpach, AL; Shara, M; Stohs, SJ; Yasmin, T, 2005)
" No changes in the body weight or adverse effects were observed following necropsy."	( Safety and whole-body antioxidant potential of a novel anthocyanin-rich formulation of edible berries. Bagchi, D; Bagchi, M; Ghosh, S; He, G; Khanna, S; Ojha, N; Patel, V; Phillips, C; Roy, S; Sen, CK, 2006)
"Ocular toxicity during adjuvant therapy is a common side effect mainly represented by irritative symptoms due to chemotherapy."	( Ocular toxicity during adjuvant chemoendocrine therapy for early breast cancer: results from International Breast Cancer Study Group trials. Castiglione-Gertsch, M; Coates, AS; Collins, J; Crivellari, D; Gelber, RD; Gianni, L; Goldhirsch, A; Holmberg, SB; Li, S; Panzini, I; Ravaioli, A, 2006)
" The dietary administration of EGCG preparation to rats for 13 weeks was not toxic at doses up to 500 mg/kg/day."	( Safety studies on epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) preparations. Part 2: dermal, acute and short-term toxicity studies. Bausch, J; Davidovich, A; Edwards, JA; Isbrucker, RA; Wolz, E, 2006)
" Since eye is constantly exposed to light, incidence of ocular phototoxicity due to commonly used FQs is of great interest for their safe use."	( Comparative evaluation of possible ocular photochemical toxicity of fluoroquinolones meant for ocular use in experimental models. Bankoti, R; Biswas, NR; Humayun, S; Kumari, SS; Ravi, AK; Velpandian, T, 2006)
" It has been hypothesized that the pathogenesis in DM1 is triggered by a toxic gain of function of the expanded DMPK RNA."	( MBNL1 and CUGBP1 modify expanded CUG-induced toxicity in a Drosophila model of myotonic dystrophy type 1. Al-Ramahi, I; Ashizawa, T; Botas, J; Cooper, TA; De Gouyon, B; de Haro, M; Faustino, NA; Rosa, A; Ukani, L, 2006)
" The available data demonstrate that Oxyquinoline and Oxyquinoline Sulfate are safe as stabilizers for hydrogen peroxide in rinse-off hair care cosmetic products in the present practices of use."	( Final amended report on the safety assessment of oxyquinoline and oxyquinoline sulfate as used in cosmetics. Andersen, A, 2006)
" In acute oral toxicity studies, LD50 values were in the 200 to 5000 mg/kg day-1 range across several species."	( Final report on the safety assessment of sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, p-chloro-m-cresol, chlorothymol, mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol, isopropyl cresols, thymol, o-cymen-5-ol, and carvacrol. Andersen, A, 2006)
" Dibutyl Adipate is not toxic in acute oral or dermal animal toxicity tests."	( Amended final report of the safety assessment of dibutyl adipate as used in cosmetics. Andersen, A, 2006)
" The results suggest that the overall state of the polyGln protein network in a cellular environment may have a profound effect on the toxic consequences of polyGln expansion and thus may serve as a genetic modifier of age of onset in HD."	( Normal-repeat-length polyglutamine peptides accelerate aggregation nucleation and cytotoxicity of expanded polyglutamine proteins. Bhattacharyya, AM; Jackson, GR; Marsh, JL; Slepko, N; Steffan, JS; Thompson, LM; Wetzel, R, 2006)
" The most common side effect is a rash, seen in most patients."	( Ocular toxicity related to cetuximab monotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer. Dranko, S; Kinney, C; Ramanathan, RK, 2006)
" In mice, PFOA is developmentally toxic producing mortality, delayed eye opening, growth deficits, and altered pubertal maturation."	( Perfluorooctanoic acid induced developmental toxicity in the mouse is dependent on expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha. Abbott, BD; Das, KP; Helfant, L; Lau, C; Lindstrom, AB; Nakayama, S; Schmid, JE; Strynar, MJ; Wolf, CJ; Zehr, RD, 2007)
" It is suggested that the gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate is safe for most tissues that could be exposed to the product under normal use."	( Subchronic (26- and 52-week) toxicity and irritation studies of a novel microbicidal gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate in animal models. Bergeron, MG; Bussières, M; Laforest, G; Piret, J, 2008)
" Electroretinograms and visual evoked potentials revealed no adverse findings."	( SCH 412499: biodistribution and safety of an adenovirus containing P21(WAF-1/CIP-1) following subconjunctival injection in Cynomolgus monkeys. Arezzo, JC; Bral, CM; Cai, XY; Cartwright, ME; Chen, Z; Cullen, C; Faha, B; Kishnani, NS; Maneval, D; Munger, RJ; Nelson, J; Rosenblum, IY; Sinha, DP; Treinen, KA; Veneziale, RW; Watkins, RW, 2007)
"Ocular complication is a major long term adverse event of chloroquine."	( Ocular side effects of chloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma. Leecharoen, S; Louthrenoo, W; Wangkaew, S, 2007)
"5%) had ocular adverse effects (retinopathy in 37 and corneal deposition in 13 while two patients had both defects)."	( Ocular side effects of chloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma. Leecharoen, S; Louthrenoo, W; Wangkaew, S, 2007)
" Oil sands were twofold more toxic to fathead minnows (TPAH LC50 = 47-330 microg/g) than to white sucker (TPAH LC50 = 95-860 microg/g) larvae."	( The relationships among CYP1A induction, toxicity, and eye pathology in early life stages of fish exposed to oil sands. Colavecchia, MV; Hodson, PV; Parrott, JL, 2007)
" Although not free of complications, fluoroquinolones are generally safe when used to treat ocular infection."	( Ocular toxicity of fluoroquinolones. Thompson, AM, 2007)
" To understand this toxic RNA gain-of-function mechanism we developed a Drosophila model expressing 60 pure and 480 interrupted CUG repeats in the context of a non-translatable RNA."	( Genetic and chemical modifiers of a CUG toxicity model in Drosophila. Alvarez-Abril, MC; Artero, RD; Garcia-Alcover, I; Garcia-Lopez, A; Monferrer, L; Vicente-Crespo, M, 2008)
" No mortalities or evidence of adverse effects were observed in SD rats following acute oral administration of 2000mg/kg NAA."	( Acute and repeated dose oral toxicity of N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid in Sprague-Dawley rats. Amanda Shen, Z; Barnett, JF; Delaney, B; Gannon, S; Maxwell, C; Munley, SA; Powley, CR, 2008)
" These in vivo and ex vivo experimental approaches demonstrated that ocular surface toxicity was reduced by using an emulsion instead of a traditional solution and that a CKC emulsion was safe for future ocular administration."	( Reduction of quaternary ammonium-induced ocular surface toxicity by emulsions: an in vivo study in rabbits. Baudouin, C; Brignole-Baudouin, F; Faure, MO; Lambert, G; Liang, H; Mao, Z; Rabinovich-Guilatt, L; Riancho, L; Warnet, JM, 2008)
" The molecular and cellular pathways underlying polyQ-induced neurodegeneration are the focus of much research, and it is widely considered that toxic activities of the protein, resulting from the abnormally long polyQ tract, cause pathogenesis."	( RNA toxicity is a component of ataxin-3 degeneration in Drosophila. Bonini, NM; Li, LB; Teng, X; Yu, Z, 2008)
" PFOS and PFOA are developmentally toxic in laboratory rodents."	( Developmental toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is not dependent on expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR alpha) in the mouse. Abbott, BD; Das, KP; Lau, C; Lindstrom, AB; Schmid, JE; Strynar, MJ; Wolf, CJ; Zehr, RD, 2009)
"Chitosan, PCEP (poly{[(cholesteryl oxocarbonylamido ethyl) methyl bis(ethylene) ammonium iodide] ethyl phosphate}), and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were evaluated for the safe delivery of genes in the eye."	( Ocular nanoparticle toxicity and transfection of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Bhutto, I; Grebe, R; Kim, SY; Leong, K; Lutty, GA; McLeod, DS; Mennon, M; Merges, C; Prow, TW; Rodriguez, L; Uno, K, 2008)
"Preservation of acuity in 12 of 13 study eyes suggests that intravitreal methotrexate in a cumulative dose of up to 1,200 microg is safe in silicone-filled eyes."	( The safety of intraocular methotrexate in silicone-filled eyes. Bakri, SJ; Hardwig, PW; Pulido, JS, 2008)
" A list of potential adverse effects was provided, and attending clinicians graded their occurrence by use of a subjective scale."	( Safety and efficacy of an ocular insert for apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs. Burczynski, FJ; Collins, DM; Cote, DD, 2008)
" Adverse effects were more frequent in the IV group, whereas ocular irritation was most frequent in the insert group."	( Safety and efficacy of an ocular insert for apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs. Burczynski, FJ; Collins, DM; Cote, DD, 2008)
"Overall, the ocular inserts provided an alternative to parenteral administration of apomorphine with comparable efficacy and a lower prevalence of adverse effects."	( Safety and efficacy of an ocular insert for apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs. Burczynski, FJ; Collins, DM; Cote, DD, 2008)
" We found that tau mutants resistant to phosphorylation by MARK/PAR-1 were indeed less toxic than wild-type tau; however, this was not due to their resistance to phosphorylation by GSK-3beta/Shaggy."	( Dissociation of tau toxicity and phosphorylation: role of GSK-3beta, MARK and Cdk5 in a Drosophila model. Chatterjee, S; Jackson, GR; Lawless, GM; Sang, TK, 2009)
" Tiotropium Respimat SMI at doses up to 32 microg was well tolerated in Study 1; typical dose-dependent anticholinergic adverse events of mild-to-moderate intensity were observed."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability (Study 1) with particular reference to ocular safety (Study 2) of tiotropium Respimat soft mist inhaler: findings from two dose-ranging studies in healthy men. Feifel, U; Platz, J; Rominger, KL; Trommeshauser, D; Wallenstein, G, 2008)
" The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate potential adverse effects of SLE66."	( Safety studies of pseudo-ceramide SLE66: acute and short-term toxicity. Hayashi, K; Morita, O; Ogura, R; Okuda, M; Yoshimura, K, 2009)
" Based upon scientific procedures and supported by history of use, GanedenBC(30) is considered safe for chronic human consumption."	( Safety assessment of a proprietary preparation of a novel Probiotic, Bacillus coagulans, as a food ingredient. Clewell, A; Endres, JR; Farber, T; Hauswirth, J; Jade, KA; Schauss, AG, 2009)
" Documentation is scarce on the potential adverse effects of bleaching products and on optical exposure risks to eyes and skin."	( In vitro efficacy and risk for adverse effects of light-assisted tooth bleaching. Aalerud, TN; Bruzell, EM; Christensen, T; Dahl, JE; Johnsen, B, 2009)
" The inflammatory response of the ocular tissues is a common side effect associated with ophthalmic surgery."	( Nanomedicines for ocular NSAIDs: safety on drug delivery. Araújo, J; Egea, MA; Garcia, ML; Gonzalez, E; Souto, EB, 2009)
" In the present study, potential adverse effects of a standardized heat-sterilized green tea catechin (GTC-H) preparation was investigated following gavage administration to rats at doses of 0, 120, 400, 1200 mg/kg/day for 6 months."	( Safety assessment of heat-sterilized green tea catechin preparation: a 6-month repeat-dose study in rats. Beck, MJ; Bruner, RH; Chengelis, CP; Kirkpatrick, JB; Morita, O; Tamaki, Y, 2009)
" It is safe and effective for systemic and topical use, but only limited data are available on prophylactic intracameral administration to prevent endophthalmitis."	( Intracameral moxifloxacin: in vitro safety on human ocular cells. A, AK; Alge, CS; Eibl, KH; Kernt, M; Lackerbauer, CA; Liegl, RG; Neubauer, AS; Ulbig, MW, 2009)
" Possible toxic effects of moxifloxacin (10-750 microg/mL) in corneal endothelial cells (CEC), primary human trabecular meshwork cells (TMC), and primary human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were evaluated after 24 hours and under conditions of oxidative and inflammatory stress by treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha, lipopolysaccharides, or interleukin-6."	( Intracameral moxifloxacin: in vitro safety on human ocular cells. A, AK; Alge, CS; Eibl, KH; Kernt, M; Lackerbauer, CA; Liegl, RG; Neubauer, AS; Ulbig, MW, 2009)
" Possible toxic effects of voriconazole (10 microg /mL-10mg/mL) in corneal endothelial cells (CEC), primary human trabecular meshwork cells (TMC), and primary human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were evaluated after 24h and under conditions of inflammatory stress by treatment with tumor-necrosis-factor alpha (TNF-alpha), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), or interleukin-6 (IL-6) and hydrogen peroxide."	( Intracameral voriconazole: in vitro safety for human ocular cells. Kampik, A; Kernt, M, 2009)
" In a 28-day study, Resvida caused no adverse effects in rats at 50, 150 and 500 mg/kg bw/day."	( Safety studies conducted on high-purity trans-resveratrol in experimental animals. Bausch, J; Beck, M; Burdock, GA; Edwards, JA; Williams, LD, 2009)
" This review summarizes a current practice for minimizing the potential for systemically administered, new medicines to cause adverse effects in the eye."	( A current practice for predicting ocular toxicity of systemically delivered drugs. Aleo, MD; Dykens, JA; Fortner, JH; Greene, N; Phillips, G; Render, JA; Somps, CJ, 2009)
" Importantly, the oligomers of G33 variants were much less toxic than Abeta(42) wild type (WT), in vitro and in vivo."	( Role of amyloid-beta glycine 33 in oligomerization, toxicity, and neuronal plasticity. Beyermann, M; Georgiev, O; Harmeier, A; Hildebrand, PW; Hua, H; Multhaup, G; Munter, LM; Rost, BR; Schaffner, W; Schmitz, D; Weise, C; Wozny, C, 2009)
" CONCLUSION BoNT-A (15, 30, or 45 U) is an effective and safe treatment for mild to severe crow's feet."	( Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lateral crow's feet: double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Ascher, B; Grover, R; Rzany, BJ, 2009)
"The tolerability profile obtained from this study suggests that GS-101 is safe for human use."	( Tolerability and safety of GS-101 eye drops, an antisense oligonucleotide to insulin receptor substrate-1: a 'first in man' phase I investigation. Beglinger, C; Geudelin, B; Goldblum, D; Kain, H; Thorin, E, 2009)
" The cationic emulsion of latanoprost will most likely have fewer long-term adverse effects on the ocular surface than formulations containing toxic preservative BAC and may improve long-term tolerance over BAC-containing antiglaucomatous topical treatments."	( Comparison of the ocular tolerability of a latanoprost cationic emulsion versus conventional formulations of prostaglandins: an in vivo toxicity assay. Baudouin, C; Brignole-Baudouin, F; Faure, MO; Lambert, G; Liang, H, 2009)
" The acute oral LD50 of DC was found to be > 5000 mg/kg in female SD rats."	( Safety and toxicological evaluation of demethylatedcurcuminoids; a novel standardized curcumin product. Krishnaraju, AV; Sengupta, K; Sundararaju, D; Trimurtulu, G; Venkateswarlu, S, 2009)
" Hence, the etiopathological sequence of inflammatory events caused by this type of MWCNT appears to be related to the high displacement volume of the low-density MWCNT assemblage structure rather than to any yet ill-defined intrinsic toxic property."	( Subchronic 13-week inhalation exposure of rats to multiwalled carbon nanotubes: toxic effects are determined by density of agglomerate structures, not fibrillar structures. Pauluhn, J, 2010)
"The electrophysiological tests and the morphologic data indicate that the repeated intravitreal injections of ranibizumab or bevacizumab have no cumulative long-term toxic effect on the retina in rabbits."	( Safety evaluation of repeated intravitreal injections of bevacizumab and ranibizumab in rabbit eyes. Loewenstein, A; Perlman, I; Zayit-Soudry, S; Zemel, E, 2010)
" Other adverse findings included increased incidence of minimal necrosis with minimal to slight inflammation of the parotid salivary gland for males given 1200 mg/kg/day, body weight loss and clinical signs in rats given > or =600 mg/kg/day."	( Toxicity and toxicokinetics of metformin in rats. Chism, JP; Jordan, HL; Melich, DH; Nold, JB; Polli, JW; Quaile, MP; Rhodes, MC; Smith, GA, 2010)
" Pre-clinical skin and eye irritation tests were performed with PX-18 and PX-13 bulk material and 5% (w/w) PX-18 and PX-13 nanosuspensions using the EPISKIN and the HET-CAM test to aid safety assessment and to facilitate the design of safe and efficient human studies."	( Dermal and ocular safety of the new phospholipase A2 inhibitors PX-18 and PX-13 formulated as drug nanosuspension. Müller, RH; Pardeike, J, 2009)
" The acute oral LD50 of LI85008F was greater than 5000 mg/kg in female SD rats and no changes in body weight or adverse effects were observed following necropsy."	( Safety and toxicological evaluation of a novel anti-obesity formulation LI85008F in animals. Krishnaraju, AV; Rao, CV; Sengupta, K; Srinivas, P; Sundararaju, D; Trimurtulu, G, 2010)
" Visual adverse effects can be divided into seven major categories: eyelid and keratoconjunctival disorders; uveal tract disorders; accommodation interference; angle-closure glaucoma; cataract/pigmentary deposits in the lens and cornea; retinopathy; and other disorders."	( Ocular adverse effects of common psychotropic agents: a review. Richa, S; Yazbek, JC, 2010)
"7 mg/kg/day as the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)."	( Safety and toxicological evaluation of a novel chromium(III) dinicocysteinate complex. Bagchi, D; Bagchi, M; Lau, FC; Marone, PA; Sreejayan, N; Yasmin, T, 2010)
" Under the conditions of this pilot study, the effect of daily administration of AC by oral gavage at dose levels of 0, 500, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day during gestation days 5-19 of a 21-day pregnancy has appeared to result in no adverse toxicological effects to the pregnant rat or its developing offspring."	( Safety and toxicological evaluation of AlgaeCal (AC), a novel plant-based calcium supplement. Bagchi, M; Gupta, RC; Marone, PA; Yasmin, T, 2010)
" Rats administrated with multiple-doses of Nu-3 showed no visible toxic symptoms."	( Acute, multiple-dose dermal and genetic toxicity of Nu-3: a novel antimicrobial agent. Cao, S; Hu, Y; Sun, J; Sun, LQ; Wang, M; Zhang, G, 2010)
" The acute oral LD50 of Aflapin was greater than 5000 mg/kg in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats."	( Safety and toxicological evaluation of Aflapin: a novel Boswellia-derived anti-inflammatory product. Krishnaraju, AV; Machiraju, G; Sengupta, K; Sundararaju, D; Suryachandra, R; Trimurtulu, G; Vamsikrishna, U, 2010)
"The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) is the nuclear receptor mediating the toxicity of dioxins--widespread and persistent pollutants whose toxic effects include tumor promotion, teratogenesis, wasting syndrome and chloracne."	( Dioxin toxicity in vivo results from an increase in the dioxin-independent transcriptional activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Céspedes, MA; Couso, JP; Galindo, MI, 2010)
" There were no treatment-related adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety evaluation of a novel botulinum toxin topical gel for the treatment of moderate to severe lateral canthal lines. Brandt, F; Cazzaniga, A; O'Connell, C; Waugh, JM, 2010)
" Beryllium metal was also found not to be a skin or eye irritant, not to be a skin sensitizer, and not to have relevant acute oral toxic properties."	( Beryllium metal I. experimental results on acute oral toxicity, local skin and eye effects, and genotoxicity. Strupp, C, 2011)
" Topical CsA is currently the only and safe pharmacologic treatment of severe dry eye symptoms."	( Development and characterization of Cyclosporine A loaded nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery: Cellular toxicity, uptake, and kinetic studies. Aksungur, P; Demirbilek, M; Denkbaş, EB; Ludwig, A; Unlü, N; Vandervoort, J, 2011)
" The safety profile of voriconazole includes transient visual adverse events (VAEs) that resolve while undergoing treatment or after its discontinuation."	( Long-term visual safety of voriconazole in adult patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. de Queiroz-Telles, F; Fraunfelder, FT; Goodrich, J; Laties, AM; Moreira, AT; Sato, MT; Tomaszewski, K, 2010)
" To achieve and maintain sufficient therapeutic levels of methotrexate in the eye to eradicate PVRL, the patient must undergo multiple intravitreal injections with attendant potential toxic peaks and sub-therapeutic troughs of intraocular drug concentrations."	( Toxicity of a biodegradable microneedle implant loaded with methotrexate as a sustained release device in normal rabbit eye: a pilot study. Augsburger, JJ; Banerjee, RK; Correa, ZM; Palakurthi, NK, 2011)
" Ever since they were first used in warfare in 1917, SM and other mustard agents have been the subjects of intensive research, and their chemistry, pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of toxic action are now fairly well understood."	( Sulfur mustard toxicity: history, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Agutter, PS; Ansarin, K; Ghabili, K; Ghanei, M; Panahi, Y; Shoja, MM, 2011)
" For ranibizumab, the principal ocular adverse event detected in clinical trials was a low frequency of ocular inflammation, and systemic adverse events included a slightly elevated risk of nonocular hemorrhage and stroke."	( Systemic and ocular safety of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies for ocular neovascular disease. Tolentino, M, )
" From the first assumption data to preclinical and clinical proofs, this article highlights the evolution of the understanding process towards the toxic role of preservatives."	( [Ocular toxicity of benzalkonium]. Chibret, H, 2011)
" Safe medical radiation ophthalmic dose limits are currently under review and are likely to be lowered."	( Radiation safety for anesthesiologists. Dagal, A, 2011)
" Understanding of the physical principles, the sources of radiation exposure, the potential risks, and safe practices helps to minimize the exposure risk and its potential deleterious effects to the anesthesia team."	( Radiation safety for anesthesiologists. Dagal, A, 2011)
" Here we ask whether such particles are toxic to ocular structures."	( Evaluation of magnetic micro- and nanoparticle toxicity to ocular tissues. Dubovy, SR; Goldberg, JL; Hu, Y; Raju, HB; Vedula, A, 2011)
" Our results suggest that MNPs are safe for intraocular use."	( Evaluation of magnetic micro- and nanoparticle toxicity to ocular tissues. Dubovy, SR; Goldberg, JL; Hu, Y; Raju, HB; Vedula, A, 2011)
" Oral administration of AgNPs at a limited dose of 5,000 mg/kg produced neither mortality nor acute toxic signs throughout the observation period."	( An evaluation of acute toxicity of colloidal silver nanoparticles. Banlunara, W; Ekgasit, S; Kaewamatawong, T; Maneewattanapinyo, P; Thammacharoen, C, 2011)
" However, at this dose level it neither had any adverse effect on vaginal tissue proliferation nor did it cause in situ apoptosis as evident from PCNA staining and TUNEL assay."	( Evaluation of safety margins of Chenopodium album seed decoction: 14-day subacute toxicity and microbicidal activity studies. Banerjee, S; Biswas, S; Kumar, S; Mondal, NB, 2011)
"The overall result evolved from the study strengthens the candidature of CAD as a safe microbicidal spermicide."	( Evaluation of safety margins of Chenopodium album seed decoction: 14-day subacute toxicity and microbicidal activity studies. Banerjee, S; Biswas, S; Kumar, S; Mondal, NB, 2011)
" A growing body of research suggests that antimalarials are safe during pregnancy."	( Ocular toxicity in children exposed in utero to antimalarial drugs: review of the literature. Koren, G; Osadchy, A; Ratnapalan, T, 2011)
"Collection of spontaneous reports at the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects (Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon) in conjunction with a literature review of EGFR inhibitors associated with ocular adverse drug reactions (ADR)."	( Trichomegaly and other external eye side effects associated with epidermal growth factor. Fraunfelder, FT; Fraunfelder, FW, 2012)
"Ophthalmologists should be aware of possible adverse ocular side effects from EGFR inhibitors and treat based on the type of ADR encountered."	( Trichomegaly and other external eye side effects associated with epidermal growth factor. Fraunfelder, FT; Fraunfelder, FW, 2012)
" Much less attention has been focused on the adverse effect on the ocular surface, despite the fact that this structure is even more exposed to air pollution than the respiratory mucosa since only a very thin tear film separates the corneal and conjunctival epithelia from the air pollutants."	( Ocular surface adverse effects of ambient levels of air pollution. Alves, MR; Matsuda, M; Monteiro, ML; Novaes, P; Torricelli, AA, )
" The toxic effect of tannery effluent on the survival of fish was found to be concentration and time dependent."	( Comparison of in vitro and in vivo acute toxicity assays in Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) and its three cell lines in relation to tannery effluent. Hameed, AS; Kamatchiammal, S; Majeed, SA; Nambi, KS; Sarath Babu, V; Taju, G; Vimal, S, 2012)
"Ocular safety (ocular examinations, visual function tests, participants' reports of adverse events, and visual disturbance questionnaire completed by investigators) by treatment group at 12 weeks, 24 weeks, 18 months, and yearly."	( Ocular safety of sildenafil citrate when administered chronically for pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from phase III, randomised, double masked, placebo controlled trial and open label extension. Burgess, G; Hwang, LJ; Laties, AM; Tressler, C; Wirostko, BM, 2012)
" Incidence of ocular adverse events reported on the case report forms and assessed by the investigator was low with all doses, but a modest, dose related incidence of chromatopsia, cyanopsia, photophobia, and visual disturbance was reported with 80 mg three times daily consistent with the indicated dosing for erectile dysfunction."	( Ocular safety of sildenafil citrate when administered chronically for pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from phase III, randomised, double masked, placebo controlled trial and open label extension. Burgess, G; Hwang, LJ; Laties, AM; Tressler, C; Wirostko, BM, 2012)
"Sildenafil dosing up to 80 mg three times daily is safe and well tolerated from an ocular perspective in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension."	( Ocular safety of sildenafil citrate when administered chronically for pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from phase III, randomised, double masked, placebo controlled trial and open label extension. Burgess, G; Hwang, LJ; Laties, AM; Tressler, C; Wirostko, BM, 2012)
": The aim of the study was to verify if the analysis of a large spontaneous reporting database could generate early signals on these adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with TZDs."	( Cardiovascular, ocular and bone adverse reactions associated with thiazolidinediones: a disproportionality analysis of the US FDA adverse event reporting system database. Biagi, C; Marchesini, G; Marra, A; Motola, D; Piccinni, C; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E, 2012)
": A case/non-case study, restricted to antidiabetic drugs, was performed on spontaneous reports of ADRs (2005-2008) in the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS)."	( Cardiovascular, ocular and bone adverse reactions associated with thiazolidinediones: a disproportionality analysis of the US FDA adverse event reporting system database. Biagi, C; Marchesini, G; Marra, A; Motola, D; Piccinni, C; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E, 2012)
"Information related to adverse drug effects caused by ocular medications and ocular adverse effects of systemically administered drugs has increased over the last several decades."	( Ocular and systemic adverse effects of ophthalmic and non ophthalmic medications. Izazola-Conde, C; Tenorio-Guajardo, G; Zamora-de la Cruz, D, 2011)
"BsP injection into the subconjunctival space and anterior chamber in rabbits at low concentrations (such as 10 mg/mL) did not have adverse effects."	( Safety evaluation of intracameral and subconjunctival injection of a novel mucoadhesive polysaccharide isolated from Bletilla striata in rabbit eye. Gong, H; Jiang, H; Liu, T; Wu, X; Xu, Y; Yang, X; Zang, X, 2012)
" Using a polyglutamine toxicity assay (41Q) to model neurodegeneration, we showed that both Atg7 and Hsp27 can suppress weak, toxic effect by 41Q, and that overexpression of Atg7 improves the worsened mosaic eyes by the knockdown of Hsp27 under 41Q."	( Autophagy-related gene 7 is downstream of heat shock protein 27 in the regulation of eye morphology, polyglutamine toxicity, and lifespan in Drosophila. Chen, GC; Chen, SF; Chen, YC; Huang, CW; Kang, ML; Li, WH; Lin, CP; Tang, HW; Wang, CY; Wang, HD; Wang, PY, 2012)
" These results suggest that B licheniformis Me1 can be considered safe for food industry applications."	( Safety assessment of Bacillus licheniformis Me1 isolated from milk for probiotic application. Halami, PM; Muthukumar, SP; Nithya, V, 2012)
" The VascuLuminator was designed to meet the requirements of compact and safe use."	( The use of near-infrared light for safe and effective visualization of subsurface blood vessels to facilitate blood withdrawal in children. Cuper, NJ; de Graaff, JC; de Roode, R; Jaspers, JE; Klaessens, JH; Noordmans, HJ; Verdaasdonk, RM, 2013)
"We set out a systemic review to evaluate whether off-label bevacizumab is as safe as licensed ranibizumab, and whether bevacizumab can be justifiably offered to patients as a treatment for age-related macular degeneration with robust evidence of no differential risk."	( A safety review and meta-analyses of bevacizumab and ranibizumab: off-label versus goldstandard. Agostini, HT; Antes, G; Ehlken, C; Lelgemann, M; Loke, YK; Ruecker, G; Schmucker, C, 2012)
" No adverse event was reported."	( Efficacy and safety of incobotulinum toxin A in periocular rhytides and masseteric hypertrophy: side-by-side comparison with onabotulinum toxin A. Han, KH; Kim, SD; Lee, JH; Lee, SK; Park, JH; Park, JY; Yang, JM; Yoon, CS, 2014)
" The objective of the present study was to investigate potential adverse effects, if any, of Apoaequorin, a recombinant protein preparation, in rats following subchronic administration."	( Safety assessment of Apoaequorin, a protein preparation: subchronic toxicity study in rats. Bauter, MR; Marone, PA; Moran, DL; Soni, MG, 2013)
" No treatment-emergent adverse event (AE) of glaucoma was reported."	( Randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study to assess the ocular safety of mirabegron in healthy volunteers. Hantsbarger, G; Lewis, RA; Martin, NE; Novack, GD; Rasmussen, S; Sheth, N; Swearingen, D; Vogel, R, 2013)
"Mirabegron 100 mg orally once daily for 8 weeks of treatment does not increase the IOP, and was generally safe and well tolerated."	( Randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study to assess the ocular safety of mirabegron in healthy volunteers. Hantsbarger, G; Lewis, RA; Martin, NE; Novack, GD; Rasmussen, S; Sheth, N; Swearingen, D; Vogel, R, 2013)
" However, Jatropha seed oil and other plant parts are toxic due to the presence of phorbol esters (PEs)."	( Occular and dermal toxicity of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters. Becker, K; Devappa, RK; Makkar, HP; Roach, JS, 2013)
"The results of this investigation suggest that repeated transscleral iontophoresis with dexamethasone phosphate may be safe for use as a treatment for inflammatory ocular disorders that require prolonged and/or repeated corticosteroid therapy."	( Evaluation of ocular and general safety following repeated dosing of dexamethasone phosphate delivered by transscleral iontophoresis in rabbits. Burgos, M; Gee, R; Isom, WP; Patane, MA; Ruiz-Perez, B; Sanford, T; Schubert, W, 2013)
"To extract and separate toxic components from Phytolaccae Radix, and to comare the changes in toxicity of Phytolaccae Radix before and after being processed with vinegar."	( [Comparative study on toxicity of extracts from Phytolaccae Radix before and after being processed with vinegar]. Gong, L; Wu, H; Xu, QX; Yu, HL; Zhao, TF, 2013)
"The mucous membrane irritation response, mouse peritoneal inflammation model and in vitro macrophages release NO model were applied to compared the changes in inflammatory toxicity of toxic components from Phytolaccae Radix before and after being processed with vinegar."	( [Comparative study on toxicity of extracts from Phytolaccae Radix before and after being processed with vinegar]. Gong, L; Wu, H; Xu, QX; Yu, HL; Zhao, TF, 2013)
"After being processed with vinegar, the toxicity of toxic components from Phytolacca Radix decreased obviously."	( [Comparative study on toxicity of extracts from Phytolaccae Radix before and after being processed with vinegar]. Gong, L; Wu, H; Xu, QX; Yu, HL; Zhao, TF, 2013)
" The aim of this systematic review was to assess published case reports and case series on adverse events associated with yoga."	( Adverse events associated with yoga: a systematic review of published case reports and case series. Cramer, H; Dobos, G; Krucoff, C, 2013)
" Data on the ophthalmic and central nervous system (CNS) adverse effects of liquid detergent capsules (liquid laundry pods) are limited."	( Reported toxicity in 1486 liquid detergent capsule exposures to the UK National Poisons Information Service 2009-2012, including their ophthalmic and CNS effects. Eddleston, M; Jones, S; Scott, RA; Thomas, SH; Thompson, JP; Vale, JA; Williams, H; Wood, K, 2014)
" In summary, the present study demonstrated that the new formulation of Bti SH-14 is not acutely toxic via dermal route, has low eye irritation and would not cause dermal irritation or hypersensitivity to tested animals."	( Dermal toxicity, eye and dermal irritation and skin sensitization evaluation of a new formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis SH-14. Arteaga, ME; Bada, AM; Gómez, D; González, B; González, C; Mancebo, A; Molier, T; Rodríguez, G; Rojas, NM, 2014)
" The toxic effects of BaP on fish embryos have been described in detail, but some potentially toxic effects of BaP might have been neglected owing to the limitations of traditional techniques."	( Use of toxicogenomics to predict the potential toxic effect of Benzo(a)pyrene on zebrafish embryos: ocular developmental toxicity. Huang, L; Lin, JJ; Wang, C; Wu, M; Zhang, Y; Zuo, Z, 2014)
" The rescue appears specific to TDP-43, as co-expression of another ALS-associated RNA-binding protein, FUS, exacerbates the toxic effects of CGG repeats."	( TDP-43 suppresses CGG repeat-induced neurotoxicity through interactions with HnRNP A2/B1. Freibaum, BD; He, F; Krans, A; Taylor, JP; Todd, PK, 2014)
"Here we summarize numerous clinical and experimental studies of BAC in the past few years, and focus on reviewing recent researches of the toxic effect of BAC on ocular surface."	( [Toxicity research status of benzalkonium chloride on ocular surface]. Chen, W; Chen, Y; Huang, C; Liu, Z, 2014)
" In fact, the inclusions could be toxic themselves, induce loss of function by sequestering TDP-43 or a combination of both."	( Aggregate formation prevents dTDP-43 neurotoxicity in the Drosophila melanogaster eye. Baralle, FE; Budini, M; Cragnaz, L; Feiguin, F; Klima, R; Skoko, N, 2014)
"7 ng/ml, which can cause systemic adverse effects in patients at risk."	( Paroxetine markedly increases plasma concentrations of ophthalmic timolol; CYP2D6 inhibitors may increase the risk of cardiovascular adverse effects of 0.5% timolol eye drops. Backman, JT; Kautiainen, H; Mäenpää, J; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M; Volotinen-Maja, M, 2014)
" In addition to the well-known neurodegenerative effects of FUS loss-of function, our data suggest toxic potential of overexpressed FUS in the nucleus and of insoluble FUS."	( Nuclear import factor transportin and arginine methyltransferase 1 modify FUS neurotoxicity in Drosophila. Dormann, D; Haass, C; Jäckel, S; Kahle, PJ; Pan, X; Rasse, TM; Schulz, JB; Summerer, AK; Thömmes, CM; Voigt, A, 2015)
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate ocular-related adverse events associated with the use of drugs by analyzing the content of safety alerts issued by major regulatory authorities during the last decade."	( Drug-induced ocular adverse reactions: review of the safety alerts issued during the last decade. Alves, C; Marques, FB; Mendes, D; Penedones, A, 2015)
"The websites of 4 health regulatory authorities were reviewed to identify safety alerts issued on ocular adverse events."	( Drug-induced ocular adverse reactions: review of the safety alerts issued during the last decade. Alves, C; Marques, FB; Mendes, D; Penedones, A, 2015)
" The most frequently evaluated adverse events were visual disorders NEC (n = 12; 32%), including visual impairment, diplopia, and blurred vision."	( Drug-induced ocular adverse reactions: review of the safety alerts issued during the last decade. Alves, C; Marques, FB; Mendes, D; Penedones, A, 2015)
"Ocular adverse events, newly identified during this decade, come mostly from systemic drugs, some of them marketed for several years."	( Drug-induced ocular adverse reactions: review of the safety alerts issued during the last decade. Alves, C; Marques, FB; Mendes, D; Penedones, A, 2015)
" Additional efficacy end points and adverse events were evaluated."	( A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Repeated OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatments in Subjects With Crow's Feet Lines and Glabellar Lines. Beddingfield, FC; Bertucci, V; Campo, A; Carruthers, J; Davis, PG; Donofrio, L; Lei, X; Rivkin, A; Somogyi, C, 2015)
" Adverse events did not differ among groups; most were mild or moderate."	( A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Repeated OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatments in Subjects With Crow's Feet Lines and Glabellar Lines. Beddingfield, FC; Bertucci, V; Campo, A; Carruthers, J; Davis, PG; Donofrio, L; Lei, X; Rivkin, A; Somogyi, C, 2015)
" Adverse event profiles remain consistent with approved GL labeling."	( A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Repeated OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatments in Subjects With Crow's Feet Lines and Glabellar Lines. Beddingfield, FC; Bertucci, V; Campo, A; Carruthers, J; Davis, PG; Donofrio, L; Lei, X; Rivkin, A; Somogyi, C, 2015)
"To test the safe clinical application of sufentanil as topical ophthalmic drops by examining treated rabbit eyes for ophthalmic irritation signs or short-time toxic reactions."	( Short-term ocular toxicity and eye irritation tests following application of sufentanil in rabbits. Chen, H; Chen, Z; Xu, Y, 2014)
" Corneal endothelial counts were performed and toxic reactions were evaluated."	( Short-term ocular toxicity and eye irritation tests following application of sufentanil in rabbits. Chen, H; Chen, Z; Xu, Y, 2014)
"Single ocular administration of sufentanil at a dose of 5-10 μg in rabbits yields no ocular irritation or toxic responses at 14 or 30 d following eye drop delivery."	( Short-term ocular toxicity and eye irritation tests following application of sufentanil in rabbits. Chen, H; Chen, Z; Xu, Y, 2014)
" Result indicates that the system is safe at ophthalmic level and produces an extensive ocular permanence higher than 6h."	( In vitro and in vivo ocular safety and eye surface permanence determination by direct and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of ion-sensitive hydrogels based on gellan gum and kappa-carrageenan. Argibay, B; Blanco Méndez, J; Fernández-Ferreiro, A; Gil-Martínez, M; González Barcia, M; Lamas, MJ; Lema, I; Otero-Espinar, FJ; Vieites-Prado, A, 2015)
" The 404 and 405 acute dermal and eye irritation/corrosion guidelines were used, as well as the 423 Acute Oral Toxicity guideline, Acute Toxic Class Method of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)."	( Acute Toxicity and Dermal and Eye Irritation of the Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Extracts of the Seeds of "Zapote" Pouteria mammosa (L.) Cronquist. Berenguer-Rivas, CA; Chil-Nuñez, I; Dutok, CM; Escalona-Arranz, JC; Pérez-Jackson, L; Queiroz, MM; Reyes-Tur, B; Rodríguez-Leblanch, E, 2015)
"8 W/cm(2) (parameters shown in the authors' previous in vivo studies to be optimal for ocular drug delivery), the temperature increase was small enough to be considered safe inside different ocular tissues."	( Thermal safety of ultrasound-enhanced ocular drug delivery: A modeling study. Geist, C; Nabili, M; Zderic, V, 2015)
"05%, which can help to reduce corticosteroid usage, is an effective and safe alternative for the treatment of resistant VKC."	( Efficacy and safety of topical cyclosporine A 0.05% in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ulus, ND; Yücel, OE, 2016)
"Multifunctional nanomaterials are rapidly emerging for ophthalmic delivery of therapeutics to facilitate safe and effective targeting with improved patient compliance."	( Safety and toxicity of nanomaterials for ocular drug delivery applications. Cai, D; Hein, T; Kuo, L; Mehra, NK; Palakurthi, S, 2016)
"The incidence of treatment-related adverse events in Part 1 was similar in the trabodenoson (27."	( A Randomized Phase 1 Dose Escalation Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Trabodenoson in Healthy Adult Volunteers. Baumgartner, RA; Brickman, C; Humbert, V; Laties, A; McVicar, W; Rich, CC; Stoltz, R, 2016)
"Ocular doses of trabodenoson up to 3,200 μg per eye were safe and well tolerated in the eye and resulted in no detectable systemic effects in healthy adult volunteers."	( A Randomized Phase 1 Dose Escalation Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Trabodenoson in Healthy Adult Volunteers. Baumgartner, RA; Brickman, C; Humbert, V; Laties, A; McVicar, W; Rich, CC; Stoltz, R, 2016)
" In systemic mouse and monkey studies, loading/maintenance dose no observed adverse effect levels were 12/2 mg/kg/dose and 6/2 mg/kg/dose, respectively, with maintenance doses administered every 3 days after the initial loading dose."	( Nonclinical Safety and Toxicokinetics of MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (BMX-001). Crapo, JD; Gad, SC; Mujer, CV; Spainhour, CB; Spasojevic, I; Sullivan, DW, 2016)
" Inflammatory or adverse effects were undetectable by slit lamp biomicroscopy."	( Poly(ortho ester) nanoparticles targeted for chronic intraocular diseases: ocular safety and localization after intravitreal injection. Jablonski, MM; Li, H; Palamoor, M, 2016)
" Although lufenuron is widely used in agriculture and aquaculture, rare are studies described that relates to possible toxic effects in fish."	( Acute and chronic toxicity of the benzoylurea pesticide, lufenuron, in the fish, Colossoma macropomum. Bezerra de Carvalho Júnior, L; Bezerra de Sá, F; Caroline Barros Lucas da Silva, S; Freitas da Silva, J; Gonçalves Cadena, P; Hugo Lima da Silva Souza, E; Lucas Corrêa de Andrade, A; Magliano da Cunha, F; Pinheiro Santos, T; Rafaela Leão Soares, P; Rodrigues Dos Santos, A; Sales Cadena, MR; Wanderley Teixeira, V, 2016)
" Skill-appropriate comfort level was much higher with SAFE than with conventional globe holders for both surgeons."	( Spring-action Apparatus for Fixation of Eyeball (SAFE): a novel, cost-effective yet simple device for ophthalmic wet-lab training. Baskaran, P; Fazal, R; Krishnan, T; Ramakrishnan, S; Sulaiman, SM; Venkatesh, R, 2016)
"Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were designed as exceptionally safe colloidal carriers for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs."	( Preclinical safety of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: Current evidence from in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Doktorovová, S; Garcia, ML; Kovačević, AB; Souto, EB, 2016)
"AUY922, a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor is associated with ocular adverse events (AEs)."	( Ocular toxicity of AUY922 in pigmented and albino rats. Akimov, M; Kluwe, W; Lu, H; Miller, PE; Richardson, TA; Roman, D; Schadt, H; Turner, O; VerHoeve, J; Vicart, A; Walker, UJ; Wolford, ST; Zhou, W, 2016)
" Intervening in the toxic aggregation process is a promising therapeutic approach, but, to date, a disease-modifying therapy is neither available for AD nor for other tauopathies."	( Cl-NQTrp Alleviates Tauopathy Symptoms in a Model Organism through the Inhibition of Tau Aggregation-Engendered Toxicity. Abu-Hussien, M; Alyagor, I; Eisenbaum, T; Frenkel-Pinter, M; Gazit, E; Scherzer-Attali, R; Segal, D; Tal, S, 2017)
" No unexpected adverse events were reported."	( Safety, efficacy, and usage compliance of home-use device utilizing RF and light energies for treating periorbital wrinkles. Biron, J; Gold, MH; Levi, L; Sensing, W, 2017)
"The Silk'n Home Skin Tightening (HST) device offers a safe and effective in-home noninvasive technique to improve the appearance of age-related periorbital wrinkles."	( Safety, efficacy, and usage compliance of home-use device utilizing RF and light energies for treating periorbital wrinkles. Biron, J; Gold, MH; Levi, L; Sensing, W, 2017)
"Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxins) are classed as persistent organic pollutants and have adverse effects on multiple functions within the body."	( Protective effects of levamisole, acetylsalicylic acid, and α-tocopherol against dioxin toxicity measured as the expression of AhR and COX-2 in a chicken embryo model. Całkosiński, I; Dobrzyński, M; Gamian, A; Gostomska-Pampuch, K; Kowalczyk, A; Kuropka, P; Ostrowska, A; Ziółkowski, P; Łukaszewicz, E, 2017)
"The most common adverse effects of exogenous corticosteroids on the eye are secondary open-angle glaucoma and posterior subcapsular cataracts."	( Inhaled corticosteroids: Ocular safety and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Carr, WW; Szefler, SJ, 2016)
" Today's dependence on technology in dentistry necessitates that the operator possesses knowledge of essential technical specifications and safe use of devices and instruments routinely used in dental treatment."	( Light curing procedures - performance, knowledge level and safety awareness among dentists. Bruzell, EM; Kopperud, HM; Kopperud, SE; Rukke, HV, 2017)
" The aim of this study was to determine the toxic profile of chlorhexidine and propamidine eye drops."	( In Vitro Evaluation of the Ophthalmic Toxicity Profile of Chlorhexidine and Propamidine Isethionate Eye Drops. Díaz-Tome, V; Fernández-Ferreiro, A; Gil-Martínez, M; González-Barcia, M; Lamas, MJ; Luaces-Rodríguez, A; Méndez, JB; Otero-Espinar, FJ; Pardo, M; Piñeiro-Ces, A; Rodríguez-Ares, MT; Santiago-Varela, M, 2017)
"Diagnostic ARFI elastography is a safe and feasible ultrasonic imaging mode and may potentially be applied for human eyes in its present form."	( The safety and feasibility of diagnostic acoustic radiation force impulse elastography used for eyes. A preliminary in vivo study. Chen, KQ; Wu, J; Zha, L; Zheng, XZ, 2017)
" Muramidase 007, was non-mutagenic and non-clastogenic in vitro, and no adverse effects were observed in 90-day subchronic toxicity studies in rats at doses up to 1132 mg TOS/kg body weight/day."	( Safety evaluation of a novel muramidase for feed application. Jansman, AJM; Kramer Birkved, F; Lichtenberg, J; Lopez-Ulibarri, R; Madsen, K; Mourier, M; Perez Calvo, E; van Cauwenberghe, S; Wulf-Andersen, L; Østergaard Lund, T, 2017)
" No serious adverse effects were observed during the follow-up period."	( Efficacy and safety of a novel, soluble microneedle patch for the improvement of facial wrinkle. Choi, SY; Hong, JY; Kim, AR; Kim, BJ; Ko, EJ; Li, K; Park, JO, 2018)
" These results revealed the presence of a lncRNA-dependent pathway involved in the management of aggregation-prone hnRNPs, suggesting that properly formed FUS inclusions are not toxic to cells."	( FUS toxicity is rescued by the modulation of lncRNA hsrω expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Jantrapirom, S; Lo Piccolo, L; Nagai, Y; Yamaguchi, M, 2017)
" Safety data from clinical trials and post-licensure studies provided reassurance that ZVL is generally safe and well tolerated."	( Herpes zoster vaccine live: A 10 year review of post-marketing safety experience. Annunziato, PW; Brown, E; Gershon, AA; Halsey, NA; Popmihajlov, Z; Saddier, P; Willis, ED; Woodward, M, 2017)
"All post-marketing adverse experience (AE) reports received worldwide between 02-May-2006 and 01-May-2016 from healthcare professionals following vaccination with ZVL and submitted to the MSD AE global safety database, were analyzed."	( Herpes zoster vaccine live: A 10 year review of post-marketing safety experience. Annunziato, PW; Brown, E; Gershon, AA; Halsey, NA; Popmihajlov, Z; Saddier, P; Willis, ED; Woodward, M, 2017)
"Although facial cleanliness is part of the SAFE strategy for trachoma there is controversy over the reliability of measuring a clean face."	( The "F" in SAFE: Reliability of assessing clean faces for trachoma control in the field. Ansah, D; Funga, N; Mkocha, H; Munoz, B; West, SK, 2017)
" The placebo and test formulation did not induce any adverse reactions and were classified as nonirritating materials."	( Safety profile of silver sulfadiazine-bFGF-loaded hydrogel for partial thickness burn wounds. Chakrabarti, S; Chattopadhyay, P; Hazarika, H; Islam, J; Mazumder, B; Raju, PS, 2018)
" Using a standard cytotoxicity assay, the products at varying concentrations were evaluated with a corneal fibroblast cell line and a macrophage-like cell line to determine their potential toxic effect in vitro."	( Antibacterial activity and safety of commercial veterinary cationic steroid antibiotics and neutral superoxidized water. Abdelkhalek, A; Bergstrom, BE; Hammac, GK; Seleem, MN; Townsend, WM; Younis, W, 2018)
" Although these results were obtained from experimental animals, ophthalmologists should keep in mind the potential ophthalmic adverse effects of this medicine and/or its excipients and exercise caution with drugs containing xylometazoline, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, benzalkonium chloride and sorbitol for patients with underlying ocular problems."	( Ophthalmic adverse effects of nasal decongestants on an experimental rat model. Basal, Y; Birincioglu, S; Cakiroz, G; Cakmak, H; Demirci, B; Eliyatkın, N; Kocaturk, T; Unsal, A; Unsal, AIA; Yukselen, O, )
" We did not observe any adverse events in any baboon, and there were no NP-associated changes in retinal function."	( DNA nanoparticles are safe and nontoxic in non-human primate eyes. Conley, SM; Cooper, MJ; Han, Z; Kelley, RA; Makkia, R; Naash, MI; Watson, JN, 2018)
"Taken together with the well-established rodent safety and efficacy data, these findings suggest that DNA NPs may be a safe and potentially clinically viable nonviral ocular therapy platform for retinal diseases."	( DNA nanoparticles are safe and nontoxic in non-human primate eyes. Conley, SM; Cooper, MJ; Han, Z; Kelley, RA; Makkia, R; Naash, MI; Watson, JN, 2018)
" However, the FET test protocol does not include endpoints that allow for the prediction of sublethal adverse outcomes, limiting its utility relative to other test types."	( Development of cardiovascular and neurodevelopmental metrics as sublethal endpoints for the Fish embryo toxicity test. Krzykwa, JC; Olivas, A; Sellin Jeffries, MK, 2018)
"The results indicate that topical bevacizumab treatment is safe in healthy dogs."	( Serum vascular endothelial growth factor changes and safety after topical anti-human VEGF antibody bevacizumab in healthy dogs. Muellerleile, LM; Nell, B; Tichy, A, 2019)
" Adverse events related to injection were mild and recovered spontaneously."	( Efficacy and Safety of Prabotulinumtoxin A and Onabotulinumtoxin A for Crow's Feet: A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Split-Face Study. Cheon, HI; Jung, N; Kim, BJ; Lee, YW; Won, CH, 2019)
"7% safe with regard to eye irritation."	( Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer safety (SCCS) - Opinion on Ethylzingerone - 'Hydroxyethoxyphenyl Butanone' (HEPB) - Cosmetics Europe No P98 - CAS No 569646-79-3 - Submission II (eye irritation). , 2019)
" Although EW has been used in many areas, such as food hygiene, agriculture, and animal husbandry, the studies presented in the literature are not enough to clarify the toxic effects of EW."	( In vitro biocompatibility study approaches to evaluate the safety profile of electrolyzed water for skin and eye. Aydın, A; Dimoglo, A; Dinc, O; Kavaz, T; Reis, R; Sipahi, H, 2019)
" A liquid containing all flavouring compounds at the maximum concentrations would be classified as toxic for one category only due to the presence of methyl cyclopentenolone; a liquid without methyl cyclopentenolone would have 66."	( Toxicity classification of e-cigarette flavouring compounds based on European Union regulation: analysis of findings from a recent study. Farsalinos, K; Lagoumintzis, G, 2019)
" No serious adverse effects were reported."	( Cyclosporine A for the Prevention of Ocular Graft versus Host Disease in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients Is Safe and Feasible. Cantú-Rodríguez, OG; Garza-Acosta, AC; Gómez-Almaguer, D; Gómez-De León, A; González-Cantú, GA; González-Llano, O; González-Treviño, JL; Gutierrez-Aguirre, CH; Hawing-Zarate, JA; Herrera-Rojas, MA; Jaime-Pérez, JC; Mancías-Guerra, C; Martínez-Garza, DM; Sada-Ovalle, I; Vázquez-Mellado, A, 2020)
"Topical CsA as a prophylactic measure for oGVHD, administered over a period of 1 year after grafting, is safe and feasible and may decrease the incidence of ophthalmic manifestations of GVHD."	( Cyclosporine A for the Prevention of Ocular Graft versus Host Disease in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients Is Safe and Feasible. Cantú-Rodríguez, OG; Garza-Acosta, AC; Gómez-Almaguer, D; Gómez-De León, A; González-Cantú, GA; González-Llano, O; González-Treviño, JL; Gutierrez-Aguirre, CH; Hawing-Zarate, JA; Herrera-Rojas, MA; Jaime-Pérez, JC; Mancías-Guerra, C; Martínez-Garza, DM; Sada-Ovalle, I; Vázquez-Mellado, A, 2020)
" Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and treatment-related TEAEs across groups was similar."	( Safety, Efficacy, and Patient Satisfaction With OnabotulinumtoxinA for the Treatment of Upper Facial Lines in Japanese Subjects. Harii, K; Hopfinger, R; Horiuchi, Y; Kawashima, M; Lee, E; Lei, X; Seidman, E, 2020)
" Clinically relevant changes in respiratory rates or adverse reactions following SF6 application were not observed."	( Clinical utility, dose determination, and safety of ocular contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in horses: A pilot study. Blohm, KO; Nell, B; Tichy, A, 2020)
" However, the widespread use of immunotherapy reveals new oral mucosal barrier adverse events, including bullous pemphigoid, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and lichenoid mucositis."	( Immune-Related Oral, Otologic, and Ocular Adverse Events. Al-Zubidi, N; Appelbaum, E; Chambers, MS; Gidley, PW; Gombos, DS; Nader, ME; Srivastava, A, 2020)
" Although OLED exhibits certain ocular toxicity, it can be less toxic to eyes than LED."	( Comparison of ophthalmic toxicity of light-emitting diode and organic light-emitting diode light sources. Han, SJ; Jun, I; Kim, EK; Kim, J; Kim, TI; Seo, KY; Shin, HS; Yoon, SC, 2020)
"3, Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care."	( Safety Guidelines Concerning the Use of Protective Eyewear and Gauze During Laser Procedures. Hoopman, J; Kenkel, JM; Wamsley, CE, 2021)
"The development of our RMA approach was motivated by a currently relevant clinical question: is ocular toxicity and vision compromise a side effect of hydroxychloroquine therapy? At the time of designing this study, hydroxychloroquine was a leading candidate in the treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)."	( Artificial Intelligence for Rapid Meta-Analysis: Case Study on Ocular Toxicity of Hydroxychloroquine. Chow, T; Martin, NA; Michelson, M; Minton, S; Ross, M; Tee Qiao Ying, A, 2020)
"The testing and classification of chemicals to determine adverse ocular effects are routinely conducted to ensure that materials are appropriately classified, labeled, and meet regulatory and safety guidelines."	( Same-chemical comparison of nonanimal eye irritation test methods: Bovine corneal opacity and permeability, EpiOcular™, isolated chicken eye, ocular Irritection®, OptiSafe™, and short time exposure. Chan, R; Chavez, S; Jester, JV; Le, D; Lebrun, S; Nguyen, L; Nguyen, M, 2021)
"By reviewing the recent articles regarding the ocular side effect of tamoxifen when treating breast cancer and glioma, this article summarized the incidence and the potential mechanism of the side effects of tamoxifen, and the specific ocular toxicity including keratopathy, cataract, retinopathy, optic neuropathy."	( [Ocular toxicity induced by tamoxifen: an overview]. Ma, J; Wang, M; Zhong, Y, 2021)
"The COVID-19 pandemic causes vital concerns due to the lack of proved, effective, and safe therapy."	( Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine - safety profile of potential COVID-19 drugs from the rheumatologist's perspective. Grygiel-Górniak, B; Majewska, KA; Majewski, D; Naskręcka, M, 2021)
" Analyzed data included age, gender, comorbidities, type of drug, dosage, treatment duration, and reported adverse events."	( Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine - safety profile of potential COVID-19 drugs from the rheumatologist's perspective. Grygiel-Górniak, B; Majewska, KA; Majewski, D; Naskręcka, M, 2021)
"6% of patients did not experience any adverse reactions to the treatment."	( Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine - safety profile of potential COVID-19 drugs from the rheumatologist's perspective. Grygiel-Górniak, B; Majewska, KA; Majewski, D; Naskręcka, M, 2021)
" Data from the literature show that high dosage as recommended in COVID-19 treatment may pose a risk of toxicity and require precise management, but prophylactic, long-term use of lower, safe doses might be a promising solution."	( Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine - safety profile of potential COVID-19 drugs from the rheumatologist's perspective. Grygiel-Górniak, B; Majewska, KA; Majewski, D; Naskręcka, M, 2021)
" However, many agents are associated with characteristic ophthalmic adverse effects."	( Ocular Toxicity of Targeted Anticancer Agents. Dalvin, LA; Fortes, BH; Tailor, PD, 2021)
"Miniscleral design lens can be used as a safe and helpful modality to provide good vision and comfort in children experiencing ectatic disorders, traumatic corneal scars, and ocular surface diseases."	( Miniscleral Contact Lens in Pediatric Age Group: Indications, Safety, and Efficacy. Alipour, F; Azad, N; Jamshidi Gohari, S; Mehrdad, R, 2021)
"Regarding to the findings of the three mentioned methods, fluconazole nanoemulsion in-situ gel formulation is harmless and as a proper and safe alternative, can be considered for ocular delivery of fluconazole in the future."	( Ocular toxicity assessment of nanoemulsion in-situ gel formulation of fluconazole. Mahboobian, MM; Mohammadi, M; Samimi, MS, 2021)
" This study demonstrates the safety of a heterotrophically-produced strain of AQ and supports its use as a safe and non-toxic feed ingredient."	( Safety assessment of Asterarcys quadricellulare, a microalga, with applications in poultry and livestock feed. Dillon, GP; Moran, CA; Mustafa, S, 2022)
" This 3-year investigation of adverse events related to contact lens wear in 7- to 11-year-old participants helps optometrists understand what to expect when fitting children with soft contact lenses."	( Ocular and Nonocular Adverse Events during 3 Years of Soft Contact Lens Wear in Children. Berntsen, DA; Gaume Giannoni, A; Jones-Jordan, LA; Mutti, DO; Myers, J; Robich, M; Shaw, K; Walker, MK; Walline, JJ, 2022)
"The purpose of this article is to report the frequency and type of ocular and nonocular adverse events related to soft contact lens wear in children."	( Ocular and Nonocular Adverse Events during 3 Years of Soft Contact Lens Wear in Children. Berntsen, DA; Gaume Giannoni, A; Jones-Jordan, LA; Mutti, DO; Myers, J; Robich, M; Shaw, K; Walker, MK; Walline, JJ, 2022)
" Adverse events were defined by a slit-lamp examination finding of grade 3 or worse; parental report of a clinically meaningful change (determined by the examiner) in eyes, vision, or health; or a clinically meaningful response (determined by examiner) to a symptom checklist."	( Ocular and Nonocular Adverse Events during 3 Years of Soft Contact Lens Wear in Children. Berntsen, DA; Gaume Giannoni, A; Jones-Jordan, LA; Mutti, DO; Myers, J; Robich, M; Shaw, K; Walker, MK; Walline, JJ, 2022)
"8%) encountered at least 1 adverse event."	( Ocular and Nonocular Adverse Events during 3 Years of Soft Contact Lens Wear in Children. Berntsen, DA; Gaume Giannoni, A; Jones-Jordan, LA; Mutti, DO; Myers, J; Robich, M; Shaw, K; Walker, MK; Walline, JJ, 2022)
"The adverse events experienced by 7- to 11-year-old myopic children rarely required meaningful treatment and never led to permanent discontinuation of contact lens wear or loss of best-corrected vision."	( Ocular and Nonocular Adverse Events during 3 Years of Soft Contact Lens Wear in Children. Berntsen, DA; Gaume Giannoni, A; Jones-Jordan, LA; Mutti, DO; Myers, J; Robich, M; Shaw, K; Walker, MK; Walline, JJ, 2022)
" Considering the vulnerability of older patients to co-morbidities, physicians must be more aware of adverse side effects."	( Ocular adverse effects of bladder medication: a systematic review. Bassi, A; Chifor, A; Malvankar-Mehta, MS; Pur, DR, 2022)
" All medications reported adverse vision effects stratified over 15 categories."	( Ocular adverse effects of bladder medication: a systematic review. Bassi, A; Chifor, A; Malvankar-Mehta, MS; Pur, DR, 2022)
" Among the side reactions related to taxane anti-tumor therapy, ocular adverse reactions are occasionally reported and are not life-threatening but may seriously affect patients' life quality."	( The Significance of the Ocular Adverse Effect Induced by Systemic Taxane Application. Chu, ZJ; Dou, GR; Sun, Y; Wen, LS; Ye, YT; Zhou, ZY, 2022)
"To investigate the risk of ocular adverse events after Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccination."	( Ocular Adverse Events after Coronavirus Disease 2019 mRNA Vaccination: Matched Cohort and Self-Controlled Case Series Studies Using a Large Database. Aihara, M; Hashimoto, Y; Iwagami, M; Kaburaki, T; Michihata, N; Ono, S; Takeuchi, Y; Uemura, K; Yamana, H; Yasunaga, H, 2023)
" In the SCCS study, we analyzed individuals who developed ocular adverse events."	( Ocular Adverse Events after Coronavirus Disease 2019 mRNA Vaccination: Matched Cohort and Self-Controlled Case Series Studies Using a Large Database. Aihara, M; Hashimoto, Y; Iwagami, M; Kaburaki, T; Michihata, N; Ono, S; Takeuchi, Y; Uemura, K; Yamana, H; Yasunaga, H, 2023)
"In the matched cohort study, we applied the Kaplan-Meier estimator to estimate the cumulative incidence of ocular adverse events over 21 days after the first dose and 84 days after the second dose."	( Ocular Adverse Events after Coronavirus Disease 2019 mRNA Vaccination: Matched Cohort and Self-Controlled Case Series Studies Using a Large Database. Aihara, M; Hashimoto, Y; Iwagami, M; Kaburaki, T; Michihata, N; Ono, S; Takeuchi, Y; Uemura, K; Yamana, H; Yasunaga, H, 2023)
" Considering that the SCCS can cancel out time-invariant confounders, the current results suggest that COVID-19 vaccination is unlikely to causally increase the risk of ocular adverse events."	( Ocular Adverse Events after Coronavirus Disease 2019 mRNA Vaccination: Matched Cohort and Self-Controlled Case Series Studies Using a Large Database. Aihara, M; Hashimoto, Y; Iwagami, M; Kaburaki, T; Michihata, N; Ono, S; Takeuchi, Y; Uemura, K; Yamana, H; Yasunaga, H, 2023)
" Although the putative mechanisms suggest that these drugs should have beneficial effects in patients with ocular allergies and some studies have reported such beneficial effects, various adverse ocular symptoms have also been observed in clinical trials and off-label use studies."	( Biologics for allergy: therapeutic potential for ocular allergic diseases and adverse effects on the eye. Ebihara, N; Fukuda, K; Kishimoto, T; Sumi, T; Yamashiro, K, 2023)
" In recent years, more and more clinical findings have shown that cognitive and emotional disorders in veterans intoxicated with SM, such as anxiety, depression, apathy, cognitive decline and so on, which indicated the long time toxic effects on mental and neurological health of SM."	( Clinical and experimental research progress on neurotoxicity of sulfur mustard and its possible mechanisms. Jiang, N; Shen, W; Zhang, P; Zhang, Y; Zhou, W, 2023)
"Ultrasound cycloplasty is found to be effective and safe in eyes with open-angle glaucoma because of the primary or secondary etiology, being more effective in the former."	( Efficacy and safety of ultrasound cycloplasty in Indian eyes with open-angle glaucoma. Divya, J; Kamal, R; Mitra, I; Paul, A; Paul, C; Sengupta, S, 2022)
" No treatment-related adverse events were observed during this study."	( Exploratory clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transdermal electrical stimulation in patients with central retinal artery occlusion. Baba, T; Fujiwara, T; Hanaoka, H; Iwase, T; Kawasaki, Y; Kurimoto, T; Miura, G; Mori, S; Nakamura, M; Nizawa, T; Ozawa, Y; Shiko, Y; Tatsumi, T; Yamamoto, S, 2023)
" Inflammation and adverse events were evaluated."	( Safety and effectiveness comparison of a new cohesive ophthalmic viscosurgical device. Lau, G; Loden, J; Packer, M; Shultz, M, 2023)
"The StableVisc cohesive OVD, which provides both mechanical and chemical protection, was safe and effective when used in cataract surgery and provides surgeons with a new cohesive OVD."	( Safety and effectiveness comparison of a new cohesive ophthalmic viscosurgical device. Lau, G; Loden, J; Packer, M; Shultz, M, 2023)
" Laser refractive procedures (laser in situ keratomileusis [LASIK] or photorefractive keratectomy [PRK] or transepithelial PRK) on eyes with corneal transplantation were found to be relatively safe and effective."	( Safety and efficacy of a laser refractive procedure in eyes with previous keratoplasty: systematic review and meta-analysis. Abukhudair, A; Alhindi, N; Alsubhi, AH; Alsulami, A; Morfeq, H; Seraj, H, 2023)

Pharmacokinetics

The ocular pharmacokinetic (PK) of azithromycin in rabbit eye tissues was evaluated following single-dose and multiple-dose administrations. Calculation of aprotinin penetration in the eye showed that its mean residence time in the cornea, aqueous humor and ciliary body was 50-60 min.

Excerpt	Reference
"A pharmacokinetic model that permits prediction of aqueous humor pilocarpine levels following topical application to rabbit eyes was developed."	( Preliminary pharmacokinetic model of pilocarpine uptake and distribution in the eye. Guvenir, I; Himmelstein, KJ; Patton, TF, 1978)
" absorption and a higher tissue/plasma concentration than that of other quinolones, are its interesting pharmacokinetic properties."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Brancato, R; Cremonesi, F; Ghione, M; Lombardo, N; Manitto, MP; Nucci, P, 1992)
" The half-life (t1/2) of immunotoxin in the aqueous humor was 51 min."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of lens epithelial cell-specific immunotoxin 4197X-RA. Crosson, CE; Kelleher, PJ; Lam, DM, 1992)
" Subconjunctival administration resulted in peak cyclosporine concentrations of 718 ng/mL in the aqueous humour and 1078 ng/mL in the vitreous humour, compared with no detectable levels in the aqueous humour and a peak concentration of 292 ng/mL in the vitreous following intravenous administration."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of subconjunctivally administered cyclosporine in the rabbit. Bussanich, N; Freeman, DJ; Gudauskas, G; Kalsi, GS; Rootman, J, 1991)
" The purpose of the present study was to determine the intra-ocular penetration and the pharmacokinetic parameters of calcium, chloride and sulphate ions in the cornea, iris-ciliary body (ICB) and lens, after administration by instillation in the rabbit eye."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of calcium, chloride and sulphate ions after instillation in the rabbit. Hariton, C; Mandel, P, )
" The pharmacokinetic parameters, apparent absorption, and elimination rate constants, of phenylephrine and the prodrug were determined from aqueous humor concentration-time and mydriasis-time profiles."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of phenylephrine and phenylephrine oxazolidine in rabbit eyes. Chien, DS; Schoenwald, RD, 1990)
" Pharmacokinetic and autoradiographic studies were then performed to investigate the sites of accumulation of bFGF in ocular structures, both on de-epithelialized and intact rabbit eyes."	( Pharmacokinetic and autoradiographic studies of basic fibroblast growth factor on de-epithelialized and intact rabbit eye. Barritault, D; Baudouin, C; Elena, PP; Ettaiche, M; Fredj-Reygrobellet, D; Lapalus, P; Moenner, M, 1989)
"Microbiological and pharmacokinetic studies were carried out on flomoxef (FMOX, 6315-S), a new oxacephem parenteral antibiotic, in the ophthalmologic field."	( [Microbiological and pharmacokinetic studies on flomoxef in ophthalmologic field]. Ooishi, M; Oomomo, A; Sakaue, F; Tazawa, H, 1989)
"We investigated the influence of size and lipid composition on the pharmacokinetic behavior of liposomes and their contents in the rabbit eye."	( Effect of size and lipid composition on the pharmacokinetics of intravitreal liposomes. Barza, M; Stuart, M; Szoka, F, 1987)
" Pharmacokinetic analysis after single intravitreal injection of 1 mg of cefepime (N = 3 rabbits/dose) disclosed the following vitreous fluid levels (ug/ml): 645 at Oh, 431 at 8h, 235 at 24h and 23 at 72h."	( Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of cefepime (BMY-28142) following intravitreal injection in pigmented rabbit eyes. Jay, WM; Shockley, RK, 1988)
" Statistical moment theory is also applied to the topical infusion data to determine ocular pharmacokinetic parameters for clonidine."	( Ocular pharmacokinetic models of clonidine-3H hydrochloride. Chiang, CH; Schoenwald, RD, 1986)
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that this new method for administering hyoscine controls the absorption process and the rate of drug entry into the systemic circulation over an extended period (72 hours), providing a means of delivery which is similar to a slow intravenous infusion."	( Transdermal hyoscine (Scopolamine). A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Clissold, SP; Heel, RC, 1985)
" From results of rabbit experiments, various pharmacokinetic coefficients are computed, including the permeability of the corneal epithelium."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the eye. Proctor lecture. Mishima, S, 1981)
"Nonanoyl vanillylamide (nonivamide NVA) was compared with trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-nonenamide (capsaicin, CAP) with regard to their pharmacokinetic properties, their potency in stimulating primary afferent neurons and depleting them of substance P and somatostatin in rats."	( Comparison of nonivamide and capsaicin with regard to their pharmacokinetics and effects on sensory neurons. Donnerer, J; Lembeck, F; Skofitsch, G, 1984)
"The relevant published toxicological and pharmacokinetic data on the effects of industrial monosulfhydryl hydrocarbon (MSHC) compounds in humans and animals have been reviewed."	( Industrial monosulfhydryl hydrocarbon compounds-a toxicological and pharmacokinetic profile. Das, BR; Shah, HC, 1980)
" From the time course of the mydriatic effects, the pharmacokinetic coefficients were calculated using a computer."	( Pharmacokinetics of topical phenylephrine hydrochloride in the normal human eye. Araie, M; Komuro, Y; Matsumoto, S; Tsuru, T, 1982)
" Pharmacokinetic studies of a group of these patients revealed concentrations of methotrexate in tears equivalent to those in plasma at 24 and 48 hours after treatment; these concentrations reached 1 X 10(-5) M during the infusion of methotrexate."	( Ocular irritation from high-dose methotrexate therapy: pharmacokinetics of drug in the tear film. Doroshow, JH; Gaasterland, DE; Hubbard, SP; Locker, GY; Myers, CE; Young, RC, 1981)
" Advances in population pharmacokinetic modeling hold the promise of allowing proper estimation of drug penetration into the vitreous (or other specialized compartment) with only a single vitreous sample, in conjunction with plasma sampling."	( Determination of robust ocular pharmacokinetic parameters in serum and vitreous humor of albino rabbits following systemic administration of ciprofloxacin from sparse data sets by using IT2S, a population pharmacokinetic modeling program. Drusano, GL; Liu, W; Madu, A; Madu, C; Mayers, M; Miller, MH; Perkins, R, 1995)
" Calculation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of aprotinin penetration in the eye showed that its mean residence time in the cornea, aqueous humor and ciliary body was 50-60 min."	( Pharmacokinetics of polyvalent proteinase inhibitor (aprotinin) in eye tissues. Chesnokova, NB; Kuznetsova, TP; Sosulina, NE, 1994)
" Utilising the different pharmacokinetic properties of drug delivery systems permits clinicians to maximise their therapeutic plans for addressing specific clinical situations while minimising the potential for adverse drug effects."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of various topical ophthalmic delivery systems. Frangie, JP, 1995)
" Drug elimination from aqueous humor was rapid initially with a half-life of 1 hr in rabbits, followed by a slower decline phase in pigmented rabbits."	( Comparative ocular pharmacokinetics of brimonidine after a single dose application to the eyes of albino and pigmented rabbits. Acheampong, AA; Shackleton, M; Tang-Liu, DD, 1995)
"Studies were conducted in rabbits to determine the ocular distribution and elimination of cyclosporine, with the objective of developing a comprehensive pharmacokinetic model."	( A compartmental model for the ocular pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in rabbits. Cheng, YL; Oh, C; Rootman, DS; Saville, BA, 1995)
"5-Aminosalicylic acid-O-sulfate (5-ASA sulfate), a new agent for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease of the large intestine, was investigated for its pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties, following local and systemic application."	( Experimental studies on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of 5-aminosalicylic acid-O-sulfate following local and systemic application. Herzog, R; Leuschner, J, 1995)
" In both experiments, serial blood samples were collected and the plasma assayed for unchanged azithromycin to determine various pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability and tissue distribution of azithromycin in cats. Ericson, JF; Fletcher, AM; Hunter, RP; Lynch, MJ; Millas, WJ; Olson, JA; Ryan, NI, 1995)
" In the iris and ciliary body the peak concentration was reached 1 h after shield application, netilmicin concentration decreased thereafter rapidly."	( Collagen shields delivery of netilmicin: a study of ocular pharmacokinetics. De Natale, R; Dorigo, MT; Miglioli, PA, )
" The half-life of daunorubicin in the vitreous was about 5 hours."	( Noninvasive monitoring of intraocular pharmacokinetics of daunorubicin using fluorophotometry. el-Sayed, S; Khoobehi, B; Kizhakkethara, I; Li, X; Moshfeghi, DM; Peyman, GA; Rahimy, M, )
" Less well documented are the pharmacokinetic properties, biotransformation pathways, and tissue residue profiles of beta-agonists used to enhance leanness in experimentally or illegally treated animals."	( The pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and tissue residues of beta-adrenergic agonists in livestock. Smith, DJ, 1998)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were characterized with RSTRIP, an iterative, nonlinear, weighted, least-squares-regression program."	( Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin in the serum and vitreous humor of rabbits: physicochemical properties that regulate penetration of quinolone antimicrobials. Drusano, G; Liu, QF; Liu, W; Louie, A; Madu, A; Mayers, M; Mian, U; Miller, MH; Perkins, R, 1998)
" The elimination half-life of the acid of latanoprost was estimated to be 13."	( Pharmacokinetics of latanoprost in the cynomolgus monkey. 2nd communication: repeated topical administration on the eye. Byding, P; Sjöquist, B; Stjernschantz, J; Uhlin, A, 1999)
" This allowed for quantification of pharmacokinetic variables."	( Non-invasive assessment of ocular pharmacokinetics using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy. Bauer, NJ; Hendrikse, F; March, WF; Motamedi, M; Webers, CA; Wicksted, JP, 1999)
" On the basis of these results, an in vivo pharmacokinetic model was developed for estimation of penetration parameters."	( Characterization of ocular pharmacokinetics of beta-blockers using a diffusion model after instillation. Ichikawa, M; Mukai, T; Nakamura, J; Nakashima, M; Nishida, K; Sasaki, H; Yamamura, K, 1999)
"The ocular absorption of timolol and tilisolol was characterized using an in vivo pharmacokinetic model and in vivo penetration parameters."	( Characterization of ocular pharmacokinetics of beta-blockers using a diffusion model after instillation. Ichikawa, M; Mukai, T; Nakamura, J; Nakashima, M; Nishida, K; Sasaki, H; Yamamura, K, 1999)
" Our data were combined with those of others, and a population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in the human eye: a clinical study and population pharmacokinetic analysis. Gatus, B; Goldberg, I; Graham, GG; Lam, CM; McLachlan, AJ; Morlet, N; Naidoo, D; Salonikas, C, 2000)
"We previously developed an in vivo pharmacokinetic model that accounts for the corneal diffusion in albino rabbits and predicts the concentration of beta-blockers in the anterior segments."	( Pharmacokinetic prediction of the ocular absorption of an instilled drug with ophthalmic viscous vehicle. Ichikawa, M; Mukai, T; Nakamura, J; Nakashima, M; Nishida, K; Sasaki, H; Yamamura, K, 2000)
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with nonlinear least square method with computer."	( [Pharmacokinetics of topically applied in-situ-forming gels of fluconazole in rabbit eyes]. Chen, ZJ; Xie, LK; Xu, Y; Zhang, JJ; Zhao, NM, 2000)
" The time for arriving peak concentration (Tmax) and the area under concentration (AUC)-time curve as well as the half-life (T1/2) of FCZ in rabbit aqueous humors were markedly higher after application of ISG-FCZ."	( [Pharmacokinetics of topically applied in-situ-forming gels of fluconazole in rabbit eyes]. Chen, ZJ; Xie, LK; Xu, Y; Zhang, JJ; Zhao, NM, 2000)
" Stability and pharmacokinetic studies were also performed on these newly synthesized soft anticholinergics."	( Design, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic evaluation of a new class of soft anticholinergics. Bodor, N; Browne, CE; Huang, F; Ji, F; Juhász, A; Wu, WM, 2003)
" Ocular pharmacokinetic studies were conducted using a topical single-dose infusion method."	( Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin in rabbit corneas after single-dose infusion: role of P-glycoprotein as a barrier to in vivo ocular drug absorption. Dey, S; Gunda, S; Mitra, AK, 2004)
"A pharmacokinetic model of ocular drug delivery has been developed for describing the elimination and distribution of ocular drugs in the eye."	( A pharmacokinetic model for ocular drug delivery. Tojo, K, 2004)
"25%) in terms of in vitro release and IOP lowering pharmacodynamic effect."	( Improved pharmacodynamics of timolol maleate from a mucoadhesive niosomal ophthalmic drug delivery system. Aggarwal, D; Kaur, IP, 2005)
" Optimization of the most tractable hits gave a series of compounds showing inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis at 2mg/kg in the rat with distinct pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Design and evaluation of a novel series of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors with low systemic exposure, relationship between pharmacokinetic properties and ocular toxicity. Bouillot, A; Boullay, AB; Coste, H; Dodic, N; Donche, F; Fouchet, MH; Issandou, M; Junot, C; Magny, SD; Martin, C; Potvain, F; Walker, M, 2008)
"The aim of this study was to develop quantitative structure pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPKR) to correlate drug physicochemical properties (molecular weight, lipophilicity, and drug solubility), dose, salt form factor, and eye pigmentation factor to intravitreal half-life in the rabbit model."	( Prediction of vitreal half-life based on drug physicochemical properties: quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPKR). Durairaj, C; Kompella, UB; Senapati, S; Shah, JC, 2009)
"4), are the most critical determinants of intravitreal half-life of the compounds analyzed."	( Prediction of vitreal half-life based on drug physicochemical properties: quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPKR). Durairaj, C; Kompella, UB; Senapati, S; Shah, JC, 2009)
"The present study confirmed that intravitreal half-life could be better predicted by a group of variables (Log MW, Log P or Log D, dose number) rather than a single variable."	( Prediction of vitreal half-life based on drug physicochemical properties: quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPKR). Durairaj, C; Kompella, UB; Senapati, S; Shah, JC, 2009)
"AQCmax is a useful pharmacokinetic parameter for determining the therapeutic efficacy of an ophthalmic antibiotic, especially when combined with MIC(90) values for intraocular pathogens."	( Calculation of AQCmax: comparison of five ophthalmic fluoroquinolone solutions*. Fukuda, M; Sasaki, H, 2008)
" The aims of the present study were to evaluate foscarnet levels and its pharmacokinetic parameters in vitreous humor and retinal tissue of rabbits after the administration of an intravitreal injection of both liposomal foscarnet and foscarnet commercial solution."	( Determination and pharmacokinetic profile of liposomal foscarnet in rabbit ocular tissues after intravitreal administration. Claro, C; Cordero, E; Jiménez-Castellanos, M; López-Cortés, LF; Lucero, M; Pastor, MT; Ruiz, R, 2009)
" Peak concentration (C(max)) of carnosine in treated aqueous humor occurred 60 min following topical administration, with the administrated concentration (total-endogenous concentration) of 40."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of carnosine 5% eye drops following topical application in rabbit. Junjie, Z; Ling, Z; Liya, W; Tianyang, Z, 2011)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of mangiferin in plasma were obtained as follows: T(max) = 7 h, C(max) = (4."	( Determination of mangiferin in rat eyes and pharmacokinetic study in plasma after oral administration of mangiferin-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion. Cui, H; Hou, Y; Li, B; Liu, Y; Yu, X; Zhang, H, 2010)
" With the wide range of applications, high sensitivity and specificity, chromatography and immunoassay have been the common methods used in pharmacokinetic study, but the results are one-dimensional, operation is complicated and there are more interference factors."	( [Progress in the methods of ocular pharmacokinetics]. Guo, HL; Huang, YF, 2010)
" Levels of ODE-cCDV were measured by counting in a liquid scintillation counter, and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were determined."	( Intraocular pharmacokinetics of a crystalline lipid prodrug, octadecyloxyethyl-cyclic-cidofovir, for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Beadle, JR; Cheng, L; Freeman, WR; Hoh, C; Hostetler, KY; Tammewar, A, 2011)
"ODE-cCDV in vitreous as a whole followed a 2-phase first-order elimination, whereas ODE-cCDV in retina and choroid manifested a nearly steady state during the first 3 weeks and then followed a first-order elimination with the apparent elimination half-life of 10."	( Intraocular pharmacokinetics of a crystalline lipid prodrug, octadecyloxyethyl-cyclic-cidofovir, for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Beadle, JR; Cheng, L; Freeman, WR; Hoh, C; Hostetler, KY; Tammewar, A, 2011)
"A crystalline lipid prodrug, ODE-cCDV, has longer vitreous half-life than that in other ocular tissues due to its solid drug depot formation in vitreous."	( Intraocular pharmacokinetics of a crystalline lipid prodrug, octadecyloxyethyl-cyclic-cidofovir, for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Beadle, JR; Cheng, L; Freeman, WR; Hoh, C; Hostetler, KY; Tammewar, A, 2011)
" The favorable pharmacokinetic profile of mapracorat supports further clinical investigation and suggests that a convenient daily dosing regimen may be efficacious for this novel ophthalmic anti-inflammatory therapy."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of mapracorat, a novel, selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist, in rabbits and monkeys. Lowe, ER; Proksch, JW; Ward, KW, 2011)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max), T(max), and AUC(0-24)) were estimated by noncompartmental analysis."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of dorzolamide and brinzolamide after single and multiple topical dosing: implications for effects on ocular blood flow. Jadhav, G; Kadam, RS; Kompella, UB; Ogidigben, M, 2011)
" The peak concentration of puerarin appeared at about 1 h and then reduced gradually."	( [Ocular pharmacokinetics of puerarin in anesthetic rabbits by microdialysis]. Liang, R; Mu, H; Qu, T; Sun, K; Wang, A; Wei, D; Yao, C; Zhou, X, 2011)
"African green monkeys may be a suitable model for preclinical ocular pharmacokinetic studies."	( The use of the African green monkey as a preclinical model for ocular pharmacokinetic studies. Glogowski, S; Goody, RJ; Lawrence, MS; Proksch, JW; Ward, KW, 2012)
" The elimination half-life (t(1/2β)) of daptomycin was independent of the administered dose (38."	( Daptomycin versus vancomycin in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis rabbit model: bactericidal effect, safety, and ocular pharmacokinetics. Bourcier, T; Jehl, F; Lefèvre, S; Marcellin, L; Prévost, G; Saleh, M; Subilia, A, 2012)
"The bevacizumab peak concentration was reached at day 14 in the aqueous humor (4030."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab in vitrectomized eyes with silicone oil tamponade. Chen, H; Cheng, L; Du, W; Li, J; Mao, J; Xu, Y; You, Y; Zhao, C, 2012)
"The peak concentration of bevacizumab in various ocular tissues and plasma was delayed and lower than that found in normal rabbit eyes; however, the terminal half-lives were similar to those found in the eyes with native vitreous following an intravitreal injection."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab in vitrectomized eyes with silicone oil tamponade. Chen, H; Cheng, L; Du, W; Li, J; Mao, J; Xu, Y; You, Y; Zhao, C, 2012)
"The ocular pharmacokinetic (PK) of azithromycin in rabbit eye tissues was evaluated following single-dose and multiple-dose administrations of azithromycin."	( Propagation of error in ocular pharmacokinetic parameters estimate of azithromycin in rabbits. Di, B; Du, Y; Mao, B; Qian, J; Su, M; Sun, X; Wu, X; You, L, 2013)
" In order to receive statistically meaningful data, 3 to 5 animals are used for each time point to get serum peak-level and half-life of the compound."	( Noninvasive measurement of pharmacokinetics by near-infrared fluorescence imaging in the eye of mice. Dobosz, M; Osl, F; Scheuer, W; Strobel, S; Stubenrauch, KG, 2014)
"A virtual pharmacokinetic 3D model of the human eye is built using Comsol Multiphysics® software, which is based on the Finite Element Method (FEM)."	( Virtual pharmacokinetic model of human eye. Kotha, S; Murtomäki, L, 2014)
" This study highlights the importance of pharmacokinetic testing of molecular targeted retinoblastoma therapeutics."	( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor r406 after ocular delivery for retinoblastoma. Bradley, C; Dyer, MA; Freeman, BB; Griffiths, L; Guy, RK; Pritchard, EM; Stewart, E; Suryadevara, PK; Yang, L; Zhang, J; Zhu, F, 2014)
" Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been used to predict the inhalation exposure concentrations necessary to produce blood EtOH concentrations (BEC) in the range associated with these effects."	( Use of novel inhalation kinetic studies to refine physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for ethanol in non-pregnant and pregnant rats. Beasley, TE; Boyes, WK; Bushnell, PJ; Degn, LL; El-Masri, H; Evansky, PA; Ford, J; Ledbetter, AD; LeFew, WR; Martin, SA; McLanahan, ED; Oshiro, WM; Todd Krantz, Q, 2014)
" The Cmax of naringenin in cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous body, and retina were 67945."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of naringenin eye drops following topical administration to rabbits. Chen, W; Gui, G; Lin, B; Lin, J; Ma, Y; Sun, J; Wang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2015)
" This study compared the in vivo release profile and pharmacokinetic behavior of intact and fragmented DEX implants."	( Comparison of the release profile and pharmacokinetics of intact and fragmented dexamethasone intravitreal implants in rabbit eyes. Bhagat, R; Farooq, S; Li, XY; Zhang, J, 2014)
" In this study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of the drug administrated by PLGA implants and by intravitreal injections in rabbits' eyes were evaluated."	( Development of a method to quantify clindamycin in vitreous humor of rabbits' eyes by UPLC-MS/MS: application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study and in vivo ocular biocompatibility evaluation. Bretas, JM; da Silva, GR; Fernandes-Cunha, GM; Fialho, SL; Fulgêncio, Gde O; Gouvea, DR; Lopes, NP; Rezende, CM; Silva-Cunha, A, 2015)
"To design and select the next generation of ocular therapeutics, we performed a comprehensive ocular and systemic pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of a variety of antibodies and antibody fragments, including a novel-designed bispecific antibody."	( Design and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Novel Antibody Formats for Ocular Therapeutics. Elliott, JM; Fuh, G; Gadkar, K; Hass, P; Kim, HS; Le Couter, JE; Lee, CV; Lombana, TN; Meng, YG; Nakamura, M; Pastuskovas, CV; Sanowar, S; Scheer, JM; Shatz, W; Spiess, C; Zhang, J, 2015)
" These findings have important implications for the design and selection of ocular therapeutics according to treatment needs, such as maximizing ocular half-life and minimizing systemic exposure."	( Design and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Novel Antibody Formats for Ocular Therapeutics. Elliott, JM; Fuh, G; Gadkar, K; Hass, P; Kim, HS; Le Couter, JE; Lee, CV; Lombana, TN; Meng, YG; Nakamura, M; Pastuskovas, CV; Sanowar, S; Scheer, JM; Shatz, W; Spiess, C; Zhang, J, 2015)
" Plasma and various ocular tissues were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis, oxidation marker testings and gene expression assays."	( Effects of EGCG content in green tea extract on pharmacokinetics, oxidative status and expression of inflammatory and apoptotic genes in the rat ocular tissues. Chan, KP; Chan, SO; Chu, KO; Li, WY; Pang, CP; Qin, YJ; Wang, CC; Yang, YP, 2015)
" To investigate this we used a 13kDa tool molecule to undertake a preliminary short term ocular tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic study in the rabbit eye."	( Ocular tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic study of a small 13kDa domain antibody after intravitreal, subconjuctival and eye drop administration in rabbits. Clements, P; Gough, G; Shah, T; Struble, C; Szapacs, M; Wilson, R, 2018)
" Published data regarding the pharmacokinetic properties of the above drugs and the effect of vitrectomy in animal and human eyes was reviewed."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs in vitrectomized versus non-vitrectomized eyes. Chong, NV; Connolly, J; Edington, M, 2017)
" There is variable evidence about the pharmacokinetic role of transporters in ocular tissues."	( Expression, activity and pharmacokinetic impact of ocular transporters. Hellinen, L; Kidron, H; Mannermaa, E; Ruponen, M; Urtti, A; Vellonen, KS, 2018)
"Currently available latanoprost solutions with different preservatives showed sufficient intraocular concentration to activate the FP receptor, but different pharmacokinetic profiles of absorption or elimination."	( Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Intraocular Penetration of Latanoprost Solutions with Different Preservatives in Human Eyes. Aihara, M; Hara, T; Hisaka, A; Honjo, M; Okubo, M; Satake, S; Sekine, Y; Shimada, M, 2018)
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic indices, other than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), were used as therapeutic parameters in ocular tissues."	( Comparative Study of Ocular Pharmacokinetics of Gatifloxacin Between Continuous Lavage and Hourly Topical Instillation in Rabbits. Chen, S; Lu, H; Shen, X; Wang, M; Zhang, X; Zhao, X, 2018)
" This paper reviews the constraints to various routes of ocular drug delivery and discusses the respective pharmacokinetic considerations, to lay the foundation for formulation approaches pharmaceutical scientists can use to maximize successful drug delivery for each route."	( Targeted Ocular Drug Delivery with Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Considerations. Hughes, P; Lu, GW; Shen, J, 2018)
" Population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modeling can allow useful conclusions to be drawn based on limited tear sampling data."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Azithromycin Eyedrops in Tears Following Single-Dose Topical Administration in Healthy Volunteers. Cui, Y; Li, X; Wu, F; Zhao, X, 2019)
"A linear two-compartment first-order elimination model was found to best describe the pharmacokinetic profile of azithromycin in tears."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Azithromycin Eyedrops in Tears Following Single-Dose Topical Administration in Healthy Volunteers. Cui, Y; Li, X; Wu, F; Zhao, X, 2019)
" This review presents a comprehensive insight on formulation development, preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic results of Cequa®."	( Ocular Pharmacokinetics of a Topical Ophthalmic Nanomicellar Solution of Cyclosporine (Cequa®) for Dry Eye Disease. Gote, V; Mandal, A; Mitra, AK; Ogundele, A; Pal, D, 2019)
" Further the pharmacokinetic study of optimized formulation after intravitreal administration was evaluated in Wister rats."	( Optimization by design of etoposide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery: Characterization, pharmacokinetic and deposition study. Ahmad, I; Aqil, M; Hazari, PP; Mishra, AK; Pandit, J; Sultana, Y, 2019)
" We used an ocular physiologically based pharmacokinetic (O-PBPK) model to compare a suspension with a solution for ophthalmic products with dexamethasone (Dex) as the model drug."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Support Ophthalmic Suspension Product Development. Babiskin, A; Le Merdy, M; Tan, ML; Zhao, L, 2020)
" To evaluate the pharmacokinetic and safety profile of CKLP1 and its parent compound levcromakalim, Dutch-belted pigmented rabbits were treated intravenously (0."	( Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile of the novel ocular hypotensive prodrug CKLP1 in Dutch-belted pigmented rabbits. Bahler, CK; Dosa, PI; Fautsch, MP; Hann, CR; Holman, BH; Kudgus, RA; Reid, JM; Rinkoski, TA; Roy Chowdhury, U, 2020)
" However, the application of a predictive and translatable ocular PK model to better understand ocular disposition of protein therapeutics, such as a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, is missing from the literature."	( Development of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for ocular disposition of monoclonal antibodies in rabbits. Bussing, D; K Shah, D, 2020)
"This initial model for ointment ophthalmic formulations is a first step to better understand the interplay between physiological factors and ophthalmic formulation physicochemical properties and their impact on in vivo ocular drug pharmacokinetic performance in rabbits."	( Ocular Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Ointment Formulations. Babiskin, A; Bolger, MB; Le Merdy, M; Lukacova, V; Spires, J; Tan, ML; Xu, X; Zhao, L, 2020)
" Intravitreal concentrations of the compounds were determined and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal macromolecules: Scaling between rats and rabbits. Puranen, J; Ranta, VP; Ruponen, M; Sadeghi, A; Subrizi, A; Toropainen, E; Urtti, A; Valtari, A, 2021)
" Non-compartmental analysis was performed to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of dexamethasone."	( Topical pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone suspensions in the rabbit eye: Bioavailability comparison. Bhoopathy, S; Del Amo, EM; Gum, G; Naageshwaran, V; Ranta, VP; Toropainen, E; Tuomainen, M; Urtti, A; Xie, E, 2022)
" The purpose of this study was to predict the levels of drug and EDBA in the eye using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Exploration of the Plausible Mechanism of Ethambutol Induced Ocular Toxicity by Using Proteomics Informed Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling. Balhara, A; Giri, S; Ladumor, MK; Nankar, RP; Prasad, B; Singh, S; Syed, SD, 2022)

Compound-Compound Interactions

In eyes affected by idiopathic intermediate uveitis, treated with a systemic drug combination therapy, the improvement of the visual acuity seems to correlate with a proportional improvement of retrobulbar circulation. Whether eye-acupuncture combined with rehabilitation training has greater clinical efficacy for poststroke dyskinesia is still unknown.

Excerpt	Reference
"We have carried out a prospective study to investigate whether orbital radiotherapy combined with high dose systemic glucocorticoids is more effective than orbital radiotherapy alone for Graves' ophthalmopathy."	( Orbital radiotherapy combined with high dose systemic glucocorticoids for Graves' ophthalmopathy is more effective than radiotherapy alone: results of a prospective randomized study. Bartalena, L; Bogazzi, F; Bruno-Bossio, G; Lepri, A; Marcocci, C; Pinchera, A, 1991)
"The present study examined the anti-herpetic effect of the glycoprotein inhibitors, hydroxynorvaline and 2-deoxyglucose, alone and in combination with trifluridine on murine ocular herpes."	( Efficacy of glycoprotein inhibitors alone and in combination with trifluridine in the treatment of murine herpetic keratitis. Araullo-Cruz, T; Blough, HA; Cheng, KP; Gordon, YJ; Johnson, BJ; Romanowski, E, 1986)
" In conclusion, the present study indicates that both orbital cobalt irradiation combined with systemic methylprednisolone treatment and systemic methylprednisolone therapy alone are valuable methods of treatment for Graves' ophthalmopathy, but the combined therapy proved to be more effective."	( Orbital cobalt irradiation combined with systemic corticosteroids for Graves' ophthalmopathy: comparison with systemic corticosteroids alone. Andreani, D; Bartalena, L; Baschieri, L; Cavallacci, G; Chiovato, L; Laddaga, M; Lepri, G; Marcocci, C; Pinchera, A, 1983)
"To test the effect of a drug combination therapy on ocular perfusion in human eyes affected by idiopathic intermediate uveitis."	( Effect of a drug combination treatment on ocular perfusion in recurrent idiopathic intermediate uveitis. Cimino, L; Finzi, G; Gandolfi, SA; Mora, P; Orsoni, JG; Zavota, L, 2003)
"In eyes affected by idiopathic intermediate uveitis, treated with a systemic drug combination therapy, the improvement of the visual acuity seems to correlate with a proportional improvement of the retrobulbar circulation."	( Effect of a drug combination treatment on ocular perfusion in recurrent idiopathic intermediate uveitis. Cimino, L; Finzi, G; Gandolfi, SA; Mora, P; Orsoni, JG; Zavota, L, 2003)
"OnabotulinumtoxinA was effective and well tolerated for treating moderate-to-severe CFL alone or in combination with GL."	( Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA for treating crow's feet lines alone or in combination with glabellar lines: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Beddingfield, FC; Campo, A; Carruthers, J; Davis, PG; Delmar, H; Fagien, S; Jones, D; Lee, E; Lei, X; Lupo, M; MacKinnon, S; Moers-Carpi, M; Somogyi, C; Yalamanchili, R, 2015)
"Electronic nose (E-nose), electronic tongue (E-tongue) and electronic eye (E-eye) combined with chemometrics methods were applied for qualitative identification and quantitative prediction of tea quality."	( The qualitative and quantitative assessment of tea quality based on E-nose, E-tongue and E-eye combined with chemometrics. Wang, J; Xu, M; Zhu, L, 2019)
" The purpose of this article was to study the anti-tumor effect of ALA-PDT combined with limited excision in periocular basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and its role in improving the effect of the operation."	( Ocular preservation through limited tumor excision combined with ALA-PDT in patients with periocular basal cell carcinoma. Kou, H; Li, G; Li, X; Lu, Y; Tan, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, J, 2019)
"In our study, 8 patients with periocular basal cell carcinoma were treated with topical aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) combined with surgery."	( Ocular preservation through limited tumor excision combined with ALA-PDT in patients with periocular basal cell carcinoma. Kou, H; Li, G; Li, X; Lu, Y; Tan, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, J, 2019)
"PDT in combination with limited surgery is a safe, effective and minimally-invasive approach for treating orbital BCC."	( Ocular preservation through limited tumor excision combined with ALA-PDT in patients with periocular basal cell carcinoma. Kou, H; Li, G; Li, X; Lu, Y; Tan, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, J, 2019)
"We will compare the clinical efficacy of thunder-fire moxibustion combined with acupressure with pure thunder-fire moxibustion on Ocular muscle spasm using random control method."	( Observation on the clinical effect of thunder-fire moxibustion combined with acupressure on ocular muscle spasm: A clinical randomized controlled trial. Cao, YF; Cui, PL; Li, Q; Li, TJ; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Lü, YY; Ma, QY; Nian, JY; Wu, Y; Xu, YM; Yang, C; Yang, YX; Zhang, Y; Zheng, YH, 2020)
" However, whether eye-acupuncture combined with rehabilitation training has greater clinical efficacy for poststroke dyskinesia is still unknown."	( Effects of eye-acupuncture combined with rehabilitation training for poststroke dyskinesia: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Ma, N; Shao, Y; Wang, M; Wang, P; Wang, Q; Zhao, X, 2021)
"To analyze the functional and anatomical outcome after vitrectomy with subretinal rtPA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) combined with or without an intravitreal Bevacizumab injection."	( Functional and structural outcome after vitrectomy combined with subretinal rtPA Injection with or without additional intravitreal Bevacizumab injection for submacular hemorrhages. Bisorca-Gassendorf, L; Della Volpe Waizel, M; Januschowski, K; Paez, LR; Rickmann, A; Schulz, A; Szurman, P; Vandebroek, AC, 2021)
"To investigate the 2-year healing rate of macular edema (ME) secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) treated initially with intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) and later combined with other treatment as needed, and the characteristics of refractory cases."	( Healing rate of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion in two years after initiation of intravitreal ranibizumab later combined with other treatment as needed and characteristics of refractory cases. Goto, H; Kawakami, S; Umazume, K; Wakabayashi, Y; Watanabe, Y; Yamamoto, K, 2023)
" There are rare reports regarding the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) combined with CSC."	( A case report of systemic lupus erythematosus combined with central serous chorioretinopathy treated with glucocorticoids. Ku, M; Rao, Q; Wan, Q, 2023)
"We report a case of MFS with positive anti-GD1b and anti-GM1 antibodies combined with multiple autoimmune antibodies."	( Miller-Fisher syndrome with positive anti-GD1b and anti-GM1 antibodies combined with multiple autoimmune antibodies: A case report. Fang, Q; Han, C; Ma, L; Sun, L; Zhang, L; Zhou, L, 2023)

Bioavailability

Nanocarriers present an alternative drug delivery strategy to overcome blood-ocular barriers to enhance drug bioavailability. We aimed to investigate the safety, tolerability and bioavailability of GS-101 eye drops.

Excerpt	Reference
" The extensive parallel elimination at the absorption site gives rise to an apparent absorption rate constant that is one to two orders of magnitude larger than the true absorption rate constant."	( Pharmacokinetics of topically applied pilocarpine in the albino rabbit eye. Makoid, MC; Robinson, JR, 1979)
"The low ocular bioavailability of topically applied pilocarpine is attributed to extensive precorneal drug loss in conjection with the resistance to corneal penetration."	( Mechanistic and quantitative evaluation of precorneal pilocarpine disposition in albino rabbits. Lee, VH; Robinson, JR, 1979)
" Mucoadhesive polymer-coated vesicles failed to increase significantly the bioavailability of the entrapped tropicamide compared to uncoated vesicles and aqueous solution."	( Evaluation of mucoadhesive polymers in ocular drug delivery. II. Polymer-coated vesicles. Davies, NM; Farr, SJ; Hadgraft, J; Kellaway, IW, 1992)
" The intravenous route was chosen as reference and allowed the absolute bioavailability to be estimated."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of thiamphenicol in rabbits. Aldana, I; Bruseghini, L; Ceppi Monti, N; Esteras, A; Figini, PG; Fos, D; Gazzaniga, A; Gianesello, V; Gonzalez Peñas, E; Zato, MA, 1992)
" In conclusion, a repeat low dose regimen of amocarzine (3 mg/kg twice daily post-prandially for three consecutive days) was well absorbed with predictable plasma levels, macro- and microfilaricidal with good local and systemic tolerability in patients with moderate to heavy onchocerciasis."	( Amocarzine investigated as oral onchocercacidal drug in 272 adult male patients from Guatemala. Results from three dose regimens spread over three days. Beltranena, F; de Ramirez, I; Lecaillon, JB; Lopez, M; Moran, M; Palomo, M; Poltera, AA; Zak, F; Zea-Flores, CE; Zea-Flores, G, 1991)
" The effect of the polymer solution on the bioavailability of pilocarpine is subsequently assessed by measuring the relative miotic response intensities produced by a 1% solution of the drug."	( Evaluation of mucoadhesive polymers in ocular drug delivery. I. Viscous solutions. Davies, NM; Farr, SJ; Hadgraft, J; Kellaway, IW, 1991)
" Bioavailability following topical dosing increased with dose, although not in a linear fashion."	( Pharmacokinetics of the aldose reductase inhibitor imirestat following topical ocular administration. Brazzell, RK; Hackett, RB; McCue, BA; Wooldridge, CB, 1990)
" We investigated the in vitro ocular bioavailability of several marketed ophthalmic drug formulations using this model (0."	( A corneal perfusion device for estimating ocular bioavailability in vitro. Richman, JB; Tang-Liu, DD, 1990)
"This study describes the bioavailability of Clobetasone, which is topically applied as an anti-inflammatory drug."	( Distribution of clobetasone in rabbit eye tissues after topical application. Connors, B; Hockwin, O; Rink, H; Umlauf, A; Wegener, A, 1989)
" The systemic bioavailability of insulin calculated from its area under concentration-time curve was in good agreement with that derived from the glucose concentration-time curve."	( The ocular route for systemic insulin delivery in the albino rabbit. Dodda-Kashi, S; Lee, VH; Luo, AM; Yamamoto, A, 1989)
" The bioavailability of tolrestat was 81% in rats and 68% in dogs."	( Metabolic disposition and pharmacokinetics of the aldose reductase inhibitor tolrestat in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Cayen, MN; Dvornik, D; Ferdinandi, ES; Greselin, E; Hicks, DR; Kraml, M, )
" Systemic clearance of nafimidone from plasma after iv administration was approximately 2 times higher than hepatic blood flow in rats, and the oral bioavailability was 15%."	( Disposition of nafimidone in rats. Chaplin, MD; Graham, DJ; Hall, DJ; Hama, KM; Kurz, L; Smith, SA, )
" Application of this method indicated that an azone-containing ophthalmic formulation of levobunolol did not produce better ocular bioavailability than a formulation containing no penetration enhancer."	( The effect of azone on ocular levobunolol absorption: calculating the area under the curve and its standard error using tissue sampling compartments. Burke, PJ; Tang-Liu, DD, 1988)
" The implications of this observation pertain to toxicity effects when EDTA is incorporated into ocular drug products for stability purposes, or novel stratagems for improving ocular bioavailability of topically applied drugs are employed."	( Mechanisms of corneal drug penetration. I: In vivo and in vitro kinetics. Grass, GM; Robinson, JR, 1988)
" This negative effect of positive liposomes on the ocular bioavailability of inulin can partly be attributed to a 2-fold faster disappearance rate from the tear pool, which more than offset their intrinsic ability to increase corneal drug permeability."	( Ocular disposition of inulin from single & multiple doses of positively charged multilamellar liposomes: evidence for alterations in tear dynamics and ocular surface characteristics. Carson, LW; Lee, VH, 1986)
"The ocular bioavailability of radiolabeled flurbiprofen was determined after single or multiple topical dosing of rabbits."	( Multiple dosing increases the ocular bioavailability of topically administered flurbiprofen. Anderson, JA; Chen, CC, 1988)
" Adding cyclic AMP and related agents to the vitreous and subretinal space slowed down fluid absorption by 25%, whereas cyclic GMP analogues increased the rate of absorption by 33%."	( Pharmacologic modification of subretinal fluid absorption in the rabbit eye. Marmor, MF; Negi, A, 1986)
" The implications of this observation pertain to both toxicity effects, when EDTA is incorporated into ocular drug products for stability purposes, and novel strategems for improving ocular bioavailability of topically applied drugs."	( Effects of calcium chelating agents on corneal permeability. Grass, GM; Robinson, JR; Wood, RW, 1985)
" As background material, the factors influencing ocular drug bioavailability and the features of liposomes pertinent to their effectiveness as drug carriers are reviewed."	( Ocular drug bioavailability from topically applied liposomes. Lee, VH; Schanzlin, DJ; Smith, RE; Urrea, PT, )
" The bioavailability of the drug over 12 hours was 21."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of subconjunctivally versus intravenously administered 6-mercaptopurine. Bussanich, N; Dedhar, C; Gudauskas, G; Kumi, C; Rootman, J, 1985)
" Use of the relative bioavailability concept permits comparison of drug absorption efficiency among various vehicles."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the eye. Proctor lecture. Mishima, S, 1981)
" The ocular bioavailability of the ophthalmic dose was defined by using intracameral administration as a standard measurement."	( Ocular and systemic bioavailability of ophthalmic flurbiprofen. Liu, SS; Tang-Liu, DD; Weinkam, RJ, 1984)
"To study the effect of nitrous oxide on the rate of absorption of intraocular air one eye of each of 20 rabbits was injected with 4 ml of air following lensectomy and total vitrectomy."	( Effects of nitrous oxide anesthesia on intraocular air volume. Boucher, MC; Meyers, E, 1983)
"This study was conducted to determine how the bioavailability of a low concentration of barium (Ba) in drinking water is affected by the anion."	( Barium bioavailability as the chloride, sulfate, or carbonate salt in the rat. McCauley, PT; Washington, IS, 1983)
"In a study of the ocular absorption and elimination of a topically applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), flurbiprofen, the compound was well absorbed into rabbit ocular tissues and was highly concentrated in the rabbit cornea."	( Disposition of topical flurbiprofen in normal and aphakic rabbit eyes. Anderson, JA; Chen, CC; Shackleton, M; Vita, JB, 1982)
"28 hour-1 for the apparent absorption rate constant."	( Pharmacokinetics of topical phenylephrine hydrochloride in the normal human eye. Araie, M; Komuro, Y; Matsumoto, S; Tsuru, T, 1982)
" Their bioavailability was compared by measuring aqueous humor and corneal levels over 5 hr."	( Effect of particle size on ophthalmic bioavailability of dexamethasone suspensions in rabbits. Schoenwald, RD; Stewart, P, 1980)
" Presenting topical pharmaceutical agents to the eye via different delivery systems allows clinicians to directly affect the profile of drug bioavailability and, ultimately, bioactivity."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of various topical ophthalmic delivery systems. Frangie, JP, 1995)
" The specific absorption rate (SAR) was calculated from the in situ E-field measurements, which varied significantly between phone models and antenna configuration."	( Specific absorption rate levels measured in a phantom head exposed to radio frequency transmissions from analog hand-held mobile phones. Anderson, V; Joyner, KH, 1995)
" The systemic bioavailability ranged from 61% for atenolol to 100% for timolol."	( Systemic absorption pathways of topically applied beta adrenergic antagonists in the pigmented rabbit. Kompella, UB; Lee, VH; Lee, YH, 1993)
" Ocular bioavailability is determined by the ability of drug to penetrate through the cornea and conjunctiva/sclera, and on the other hand, by its elimination from the conjunctival sac."	( Delivery of antiglaucoma drugs: ocular vs systemic absorption. Urtti, A, 1994)
"The in vitro dissolution and the relative ocular bioavailability of high- and low-melting phenylephrine oxazolidines (HMP and LMP) from a nonaqueous suspension (silicone fluid) were compared."	( Formulation, in vitro dissolution, and ocular bioavailability of high- and low-melting phenylephrine oxazolidines. Guillory, JK; Qiu, Y; Schoenwald, RD, 1993)
"This paper presents finite-different time-domain (FDTD) calculations of the specific absorption rate (SAR) averaged over the mass of the eye, and over 1 g and 100 g of tissue in a realistic model of the head from a closely coupled half-wavelength dipole source."	( FDTD calculations of the SAR for a dipole closely coupled to the head at 900 MHz and 1.9 GHz. Dimbylow, PJ, 1993)
" A new mathematical method is presented for calculating the bioavailability enhancement achieved by the dose volume reduction method."	( Transient analysis of ocular drug delivery: zero-volume effect. Heidmann, PS; Keister, JC; Missel, PJ, 1997)
" The favorable separation index for these compounds appeared to be due to their metabolic stability at the corneal surface and conjunctiva combined with sufficient bioavailability for ocular hypotension."	( Ocular penetration and bioconversion of prostaglandin F2alpha prodrugs in rabbit cornea and conjunctiva. Chien, DS; Tang-Liu, DD; Woodward, DF, 1997)
" Hydrogels generally offer a moderate improvement of ocular drug bioavailability with the disadvantage of blurring of vision."	( Ophthalmic drug delivery systems--recent advances. Acar, L; Bourlais, CL; Leverge, R; Needham, T; Sado, PA; Zia, H, 1998)
" This conclusion was based upon their ability to provide a substantial prolongation of drug action and an improvement in the ocular bioavailability of pilocarpine compared to conventional eye drops and previously utilized PF127 formulations of PHCL."	( Evaluation of pluronic F127-based sustained-release ocular delivery systems for pilocarpine using the albino rabbit eye model. Blanchard, J; Desai, SD, 1998)
" The specific absorption rate (SAR: phantom material) was 26."	( Reversible irritative effect of acute 2.45GHz microwave exposure on rabbit eyes--a preliminary evaluation. Saiga, T; Saito, K; Suzuki, K, 1998)
"One of the reasons for the relatively low bioavailability of conventional eye drops is their short precorneal contact times."	( Rheological evaluation of Gelrite in situ gels for ophthalmic use. Carlfors, J; Edsman, K; Jörnving, K; Petersson, R, 1998)
" Various drug-delivery systems have been developed to increase the topical bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs by enhancement of the ocular drug penetration."	( Enhancement of ocular drug penetration. Ichikawa, M; Mukai, T; Nakamura, J; Nakashima, M; Nishida, K; Sasaki, H; Yamamura, K, 1999)
"Latanoprost (13,14-dihydro-15(R)-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2a isopropyl ester, CAS 130209-82-4 PhXA41, Xalatan) is an antiglaucoma prodrug which enhances the bioavailability of the drug into the eye compared to the corresponding acid."	( Pharmacokinetics of latanoprost in the cynomolgus monkey. 2nd communication: repeated topical administration on the eye. Byding, P; Sjöquist, B; Stjernschantz, J; Uhlin, A, 1999)
" The viscous vehicle decreased the absorption rate constant of the drug from the injection site to systemic circulation compared with the buffer solution."	( Topical delivery system of ophthalmic drugs by periocular injection with viscous solution. Ichikawa, M; Kashiwagi, S; Mukai, T; Nakamura, J; Nakashima, M; Nishida, K; Sasaki, H, 1999)
" In ocular kinetic studies, lomefloxacin showed nearly 10 times more ocular bioavailability in aqueous humor as compared to ciprofloxacin."	( Comparative studies on topical lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin on ocular kinetic and experimental corneal ulcer. Agarwal, HC; Biswas, NR; Gupta, SK; Gupta, YK; Velpandian, T, 1999)
" However, disulfiram is hardly absorbed from the cornea and its bioavailability is extremely low."	( Preparation and in vivo ocular absorption studies of disulfiram solid dispersion. Cai, H; Hori, R; Ito, Y; Nabekura, T; Terao, M, 2000)
"The anatomical, physiological and pharmacological properties of the eye explain the short pre-corneal residence time and the poor bioavailability of most eye-drop solutions."	( [Ways to improve ocular bioavailability for topical applications]. Hoffman, M; Maincent, P; Marchal-Heussler, L; Sirbat, D, 2000)
" This article is a review on the bioavailability of local and systemic antibiotics."	( [Bioavailability of antibiotics]. Robert, PY; Tassy, A, 2000)
" The bioavailability of antiinflammatory drugs depends on the status of the eye (degree of inflammation, vitrectomy, aphakia) and on the drug (route of administration, regimen, concentration and presentation)."	( [Bioavailability of antiinflammatory drugs]. Cochereau, I, 2000)
" Thus, the intra-ocular bioavailability of topically administered medications is typically less than 10%."	( Biopharmaceutical considerations in topical ocular drug delivery. Davies, NM, 2000)
"The in vivo ocular bioavailability of hydrocortisone (HC) in the NZW rabbit was determined following topical administration of solutions containing HC (1%) with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) alone, or containing the mucoadhesive, viscosity enhancing polymers sodium hyaluronate (0."	( Considerations in the use of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in the formulation of aqueous ophthalmic solutions of hydrocortisone. Bary, AR; Davies, NM; Tucker, IG, 2000)
" In vivo ocular bioavailability was evaluated by instilling 50 microL of the acyclovir-loaded nanospheres only once in the conjunctival sac of rabbit eyes."	( Ocular tolerability and in vivo bioavailability of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-coated polyethyl-2-cyanoacrylate nanosphere-encapsulated acyclovir. Bucolo, C; Cavallaro, G; Fontana, G; Fresta, M; Giammona, G; Puglisi, G, 2001)
"The ISG-FCZ, which upon exposure to physiological conditions will shift the gel phase, can significantly extend FCZ release and increase the precorneal residence time of the drug, thus enhance ocular bioavailability compared with FCZ eye drops."	( [Pharmacokinetics of topically applied in-situ-forming gels of fluconazole in rabbit eyes]. Chen, ZJ; Xie, LK; Xu, Y; Zhang, JJ; Zhao, NM, 2000)
" Bioavailability increase has been ascribed to PEO mucoadhesion and/or increased tear fluid viscosity."	( Gel-forming erodible inserts for ocular controlled delivery of ofloxacin. Burgalassi, S; Chetoni, P; Di Colo, G; Fiaschi, MP; Saettone, MF; Zambito, Y, 2001)
"The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional ophthalmic solutions due to rapid precorneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of in situ gel-forming systems that are instilled as drops into the eye and undergo a sol-gel transition in the cul-de-sac."	( Sustained ophthalmic delivery of ofloxacin from a pH triggered in situ gelling system. Amin, PD; Cardoza, RM; Srividya, B, 2001)
" During single dose studies, an increase in bioavailability ranging from 40% to 60% was observed in the aqueous humor and in the iris-ciliary body."	( Alginic acid effect on carteolol ocular pharmacokinetics in the pigmented rabbit. Driot, JY; Elena, PP; Sébastian, C; Tissié, G; Trinquand, C, 2002)
" The physiological and pharmaceutical considerations for formulation development and the strategy of improving the systemic absorption and bioavailability of insulin are also discussed."	( Review on the systemic delivery of insulin via the ocular route. Lee, YC; Pinsuwan, S; Simamora, P; Yalkowsky, SH, 2002)
" When compared with an equal dose of TOB administered by standard commercial eyedrops, TOB-SLN produced a significantly higher TOB bioavailability in the aqueous humour."	( Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as ocular delivery system for tobramycin. Burgalassi, S; Cavalli, R; Chetoni, P; Gasco, MR; Saettone, MF, 2002)
" The absorption rate of latanoprost and timolol into the aqueous humor was similar after administration of the FC compared to the two drugs given separately."	( Bioavailability in the human eye of a fixed combination of latanoprost and timolol compared to monotherapy. Calissendorff, B; Grunge-Lowerud, A; Högberg, G; Sjöquist, B, 2002)
"The development of new azoles with a better ocular bioavailability (fluconazole), and the improvement of vitrectomy has recently influenced the treatment of fungal endophthalmitis."	( [Mycotic endophthalmitis: management and treatment (9 year study)]. Bovey, EH; Guex-Crosier, Y; Mora, P, 2002)
" The systemic bioavailability (F) of the eyedrop was 78."	( Systemic bioavailability and cardiopulmonary effects of 0.5% timolol eyedrops. Kaila, T; Korte, JM; Saari, KM, 2002)
" Clinicians should pay attention to the high systemic bioavailability of ophthalmic timolol, because intensive systemic beta-blockade can be highly hazardous to aged patients suffering from cardiopulmonary diseases."	( Systemic bioavailability and cardiopulmonary effects of 0.5% timolol eyedrops. Kaila, T; Korte, JM; Saari, KM, 2002)
" Transdermal delivery provided equivalent to or higher bioavailability (drug distribution) to the eyeball of topical administration."	( Drug delivery to the eye with a transdermal therapeutic system. Isowaki, A; Matsuo, Y; Ohtori, A; Tojo, K, 2003)
"The plasma bioavailability for acyclovir, valacyclovir and val-valacyclovir were similar with area under curve values being 896."	( Ocular penetration of acyclovir and its peptide prodrugs valacyclovir and val-valacyclovir following systemic administration in rabbits: An evaluation using ocular microdialysis and LC-MS. Atluri, H; Dias, C; Mitra, A; Nashed, Y, 2002)
" Specific absorption rate maps in a horizontal cross section of the head model manifest the existence of hot spots in the eyes and near the center of the brain."	( Radio-wave exposure of the human head: analytical study based on a versatile eccentric spheres model including a brain core and a pair of eyeballs. Chrissoulidis, DP; Ioannidou, MP; Moneda, AP, 2003)
" The parent benzothiazole 56 had good pharmacokinetics in dogs with 29% bioavailability and good brain and ocular penetration in guinea pigs."	( Design and synthesis of pyrrolidine-5,5'-trans-lactams (5-oxo-hexahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles) as novel mechanism-based inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus protease. 4. Antiviral activity and plasma stability. Borthwick, AD; Davies, DE; Ertl, PF; Exall, AM; Haley, TM; Hart, GJ; Jackson, DL; Parry, NR; Patikis, A; Trivedi, N; Weingarten, GG; Woolven, JM, 2003)
"To assess the ocular bioavailability of fluorescein from a novel drug delivery system compared with one single preservative free eye drop."	( Bioavailability of fluorescein from a new drug delivery system in human eyes. Diestelhorst, M; Lux, A; Maier, S; Steinfeld, A; Süverkrüp, R, 2004)
"A significantly better bioavailability was achieved in human eyes by using lyophilisate compared with the same dose from a conventional eye drop."	( Bioavailability of fluorescein from a new drug delivery system in human eyes. Diestelhorst, M; Lux, A; Maier, S; Steinfeld, A; Süverkrüp, R, 2004)
" Consequently, the residence time at concentrations higher than the MIC90 and the bioavailability of the antibiotic in the aqueous were increased by about 150 and 240%, respectively, with respect to the reference vehicle."	( Effect of chitosan and of N-carboxymethylchitosan on intraocular penetration of topically applied ofloxacin. Burgalassi, S; Di Colo, G; Nardini, I; Saettone, MF; Zambito, Y, 2004)
"In this paper, the specific absorption rate (SAR) in scaled human head models is analysed to study possible differences between SAR in the heads of adults and children and for assessment of compliance with the international safety guidelines, while using a mobile phone."	( Comparison of FDTD-calculated specific absorption rate in adults and children when using a mobile phone at 900 and 1800 MHz. Anguiano, M; Martín, A; Martínez-Búrdalo, M; Villar, R, 2004)
" Therefore, ocular bioavailability of P-gp substrates can be significantly enhanced by proper selection of P-gp inhibitors."	( Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin in rabbit corneas after single-dose infusion: role of P-glycoprotein as a barrier to in vivo ocular drug absorption. Dey, S; Gunda, S; Mitra, AK, 2004)
" The bioavailability achieved mainly depends upon the pathophysiological state of the mucosa and the properties of both the drug and delivery systems."	( Mucosal drug delivery: membranes, methodologies, and applications. Meidan, VM; Michniak, B; Song, Y; Thakur, R; Wang, Y, 2004)
"65, and to increase the topical bioavailability of the drug from Trusopt the contact time of the drug with the eye surface is increased by increasing the viscosity of the eye drops to 100 cps."	( Cyclodextrin formulation of dorzolamide and its distribution in the eye after topical administration. Eysteinsson, T; Gudmundsdóttir, E; Loftsson, T; Sigurdsson, HH; Stefánsson, E; Thorsteinsdóttir, M, 2005)
"Delivery of drugs to the anterior side of the eye is routinely done with eye drops, but this method results in low bioavailability and low patient compliance."	( Studies on a new device for drug delivery to the eye. Daube, GW; Hanssen, HH; Koole, LH; Krebber, R; Nuijts, RM; Pijls, RT; Sonderkamp, T, 2005)
" For drugs intended to ocular delivery, its poor bioavailability is due to pre-corneal factors."	( Colloidal carriers for ophthalmic drug delivery. Chaud, MV; Cinto, PO; Evangelista, RC; Gremiao, MP; Khalil, NM; Mainardes, RM; Urban, MC, 2005)
" Using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) computational method, a set of specific absorption rate (SAR) calculations were performed for anatomically correct adult and child head models."	( Comparison of radio frequency energy absorption in ear and eye region of children and adults at 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz. Keshvari, J; Lang, S, 2005)
"The purpose of this study was to synthesize a series of diester prodrugs of ganciclovir (GCV), for improving ocular and oral bioavailability and therapeutic activity."	( Synthesis, physicochemical properties and antiviral activities of ester prodrugs of ganciclovir. Kern, ER; Luo, S; Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Patel, K; Trivedi, S; Zhu, X, 2005)
"The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional ophthalmic solutions due to rapid precorneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of a gel system."	( Preparation and evaluation of sustained ophthalmic gel of enoxacin. Li, J; Liu, Z; Nie, S; Pan, W; Yang, X; Zhang, L, 2005)
"The bioavailability of lutein solubilized in mixed micelles containing either phosphatidylcholine (PC) or lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) was evaluated in male rats."	( Enhanced lutein bioavailability by lyso-phosphatidylcholine in rats. Baskaran, V; Krishnakantha, TP; Lakshminarayana, R; Raju, M, 2006)
" The objective of this study was to investigate possible variation in specific absorption rate (SAR) in the head region of children and adults by applying the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and using anatomically correct child and adult head models."	( The effect of increase in dielectric values on specific absorption rate (SAR) in eye and head tissues following 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz radio frequency (RF) exposure. Keshvari, J; Keshvari, R; Lang, S, 2006)
" Based on the technological results, AD6-loaded Eudragit Retard nanoparticle suspensions appear to offer promise as a means to improving the shelf life and bioavailability of this drug after ophthalmic application."	( Preparation and characterization of eudragit retard nanosuspensions for the ocular delivery of cloricromene. Bucolo, C; Maltese, A; Maugeri, F; Pignatello, R; Puglisi, G; Ricupero, N, 2006)
"Ocular bioavailability after instillation of carteolol was investigated by ion pair formation, taking into consideration a balance between lipophilicity and water solubility."	( Improvement of the ocular bioavailability of carteolol by ion pair. Higashiyama, M; Inada, K; Ohtori, A; Tajika, T, 2006)
" It appears that ocular bioavailability can be increased more readily by using the in situ gelling and mucoadhesive vehicle."	( Development of a poloxamer analogs/carbopol-based in situ gelling and mucoadhesive ophthalmic delivery system for puerarin. Chen, C; Chen, W; Huang, C; Li, L; Li, W; Qi, H; Wu, C, 2007)
" To improve ocular bioavailability of topically dosed ophthalmic drugs, a variety of ocular drug delivery systems, such as hydrogels, microparticles, nanoparticles, microemulsions, liposomes and collagen shields, have been designed and investigated."	( Ocular disposition, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of nanoparticle-formulated ophthalmic drugs. Bu, HZ; Goulet, L; Gukasyan, HJ; Koudriakova, T; Lou, XJ; Xiang, C, 2007)
" Endothelial dysfunction impairs ocular hemodynamics by reducing the bioavailability of NO and increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)."	( Nitric oxide: ocular blood flow, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. Nakanishi-Toda, M; Toda, N, 2007)
" The effect of particle size in the micron and nano-size ranges as well as the effect of viscosity of the nanosuspension on the ocular bioavailability was studied by measuring the intraocular pressure of normotensive Albino rabbits using shiØetz tonometer."	( Nanosuspension as an ophthalmic delivery system for certain glucocorticoid drugs. Abdel Rahman, AA; Ahmed, MB; Ghorab, MM; Kassem, MA; Khalil, RM, 2007)
" The temperature rise in the lens is compared to the ICNIRP-recommended average specific energy absorption rate (SAR) and the SAR averaged over the eye alone."	( Computational modelling of temperature rises in the eye in the near field of radiofrequency sources at 380, 900 and 1800 MHz. Wainwright, PR, 2007)
"Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and specific absorption rate (SAR) are employed here to study the relationship between the radiation of a mobile handset and the human being health."	( A simulation for effects of RF electromagnetic radiation from a mobile handset on eyes model using the finite-difference time-domain method. Ge, M; Guo, J; Jiang, X; Wang, Q; Yan, W; Yang, L, 2007)
"The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional ophthalmic solutions due to rapid precorneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of gel system."	( Study on the ocular pharmacokinetics of ion-activated in situ gelling ophthalmic delivery system for gatifloxacin by microdialysis. Li, J; Li, X; Liu, Z; Pan, W; Yang, XG, 2007)
" First, we calculated specific absorption rate distributions in the eye for different antennas and then compared them with those observed in previous studies."	( Computation of temperature elevation in rabbit eye irradiated by 2.45-GHz microwaves with different field configurations. Fujiwara, O; Hirata, A; Kojima, M; Sasaki, K; Taki, M; Watanabe, S, 2008)
" The results show that the rate of absorption contains a term in time squared, indicative of absorption through the exposed surface area of the aqueous fluid rather than via the exposed retina."	( Evidence for the aqueous absorption of gas from the eye following vitreoretinal surgery. Greig, D; Murphy, B; Savage, MD; Skorski, S; Spokes, D; Taylor, S; Thompson, GL; Woon, WH, 2008)
" (IVP), aim at enhancing the drug bioavailability by ensuring a prolonged retention of the medication in the eye, and/or by facilitating transcorneal penetration."	( Ocular drug metabolism of the bioactivating antioxidant N-acetylcarnosine for vision in ophthalmic prodrug and codrug design and delivery. Babizhayev, MA, 2008)
"The aim of this study was to develop an aqueous ketoconazole (KET) eye drop in order to increase the corneal permeability and improve ocular bioavailability following topical application."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of topically-applied ketoconazole solution containing hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin to rabbits. Gao, C; Wang, L; Xia, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, L, 2008)
" The KET-CD produced an over eightfold bioavailability (AUC(0-120), area under the concentration-time curve between 0 and 120 min) increase in aqueous humor over the KET-SP."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of topically-applied ketoconazole solution containing hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin to rabbits. Gao, C; Wang, L; Xia, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, L, 2008)
" Microspheres, in general, have the potential to be used for targeted and controlled release drug delivery; however, coupling of mucoadhesive properties to microspheres has additional advantages like, a much more intimate contact with the mucus layer, efficient absorption and enhanced bioavailability of the drugs due to a high surface to volume ratio."	( Mucoadhesive microspheres: a promising tool in drug delivery. Patil, SB; Sawant, KK, 2008)
"Various efforts in ocular drug delivery have been made to improve the bioavailability and to prolong the residence time of drugs applied topically onto the eye."	( Polymeric nanoparticulate system: a potential approach for ocular drug delivery. Kant, S; Maiti, P; Nagarwal, RC; Pandit, JK; Singh, PN, 2009)
"The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional ophthalmic solutions due to rapid pre-corneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of in situ gel forming systems that are instilled as drops into the eye and then undergo a sol-gel transition in the cul-de-sac."	( Sustained ophthalmic delivery of ofloxacin from an ion-activated in situ gelling system. Abraham, S; Basavaraj, BV; Bharath, S; Deveswaran, R; Furtado, S; Madhavan, V, 2009)
" Poor bioavailability of drugs from ocular dosage forms is mainly due to precorneal loss factors (e."	( Nanomedicines for ocular NSAIDs: safety on drug delivery. Araújo, J; Egea, MA; Garcia, ML; Gonzalez, E; Souto, EB, 2009)
"1-fold bioavailability (AUC(0-120), area under the concentration time curve between 0 and 120 min) increase in aqueous humor compared to the Bai-SP."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics and availability of topically applied baicalein in rabbits. Wang, L; Xia, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, L, 2009)
" In conclusion, gatifloxacin liposomal hydrogel is a suitable delivery system for the improvement of the ocular bioavailability of gatifloxacin."	( Optimization of gatifloxacin liposomal hydrogel for enhanced transcorneal permeation. Hosny, KM, 2010)
" Low drug-contact time and poor ocular bioavailability due to drainage of solution, tear turnover and its dilution or lacrimation are the problems associated with conventional systems."	( Nanocarriers in ocular drug delivery: an update review. Paliwal, R; Paliwal, SR; Vyas, SP; Wadhwa, S, 2009)
" We aimed to investigate the safety, tolerability and bioavailability of GS-101 eye drops."	( Tolerability and safety of GS-101 eye drops, an antisense oligonucleotide to insulin receptor substrate-1: a 'first in man' phase I investigation. Beglinger, C; Geudelin, B; Goldblum, D; Kain, H; Thorin, E, 2009)
"Ophthalmic delivery systems such as ocular inserts are useful strategies to improve the ocular bioavailability of topically administered drugs."	( Biodegradable hybrid polymeric membranes for ocular drug delivery. Banerjee, R; Carvalho, E; Jain, D, 2010)
"The aim of this work is to improve the ocular bioavailability of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CPX) through the preparation of ocular mucoadhesive chitosan (CS)-coated liposomes."	( Ocular ciprofloxacin hydrochloride mucoadhesive chitosan-coated liposomes. Abdelbary, G, 2011)
" In conclusion, ciprofloxacin liposomal hydrogel is a suitable delivery system for improving the ocular bioavailability of ciprofloxacin."	( Ciprofloxacin as ocular liposomal hydrogel. Hosny, KM, 2010)
" Gatifloxacin showed better bioavailability and sustained action in aqueous humor and corneal tissue from the nanoparticles compared to the commercial eye drops."	( Mucoadhesive nanoparticles as carrier systems for prolonged ocular delivery of gatifloxacin/prednisolone bitherapy. El-Leithy, IS; Ibrahim, HK; Makky, AA, 2010)
"802 mg/ml showed about the same bioavailability (AUC(0-t)) in tear fluid as that of the puerarin eye drops."	( Preparation and evaluation of a contact lens vehicle for puerarin delivery. Li, X; Sun, F; Xu, J, 2010)
"The present study was designed to improve the bioavailability of forskolin by the influence of precorneal residence time and dissolution characteristics."	( Dual-drug delivery system based on in situ gel-forming nanosuspension of forskolin to enhance antiglaucoma efficacy. Gupta, S; Raichur, AM; Samanta, MK, 2010)
"Improvement of both ocular bioavailability and duration of action for dorzolamide hydrochloride was the aim of this study."	( Development of dorzolamide hydrochloride in situ gel nanoemulsion for ocular delivery. Ammar, HO; Ghorab, M; Mahmoud, AA; Salama, HA, 2010)
" A major challenge in ocular drug therapy is to improve the poor bioavailability of topically applied ophthalmic drugs by overcoming the severe constraints imposed by the eye on drug absorption."	( Feasibility of lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs. Doktorovova, S; Egea, MA; Garcia, ML; Gonzalez-Mira, E; Souto, EB, 2010)
" Additional information, essential to assess the bioavailability of Cr released, was generated by determining its chemical speciation and by providing information on its complexation and oxidation states in both media investigated."	( Particles, sweat, and tears: a comparative study on bioaccessibility of ferrochromium alloy and stainless steel particles, the pure metals and their metal oxides, in simulated skin and eye contact. Hedberg, Y; Midander, K; Wallinder, IO, 2010)
"In this study, a thermosensitive in situ gelling vehicle was prepared to increase the precorneal resident time and the bioavailability of methazolamide (MTA)."	( Preparation and evaluation of in situ gelling ophthalmic drug delivery system for methazolamide. Li, R; Qian, Y; Wang, F; Xu, Q; Zhang, Q, 2010)
" Ocular bioavailability of HC nanosuspensions was assessed in albino rabbits using HC solution as a control."	( Hydrocortisone nanosuspensions for ophthalmic delivery: A comparative study between microfluidic nanoprecipitation and wet milling. Ali, AM; Ali, HS; Blagden, N; York, P, 2011)
" These results suggest that this novel ocular drug delivery system appears to offer promise as a means to improving the bioavailability of drugs after ophthalmic applications."	( Zn-Al-NO(3)-layered double hydroxides with intercalated diclofenac for ocular delivery. Cao, F; Liao, Z; Ping, Q; Wang, Y, 2011)
" Basic knowledge about systemic bioavailability is important for the design of genotoxicity tests on poorly soluble substances."	( Beryllium metal I. experimental results on acute oral toxicity, local skin and eye effects, and genotoxicity. Strupp, C, 2011)
" Attempts have been made to overcome these problems and enhance ocular bioavailability by the development of newer drug delivery systems."	( Newer approaches for optimal bioavailability of ocularly delivered drugs: review. Balasubramaniam, J; Kant, S; Kesavan, K; Pandit, JK; Singh, PN, 2011)
" Bioavailability study of batch CS9 was studied in rabbit eye and compare to 5-FU solution."	( Chitosan nanoparticles of 5-fluorouracil for ophthalmic delivery: characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo study. Kant, S; Maiti, P; Nagarwal, RC; Pandit, JK; Singh, PN, 2011)
"Topical ocular drug bioavailability is notoriously poor, in the order of 5% or less."	( Recent advances in ophthalmic drug delivery. Kadam, RS; Kompella, UB; Lee, VH, 2010)
"Conventional eye drops can result in poor drug bioavailability due to the unique ocular anatomy and physiology."	( Comparison of ion-activated in situ gelling systems for ocular drug delivery. Part 1: physicochemical characterisation and in vitro release. Alany, RG; Green, CR; Rupenthal, ID, 2011)
" However, it was accepted as safe for ophthalmic use and could increase diclofenac sodium bioavailability in aqueous humor significantly."	( Optimization and evaluation of thermoresponsive diclofenac sodium ophthalmic in situ gels. Asasutjarit, R; Fuongfuchat, A; Thanasanchokpibull, S; Veeranondha, S, 2011)
"Topically administered [(3)H]tafluprost was well absorbed into the ocular and systemic tissues of the primary nonclinical species, monkey."	( Metabolism and ocular tissue distribution of an antiglaucoma prostanoid, tafluprost, after ocular instillation to monkeys. Akaishi, T; Bezwada, P; Fukano, Y; Kawazu, K; Pellinen, P, 2011)
" The effect of wireless radiation on the eye is studied by calculation of the specific absorption rate (SAR) in three different eye models."	( Electromagnetic energy absorption patterns in subjects with common visual disorders. Gasmelseed, A, 2011)
"Various efforts have been made to improve the bioavailability and to prolong the residence time of eye drops."	( Chitosan nanoparticles for controlled delivery of brimonidine tartrate to the ocular membrane. Shinde, UA; Singh, KH, 2011)
" In addition, the detailed analysis of the in vivo data using a bicompartmental model pointed out a higher bioavailability and lower elimination rate for CsA when it is generated from the prodrug than after direct application as an emulsion."	( In vivo characterisation of a novel water-soluble Cyclosporine A prodrug for the treatment of dry eye disease. Behar-Cohen, F; Di Tommaso, C; El Zaoui, I; Furrer, P; Guillarme, D; Gurny, R; Kaufmann, B; Rodriguez-Aller, M; Rudaz, S; Stella, C; Valamanesh, F; Veuthey, JL, 2012)
"Honey can significantly increase the ACV concentration and bioavailability in the eye, extend the action time of ACV in target cells and increase the retention capacity of ACV in the target tissue; thereby improving treatment success."	( [Effects of honey to acyclovir in the rabbit eye transport kinetics]. He, Q; Jiang, Y; Wang, S; Xu, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2011)
"The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional eye drops due to rapid precorneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of an in situ gelling systems that are instilled as drops into the eye and undergo a sol-to-gel transition in the cul-de-sac which improves patient compliance as the dosage regimen is one drop of the dosage form twice a day."	( Sustained ocular delivery of brimonidine tartrate using ion activated in situ gelling system. Geethalakshmi, A; Jha, SK; Karki, R; Nikunj, B; Venkatesh, DP, 2012)
"In vitro cell models have been used to predict drug permeation in early stages of drug development, since they represent an easy and reproducible method, allowing the tracking of drug absorption rate and mechanism, with an advantageous cost-benefit ratio."	( Cell-based in vitro models for predicting drug permeability. Andrade, F; da Silva, SB; das Neves, J; Ferreira, D; Rodrigues, F; Sarmento, B, 2012)
" This paper highlights recent applications of various nanomaterials, such as polymeric micelles, hydrogels, liposomes, niosomes, dendrimers, and cyclodextrins as ocular drug delivery systems to enhance the bioavailability of ocular therapeutic agents."	( Nanomaterials for ocular drug delivery. Gu, FX; Jones, L; Liu, S, 2012)
" Ocular drug bioavailability also remains a challenge, being limited by multiple barriers to drug entry and lacrimal drainage, and making it difficult to achieve a sufficient drug concentration for numerous diseases of the front and back of the eye."	( Therapeutic applications of ultrasound in ophthalmology. Aptel, F; Lafon, C, 2012)
" However, the ocular bioavailability is typically less than 5% from conventional ophthalmic dosage forms such as eye drops."	( Controlled and continuous release ocular drug delivery systems: pros and cons. Abdelkader, H; Alany, RG, 2012)
" The in vivo studies showed that IOP reduction from baseline by pure contact lens on daily basis was comparable with that by eye drops but with only 20% of drug dose, which suggested higher drug bioavailability for contact lenses."	( Extended drug delivery by contact lenses for glaucoma therapy. Burke, MT; Carbia, BE; Chauhan, A; Peng, CC; Plummer, C, 2012)
" Various studies were performed to improve the bioavailability and prolong the residence time of drugs in ocular drug delivery."	( Preparation and characterization of polymeric and lipid nanoparticles of pilocarpine HCl for ocular application. Lütfi, G; Müzeyyen, D, )
" These studies could link flavonoid intake and bioavailability to efficacy in prevention of age related vision disorders that develop over decades."	( Flavonoid intake and eye health. Milbury, PE, 2012)
" This transient residence time involves poor bioavailability of drugs which can be explained by the tear production, non-productive absorption and impermeability of corneal epithelium."	( Recent advances in ocular drug delivery. Achouri, D; Alhanout, K; Andrieu, V; Piccerelle, P, 2013)
"This study aims to improve gatifloxacin bioavailability to the eye using solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLN)."	( Part I: Development and optimization of solid-lipid nanoparticles using Box-Behnken statistical design for ocular delivery of gatifloxacin. Abul Kalam, M; Ali, A; Aljuffali, IA; Alshamsan, A; Aqil, M; Mishra, AK; Sultana, Y, 2013)
"The aim of this study is to determine the effect of wheat germ oil (WGO) compared with groundnut oil (GNO) and mixed micelles (control) on lutein bioavailability and bioactivity in mice."	( Wheat germ oil: a potential facilitator to improve lutein bioavailability in mice. Baskaran, V; Gorusupudi, A, 2013)
"4%) groups compared with the control group indicates the higher bioavailability and bioactivity of absorbed lutein."	( Wheat germ oil: a potential facilitator to improve lutein bioavailability in mice. Baskaran, V; Gorusupudi, A, 2013)
"The increased lutein bioavailability in the WGO group compared with the other two groups may be attributed to the polar lipids and intestinal lipase activity found in this study."	( Wheat germ oil: a potential facilitator to improve lutein bioavailability in mice. Baskaran, V; Gorusupudi, A, 2013)
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of natural borneol (NB) on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ophthalmic administered geniposide (Ge) in rabbits."	( Natural borneol enhances geniposide ophthalmic absorption in rabbits. Bi, H; Guo, J; Liu, D; Song, J; Wang, X; Xie, X, 2013)
" These formulations show extended or sustained release of drug, minimizing the side effect on application site, enhancing bioavailability and reducing the dosing frequency."	( Eradication of superficial fungal infections by conventional and novel approaches: a comprehensive review. Bhardwaj, A; Kumar, L; Vaidya, B; Vaidya, S; Verma, S, 2014)
"To investigate the influence of olive (OO), groundnut (GNO), soybean (SBO), sunflower (SFO), rice bran (RBO), corn (CO), palm (PO) oil or mixed micelle (control) on absorption kinetics and bioavailability of lutein in lutein-deficient mice."	( Olive oil improves the intestinal absorption and bioavailability of lutein in lutein-deficient mice. Baskaran, V; Mamatha, BS; Nidhi, B, 2014)
"Dietary olive oil rich in oleic acid improves the bioavailability and accumulation of lutein in lutein-deficient mice by modifying the intestinal triacylglycerol lipase activity."	( Olive oil improves the intestinal absorption and bioavailability of lutein in lutein-deficient mice. Baskaran, V; Mamatha, BS; Nidhi, B, 2014)
" The review also lists major dietary sources of lutein and zeaxanthin and refers to newly developed foods, daily intake, bioavailability and physiological effects in relation to eye health."	( Dietary sources of lutein and zeaxanthin carotenoids and their role in eye health. Abdel-Aal, el-SM; Akhtar, H; Ali, R; Zaheer, K, 2013)
" Lutein-LMWC nanoencapsules were prepared, characterized and bioavailability was studied in vitro and in vivo with lutein in mixed micelles (control)."	( Promising interaction between nanoencapsulated lutein with low molecular weight chitosan: characterization and bioavailability of lutein in vitro and in vivo. Arunkumar, R; Baskaran, V; Harish Prashanth, KV, 2013)
"Polymeric nanoparticles have been developed to improve the bioavailability of drugs applied in ocular drug delivery."	( Ocular biocompatibility and tolerance study of biodegradable polymeric micelles in the rabbit eye. Chen, H; Li, X; Xu, L; Xu, X, 2013)
"The development and registration of reformulated ophthalmic products (OPs) requires eye-related bioavailability (BA) assessments."	( Toward the practical implementation of eye-related bioavailability prediction models. Cetina-Čižmek, B; Filipović-Grčić, J; Lovrić, J; Pepić, I; Reichl, S, 2014)
" As we discuss here, the recent use of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers in colloidal carrier systems has proved to be the most effective strategy, resulting in the exponential increase of the bioavailability of the ophthalmic drugs."	( In situ gelling systems: a strategy to improve the bioavailability of ophthalmic pharmaceutical formulations. Almeida, H; Amaral, MH; Lobão, P; Lobo, JM, 2014)
"This paper evaluates the variability of specific absorption rate (SAR) in the human eye."	( Dosimetric study on eye's exposure to wide band radio frequency electromagnetic fields: variability by the ocular axial length. Chen, Q; Li, C; Wu, T; Xie, Y, 2014)
" Specific absorption rate simulations and a thorough assessment of RF power deposition were performed to meet the safety requirements."	( Ophthalmic magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T using a 6-channel transceiver radiofrequency coil array in healthy subjects and patients with intraocular masses. Falke, K; Graessl, A; Guthoff, RF; Hadlich, S; Hezel, F; Hosten, N; Krueger, PC; Langner, S; Lysiak, D; Muhle, M; Niendorf, T; Oezerdem, C; Rieger, J; Santoro, D; Schwerter, M; Stachs, O; Waiczies, S; Winter, L, 2014)
"Health food (ready-mix) was prepared from maize and vegetables a source of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) and studied for its quality characteristics (moisture sorption isotherm, sensory, microbiological, chemical composition, and storage stability) on storage at varying temperatures for 3 months and L+Z bioavailability in mice."	( Quality characteristics and lutein bioavailability from maize and vegetable-based health food. Baskaran, V; Ranganathan, A; Sheshappa, MB, 2014)
" While glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently used to limit tissue damage, the role of intracrine GC (cortisol) bioavailability via 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in OcS defense, remains unresolved."	( Cortisol biosynthesis in the human ocular surface innate immune response. Alsalem, J; Bujalska, IJ; Liu, L; Murray, PI; Rauz, S; Southworth, HS; Sreekantam, S; Susarla, R; Tallouzi, M; Taylor, AE; Walker, EA; Wallace, GR; Williams, GP, 2014)
" Heretofore, many studies have demonstrated that new and more complex ophthalmic drug forms exhibit advantage over traditional ones and are able to increase the bioavailability of the active substance by, among others, reducing the susceptibility of drug forms to defense mechanisms of the human eye, extending contact time of drug with the cornea, increasing the penetration through the complex anatomical structure of the eye, and providing controlled release of drugs into the eye tissues, which allows reducing the drug application frequency."	( Ophthalmic drug dosage forms: characterisation and research methods. Baranowski, P; Gajda, M; Karolewicz, B; Pluta, J, 2014)
" The aim of this study to assess the bioavailability and safety of SFAs as drug solvents for the topical ocular application of Cyclosporin A (CsA)."	( Semifluorinated alkanes as a liquid drug carrier system for topical ocular drug delivery. Dutescu, RM; Merkel, OM; Panfil, C; Schrage, N, 2014)
" Thus this formulation is safe for ophthalmic use and significantly increases brinzolamide bioavailability in aqueous humor."	( Design and evaluation of a brinzolamide drug-resin in situ thermosensitive gelling system for sustained ophthalmic drug delivery. Cai, CN; Li, J; Liu, H; Liu, LL; Liu, W; Xin, HX, 2014)
" The main problems in ocular drug delivery are poor bioavailability and uncontrollable drug delivery of conventional ophthalmic preparations (e."	( Development of ocular drug delivery systems using molecularly imprinted soft contact lenses. Mohajeri, SA; Tashakori-Sabzevar, F, 2015)
" Although availability of newer therapeutics has improved the prognosis of ocular diseases, poor ocular bioavailability still remains a major concern."	( Role of membrane transporters and metabolizing enzymes in ocular drug delivery. Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Vadlapatla, RK; Vadlapudi, AD, 2014)
"In vitro studies of ocular bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) from colloidal drug delivery systems do not consider physiological shear stress generated by eyelid wiping and tear flow."	( Cellular uptake of coumarin-6 under microfluidic conditions into HCE-T cells from nanoscale formulations. Al-Halhouli, AT; Bartels, J; Behrends, S; Büttgenbach, S; Dahl, K; Dietzel, A; Finke, JH; Krull, R; Lorenz, T; Müller-Goymann, CC; Peterat, G; Pretor, S; Reichl, S, 2015)
" We previously demonstrated that topical surface application of BoNT A has negligible cutaneous bioavailability and is not effective in treating wrinkles."	( Prospective randomized controlled study to determine the effect of topical application of botulinum toxin A for crow's feet after treatment with ablative fractional CO2 laser. Burnett, C; Mahmoud, BH; Ozog, D, 2015)
"The development of new ophthalmic drug delivery systems capable of increasing the residence time of drugs in the eye and improve its bioavailability relatively to eyedrops has been object of intense research in recent years."	( About the effect of eye blinking on drug release from pHEMA-based hydrogels: an in vitro study. Colaço, R; Fernandes, AI; Galante, R; Mata, JL; Matos, AP; Moutinho, MG; Paradiso, P; Saramago, B; Serro, AP, 2015)
" Lipid-based nanocarriers (LNC) are among the newer and interesting colloidal drug delivery systems; they show the capability to improve the local bioavailability of drugs administered by various ocular routes and, therefore, their therapeutic efficacy."	( Lipid nanocarriers (LNC) and their applications in ocular drug delivery. Bonina, F; Carbone, C; Offerta, A; Pignatello, R; Puglia, C; Puglisi, G, 2015)
" However, it is not clear how this enzyme can impact the bioavailability and metabolism of other carotenoids such as xanthophyll."	( A genetic dissection of intestinal fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid absorption. Golczak, M; Lobo, GP; Von Lintig, J; Widjaja-Adhi, MA, 2015)
" Mucus may decrease or increase ocular bioavailability depending on the magnitude of its role as barrier or retention site, respectively."	( Undefined role of mucus as a barrier in ocular drug delivery. Ruponen, M; Urtti, A, 2015)
"Ophthalmic drug delivery system is very interesting and challenging due to the normal physiologically factor of eyes which reduces the bioavailability of ocular products."	( In Situ Gelling Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System: An Overview and Its Applications. Dua, K; Kok, YY; Ng, JM; Sheshala, R; Thakur, RR, 2015)
" Local use of KTZ loaded nanocarrier system can address its toxicity, poor solubility, photodegradation, permeation and bioavailability issues."	( Lipid-polyethylene glycol based nano-ocular formulation of ketoconazole. Giansanti, F; Kakkar, S; Karuppayil, SM; Kaur, IP; Papucci, L; Raut, JS; Schiavone, N, 2015)
" Hence, PC at a concentration used in this study can be considered to improve the lutein bioavailability in lutein deficiency."	( Dietary Components Affect the Plasma and Tissue Levels of Lutein in Aged Rats with Lutein Deficiency--A Repeated Gavage and Dietary Study. Bhatiwada, N; Ranganathan, A; Sheshappa, MB; Talahalli, RR; Vallikannan, B, 2015)
" However, this kind of ophthalmic formulations has disadvantages such as low bioavailability and, consequently, a reduced therapeutic effect."	( Nanoparticles in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems for Topical Administration: Promises and Challenges. Almeida, H; Amaral, MH; Frigerio, C; Lobao, P; Sousa Lobo, JM, 2015)
" Due to the unique properties of nanometer materials such as higher bioavailability and less side effects, it has great advantages in carrying ocular drugs of eye diseases compared with the traditional dosing method."	( Advance of the application of nano-controlled release system in ophthalmic drug delivery. Wang, S; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2016)
" We performed a simulation study to retrospectively assess the specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature increase in the eyes of 16 selected patients (encompassing a total of 74 treatment sessions) whose treatment involved high power delivery as well as a minimal distance between the tumor site and the eye."	( Absence of acute ocular damage in humans after prolonged exposure to intense RF EMF. Adibzadeh, F; Naus-Postema, NC; Paulides, MM; van Rhoon, GC; Verduijn, GM, 2016)
"The present investigation aimed at improving the ocular bioavailability of gatifloxacin by prolonging its residence time in the eye and reducing problems associated with the drug re-crystallization after application through incorporation into cationic polymeric nanoparticles."	( Development of gatifloxacin-loaded cationic polymeric nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery. Al-Kassas, R; Deo, S; Duxfield, L; Englebretsen, V; Rupenthal, I; Sultana, R; Swift, S; Wang, R, 2016)
"Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, mucoadhesive polymers and penetration enhancers have been used individually to overcome ocular barriers and increase bioavailability to eye tissues."	( Understanding the influence of surface properties of nanoparticles and penetration enhancers for improving bioavailability in eye tissues in vivo. Katti, DS; Mahaling, B, 2016)
" On one hand it is widely used owing to its convenience but is also associated with some limitations in terms of desired pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile, dosing frequency, systemic untoward effects, patient noncompliance, low drug bioavailability due to transient contact time, rapid washout by tearing and nasolacrimal drainage."	( Recent Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery, with Special Emphasis on Lipid Based Nanocarriers. Sah, AK; Suresh, PK, 2015)
"The current investigation aims to develop and evaluate novel ocular proniosomal gels of lomefloxacin HCl (LXN); in order to improve its ocular bioavailability for the management of bacterial conjunctivitis."	( Design and evaluation of proniosomes as a carrier for ocular delivery of lomefloxacin HCl. Abdelbary, GA; Awad, GE; Basha, M; El-Hashemy, HA; Khalil, RM, 2017)
" However, topically applied VCM suffers from poor ocular bioavailability because of its high molecular weight and hydrophilicity."	( Nanoparticles as tool for enhanced ophthalmic delivery of vancomycin: a multidistrict-based microbiological study, solid lipid nanoparticles formulation and evaluation. El-Laithy, HM; Elkheshen, SA; Essam, T; Fahmy, RH; Yousry, C, 2016)
" The bioavailability of cores followed the order polylactide-co-glycolide≥polylactide≥polycaprolactone for all tissues and time-points."	( Physicochemical properties of core-shell type nanoparticles govern their spatiotemporal biodistribution in the eye. Katti, DS; Mahaling, B, 2016)
"Although eye drops are widely used as drug delivery systems for the anterior segment of the eye, they are also associated with poor drug bioavailability due to transient contact time and rapid washout by tearing."	( Application of lipid nanoparticles to ocular drug delivery. Battaglia, L; Del Pozo Rodriguez, A; Foglietta, F; Gallarate, M; Muntoni, E; Serpe, L; Solinis, MA, 2016)
" Yet, its ocular bioavailability is hindered by its poor aqueous solubility."	( Potential Use of Cyclodextrin Complexes for Enhanced Stability, Anti-inflammatory Efficacy, and Ocular Bioavailability of Loteprednol Etabonate. El-Dahan, MS; Khatera, NAA; Mohamed, EAM; Soliman, OAE, 2017)
" In vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies indicated that the BH-HG formulation resulted in an improved bioavailability and a significantly lower intraocular pressure (IOP)."	( Preparation, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ophthalmic thermosensitive in situ hydrogel of betaxolol hydrochloride. Fu, L; Hua, H; Huang, W; Liu, T; Ma, X; Tang, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, N; Zhao, Y, 2016)
" Our formulations improved celecoxib bioavailability due to their bioadhesivness, thus preventing their rapid removal."	( Stability and Ocular Pharmacokinetics of Celecoxib-Loaded Nanoparticles Topical Ophthalmic Formulations. Abd-Elgawad, AH; Ibrahim, MM; Jablonski, MM; Soliman, OA, 2016)
" With the aim to overcome ocular barriers, drug delivery systems, able to increase ocular bioavailability reducing side effects, are recognized as promising alternative."	( Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC): Overcoming the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye - Part I - Barriers and determining factors in ocular delivery. Doktorovova, S; Espina, M; García, ML; Sánchez-López, E; Souto, EB, 2017)
"In the recent decades, various controlled delivery systems have been introduced with the aim to improve solubility, stability and bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs."	( Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC): Overcoming the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye - Part II - Ocular drug-loaded lipid nanoparticles. Doktorovova, S; Espina, M; García, ML; Sánchez-López, E; Souto, EB, 2017)
" This drug delivery strategy results in high ocular bioavailability by avoiding rapid precorneal clearance resulting from nasolacrimal drainage and eye blinking."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of in situ gelling systems for sustained topical ophthalmic delivery: state of the art and beyond. Boudy, V; Destruel, PL; Maury, M; Mignet, N; Zeng, N, 2017)
"Effective intraocular drug delivery poses a major challenge due to the presence of various elimination mechanisms and physiological barriers that result in low ocular bioavailability after topical application."	( Polymeric micelles for ocular drug delivery: From structural frameworks to recent preclinical studies. Bisht, R; Mandal, A; Mitra, AK; Rupenthal, ID, 2017)
" The nanowafer, a small circular disk, is placed on the ocular surface, and it releases a drug as it slowly dissolves over time, thus increasing ocular bioavailability and enhancing efficiency to treat eye injuries."	( Application of Hydrogel Template Strategy in Ocular Drug Delivery. Acharya, G; Marcano, DC; Park, K; Shin, CS, 2017)
"Ophthalmic formulations of chloramphenicol have poor bioavailability of chloramphenicol in the ocular cavity."	( Emulsion of Chloramphenicol: an Overwhelming Approach for Ocular Delivery. Ashara, KC; Shah, KV, 2017)
" This review fills in the gap and summarizes the development of nanoparticles as drug carriers for improving the penetration and bioavailability of drugs to the anterior segment of the eye."	( Nanoparticles for drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye. Janagam, DR; Lowe, TL; Wu, L, 2017)
" Moreover, in vivo study showed that HK-CS-NPs exhibited good ocular tolerability and could improve ophthalmic bioavailability of honokiol."	( Development of a Chitosan-based Nanoparticle Formulation for Ophthalmic Delivery of Honokiol. Chen, H; Deng, F; Hu, W; Tang, Y; Zhang, L, 2018)
" Various drug systems which follow the ocular route of administration are manufactured to achieve optimized bioavailability along with better patient compliance."	( Recent Advancemnts in Biodegradable Ocular Implants. Miranda, O; Mittal, S, 2018)
" PLGA-NPs improved corneal, conjunctival and aqueous humor bioavailability of TAC."	( Poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for sustained release of tacrolimus in rabbit eyes. Alshamsan, A; Kalam, MA, 2017)
" Microparticles (MP) provide interesting opportunities to increase ocular bioavailability of drugs and patient compliance brought about by decreased frequency of dosing."	( Turning the screw even further to increase microparticle retention and ocular bioavailability of associated drugs: The bioadhesion goal. Rodríguez Villanueva, J; Rodríguez Villanueva, L, 2017)
" In conclusion, the easily prepared, small, physically stable and biocompatible TH-HNMs with good ocular bioavailability hold great promise as an efficient carrier for topical ocular delivery of TH."	( Micelle carriers based on macrogol 15 hydroxystearate for ocular delivery of terbinafine hydrochloride: In vitro characterization and in vivo permeation. He, J; He, S; Liu, S; Wang, L; Xia, H; Zhang, J; Zhou, T; Zhu, L, 2017)
" Topically administered drugs often display limited bioavailability due to many physical and biochemical barriers including the pre-corneal tear film, the structure and biophysiological properties of the cornea, the limited volume that can be accommodated by the cul-de-sac, the lacrimal drainage system and reflex tearing."	( Principles of pharmacology in the eye. Awwad, S; Brocchini, S; Heng, JS; Khaw, PT; Lockwood, A; Mohamed Ahmed, AHA; Sharma, G, 2017)
"The low bioavailability exhibits by conventional ocular formulation owing to rapid precorneal clearance and lower corneal permeability can be overcame by the application of the gelling system."	( Supramolecular nanofibers of dexamethasone derivatives to form hydrogel for topical ocular drug delivery. Lei, L; Li, X; Song, Q; Yu, J; Zhang, R; Zhang, Z; Zhou, Y, 2018)
" Cyclosporine A (CsA), a immunosuppressive agent, has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of DES but is limited clinically by its low ocular bioavailability due to poor water solubility."	( Improving the topical ocular pharmacokinetics of lyophilized cyclosporine A-loaded micelles: formulation, in vitro and in vivo studies. Chen, D; Li, Y; Shen, Y; Tu, J; Yang, W; Yu, Y, 2018)
"Despite the wide range of diseases affecting the eye, ocular bioavailability remains a challenge in ophthalmic drug delivery."	( Polymer-based carriers for ophthalmic drug delivery. Acosta, GB; Imperiale, JC; Sosnik, A, 2018)
"06 W/kg specific absorption rate (SAR) for 2 hours per day for eight weeks."	( The effect of exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation on epidermal growth factor, caspase-3, Hsp27 and p38MAPK gene expressions in the rat eye. Akar, A; Aras, N; Arslan, B; Eker, ED; Yildirim, M, )
" This study rationally devised strategies to increase drug bioavailability by increasing ocular surface residence time of drug-loaded nanoliposomes dispersed within thermo-sensitive hydrogels (Pluronic F-127)."	( Topical Delivery of Senicapoc Nanoliposomal Formulation for Ocular Surface Treatments. Bose, T; Chandy, GK; Hou, A; Huang, Y; Lui, YS; Phua, JL; Tong, L; Venkatraman, S, 2018)
" However, its high water insolubility and low bioavailability have strongly constrained its clinical application."	( Rapamycin Nano-Micelle Ophthalmic Solution Reduces Corneal Allograft Rejection by Potentiating Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells' Function. Chi, H; Dong, Y; Gao, H; Li, Z; Liu, T; Ma, L; Shi, W; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wei, C; Wu, X; Xiang, D; Zhang, S, 2018)
"The incorporation of NPs into NFs achieved several other benefits like increasing ocular residence and contact time with conjunctival tissue, accurate dose delivery, sustaining drug release with constant rate, reducing frequency of administration, improving bioavailability along with decreasing incidence of visual and systemic side effects."	( Noninvasive biodegradable nanoparticles-in-nanofibers single-dose ocular insert: in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Ali, IH; El-Sherbiny, IM; Khalil, IA, 2019)
" Although this dosage form has the advantages of ease of application, small volume dose, and rapid action and is largely devoid of systemic adverse effects, the bioavailability is low due to pre-corneal anatomical barriers and the nature of the drug formulation itself."	( Protocol for evaluation of topical ophthalmic drug products in different compartments of fresh eye tissues in a rabbit model. Chockalingam, A; Fan, J; LeMerdy, M; Patel, V; Rouse, R; Stewart, S; Tsakalozou, E; Xu, L, )
"2-times ocular bioavailability (area under the curve) and in vivo acute and repeat dose safety."	( Solid lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery of isoniazid: evaluation, proof of concept and in vivo safety & kinetics. Guzman-Aranguez, A; Hussain, A; Kaur, IP; Singh, M; Srinivas, CS, 2019)
" Designing an ideal delivery scheme should include enhanced drug bioavailability and controlled release of drug at the site of action, which can overcome various ocular barriers."	( Ocular Drug Delivery: Present Innovations and Future Challenges. Gote, V; Pal, D; Sicotte, J; Sikder, S, 2019)
" Unfortunately, their poor stability and bioavailability have limited their application."	( Liposomes for effective drug delivery to the ocular posterior chamber. Chen, J; Jiang, N; Lai, S; Liu, Q; Liu, T; Wei, Y; Wu, Q; Xiao, W; Yu, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhou, K, 2019)
"Developing mathematical models to predict changes in ocular bioavailability and pharmacokinetics due to differences in the physicochemical properties of complex topical ophthalmic suspension formulations is important in drug product development and regulatory assessment."	( Application of Mechanistic Ocular Absorption Modeling and Simulation to Understand the Impact of Formulation Properties on Ophthalmic Bioavailability in Rabbits: a Case Study Using Dexamethasone Suspension. Babiskin, A; Bolger, MB; Chockalingam, A; Choi, S; Fan, J; Kozak, D; Le Merdy, M; Lionberger, R; Lukacova, V; Matta, M; Narayanasamy, S; Patel, V; Rouse, R; Spires, J; Stewart, S; Tsakalozou, E; Xu, L; Zhang, L; Zhao, L, 2019)
"Niosomes have been considered as promising nanoscale carriers for ocular drug delivery, since they have been shown to increase the bioavailability of various drugs and to improve their efficacy."	( Design and in vitro evaluation of doxycycline hyclate niosomes as a potential ocular delivery system. Gugleva, V; Momekova, D; Rangelov, S; Titeva, S, 2019)
"Despite eye drops generally represent the most convenient, simple and patient-friendly formulations to treat ocular diseases, they suffer from poor retention on the ocular surface and low drug bioavailability leading to the necessity of prolonged and continuous treatment over time."	( Microfibrillar polymeric ocular inserts for triamcinolone acetonide delivery. Carfì Pavia, F; Cavallaro, G; Di Prima, G; Giammona, G; Licciardi, M; Lo Monte, AI, 2019)
" Solubility-improved eye drop formulations of these compounds have poor bioavailability and a short retention time in ophthalmic tissues."	( DNA-Based Hybrid Hydrogels Sustain Water-Insoluble Ophthalmic Therapeutic Delivery against Allergic Conjunctivitis. Fan, C; Ge, Z; Li, W; Ren, N; Sun, R; Wang, F; Wang, L; Xia, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X; Zhu, Y, 2019)
"Development of topically administered drug delivery systems for the treatment of ocular diseases have majorly focused on enhancing bioavailability of drugs in the ocular tissues."	( Spatio-temporal control on the delivery of triamcinolone acetonide using polymeric nanoparticles reduces steroid induced cataract. Katti, DS; Reddy, GB; Reddy, SS; Srinivasarao, DA, 2019)
" The bioavailability of curcumin is negligible due to its poor aqueous solubility."	( Self-Assembling Topical Nanomicellar Formulation to Improve Curcumin Absorption Across Ocular Tissues. Alshamrani, M; Coulibaly, F; Mandal, A; Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Sikder, S, 2019)
" A non-anatomical model is used that applies a simple theorem for calculating ocular bioavailability from a topical dose."	( Physiologically based ocular pharmacokinetic modeling using computational methods. Missel, PJ; Sarangapani, R, 2019)
" It is usually treated with eye drops, which has low bioavailability owing to rapid clearance from the ocular surface and leads to poor patient compliance and side effects."	( Phenylboronic acid-tethered chondroitin sulfate-based mucoadhesive nanostructured lipid carriers for the treatment of dry eye syndrome. Li, J; Liu, D; Pan, W; Song, Y; Tan, G; Yu, Y, 2019)
" Based on the ocular tissue bioavailability calculations (AUC0-24), the present study revealed that the formulation enhanced 90% ocular bioavailability of etoposide, when it was injected in the form of nano-emulsion in most of the tissues."	( Comparison of ocular pharmacokinetics of etoposide and its nanoemulsion after subtenon administration in rabbits. Biswas, NR; Chawla, B; Halder, N; Maithani, D; Patnaik, SK; Thavaraj, V; Velpandian, T, 2019)
" The bioavailability of AC is quite low but, reported as intact form and many kinds of metabolite."	( Therapeutic Effects of Anthocyanins for Vision and Eye Health. Iwasaki-Kurashige, K; Matsumoto, H; Nomi, Y, 2019)
" EPO topical ocular administration has not been tested yet and its bioavailability could be improved by mucoadhesive hydrogels."	( New nanoparticles for topical ocular delivery of erythropoietin. Almeida, AJ; Braz, BS; Delgado, E; Gonçalves, L; Marto, J; Silva, B, 2020)
" Numbers of formulations have been attempted to enhance the erratic bioavailability of FK506 through various techniques."	( Cationic nanoemulsions with prolonged retention time as promising carriers for ophthalmic delivery of tacrolimus. Chen, X; Lin, X; Liu, Z; Song, H; Tao, C; Zeng, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, M, 2020)
" Nevertheless, low ocular bioavailability of topically applied drug molecules can considerably limit their efficacy."	( Advances and limitations of drug delivery systems formulated as eye drops. Annabi, N; Dana, R; Gholizadeh, S; Jumelle, C, 2020)
"Based on the resultant detailed criteria to choose an appropriate ocular drug delivery route, it is revealed that most of these routes are either highly invasive and/or provide low bioavailability of drug to the target tissue."	( Sustained subconjunctival drug delivery systems: current trends and future perspectives. Farzad, F; Rafiei, F; Tabesh, H, 2020)
" The objective of this review is to present the main barriers to ocular drug delivery and to discuss strategies used in the development of ocular dosage forms, primarily for topical delivery, to increase the local bioavailability of drugs, target their delivery and increase patient compliance."	( The prominence of the dosage form design to treat ocular diseases. Campos, PM; Lopez, RFV; Petrilli, R, 2020)
"Prodrugs and nanomicellar formulations provide an effective strategy for improving drug absorption and drug bioavailability across various ocular barriers."	( Prodrugs and nanomicelles to overcome ocular barriers for drug penetration. Ansong, M; Gote, V; Pal, D, 2020)
"Soft contact lenses have generated growing interest in ocular drug delivery due to their potential to enhance drug bioavailability in ocular tissues."	( Evaluation of commercial soft contact lenses for ocular drug delivery: A review. Azadi, M; David, AE; Domszy, R; Fan, X; Hu, N; Torres-Luna, C; Yang, A, 2020)
" This study aimed to prepare and evaluate cubosomes for prolonging residence time and enhancing ocular bioavailability of BDP."	( Preparation and Evaluation of Cubosomes/Cubosomal Gels for Ocular Delivery of Beclomethasone Dipropionate for Management of Uveitis. Abdelkader, H; El Garhy, OH; Gaballa, SA; Moharram, H, 2020)
"Anti-glaucoma latanoprost-loaded ocular implants provide prolonged delivery and enhanced bioavailability relative to the conventional eye drops."	( Latanoprost Quantification in Ocular Implants and Tissues: HPLC-Fluorescence vs HPLC-UV. Jirjees, F; Jones, D; Sheshala, R; Singh, TRR; Soliman, K; Sonawane, R; Wang, Y, 2021)
" A drug delivery system (DDS) that can provide increased bioavailability and sustained delivery while being specifically targeted towards inflamed ocular tissue can potentially replace daily eye-drops as the gold standard for management of anterior segment inflammation."	( A review of the clinical applications of drug delivery systems for the treatment of ocular anterior segment inflammation. Metselaar, JM; Storm, G; Wong, CW; Wong, TT, 2021)
"Subconjunctival administration of nanocarriers presents an alternative drug delivery strategy to overcome blood-ocular barriers to enhance drug bioavailability to specific parts of the eye."	( In vivo fate of liposomes after subconjunctival ocular delivery. Chacko, AM; Chaw, SY; Novera, W; Venkatraman, S; Wong, TTL, 2021)
" Ocular bioavailability and systemic bioavailability are counterbalanced."	( Atropine in topical formulations for the management of anterior and posterior segment ocular diseases. Alvarez-Lorenzo, C; García Del Valle, I, 2021)
" However, topical administration suffers from multiple drawbacks including low bioavailability of the target therapeutic, systemic toxicity, and the requirement for high therapeutic doses due to the effective clearance mechanisms that exist in the eye."	( Ocular drug delivery to the anterior segment using nanocarriers: A mucoadhesive/mucopenetrative perspective. Czerny-Holownia, S; Dave, RS; Goostrey, TC; Hoare, T; Sheardown, H; Ziolkowska, M, 2021)
"In recent years, the hydrophobic active substances have led researchers to develop new formulations to enhance bioavailability and dissolution rate; brinzolamide, a lipophilic drug belongs to carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, which cause reduction of intraocular pressure in patients suffering from glaucoma."	( Ocular microemulsion of brinzolamide: Formulation, physicochemical characterization, and in vitro irritation studies based on EpiOcular™ eye irritation assay. Aydın, A; Çağlar, EŞ; Charehsaz, M; Siafaka, PI; Sipahi, H; Üstündağ Okur, N, 2021)
" More importantly, the resulting cationic Nap-FFKK supramolecular hydrogel displayed a superior ocular bioavailability over that of anionic Nap-FFD supramolecular hydrogel, as indicated by in vivo pharmacokinetics study."	( Cationic self-assembled peptide-based molecular hydrogels for extended ocular drug delivery. Bi, X; Li, X; Liu, H; Ma, X; Mo, L; Pan, M; Wang, J; Wu, Y, 2021)
" However, these formulations often confer low ocular bioavailability and frequent dosing is required."	( Hydrogels-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems for treatment of ocular diseases. Fang, G; Tang, B; Wang, Q; Yang, X; Zhang, A, 2021)
"Due to the very low bioavailability of drugs administered to the surface of the eyeball, issues related to the formulation of an ophthalmic drug pose a technological challenge."	( Progress in drug formulation design and delivery of medicinal substances used in ophthalmology. Jadach, B; Muszalska-Kolos, I; Wróblewska, KB, 2021)
" Recent advances in the field of pharmacy, biotechnology and material science have led to development of novel ophthalmic dosage forms which can provide sustained drug delivery, reduce dosing frequency and improve the ocular bioavailability of drugs."	( Recent advances in ophthalmic preparations: Ocular barriers, dosage forms and routes of administration. Desai, DT; Maulvi, FA; Shah, DO; Shetty, KH; Willcox, MDP, 2021)
" Drug pre-corneal residence time, drug water solubility, and drug corneal permeability coefficient are the major factors that determine the ocular drug bioavailability after topical administration."	( Enhanced topical corticosteroids delivery to the eye: A trade-off in strategy choice. Fang, G; Shen, L; Tang, B; Zhu, Q, 2021)
" The presence of this carotenoid depends on fruit and vegetable intakes and its bioavailability is higher in breastmilk."	( Early Pediatric Benefit of Lutein for Maturing Eyes and Brain-An Overview. Bellettato, M; Gaiero, A; Gazzolo, D; Lista, G; Montrone, G; Pellegrini, G; Picone, S; Riccobene, F, 2021)
" It was concluded that the hydrogels are useful to decrease the number of doses and side effects, promote adhesion of patient, and enhance the bioavailability of the drugs, thus improving the safety and efficacy of the treatment."	( Hydrogels for Modified-release Drug Delivery Systems. Cardoso, JC; Eder, P; Rannier, L; Severino, P; Silva, AM; Souto, EB; Zielińska, A, 2022)
" Due to their low water-solubility, they are often formulated as suspensions, but ocular bioavailability of the suspensions is not known."	( Topical pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone suspensions in the rabbit eye: Bioavailability comparison. Bhoopathy, S; Del Amo, EM; Gum, G; Naageshwaran, V; Ranta, VP; Toropainen, E; Tuomainen, M; Urtti, A; Xie, E, 2022)
" However, these also make it difficult for drugs to reach their therapeutic target within the eye, resulting in very low bioavailability in most commercially available ophthalmic drugs."	( Topical ocular drug delivery systems: Innovations for an unmet need. Lockwood, A; Yang, Y, 2022)
" With improved understanding of these varied ocular and systemic factors contributing to the refractory nature of the microbes, role of biofilm formation and recent research on improving the bioavailability of drugs along with the development of alternative therapies have helped provide the required multidimensional approach to effectively diagnose and manage cases of refractory corneal ulcers and prevent corneal perforations or further dissemination of disease."	( Update on diagnosis and management of refractory corneal infections. Agarwal, S; Iyer, G; Khan, TA; Srinivasan, B; Tandon, R; Vanathi, M, 2022)
" These novel delivery products provide enhanced solubility and bioavailability in a controlled manner to overcome conventional demerits."	( Topical Advances in Mucoadhesive Ocular Drug Delivery System. Billowria, K; Sandhu, NK; Singh, B, 2023)
" The bioavailability of topically applied ocular medications such as eye drops is typically less than 5%."	( Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of anterior segment eye diseases. Agbo, CP; Attama, AA; Echezona, AC; Emeh, P; Ihim, SA; Khutoryanskiy, VV; Nnamani, PO; Nwagwu, CS; Onugwu, AL; Onugwu, OS, 2023)
"Due to the inimitable anatomical structure of the eyeball and various physiological barriers, conventional ocular local administration is often complicated by apparent shortcomings, such as limited bioavailability and short drug retention."	( Implantable sustained-release drug delivery systems: a revolution for ocular therapeutics. Cong, YY; Fan, B; Li, GY; Zhang, ZY, 2023)
"Eye drops are the most accessible therapy for ocular diseases, while inevitably suffering from their lower bioavailability which highly restricts the treatment efficacy."	( Nano-based eye drop: Topical and noninvasive therapy for ocular diseases. Pang, Y; Wang, C, 2023)
" This review covers the introduction of various nanocarriers and polymers for ocular drug delivery with the purpose of enhancing the absorption, retention and bioavailability of medications in the eye."	( A Mini-review on New Developments in Nanocarriers and Polymers for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Strategies. Kurmi, BD; Patel, P; Sharma, Y, 2024)
"Traditional ophthalmic drugs, such as eye drops, gels and ointments, are accompanied by many problems, including low bioavailability and potential drug side effects."	( Therapeutic applications of contact lens-based drug delivery systems in ophthalmic diseases. Bi, H; Du, Y; Guo, B; Ren, C; Song, J; Zhao, L, 2023)
" In this review, we present a summary of the current literature to understand the anatomical and physiological limitations in achieving adequate ocular bioavailability and targeted drug delivery of topically applied drugs and use of new techniques in formulating dosage forms in overcoming these limitations."	( Nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: Recent advances and future opportunities. Amrutkar, CS; Patil, SB, 2023)
"The low bioavailability and side effects of conventional drugs for eye disease necessitate the development of efficient drug delivery systems."	( Nanomaterial-based ophthalmic drug delivery. Lin, S; Liu, J; Wu, F; Xie, G, 2023)
" Various novel nano-drug delivery approaches are developed to attain the desired bioavailability in the eye by increasing residence time and improved permeability across the cornea."	( Ophthalmic nano-bioconjugates: critical challenges and technological advances. Agrawal, S; Bhatta, RS; Bisen, AC; Kedar, A; Sanap, SN, 2023)
" Nonetheless, topical eye drops are associated with low bioavailability (<5%), and theintravitreal administration procedure is highly invasive, yielding poor patient acceptability."	( Microneedles for advanced ocular drug delivery. Donnelly, RF; Gade, S; Glover, K; Mishra, D; Paredes, AJ; Singh, TRR; Vora, LK; Wu, Y, 2023)
" Contact lenses have appeared as a promising formulation for ocular drug delivery, as they can increase the bioavailability of drugs in the eye and diminish unwanted side effects."	( Recent advancements in nanomaterial-laden contact lenses for diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, review and update. Baghban, R; Heydari, M; Khalili, MR; Meshksar, A; Talebnejad, MR, 2023)
" Conventional methods of ocular drug administration often suffer from limitations such as low drug bioavailability and a lack of tissue targeting, necessitating multiple administrations to achieve the desired therapeutic drug concentrations."	( [Advances in the applications of dissolving polymer microneedles for delivering drugs in ocular diseases]. Lin, S; Nan, KH; Wang, SM, 2023)

Dosage Studied

A topical dosing of MOX to posterior regions of the eye seems feasible. Multiple dosing with PGF2 alpha in subhuman primate eyes did not result in notable histopathological changes that would contraindicate a clinical trial in glaucoma patients.

Excerpt	Reference
" schedule) had demonstrable anti-psychotic activity in 14 of 25 chronic schizophrenic patients (56%), while TFP treatment in appropriate dosage showed a similar activity in 9 of 23 patients (39%)."	( A double-blind comparison of loxitane--loxapine succinate and trifluoperazine hydrochloride in chronic schizophrenic patients. Moyano, CZ, 1975)
" When cefazolin, which was less irritating than cefamandole by the subconjunctival route, was given in a dosage of 100 mg, levels in ocular tissues were increased by twofold to fourfold and in aqueous humor by 15-fold, compared to the concentrations produced by the 12."	( Intraocular levels of cefamandole compared with cefazolin after subconjunctival injection in rabbits. Barza, M; Baum, JL; Kane, A, 1979)
" A dose-response curve of the lowering effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) has been made and compared with the dose-response cure obtained after intravenous administration."	( The central ocular hypotensive effect of clonidine. Innemee, HC; van Zwieten, PA, 1979)
"Recent advances in development of immunoassay methods for marijuana constituents in body fluids provide a rapid means of detection for forensic purposes and a useful research tool for accurate quantitation of dose-response relation."	( Cannabis, 1977. , 1978)
" The accumulation of a nontoxic drug in the eye is not necessarily of clinical significance, but ocular damage can occur in patients on long-term tricyclic agents when the amount, duration, and frequency of dosage are sufficiently high."	( Ocular accumulation and toxicity of certain systemically administered drugs. Mason, CG, 1977)
" Varying the pH of the dosing solution did not change ocular absorption and distribution substantially."	( Intraocular penetration of topically applied lincomycin hydrochloride in rabbits. Anderson, JA; Dea, FJ; Kleinberg, J; Leopold, IH, 1979)
",blinking, and the dosing system emulsifying efficiency."	( Vehicle effects on ocular drug bioavailability III: Shear-facilitated pilocarpine release from ointments. Robinson, JR; Sieg, JW, 1979)
" The total dosage administered was considerably below the level of systemic toxicity."	( Intraocular penetration of subconjunctivally administered 14C-fluorouracil in rabbits. Gudauskas, G; Ostry, A; Rootman, J; Tisdall, J, 1979)
" From these data the quality and skin depth dosage of the ray can be tentatively estimated."	( Industrial Grenz ray overexposure: report of a case. Laur, WE; Posey, RE; Waller, JD, 1978)
" Exaggerated oral dosing over a five-day period with as much as 125 gm/kg total dose did not produce any gross or microscopic pathology in Sprague Dawley rats."	( Toxicology of poinsettia. Butala, J; Fochtman, FW; Shanor, SP; Winek, CL, 1978)
" The dose-response relation with regard to the maximum rate of rise of the Ca spike showed no noticeable difference in effect between D600 and verapamil."	( The effects of D600 and verapamil on action potential in the X-organ neuron of the crayfish. Kuroda, T, 1976)
" It was not possible to saturate the melanin of the cat and dog eye even with prolonged dosing with labetalol."	( Affinity of labetalol for ocular melanin. Cook, J; Harrison, C; Martin, LE; Poynter, D, 1976)
" Dogs were dosed for approximately 2 years and pigs for 1 year, although half the animals of both species were dosed for only 18 weeks."	( The toxicity of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) for the dog, pig, rat and rabbit. Barnett, KC; Davies, RE; Jolly, DW; Leahy, JS; Mawdesley-Thomas, LE; Noel, PR; Shillam, KW; Squires, PF; Street, AE; Tucker, WC; Worden, AN, 1975)
" The dose-response relationship in categories of clinical effect for a smaller series of patients, reported in Table 1 of our preliminary communication (Brown and other, 1976), is confirmed."	( Effects of fast neutrons on the eye. Beal, A; Brown, N; Catterall, M; Roth, J, 1976)
" Reduction in the dosage of the Ras1 gene impairs Sev-mediated signalling, suggesting that activation of Ras1 may be an important consequence of Sev activation."	( Signalling by the sevenless protein tyrosine kinase is mimicked by Ras1 activation. Fortini, ME; Rubin, GM; Simon, MA, 1992)
" After human Tenon's fibroblast cell lines were established, a complete dose-response curve was done for the representative compounds for 8 days."	( Effect of steroids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents on human ocular fibroblast. Lee, DA; Nguyen, KD, 1992)
"We studied the effects of multiple dosing and pre-instilled mydriatics (0."	( [Effects of pre-instilled mydriatics on the intraocular concentration and anti-inflammatory action of topical 0.1% pranoprofen (2)--Study on multiple dosing]. Ogawa, T; Ohara, K; Shimizu, H, 1992)
" Relatively lower levels were found in the aqueous humor although there were significant differences between the patients who received a total topical dosage of 5 mg (16."	( [Intraocular absorption of cyclosporin A eyedrops]. Castillo, J; Cristobal, JA; Dapena, MP; Minguez, E; Palomar, A; Tiestos, MT, 1992)
"12% reduced IOP in a dose-dependent manner with neither systemic nor local ocular controversial side effects at those dosage levels."	( [Ocular effects of topical instillation of UF-021 ophthalmic solution in healthy volunteers]. Koyano, S; Murao, M; Okita, M; Takase, M; Ueno, R, 1992)
" The slowness of reaching significant drug concentrations in the nucleus necessitates a chronic dosing regimen to deliver therapeutic drug levels inside the lens."	( Lenticular uptake and distribution of xenobiotics and amino acids. Liu, SS; Richman, JB; Tang-Liu, DD, 1992)
" Different dosage regimens may have advantages and are discussed."	( The long-term effects of 5-fluorouracil and sodium butyrate on human Tenon's fibroblasts. Grierson, I; Hitchings, RA; Khaw, PT; Porter, A; Rice, NS; Ward, S, 1992)
" Evidence of cartilaginous joint damage was observed in puppies receiving oral temafloxacin, in young dogs receiving intravenous temafloxacin, and in a single dog receiving a lethal dosage in a dose range-finding study."	( Comparison of organ-specific toxicity of temafloxacin in animals and humans. Krasula, RW; Pernet, AG, 1991)
" A dose-response study showed that FK506 suppressed EAU induction at doses 10-30 times lower CsA when given on days 0-14 postimmunization, while 15-DSG suppressed the disease development at doses very similar to CsA."	( Effects of FK506, 15-deoxyspergualin, and cyclosporine on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in the rat. Kawashima, H; Mochizuki, M, 1990)
"Seven female Brown Swiss calves were used to study the pharmacokinetics of clenbuterol after an effective anabolic dosage of 5 micrograms/kg of BW was given twice daily for 3 wk."	( The pharmacokinetics and residues of clenbuterol in veal calves. Meyer, HH; Rinke, LM, 1991)
" These problems may be dealt with by using systemically administered drugs when effective or by employing vehicles or delivery techniques that necessitate minimal dosing frequency."	( Ocular pharmacology. Clark, ES; Ward, DA, 1991)
"The clinical investigations with three types of a three days regimen of amocarzine permitted to adjust the fixed dosing to the body weight related dosing and subsequently the administration of amocarzine from fasting state to drug intake after food."	( Amocarzine investigated as oral onchocercacidal drug in 272 adult male patients from Guatemala. Results from three dose regimens spread over three days. Beltranena, F; de Ramirez, I; Lecaillon, JB; Lopez, M; Moran, M; Palomo, M; Poltera, AA; Zak, F; Zea-Flores, CE; Zea-Flores, G, 1991)
" This suppressor function is autonomously required in R7 and is sensitive to the dosage of the Sos and bride of sevenless genes."	( Genetic dissection of a neurodevelopmental pathway: Son of sevenless functions downstream of the sevenless and EGF receptor tyrosine kinases. Banerjee, U; Karlovich, CA; Rogge, RD, 1991)
" As the total amount of radioactivity in both eyes 7 hr after ocular dosing is very low (0."	( Ocular and systemic disposition of the dopamine agonist N-0437 in monkeys after ocular administration. de Zeeuw, RA; Drenth, BF; Gerding, TK; Horn, AS; Oosterhuis, JA; van Delft, JL, 1990)
" Imirestat was retained in the lens following topical dosing similar to that in cornea, with an apparent elimination t1/2 of 140 hr."	( Pharmacokinetics of the aldose reductase inhibitor imirestat following topical ocular administration. Brazzell, RK; Hackett, RB; McCue, BA; Wooldridge, CB, 1990)
" Based on the results, the authors conclude that neither the evaluation of changes of the eyeballs during general anaesthesia nor the stretch test can make the dosage of the surgical operation in concomitant strabismus more accurate."	( [The effect of general anesthesia on the position of the eye]. Anton, M; Hromádková, L; Rehůrek, J; Vinklárková, Z, 1990)
"9 micrograms tetrodotoxin intracamerally had no clear effect on the dose-response relationship for CCK-8."	( Cholecystokinin causes contraction of the pupillary sphincter in monkeys but not in cats, rabbits, rats and guinea-pigs: antagonism by lorglumide. Almegård, B; Andersson, SE; Bill, A, 1990)
" This study represents the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of the electrophysiologic actions of EtOH on single neurons from human brain, and provides dose-response data collected with known concentrations of EtOH as well as evidence for the blockade of these EtOH effects by the Roche compound."	( Electrophysiologic effects of ethanol in human brain xenografts in oculo: antagonism by Ro15-4513. Bygdeman, M; Eriksdotter-Nilsson, M; Granholm, AC; Hoffer, BJ; Olson, L; Palmer, MR; Seiger, A; Stieg, P; Strömberg, I, 1990)
" Mean insulin dosage prior to implant was 67."	( Long-term follow-up of patients who underwent yttrium-90 pituitary implantation for treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Brazier, OJ; Fallon, TJ; Joplin, GF; Kohner, EM; Sandler, L; Sharp, PS, 1987)
" Analysis of the suppression of the spl-E(spl)D interaction by various Dl alleles indicates that this modification is sensitive to the dosage of the Dl locus."	( A tripartite interaction among alleles of Notch, Delta, and Enhancer of split during imaginal development of Drosophila melanogaster. Broverman, SA; Muskavitch, MA; Shepard, SB, 1989)
" Dose-response relationships of pilocarpine and timolol to lower intraocular pressure were demonstrated with this model."	( Microvascular access to the uveal tract in the rabbit eye for ocular pharmacologic studies. Chiou, FY; Chiou, GC; Li, BH; Ruiz-Razura, A, 1989)
"0 to 150 X 10(6) units/kg/day for 14 to 16 days, in once or twice daily dosing regimens by intravenous or intraperitoneal dosing routes."	( Toxicity of human recombinant interleukin-2 in rats. Pathologic changes are characterized by marked lymphocytic and eosinophilic proliferation and multisystem involvement. Anderson, TD; Hayes, TJ, 1989)
" In the range of dosage from 10 to 40 mg once daily, therapy is associated with reductions of up to 30 percent in total cholesterol and 40 percent in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, as well as with increases of approximately 10 percent in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels."	( Simvastatin: the clinical profile. Walker, JF, 1989)
" They are phenotypically different from each other and three show eye color sexual dimorphism indicating a failure of the dosage compensation mechanism."	( Genetics of an unstable white mutant in Drosophila simulans: reversion, suppression and somatic instability. Inoue, YH; Taira, T; Yamamoto, MT, 1988)
"Thirty-two patients were randomly assigned to a treatment or a control group to determine the dose-response and duration of action of intracameral carbachol on immediate postoperative intraocular pressure after extracapsular cataract extraction using a viscoelastic substance."	( Effect of intracameral carbachol on intraocular pressure after cataract extraction. Berberich, S; DuBiner, H; Fuqua, M; Linn, DK; Nardin, GF; Yung, R; Zimmerman, TJ, 1989)
" These evaluations have been performed in animals and in healthy and sick human subjects, following administration of ipratropium parenterally and by inhalation in a variety of dosage ranges."	( Hemodynamic and non-bronchial effects of ipratropium bromide. Anderson, WM, 1986)
"4 kb of 5'-flanking DNA were pigmented and the eye pigmentation exhibited dosage compensation."	( Separable cis-acting control elements for expression of the white gene of Drosophila. Hazelrigg, T; Levis, R; Rubin, GM, 1985)
" The results also suggest that sequences required for dosage compensation are contained between -216 and the transcription start site."	( Multiple upstream regulatory elements control the expression of the Drosophila white gene. Bozzetti, MP; Pirrotta, V; Steller, H, 1985)
" Therefore, multiple dosing with PGF2 alpha in subhuman primate eyes did not result in notable histopathological changes that would contraindicate a clinical trial in glaucoma patients."	( Multiple dosing of prostaglandin F2 alpha or epinephrine on cynomolgus monkey eyes. III. Histopathology. Camras, CB; Friedman, AH; Podos, SM; Rodrigues, MM; Tripathi, BJ; Tripathi, RC, 1988)
" Frequency of pigmentation increased with age and with higher total dosage prescribed, but there was no critical level below which pigmentation was not detected."	( Long-term phenothiazine administration and the eye in 100 Malaysians. Ngen, CC; Singh, P, 1988)
" The tpeak was 15 min after dosing and the Cmax was 4 micrograms/mL."	( Disposition of levobunolol after an ophthalmic dose to rabbits. Liu, S; Neff, J; Sandri, R; Tang-Liu, DD, 1987)
"The ocular bioavailability of radiolabeled flurbiprofen was determined after single or multiple topical dosing of rabbits."	( Multiple dosing increases the ocular bioavailability of topically administered flurbiprofen. Anderson, JA; Chen, CC, 1988)
" Clinical evidence of neurotoxicity occurred in up to 37% of animals given 180 mg/kg/day lovastatin for 11 or more days, especially in one laboratory where the dosing regime resulted in higher concentrations of plasma drug levels."	( Brain and optic system pathology in hypocholesterolemic dogs treated with a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Alberts, AW; Allen, H; Berry, PH; Chen, JS; Durand-Cavagna, G; Greenspan, MD; Jensen, R; Lo, CY; MacDonald, JS; Molon-Noblot, S, 1988)
" Multiple dosing of PGF2 alpha in monkey eyes does not appear to produce clinically significant adverse effects in either the anterior or posterior segment which would contraindicate its use in a multiple-dose clinical trial in glaucoma patients."	( Multiple dosing of prostaglandin F2 alpha or epinephrine on cynomolgus monkey eyes. II. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy, aqueous humor analysis, and fluorescein angiography. Bhuyan, DK; Bhuyan, KC; Camras, CB; Master, RW; Podos, SM, 1987)
" Pargyline in the dosage used is known to be a non-selective MAO inhibitor and it prevented the metabolism of 11C-MPTP to the products retained in the brain."	( Influence of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and a dopamine uptake blocker on the distribution of 11C-N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 11C-MPTP, in the head of the rhesus monkey. Gullberg, P; Hartvig, P; Långström, B; Larsson, BS; Lindberg, BS; Lindquist, NG; Lundqvist, H; Malmborg, P; Oreland, L; Rimland, A, 1986)
" Hill plots demonstrated that the dose-response relationships in both age-groups were linear and parallel to one another."	( Age-related changes in cerebellar noradrenergic pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms: intrinsic vs extrinsic determinants evaluated with brain grafts in oculo. Bickford-Wimer, PC; Eriksdotter-Nilsson, M; Gerhardt, GA; Granholm, AC; Hoffer, BJ; Olson, L; Palmer, MR; Seiger, A, 1987)
" Flurbiprofen demonstrated linear systemic kinetics throughout the dosing range, with constant body clearance and unbound fraction in plasma."	( Relationship between the ocular and systemic disposition of flurbiprofen: the effect of altered protein dynamics at steady state. Liu, S; Tang-Liu, DD, 1987)
"6-Gy X rays or were sham irradiated on the 9th or 17th days of gestation to determine if this dosage level would result in alterations in postnatal neurophysiologic development."	( Effects of 0.6-Gy prenatal X irradiation on postnatal neurophysiologic development in the Wistar rat. Brent, RL; Jensh, RP, 1986)
" A dosing volume of 10 microliter was instilled into rabbit eyes and the pupillary diameter was measured over time."	( Improving the ocular absorption of phenylephrine. Chien, DS; Schoenwald, RD, )
" Eyes were examined by both graders before and after dosing at specified intervals until recovery."	( Human and rabbit eye responses to chemical insult. Bruce, RD; Freeberg, FE; Griffith, JF; Nixon, GA; Reer, PJ; Sanders, LW; Weaver, JE, 1986)
"This paper explores the dose-response relation between formaldehyde (HCHO) concentration and reported health complaints (eye irritation, nose/throat irritation, headaches and skin rash) of nearly 2,000 residents living in 397 mobile and 494 conventional homes."	( Formaldehyde-related health complaints of residents living in mobile and conventional homes. Lehnen, RG; Ritchie, IM, 1987)
" The efficacy of the drug on single dosage and the mild adverse reactions produced, if confirmed in subsequent controlled studies, would greatly simplify the treatment of onchocerciasis and would reintroduce new concepts of the role of chemotherapy in the control of onchocerciasis."	( The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis X. An assessment of four single dose treatment regimes of MK-933 (ivermectin) in human onchocerciasis. Awadzi, K; Aziz, MA; Dadzie, KY; Gilles, HM; Haddock, DR; Shulz-Key, H, 1985)
" The antibiotic dosage was calculated so that the serum level remained constant for a given period of time."	( [Intraocular penetration of systemically administered cephalosporins under steady-state conditions in animal experiments]. Mendel, N; Mester, U; Völker, B, 1985)
" Images of the orbital arterial system as well as normal ocular vasculature were obtained, utilizing dosage of contrast material acceptable for human study."	( Intravenous digital subtraction angiography of orbital and ocular circulation. A preliminary experimental study. Brenton, BC; Delany, DJ; Fryczkowski, AW; Grimson, BS; Peiffer, RL, 1985)
" Additional animal studies to evaluate the dosage and frequency effects on tolerance and intraocular pressure are indicated."	( The effect of nitroglycerin ointment on the external ocular structures of rabbits. Karlin, KM; Zalta, AH; Ziegler, L; Zimmerman, TJ, 1985)
" Pattern-reversal-evoked responses exhibited increased latency and reduced amplitude during dosing but substantially recovered after exposure."	( Acrylamide effects on the macaque visual system. I. Psychophysics and electrophysiology. Barkdoll, E; Eskin, TA; Lapham, LW; Maurissen, JP; Merigan, WH, 1985)
" Radiation dose-response relations reflect these contrasts."	( Natural and radiation-induced cataracts in man and mouse, and natural macular degeneration in man: proposed mechanisms. Burch, PR; Chesters, MS, 1985)
" However, we have been unable to detect this heavy metal in the ocular fluids or lenses of rabbits dosed with Pb, despite the appearance of high concentrations in blood, liver, and brain."	( Lead in detectable amounts was not observed in ocular fluids or the crystalline lens. Bentley, PJ; DuVal, G; Grubb, BR, 1985)
" Both of these changes occurred at a lower cumulative dosage level than had previously been reported."	( The prevalence of the ocular side effects of chlorpromazine in the Tuscaloosa Veterans Administration patient population. Alexander, LJ; Bowerman, L; Thompson, LR, 1985)
" In experiment 4, with a dosage of 75 mcg of melatonin, the intraocular administration appeared to be the most effective route for inhibiting ovulation."	( The influence of melatonin administered subcutaneously, intravenously, or intraocularly upon ovulation in the PMS-treated immature rat. Pomerantz, G; Sorrentino, S, 1973)
" The intraocular pressure response is analyzed, and it is suggested that the reduction ratio in the outflow pressure, outflow resistance, and the aqueous formation rate be used for dose-response studies."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the eye. Proctor lecture. Mishima, S, 1981)
" Altered expression with each z w+ complex was assayed on the basis of the induction of aberrantly pigmented eye sectors known to be diagnostic of the interaction between z and the dosage of the functionally active w+4."	( Misregulation versus mutation in the alteration of gene expression by carcinogens through interactions with transposable elements in Drosophila melanogaster. Fahmy, MJ; Fahmy, OG, 1983)
"The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical use, adverse effects, dosage and administration, and FDA-approved indications of isotretinoin, a new agent used for treating acne, are reviewed."	( Isotretinoin: new therapy for severe acne. McEvoy, GK; Perry, MD, )
" The recommended dosage is 1-2 mg/kg/d for no longer than 16 weeks."	( Isotretinoin in severe, recalcitrant cystic acne: a review. Eaton, ML; Robinson, LA; Rumsfield, JA; Tse, CS; West, DP, 1983)
" Naltrexone in a dosage of 1 mg/kg, which blocked morphine-induced analgesia for 4 hr/day, had the opposite effects."	( Naltrexone modulates growth in infant rats. McLaughlin, PJ; Zagon, IS, 1983)
"225 mg/kg was determined as the highest oral dosage of zeranol which produced no estrogenic effects in female monkeys."	( Zeranol: a review of the metabolism, toxicology, and analytical methods for detection of tissue residues. Baldwin, RS; Terry, MK; Williams, RD, 1983)
" There was an absence of relation of the exit dosage to the diameter of the patient and a proportionality of the heart dose to the exit dose."	( Cardiac catheterization: dosimetry on patients. Aletti, P; Claudon, M; Hoeffel, JC; Lostette, Y; Noel, A; Pernot, C, 1980)
" Both the ACh receptor dose-response characteristics and the pharmacological properties of the toxin-binding sites were similar for neurons grown in media containing eye extract or elevated K+ concentrations."	( Differential regulation of acetylcholine sensitivity and alpha-bungarotoxin-binding sites on ciliary ganglion neurons in cell culture. Berg, DK; Margiotta, JF; Smith, MA, 1983)
"Three series of chronic experiments for production of a dosed coarctation of the aorta (1/2, 2/3 and 3/4 of its lumen) have been carried out in 96 dogs."	( [Angioarchitectonics of eyeball blood vessels in the normal dog and in dogs with experimental coarctation of the aorta]. Ovsiannikov, AV; Stepanov, VS; Tat'ianchenko, VK, 1984)
" Four cis isomers (9-cis-, 11-cis-, 13-cis- and 9,13-di-cis-retinol or corresponding dehydroretinols ) were found to occur naturally together with the main all-trans form, confirming the need to separate geometric isomers in every dosage of vitamin A-containing compounds."	( High-performance liquid chromatography of the unsaponifiable from samples of marine and freshwater fish: fractionation and identification of retinol (vitamin A1) and dehydroretinol (vitamin A2) isomers. Stancher, B; Zonta, F, 1984)
" It is suggested that patients taking amiodarone in high dosage for long periods have their eyes and retinal function monitored."	( Amiodarone-induced ultrastructural changes in human eyes. Ghosh, M; McCulloch, C, 1984)
"The retinal and corneal toxicity of fluorouracil in the rabbit eye after lensectomy and vitrectomy depended on both the dosage and the frequency of intraocular injection and was reversible at certain dosages."	( Ocular toxicity of fluorouracil after vitrectomy. Anderson, DH; Erickson, PA; Fisher, SK; Guerin, CJ; Lewis, GP; Stern, WH, 1983)
" Five tissues were tested 24 hours after dosing for 131Ba."	( Barium bioavailability as the chloride, sulfate, or carbonate salt in the rat. McCauley, PT; Washington, IS, 1983)
" An evident dose-response relationship was established between the percentage IOP increase and the dose of VIP."	( [The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on the eye (authors transl)]. Hayashi, K; Masuda, K; Mishima, S; Mochizuki, M; Nishiyamma, A, 1982)
" Any attempt to develop rational age-related dosage modifications for ophthalmic drugs must include a consideration of functional and developmental differences as well as size effects."	( Age-related differences in ophthalmic drug disposition I. Effect of size on the intraocular tissue distribution of pilocarpine in albino rabbits. Miller, SC; Patton, TF, )
"This report presents a mathematical model which has been developed to describe the intraocular disposition of pilocarpine following topical dosing in rabbits."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the intraocular distribution of pilocarpine in rabbits. Himmelstein, KJ; Miller, SC; Patton, TF, 1981)
" The suspensions were dosed topically to the right eyes of rabbits."	( Effect of particle size on ophthalmic bioavailability of dexamethasone suspensions in rabbits. Schoenwald, RD; Stewart, P, 1980)
" Most probably this is due to the low dosage of chloroquine which is used nowadays."	( Interpretation of the electro-oculogram of patients taking chloroquine. Kok, GA; Reijmer, CN; Tijssen, JG; van Lith, GH, 1980)
"5% suspension in the lower conjunctival sac of each eye and monkeys were dosed with the same procedure."	( 17 beta-estradiol levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid after ocular and nasal administration in women and female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Hahnenberger, R; Johansson, ED; Ohman, L, 1980)
" Animals (n = 24) were dosed (10 micrograms/kg body weight) twice daily with clenbuterol for 21 days and slaughtered in groups of five (one untreated control animal per group) at 6 h and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 days after cessation of treatment."	( Distribution and elimination of clenbuterol in tissues and fluids of calves following prolonged oral administration at a growth-promoting dose. Dixon, SN; Limer, S; Pickett, RJ; Sauer, MJ, 1995)
" We review radiation-induced pathophysiological and clinical changes of the various ocular structures as well as dose-response data and management of ocular complications."	( Late effects of radiation on the eye and ocular adnexa. Char, DH; Gordon, KB; Sagerman, RH, 1995)
" We also show that certain types of position effects, like those involved in dosage compensation, are not efficiently blocked by scs."	( Sequences required for enhancer blocking activity of scs are located within two nuclease-hypersensitive regions. Schedl, P; Vazquez, J, 1994)
" In the 13-week studies, dosages of 50 mg/kg/day and above resulted in emesis, mild diarrhea and salivation; reduced food consumption and associated reduction in body weight gain for high dosed females; increased blood alkaline phosphatase and decreased urinary specific gravity; histopathological changes in the kidney of the high dosed group in males and females."	( Toxicity of the novel anti-peptic ulcer agent polaprezinc in beagle dogs. Matsuda, K; Wada, H; Yamaguchi, I, 1995)
" The effects on adenylate cyclase activity were determined by plotting dose-response curves (10(-10)-10(-6) M) for VIP, PACAP-27 and PACAP-38."	( Characterization of ocular receptors for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and their coupling to adenylate cyclase. Christophe, J; De Neef, P; Nilsson, SF; Robberecht, P, 1994)
" A sigmoid dose-response curve is constructed from our current data and data from the literature."	( Radiation retinopathy after external-beam irradiation: analysis of time-dose factors. Bova, FJ; Fitzgerald, CR; Mendenhall, WM; Million, RR; Parsons, JT, 1994)
" Constitutive activation of the sev receptor results in a dosage dependent increase in the number of R7 cells per ommatidium."	( Genetic dissection of signal transduction mediated by the sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase in Drosophila. Brunner, D; Dickson, B; Hafen, E; Raabe, T, 1994)
" Additionally, other notable findings included (in the high dosage males only) a decline in body weight (from week 34), lower erythrocytic characteristics and slightly higher plasma urea nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase values."	( Fifty-two-week oral toxicity study of the new cognition-enhancing agent nefiracetam in rats. Colman, KA; Gopinath, C; Hooks, WN; Inage, F; Kato, M; Takayama, S, 1994)
" There were no treatment-related findings at the low dosage level (10 mg/kg/d) and, therefore, this level was considered as the non-toxic effect level of nefiracetam."	( Fifty-two-week oral toxicity study of the new cognition-enhancing agent nefiracetam in dogs. Begg, S; Burford, P; Gopinath, C; Hooks, WN; Inage, F; Kato, M; Takayama, S, 1994)
" The problem of systemic drug absorption should be taken into account in designing ocular drug and dosage forms so that oculospecificity of the medications is optimized."	( Minimizing systemic absorption of topically administered ophthalmic drugs. Salminen, L; Urtti, A, )
" Over a period of 3 weeks, 22 eyes received ten radiations in a total dosage of 3000 rad."	( Irradiation pretreatment before fibroblast implantation in experimental PVR. Binder, S; Datlinger, P; Handl-Zeller, L; Stolba, U; Velikay, M; Wedrich, A, 1993)
" Radiation dosage (in millisieverts (mSv) to the body, neck, eyes and hands, was measured by means of dosimeters applied to these areas, before and after surgeon-controlled use of X-ray image intensification."	( Hazard of ionizing radiation to trauma surgeons: reducing the risk. Briggs, T; Cobb, JP; Noordeen, MH; Shergill, N; Twyman, RS, 1993)
" Before dosing and at regular intervals during dosing, blood and urine samples were collected and analysed for quinine HCl."	( Toxicity threshold of quinine hydrochloride following low-level repeated dosing in healthy volunteers. Butterworth, KR; Drewitt, PN; Raglan, EM; Springall, CD; Walters, DG, 1993)
" The effectiveness of intensive dosage cyclophosphamide in a model dependent on access across the blood-aqueous barrier is important and consistent with recent clinical data."	( Response of brain tumors to chemotherapy, evaluated in a clinically relevant xenograft model. Fisher, R; Sterling-Levis, K; Tobias, V; White, L, 1995)
" To gain further insights into the types of position effects that can be insulated, we determined the effects of the su(Hw)-binding region on dosage compensation of the X-linked mini-white gene."	( A Drosophila insulator protein facilitates dosage compensation of the X chromosome min-white gene located at autosomal insertion sites. Geyer, PK; Roseman, RR; Swan, JM, 1995)
" A subsequent experiment was performed to characterize the dose-response of IDPN on retinal histology, 2 weeks after the last dose (0, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg x 3 days)."	( Effects of 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile on the peripheral structures of the rat visual system. Barone, S; Crofton, KM; Herr, DW, 1995)
"A series of interleukin-1 blockers, CK-compounds, were shown to inhibit the dose-response curve of IL-1 induced uveitis in a non-competitive manner."	( Mechanisms of antagonism of interleukin-1 alpha by synthetic interleukin-1 blockers. Chiou, GC; Schwade, N; Xiao, JG, 1995)
" Clearly, ocular dosing with AL-4114 and AL-1576 for 14 days had little effect on hepatic, intestinal, and ocular biotransformation."	( Minimal effects of two aldose reductase inhibitors, AL-1576 and AL-4114, after subacute topical-ocular dosing on xenobiotic biotransformation in rabbits. Sanders, RA; Sastry, SG; Veltman, JC; Watkins, JB, 1995)
" Radioactivity in vitreous at 240 h after intravitreal dosing with either drug contained cidofovir, cyclic HPMPC and cidofovir-phosphocholine."	( Distribution and metabolism of intravitreal cidofovir and cyclic HPMPC in rabbits. Cundy, KC; Hitchcock, MJ; Lee, WA; Lynch, G; Shaw, JP, 1996)
" Among these models, a linear-linear (L-L) dose-response relationship with two thresholds presents the best fit."	( Cataract in atomic bomb survivors based on a threshold model and the occurrence of severe epilation. Neriishi, K; Otake, M; Schull, WJ, 1996)
" Eyes and eyelids of each animal were macroscopically examined for signs of irritation beginning 3 hr after dosing and periodically until recovery or day 35."	( Light microscopic comparison of surfactant-induced eye irritation in rabbits and rats at three hours and recovery/day 35. Maurer, JK; Parker, RD, )
" However, excessive dosage of these drugs may result in hazardous respiratory depression in this patient population."	( Propofol and alfentanil for sedation during placement of retrobulbar block for cataract surgery. Burns, TA; Crandall, AS; Mann, JM; Yee, JB, 1996)
" The effects of Ras1 variants on cone cell formation are modulated by changing the gene dosage at the canoe (cno) locus, which encodes a cytoplasmic protein with Ras-binding activity."	( Regulation of cone cell formation by Canoe and Ras in the developing Drosophila eye. Kaibuchi, K; Kondo, S; Matsuo, T; Takahashi, K; Yamamoto, D, 1997)
" The model should permit determination of a dose-response relationship with eye disease, even to the lower dose ranges."	( Assessment of ocular exposure to ultraviolet-B for population studies. Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project Team. Bandeen-Roche, K; Duncan, DD; Muñoz, B; West, SK, 1997)
" The dosage of 100 mg/kg was reduced to 50 mg/kg in week 54 for reasons of tolerance, and the animals were euthanized in week 100."	( Trimethylphosphate: a 30-month chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study in Wistar rats with administration in drinking water. Bomhard, EM; Krinke, GJ; Rossberg, WM; Skripsky, T, 1997)
"Eye-drops are the conventional dosage forms that account for 90% of currently accessible ophthalmic formulations."	( Ophthalmic drug delivery systems--recent advances. Acar, L; Bourlais, CL; Leverge, R; Needham, T; Sado, PA; Zia, H, 1998)
" Radioactive residues in milk collected from the dosed quarter were 150 ppb (nitrofurazone equivalents) and were 39 ppb in milk collected from the undosed quarters at 12 h after dosing."	( Distribution of radiocarbon after intramammary, intrauterine, or ocular treatment of lactating cows with carbon-14 nitrofurazone. Larsen, GL; Paulson, GD; Smith, DJ, 1998)
" Methacholine dose-response slope values were similar."	( Objective assessment of ocular and respiratory alterations in employees in a sick building. Abbritti, G; Accattoli, P; dell'Omo, M; Fiore, MC; Gabrielli, AR; Muzi, G, 1998)
"Chickens, a well-established animal model for experimental myopia and organophosphate neurotoxicity, were dosed with chlorpyrifos (3 mg/kg per day, orally, from day 2 to day 9 after hatching) or corn oil vehicle (VEH) with or without monocular form deprivation (MFD) over the same period."	( The organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos affects form deprivation myopia. Abdel-Rahman, AA; Abou-Donia, MB; Boyes, WK; Geller, AM; Peiffer, RL, 1998)
"The distribution of a model 16-mer oligothymidylate (pdT16) in several ocular tissues (cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, iris, lens, aqueous and vitreous humors) was determined after instillation in the eye of various dosage forms in a rabbit model."	( Comparison of the ocular distribution of a model oligonucleotide after topical instillation in rabbits of conventional and new dosage forms. Bochot, A; Couvreur, P; Fattal, E; Mashhour, B; Puisieux, F, 1998)
" In a separate series of experiments, dose-response curves were measured for cells in the visual cortex in response to iontophoresis of NMDA or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and the effect of an injection of MK-801 on these curves was measured."	( Injection of MK-801 affects ocular dominance shifts more than visual activity. Beaver, CJ; Czepita, D; Daw, NW; Flavin, HJ; Fox, KD; Gordon, B; Ji, Q; Kirsch, JD; Reid, SN, 1999)
" Expression of P210 or P185 in the eye imaginal disc produced a dominant rough eye phenotype that was dependent on dosage of the transgene."	( Dominant effects of the bcr-abl oncogene on Drosophila morphogenesis. Clark, MJ; Fogerty, FJ; Hoffmann, FM; Juang, JL; Mosher, DF; Petersen, J, 1999)
" Moreover, we find that the effects of lozenge mutations on eye development are suppressed by expression of wild-type Brother proteins, suggesting that Brother/Big brother dosage is limiting in this developmental context."	( Differential interactions between Brother proteins and Runt domain proteins in the Drosophila embryo and eye. Gergen, JP; Li, LH, 1999)
" Volunteers were dosed on 3 separate days with a minimum of 7 days interval between trial days."	( Electroencephalographic and psychomotor effects of chlorpromazine and risperidone relative to placebo in normal healthy volunteers. Ervine, CM; Hughes, AM; Lynch, P; Rhodes, J; Yates, RA, 1999)
" However, 7 of the 12 volunteers dosed with risperidone 2 mg also reported drowsiness/lethargy which was of greater severity and duration than 5 of the 12 volunteers who reported somnolence following dosing with chlorpromazine 50 mg."	( Electroencephalographic and psychomotor effects of chlorpromazine and risperidone relative to placebo in normal healthy volunteers. Ervine, CM; Hughes, AM; Lynch, P; Rhodes, J; Yates, RA, 1999)
"To present a quantitative analysis of pterygium and ocular sun exposure, a dose-response curve, and a discussion of the health-promotion implications of the findings."	( Sun exposure and pterygium of the eye: a dose-response curve. English, DR; Threlfall, TJ, 1999)
" The carbon deposited uniformly along the lid margin in the case of the PFD vehicle, whereas it agglomerated following dosing in the saline vehicle and was ejected from the eye."	( Dry powder dosing in liquid vehicles: ocular tolerance and scintigraphic evaluation of a perfluorocarbon suspension. Frier, M; Meadows, D; Musson, R; Olejnik, O; Washington, N; Wilson, CG; Zhu, Y, 1999)
" Loss of hac-1 function causes reduced cell death, and reducing the dosage of hac-1 suppresses ectopic cell killing upon expression of the dcp-1 procaspase in the retina but has little effect on reaper, hid, and grim-mediated killing."	( HAC-1, a Drosophila homolog of APAF-1 and CED-4 functions in developmental and radiation-induced apoptosis. Song, Z; Steller, H; Tittel, J; Zhou, L, 1999)
" The authors investigated dose-response properties and the additive effects of three mixtures of volatile organic compounds."	( Sensory eye irritation in humans exposed to mixtures of volatile organic compounds. Hempel-Jørgensen, A; Hudnell, KH; Kjaergaard, SK; Mølhave, L, )
" Vacuolation of renal tubular cells was common, expected, and known as an adaptive change of treatment with hypertonic solutions, and an increase in the incidence of local damage at the injection sites was due to irritation by repeated intravenous dosing with hypertonic solutions."	( [General toxicity study of gadobenate dimeglumine formulation (E7155) (3)--4-week repeated dose intravenous toxicity study followed by 4-week recovery period in rats]. Aoki, T; Bussi, S; Masters, RE; Morisetti, A; Sagami, F; Tirone, P, 1999)
" Beyond the dosing site, cystic degeneration of the liver was described in 2-year 200-mg KBR 3023/kg body wt/day males."	( Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity testing in the Sprague-Dawley rat of a prospective insect repellant (KBR 3023) using the dermal route of exposure. Christenson, WR; Croutch, C; Lake, SG; Sangha, GK; Sheets, LP; Wahle, BS, 1999)
" The degree of tolerability in the eye is considered an important determinant of a patient's willingness to comply with the dosing regimen for a long-term glaucoma medication."	( Preclinical overview of brinzolamide. DeSantis, L, 2000)
"On average, we observed a moderate increase of Q one hour after ISMO dosing (+8."	( Human retinal hemodynamics following administration of 5-isosorbide mononitrate. DuPont, J; Grunwald, JE; Iannaccone, AE, 2000)
" Analysis of the key hepatic enzymes involved in tyrosine catabolism, following a single dose of 30 micromol NTBC/kg, showed that 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) was markedly inhibited soon after dosing and that the activity recovered very slowly."	( Tissue distribution of 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-cyclohexane-1,3-dione (NTBC) and its effect on enzymes involved in tyrosine catabolism in the mouse. Ellis, MK; Gaskin, P; Lock, EA; McLean Provan, W; Robinson, M; Smith, LL, 2000)
" The choice of a treatment must take in consideration molecules, dosing and route, and be adapted to the germ to kill and the infected site to treat."	( [Bioavailability of antibiotics]. Robert, PY; Tassy, A, 2000)
" Rats treated on days 0-10 after immunization were subdivided into three groups according to the dosage of LTB4 RA."	( [Effects of leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats]. Toriyama, S, 2000)
" Here we show that ectopic expression of dronc in the developing fly eye leads to increased cell death and an ablated eye phenotype that can be suppressed by halving the dosage of the genes in the H99 complex (reaper, hid, and grim) and enhanced by mutations in diap1."	( An essential role for the caspase dronc in developmentally programmed cell death in Drosophila. Abrams, J; Chen, P; Colussi, PA; Coombe, M; Dorstyn, L; Kumar, S; Mills, K; Quinn, LM; Richardson, H, 2000)
" Eyes and eyelids were macroscopically examined for signs of irritation beginning 3 hours after dosing and periodically until recovery or day 35."	( Microscopic changes with acetic acid and sodium hydroxide in the rabbit low-volume eye test. Maurer, JK; Parker, RD, )
" Runt is also a key regulator of sex determination, and directly controls Sex-lethal, a master gene that determines sex of the animal and controls dosage compensation."	( Runt and Lozenge function in Drosophila development. Banerjee, U; Canon, J, 2000)
" The differences in drug activity and multiphasic dose-response curves may reflect the complexity of nicotinic receptor subtypes associated with the eye and/or pharmacokinetic differences between the individual drugs."	( Effects of nicotinic antagonists on ocular growth and experimental myopia. Capehart, C; Gill, AS; Lindstrom, JM; Liu, J; Stone, RA; Sugimoto, R, 2001)
" However, they match expectations if X-linked genes in males exhibit dosage compensation by twofold hyperactivation, as has been observed in other flies."	( Sex-linked expression of a sexually selected trait in the stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni. Wilkinson, GS; Wolfenbarger, LL, 2001)
" In summary, the use of nanoparticles may be useful for the design of new pharmaceutical dosage forms able to target the lesions associated with alterations of the BBB."	( Distribution of albumin nanoparticles in animals induced with the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Eclancher, F; Irache, JM; Merodio, M; Mirshahi, M; Villarroya, H, 2000)
" RS 79070 would allow a much more feasible dosing schedule than ganciclovir."	( Ganciclovir implants: one year later. Cadman, J, )
" When lethality was expressed as absolute amount of GA dosed (mg GA/kg), there was a reciprocal relationship between the concentration of GA solution dosed and LD50."	( The acute toxicity and primary irritancy of glutaraldehyde solutions. Ballantyne, B; Myers, RC, 2001)
"Microphthalmia appeared first in the dose-response curve."	( Exposure-disease continuum for 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine, a prototype ocular teratogen. 1. Dose-response analysis. Charlap, JH; Knudsen, TB; Lau, C; Setzer, RW; Wubah, JA, 2001)
" We assessed the dose-response relationship of clonidine added to lidocaine in peribulbar block."	( A dose response study of clonidine with local anesthetic mixture for peribulbar block: a comparison of three doses. Bharti, N; Kaul, HL; Khokhar, SK; Madan, R; Shende, D, 2001)
" The duration of the study and the frequency of dosing were designed to support clinical trials."	( Safety toxicity study of plasmid-based IL-12 therapy in Cynomolgus monkeys. Coleman, M; French, M; Horner, MJ; Jenkins, M; Johnson, R; Loera, D; Pericle, F; Perrard, J; Quezada, A, 2002)
" During repeated dose studies, this increased ocular bioavailability of carteolol in the presence of alginic acid led to an equivalent concentration in the target tissue, although the dosage was only once a day compared with twice a day for the usual carteolol eyedrops."	( Alginic acid effect on carteolol ocular pharmacokinetics in the pigmented rabbit. Driot, JY; Elena, PP; Sébastian, C; Tissié, G; Trinquand, C, 2002)
" Our strategy takes advantage of the fact that variegating euchromatic and heterochromatic genes respond oppositely to changes in the dosage of heterochromatin proteins."	( Suppression of heterochromatic gene variegation can be used to distinguish and characterize E(var) genes potentially important for chromosome structure in Drosophila melanogaster. Wakimoto, BT; Weiler, KS, 2002)
" Single and multiple dosing led to a similar drug distribution, with higher levels of brimonidine measured in pigmented tissues after multiple dosing."	( Distribution of brimonidine into anterior and posterior tissues of monkey, rabbit, and rat eyes. Acheampong, AA; Burke, J; John, B; Shackleton, M; Tang-Liu, D; Wheeler, L, 2002)
" A clear dose-response relationship exists in all ocular tissues studied after an intraperitoneal dose of timolol."	( Timolol concentrations in rat ocular tissues and plasma after topical and intraperitoneal dosing. Archibald, ML; Chauhan, BC; Kelly, ME; LeVatte, TL; Tan, AY; Tremblay, F, 2002)
" Therefore, these results suggest that the normal dosage of tolterodine (2 mg twice daily) may have less effect on visual accommodation than the equivalent dosage of oxybutynin (5 mg three times daily) in patients with an overactive bladder."	( Tolterodine: selectivity for the urinary bladder over the eye (as measured by visual accommodation) in healthy volunteers. Chapple, CR; Nilvebrant, L, 2002)
" The phenotype can be modified by altering the gene dosage of known regulators of the G2/M transition, suggesting that we could use these transgenic strains in modifier screens to identify potential regulators of Wee1 and Myt1."	( Ectopic expression of the Drosophila Cdk1 inhibitory kinases, Wee1 and Myt1, interferes with the second mitotic wave and disrupts pattern formation during eye development. Campbell, SD; Jin, Z; Price, DM; Rabinovitch, S, 2002)
" Among 79 OC users with strokes, 41% used moderate dosed and 59% used microdose pills."	( [Stroke and combined oral contraceptives]. Buge, A; Kieffer, E; Rancurel, G, 1985)
" The trial aims to identify the optimal dosage of RU-486 for preventing pregnancy and to learn whether lower doses produce fewer side effects (e."	( News in contraception. , 1994)
" Despite the frequent dosing schedule, the dexamethasone concentration in the aqueous humor is far lower than after a subconjunctival injection with dexamethasone disodium phosphate."	( Intraocular penetration and systemic absorption after topical application of dexamethasone disodium phosphate. Cohen, AF; Lentjes, EG; Romijn, FP; Schoemaker, RC; van Meurs, JC; Weijtens, O, 2002)
" No significant correlations were found between drug dosage and POBF and PA for the vigabatrin treated epilepsy group."	( Epilepsy patients treated with vigabatrin exhibit reduced ocular blood flow. Embleton, SJ; Gupta, AK; Hosking, SL; Roff Hilton, EJ, 2003)
" The clinical signs were thickening of the skin in all animals and mild hematoma formation in three dosage groups at the injection sites."	( Safety evaluation of recombinant staphylokinase in rhesus monkeys. Chen, Y; Ding, L; Gao, Y; Guo, S; Li, Y; Liu, W; Lu, Q; Wen, L, )
"0 mA 2 of 4 subjects reported a burning sensation under the applicator during dosing which resolved by 22 hr post-dose; superficial changes in fluorescein staining were observed at 1 hr, but not at 22 hr."	( Tolerance of ocular iontophoresis in healthy volunteers. Bakhtyari, A; Febbraro, S; Ferguson, E; King, M; Mundasad, M; Parkinson, TM, 2003)
" Therefore, the safety dosage criterion of microwave exposure needs further investigation."	( [A quantitative study on early changes in rabbit lens capsule epithelium induced by low power density microwave radiation]. Jiang, H; Lu, DQ; Wu, RY; Yao, K; Ye, J, 2003)
" This phenotype is neuron specific and rCGG repeat dosage sensitive."	( RNA-mediated neurodegeneration caused by the fragile X premutation rCGG repeats in Drosophila. Jin, P; Lucchesi, JC; Moses, K; Pearson, CE; Warren, ST; Zarnescu, DC; Zhang, F, 2003)
" Dosage below 25 mg."	( A barbiturate antidote. Use of methylethyl-glutarmide in barbiturate intoxication and in terminating barbiturate anesthesia. MARMER, MJ, 1959)
" Linear regression analysis was used to investigate a dose-response effect."	( The effect of simulated obstructive apnoea on intraocular pressure and pulsatile ocular blood flow in healthy young adults. Flanagan, JG; Lundmark, PO; Trope, GE, 2003)
" Early results suggest that these antibiotics may have a role as adjunct therapy to primary repair of injured globes without significant side effects at the dosage used."	( Prophylaxis of acute posttraumatic bacterial endophthalmitis with or without combined intraocular antibiotics: a prospective, double-masked randomized pilot study. Peyman, GA; Rafati, N; Soheilian, M, 2001)
"The ophthalmic lyophilisate carrier system (OLCS) is a novel dosage form for delivery of pharmacologically active ingredients or other substances improving the structure of the tear film to the eye."	( The ophthalmic lyophilisate carrier system (OLCS): development of a novel dosage form, freeze-drying technique, and in vitro quality control tests. Diestelhorst, M; Dinslage, S; Grunthal, S; Krasichkova, O; Lux, A; Maier, S; Neff, B; Süverkrüp, R; Weichselbaum, A, 2004)
" The end-points used to assess toxicity were the red blood cell lysis assay and uptake of the vital dye neutral red 24h after dosing (NRU), respectively."	( Assessment of primary eye and skin irritants by in vitro cytotoxicity and phototoxicity models: an in vitro approach of new arginine-based surfactant-induced irritation. Benavides, T; Clapés, P; Clothier, RH; Infante, MR; Martínez, V; Mitjans, M; Vinardell, MP, 2004)
" This study was undertaken to investigate the dose-response relationship of amblyopia therapy."	( Treatment dose-response in amblyopia therapy: the Monitored Occlusion Treatment of Amblyopia Study (MOTAS). Fielder, AR; Moseley, MJ; Stephens, DA; Stewart, CE, 2004)
"Continuous objective monitoring of the amount of patching therapy received has provided insight into the dose-response relationship of occlusion therapy for amblyopia."	( Treatment dose-response in amblyopia therapy: the Monitored Occlusion Treatment of Amblyopia Study (MOTAS). Fielder, AR; Moseley, MJ; Stephens, DA; Stewart, CE, 2004)
"We included all randomised controlled trials in which radiotherapy was compared to another treatment, sham treatment, low dosage irradiation or no treatment in people with subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation secondary to AMD."	( Radiotherapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Chong, V; Evans, JR; Ockrim, Z; Sivagnanavel, V, 2004)
"005% dosed once in the evening."	( A comparison of the effects of dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination versus latanoprost on intraocular pressure and pulsatile ocular blood flow in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Harris, A; Janulevicienë, I; Kagemann, L; McCranor, L; Siesky, B, 2004)
" The effects of activated RIC could be mitigated by a reduction in dosage of several genes in the Drosophila Ras cascade, including Son of sevenless (Sos), Dsor (MEK), rolled (MAPK), and Ras itself."	( Activated RIC, a small GTPase, genetically interacts with the Ras pathway and calmodulin during Drosophila development. Andres, DA; Harrison, DA; Harrison, SM; Montell, C; Rudolph, JL; Spencer, ML; Wes, PD, 2005)
" However, such dosage forms are no longer sufficient to combat some ocular diseases."	( Colloidal carriers for ophthalmic drug delivery. Chaud, MV; Cinto, PO; Evangelista, RC; Gremiao, MP; Khalil, NM; Mainardes, RM; Urban, MC, 2005)
"A topical dosing of MOX to posterior regions of the eye seems feasible."	( Tissue distribution of moxaverine-hydrochloride in the rabbit eye and plasma. Becker, U; Ehrhardt, C; Gukasyan, HJ; Kim, KJ; Lee, VH; Lehr, CM; Schaefer, UF, 2005)
" The duration of the effect of a single intravitreal injection of triamcinolone depended on the dosage given."	( Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of intraocular proliferative, exudative, and neovascular diseases. Degenring, R; Jonas, JB; Kreissig, I, 2005)
"In the present update on mucoadhesive ocular dosage forms, the tremendous advances in the biochemistry of mucins, the development of new polymers, the use of drug complexes and other technological advances are discussed."	( The use of mucoadhesive polymers in ocular drug delivery. Ludwig, A, 2005)
" Data on several compounds that achieve therapeutic posterior segment concentrations after topical dosing is presented."	( Topical and systemic drug delivery to the posterior segments. Chang-Lin, JE; Hughes, PM; Olejnik, O; Wilson, CG, 2005)
" By controlling the applied electric current one can tailor a dosage regimen with a drug delivery profile specific for an indication and the needs of the patient."	( Iontophoretic drug delivery using the IOMED Phoresor system. Fischer, GA, 2005)
"The upregulation of the JIL-1 kinase on the male X chromosome and its association with the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex suggest that JIL-1 may play a role in regulating dosage compensation."	( JIL-1 kinase, a member of the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex, is necessary for proper dosage compensation of eye pigmentation in Drosophila. Bao, X; Deng, H; Girton, J; Johansen, J; Johansen, KM; Lerach, S; Zhang, W, 2005)
"The short onset and offset of remifentanil may allow for accurate dosing of sedative effect with few side-effects and rapid recovery."	( Remifentanil versus propofol sedation for peribulbar anesthesia. Aypar, U; Dal, D; Demirtaş, M; Irkeç, M; Sahin, A, 2005)
"After a 6-week medicine-free period, 33 patients were randomized to receive travoprost dosed in the morning or evening."	( 24-hour intraocular pressure control obtained with evening- versus morning-dosed travoprost in primary open-angle glaucoma. Jenkins, JN; Kaltsos, K; Konstas, AG; Mikropoulos, D; Stewart, WC, 2006)
" At 10 am, the evening dosing provided a statistically lower IOP (17."	( 24-hour intraocular pressure control obtained with evening- versus morning-dosed travoprost in primary open-angle glaucoma. Jenkins, JN; Kaltsos, K; Konstas, AG; Mikropoulos, D; Stewart, WC, 2006)
" However, the evening dosing of travoprost demonstrates slightly greater daytime efficacy, with a narrower range of 24-hour pressure."	( 24-hour intraocular pressure control obtained with evening- versus morning-dosed travoprost in primary open-angle glaucoma. Jenkins, JN; Kaltsos, K; Konstas, AG; Mikropoulos, D; Stewart, WC, 2006)
"The aim of this study was to determine dose-response effects of vascular endothelial growth factor A as delivered using an adenoviral vector on vascular growth and pathological changes in the rabbit eye."	( Overexpression of VEGF-A induces neovascularization and increased vascular leakage in rabbit eye after intravitreal adenoviral gene transfer. Heikura, T; Kinnunen, K; Korpisalo, P; Rissanen, TT; Uusitalo, H; Viita, H; Ylä-Herttuala, S, 2006)
" These phenotypes are exacerbated by mutations in CK2 and suppressed by an increase in the dosage of this protein kinase."	( Drosophila CK2 regulates lateral-inhibition during eye and bristle development. Allada, R; Bidwai, AP; Bose, A; Kahali, B; Karandikar, U; Lin, JM; Zhang, S, 2006)
" min(-1) continuous infusion; dosage 2: six times higher than dosage 1), each for 60 min."	( C-peptide does not affect ocular blood flow in patients with type 1 diabetes. Bayerle-Eder, M; Berisha, F; Kolodjaschna, J; Malec, MM; Polska, E; Roden, M; Schmetterer, L; Simader, C, 2006)
" The importance of a normal Gli3 gene dosage becomes greater in the absence of a normal Pax6 gene dosage, suggesting that the two genes co-operate during eye morphogenesis."	( Penetrance of eye defects in mice heterozygous for mutation of Gli3 is enhanced by heterozygous mutation of Pax6. Collinson, JM; Price, DJ; Quinn, JC; Simpson, TI; Toraiwa, J; Zaki, PA, 2006)
"AL-12180 is a relatively potent and selective FP-receptor agonist whose isopropyl ester prodrug (AL-12182) lowers IOP by as much as 40% following topical ocular dosing in a laser-induced nonhuman primate model of ocular hypertension."	( Preclinical pharmacology of AL-12182, a new ocular hypotensive 11-oxa prostaglandin analog. Crider, JY; Kelly, CR; McLaughlin, MA; Parker, JL; Sharif, NA; Williams, GW; Xu, S, 2006)
" By using a pharmacodynamic (PD) Hill model, we can optimally fit data from rat and human experiments to reconstruct dose-response relationships for accounting human health effects from nose poke and eye irritation."	( Modeling VOC-odor exposure risk in livestock buildings. Liang, HM; Liao, CM, 2007)
"Ophthalmic drugs are delivered to ocular tissues predominantly via relatively simple formulations, such as topically dosed water-soluble drug solutions and water-insoluble drug suspensions in ointments."	( Ocular disposition, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of nanoparticle-formulated ophthalmic drugs. Bu, HZ; Goulet, L; Gukasyan, HJ; Koudriakova, T; Lou, XJ; Xiang, C, 2007)
"1x, 1x, and 10x the dosage used intravitreally."	( [Bevacizumab is not toxic to human anterior- and posterior-segment cultured cells]. Kampik, A; Kernt, M; Neubauer, AS; Welge-Lüssen, U; Yu, A, 2007)
" On the other hand, most ophthalmic drugs are generated from reformulation of other therapeutic dosage forms."	( Molecular design for enhancement of ocular penetration. Shirasaki, Y, 2008)
"Six hour exposures to epsilon-caprolactam revealed no significant dose-response relationship concerning blink frequency, nasal resistance and redness of the bulbar conjunctiva."	( Exposure study on chemosensory effects of epsilon-caprolactam in the low concentration range. Triebig, G; Ziegler, AE; Zimmer, H, 2008)
" Conversely, the flight muscle degeneration and mitochondrial morphological alterations that result from mutations in PINK1 and parkin are strongly suppressed by increased drp1 gene dosage and by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations affecting the mitochondrial fusion-promoting factors OPA1 and Mfn2."	( The PINK1/Parkin pathway regulates mitochondrial morphology. Andrews, LA; McBride, HM; Pallanck, LJ; Poole, AC; Thomas, RE; Whitworth, AJ, 2008)
" Reduced Muscleblind activity was evident from the sensitivity of CUG-induced phenotypes to a decrease in muscleblind genetic dosage and rescue by MBNL1 expression, and further supported by the co-localization of Muscleblind and CUG repeat RNA in ribonuclear foci."	( Genetic and chemical modifiers of a CUG toxicity model in Drosophila. Alvarez-Abril, MC; Artero, RD; Garcia-Alcover, I; Garcia-Lopez, A; Monferrer, L; Vicente-Crespo, M, 2008)
"3-fold increase in tobramycin concentration in the rabbit tear film 10 minutes after dosing with TobraDex ST compared with TobraDex."	( Ocular distribution, bactericidal activity and settling characteristics of TobraDex ST ophthalmic suspension compared with TobraDex ophthalmic suspension. Bell, B; Bernal-Perez, LF; Brooks, AC; Faulkner, R; Jamison, T; Kabat, AG; Kabra, BP; Kulshreshtha, AK; Nguyen, VA; Owen, GR; Rusk, C; Scoper, SV; Stroman, DW, 2008)
" In the human eye sting test, 10 mul of a 10% dosing solution is instilled into one eye of each panelist (n = 20), and the contralateral eye is dosed with sterile water as a control."	( Comparison of in vitro eye irritation potential by bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay to erythema scores in human eye sting test of surfactant-based formulations. Cater, KC; Harbell, JW, 2008)
" Although these drugs have been proven efficacious, concerns of adverse systemic affects due to both long- and short-term use continue to limit patient compliance with dosing regimens."	( Addressing steroid phobia: improving the risk-benefit ratio with new agents. Kwon, AY; Schad, CA; Schaffner, TJ; Skoner, DP; Skoner, JD, )
" Dosing in silicone-filled eyes was reduced from a standard 400 microg intravitreal injection due to concerns of toxicity."	( The safety of intraocular methotrexate in silicone-filled eyes. Bakri, SJ; Hardwig, PW; Pulido, JS, 2008)
"Mucoadhesive polymers have recently gained interest among pharmaceutical scientists as a means of improving drug delivery by promoting the residence time and contact time of the dosage form with the mucous membranes."	( Mucoadhesive microspheres: a promising tool in drug delivery. Patil, SB; Sawant, KK, 2008)
" Chlorpromazine therapy in a 59-year-old schizophrenic man with a cumulative dosage exceeding 2500 g resulted in multiple white deposits in both corneas especially in the endothelium."	( In vivo observations of chlorpromazine ocular deposits in a patient on long-term chlorpromazine therapy. Amini, N; Nowroozzadeh, MH; Razeghinejad, MR; Zamani, M, 2008)
"Single dosing up to 20 mg/kg of transfectoma antibody was well tolerated, as were multiple doses up to 10 mg/kg without a maximum-tolerated dose."	( Phase I/II study of ipilimumab for patients with metastatic melanoma. Hersh, E; Nichol, G; O'Day, S; Powderly, J; Snively, J; Urba, W; Weber, JS; Yellin, M, 2008)
" This analytical method was validated and applied successfully for simultaneous quantification of the beta-blockers in sclera after tissue exposure using cassette dosing method."	( Cassette analysis of eight beta-blockers in bovine eye sclera, choroid-RPE, retina, and vitreous by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Kadam, RS; Kompella, UB, 2009)
" These submicron particles are better than conventional ophthalmic dosage forms to enhance bioavailability without blurring the vision."	( Polymeric nanoparticulate system: a potential approach for ocular drug delivery. Kant, S; Maiti, P; Nagarwal, RC; Pandit, JK; Singh, PN, 2009)
" Poor bioavailability of drugs from ocular dosage forms is mainly due to precorneal loss factors (e."	( Nanomedicines for ocular NSAIDs: safety on drug delivery. Araújo, J; Egea, MA; Garcia, ML; Gonzalez, E; Souto, EB, 2009)
" To determine if administration of an immunosuppressive dosage of prednisolone to adult dogs latently infected with CHV-1 results in recurrent ocular disease, adult beagles with and without experimentally induced CHV-1 latent infection were divided into groups: group 1 latently infected and administered prednisolone, group 2 latently infected and administered placebo, and group 3 not latently infected and administered prednisolone."	( Experimental reactivation of latent canine herpesvirus-1 and induction of recurrent ocular disease in adult dogs. Bicalho, RC; Dubovi, EJ; Kim, SG; Ledbetter, EC, 2009)
"Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension with normal blood pressure were randomized to LTFC, dosed each evening, or timolol dosed twice daily in a cross-over design for 8 weeks and the opposite medicine for 8 weeks."	( 24-hour intraocular pressure and blood pressure levels with latanoprost/timolol fixed combination versus timolol. Konstas, AG; Kozobolis, VP; Lasaridis, AN; Mikropoulos, D; Nelson, LA; Pikilidou, MI; Sarafidis, PA; Stewart, WC; Tsironi, S, 2009)
" In the high-dose male GTC-H group, a lower total motor activity count for the 60-min session was noted prior to dosing at the study week 25 evaluations compared to the control group."	( Safety assessment of heat-sterilized green tea catechin preparation: a 6-month repeat-dose study in rats. Beck, MJ; Bruner, RH; Chengelis, CP; Kirkpatrick, JB; Morita, O; Tamaki, Y, 2009)
" The descending order of ocular exposure to CP-734432 after topical dosing of PF-04475270 in dogs was as follows: cornea > aqueous humor >or= iris/ciliary body."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics and hypotensive activity of PF-04475270, an EP4 prostaglandin agonist in preclinical models. Almaden, CD; Anderson, S; Carreiro, S; Fortner, J; Gukasyan, H; Krauss, A; Lafontaine, J; Nair, S; Niesman, M; Prasanna, G; Rui, E; Sartnurak, S; Wells, P; Wu, G; Xiang, C; Zhang, E, 2009)
" The reduction of cortisone conversion was time- and dose-dependent as well as dependent on dosing volume (suggestive of increased spillover and washout with greater dosing volume)."	( In vivo evaluation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the rabbit eye. Anderson, S; Carreiro, S; Cheng, H; Gale, D; Gukasyan, H; Krauss, A; Lafontaine, J; Prasanna, G; Quenzer, T; Xiang, C, 2009)
" Dosing concentration and volume play an important role in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of topically delivering an 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor."	( In vivo evaluation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the rabbit eye. Anderson, S; Carreiro, S; Cheng, H; Gale, D; Gukasyan, H; Krauss, A; Lafontaine, J; Prasanna, G; Quenzer, T; Xiang, C, 2009)
"Alterations in FOXC1 dosage lead to a spectrum of highly penetrant, ocular anterior segment dysgenesis phenotypes."	( FoxC1 is essential for vascular basement membrane integrity and hyaloid vessel morphogenesis. Link, BA; Skarie, JM, 2009)
"001); a clear dose-response effect was seen."	( Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lateral crow's feet: double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Ascher, B; Grover, R; Rzany, BJ, 2009)
"Improved dosing regimens have been proposed for various antimicrobial agents by application of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) principles."	( Effect of dosing interval on the efficacy of topical ophthalmic gatifloxacin against Enterococcus faecalis in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model simulating the local eye compartment. Kida, T; Kozai, S; Ohtori, A; Sakaki, H; Tajika, T; Wada, T, 2009)
" There were no significant sex differences in mean AUC(0-24) or C(max) nor were there significant differences in mean AUC(0-24) or C(max) following repeated dosing compared to a single dose."	( Toxicity and toxicokinetics of metformin in rats. Chism, JP; Jordan, HL; Melich, DH; Nold, JB; Polli, JW; Quaile, MP; Rhodes, MC; Smith, GA, 2010)
" Dogs were given PF-04475270 topically to the eye on a consecutive daily dosing schedule for one or four weeks followed by a one-or four-week reversal period, respectively."	( Corneal neovascularization and ocular irritancy responses in dogs following topical ocular administration of an EP4-prostaglandin E2 agonist. Aguirre, SA; Huang, W; Jessen, B; Prasanna, G, 2009)
"1%) rates on day 5 +/- 1 of treatment (coprimary endpoints) in a randomized, double-blind, multicentre trial; both drugs were administered at a dosage of one drop in the affected eye(s) three times daily for 5 days."	( Besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6%. Carter, NJ; Scott, LJ, 2010)
" The data showed non-linear or U-shaped dose-response patterns for growth retardation at 5 days of postfertilization, as well as the incidence of abnormalities."	( Effects of silver nanoparticles on the development and histopathology biomarkers of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) using the partial-life test. Jiang, G; Li, H; Liu, W; Wang, T; Wu, Y; Zhou, Q, 2010)
" Static barriers (different layers of cornea, sclera, and retina including blood aqueous and blood-retinal barriers), dynamic barriers (choroidal and conjunctival blood flow, lymphatic clearance, and tear dilution), and efflux pumps in conjunction pose a significant challenge for delivery of a drug alone or in a dosage form, especially to the posterior segment."	( Ocular drug delivery. Ananthula, HK; Gaudana, R; Mitra, AK; Parenky, A, 2010)
"We included all randomised controlled trials in which radiotherapy was compared to another treatment, sham treatment, low dosage irradiation or no treatment in people with choroidal neovascularisation secondary to AMD."	( Radiotherapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Chong, V; Evans, JR; Sivagnanavel, V, 2010)
"7 years and the mean (± SEM) steroid dosage used was 93."	( Lack of ocular side effects after 2 years of topical steroids for allergic rhinitis. Mete, F; Ozkaya, E; Ozsutcu, M, )
"Quantitative whole-body autoradiography (QWBA) and imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) on an ion trap mass spectrometer employing higher order mass spectrometric scanning functions were utilized for localization of dosed drug or metabolites in eye substructures."	( Utility of quantitative whole-body autoradiography (QWBA) and imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in the assessment of ocular distribution of drugs. Brock, BJ; Drexler, DM; Tannehill-Gregg, SH; Wang, L, )
" Multistage MS experiments performed directly on tissue sections demonstrated semi-quantitative localization in the uveal tract and unequivocal identification of the analyte as the dosed parent drug; no potential metabolites were detected."	( Utility of quantitative whole-body autoradiography (QWBA) and imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in the assessment of ocular distribution of drugs. Brock, BJ; Drexler, DM; Tannehill-Gregg, SH; Wang, L, )
"8 years, range 33-80; 68 women) with POAG received bimatoprost dosed once in the morning for 1 month, after which dorzolamide was added twice daily for 2 months."	( Intraocular pressure and ocular hemodynamics in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma treated with the combination of morning dosing of bimatoprost and dorzolamide hydrochloride. Ehrlich, R; Grabska-Liberek, I; Harris, A; Misiuk-Hojło, M; Mulak, M; Romanowska-Dixon, B; Sierdziński, J; Siesky, B; Stankiewicz, A; Szuścik, I; Wasyluk, J; Wierzbowska, J, 2011)
"Both topical β blockers with a once-daily dosing regimen temporarily deteriorate optical quality of the eye by increasing higher-order aberrations, and the increases are much larger after instillation of timolol gel than long-acting carteolol."	( Time course of changes in ocular aberrations after instillation of carteolol long-acting solution and timolol gel-forming solution. Daito, M; Hiraoka, T; Kiuchi, T; Okamoto, F; Oshika, T, 2011)
" A second group of adult ovariectomized female rats was dosed for 6 days with ACT (153."	( Neonatal exposure to herbicide acetochlor alters pubertal development in female wistar rats. Rollerova, E; Urbancikova, M; Wsolova, L, 2011)
" The higher aqueous concentration sustained with these experimental formulations could broaden the utility of bromfenac and/or reduce the currently approved dosing frequency of this drug."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of bromfenac in DuraSite and Xibrom. Bowman, LM; Hosseini, K; Si, EC, 2011)
" For this purpose, newborn rats were injected with a single dosage of 50mg/kg capsaicin subcutaneously under the neck fold and after three months, particular eye tissues were dissected and the concentration of PE-11-like immunoreactivity was determined by radioimmunoassay."	( PE-11, a peptide derived from chromogranin B, in the rat eye. Bechrakis, N; Fischer-Colbrie, R; Gramlich, O; Grus, F; Haas, G; Hattmannstorfer, R; Joachim, S; Lorenz, K; Schmid, E; Teuchner, B; Troger, J, 2011)
" The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the ocular pharmacokinetics of mapracorat after topical dosing over a range of dose levels in rabbits and monkeys."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of mapracorat, a novel, selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist, in rabbits and monkeys. Lowe, ER; Proksch, JW; Ward, KW, 2011)
"Four dose-response models--logistic, log-logistic, Poisson-based and probit--were tested for their ability and consistency in describing dose-response data for radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) and retinopathy (RIRP)."	( A comparison of dose-response characteristics of four NTCP models using outcomes of radiation-induced optic neuropathy and retinopathy. Bhandare, N; Mell, LK; Moiseenko, V; Song, WY, 2011)
" For multiple dosing, rabbits were dosed twice per day with an 8-h interval between two doses, groups of rabbits were euthanized at 7, 14, and 21 days at 1 h after the last dose, and ocular tissues and plasma samples were collected."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of dorzolamide and brinzolamide after single and multiple topical dosing: implications for effects on ocular blood flow. Jadhav, G; Kadam, RS; Kompella, UB; Ogidigben, M, 2011)
" A few statistically significant changes in serum biochemistry and hematology parameters were noted, but all were mild in nature, were confined to one sex, and/or did not show dose-response relationships."	( Subchronic toxicity evaluation of aloesin. Lynch, B; Roberts, A; Simon, R, 2011)
"4 μg/g) at 1 h after dosing and generally undetectable at 8 h after dosing."	( Distribution of propranolol in periocular tissues: a comparison of topical and systemic administration. Hao, J; Li, SK; Liu, H; Yang, MB, 2011)
" These results suggest that BT loaded CS nanoparticles could help to reduce dosage frequency by sustained drug release in the treatment of glaucoma."	( Chitosan nanoparticles for controlled delivery of brimonidine tartrate to the ocular membrane. Shinde, UA; Singh, KH, 2011)
" Activity of GSK-3β is strongly upregulated due to TDP-43 expression, and reduced GSK-3β dosage is also a common suppressor of Aβ42 and TDP-43 toxicity."	( Functional genomic screen and network analysis reveal novel modifiers of tauopathy dissociated from tau phosphorylation. Ambegaokar, SS; Jackson, GR, 2011)
" To investigate this possibility, we generated a set of Hs2st;Hs6st1 double mutant embryos that had reduced gene dosage of each of these Hsts, reasoning that any additional phenotypes in these animals would indicate the presence of functional overlap."	( Analysis of axon guidance defects at the optic chiasm in heparan sulphate sulphotransferase compound mutant mice. Conway, CD; Mason, JO; Pratt, T; Price, DJ, 2011)
" In the Pex7 mouse, oral dosing of labeled PPI-1011 demonstrated repletion of tissue levels of the target plasmalogen PlsEtn 16:0/22:6 with phospholipid remodeling also resulting in significant repletion of PlsEtn 16:0/20:4 and PlsEtn 16:0/18:1."	( In vitro and in vivo plasmalogen replacement evaluations in rhizomelic chrondrodysplasia punctata and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease using PPI-1011, an ether lipid plasmalogen precursor. Braverman, NE; Cui, W; Ehrmantraut, G; Goodenowe, DB; Jin, W; Khan, MA; Smith, T; Wood, PL, 2011)
" Each radiation plan was reviewed, and the dosage received by the brainstem, optic apparatus, and pituitary was calculated."	( Challenges in linear accelerator radiotherapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: focus on complications. Agazaryan, N; Barkhoudarian, G; De Salles, AA; Gorgulho, A; Hauptman, JS; Safaee, M; Selch, M; Tenn, S, 2012)
" Besifloxacin levels were also higher during the first 3 h following dosing in the tear fluid of African green monkeys, but lower in the iris/ciliary body during this timeframe."	( The use of the African green monkey as a preclinical model for ocular pharmacokinetic studies. Glogowski, S; Goody, RJ; Lawrence, MS; Proksch, JW; Ward, KW, 2012)
"Using pharmacokinetics to explore the mechanism of honey to enhance the efficacy of acyclovir (ACV) treatment of herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), providing the basis for combination of the prescription of two drugs and dosage regimen designed."	( [Effects of honey to acyclovir in the rabbit eye transport kinetics]. He, Q; Jiang, Y; Wang, S; Xu, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2011)
"The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional eye drops due to rapid precorneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of an in situ gelling systems that are instilled as drops into the eye and undergo a sol-to-gel transition in the cul-de-sac which improves patient compliance as the dosage regimen is one drop of the dosage form twice a day."	( Sustained ocular delivery of brimonidine tartrate using ion activated in situ gelling system. Geethalakshmi, A; Jha, SK; Karki, R; Nikunj, B; Venkatesh, DP, 2012)
"To assess the ocular effects and safety profile of chronic sildenafil oral dosing in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension."	( Ocular safety of sildenafil citrate when administered chronically for pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from phase III, randomised, double masked, placebo controlled trial and open label extension. Burgess, G; Hwang, LJ; Laties, AM; Tressler, C; Wirostko, BM, 2012)
" Incidence of ocular adverse events reported on the case report forms and assessed by the investigator was low with all doses, but a modest, dose related incidence of chromatopsia, cyanopsia, photophobia, and visual disturbance was reported with 80 mg three times daily consistent with the indicated dosing for erectile dysfunction."	( Ocular safety of sildenafil citrate when administered chronically for pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from phase III, randomised, double masked, placebo controlled trial and open label extension. Burgess, G; Hwang, LJ; Laties, AM; Tressler, C; Wirostko, BM, 2012)
"Sildenafil dosing up to 80 mg three times daily is safe and well tolerated from an ocular perspective in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension."	( Ocular safety of sildenafil citrate when administered chronically for pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from phase III, randomised, double masked, placebo controlled trial and open label extension. Burgess, G; Hwang, LJ; Laties, AM; Tressler, C; Wirostko, BM, 2012)
" Furthermore, knockdown of a subset was also sensitive to dgo dosage or dominantly modified a dishevelled (dsh) GOF phenotype, supporting a role in Fz/PCP-mediated polarity establishment."	( Novel regulators of planar cell polarity: a genetic analysis in Drosophila. Gault, WJ; Mlodzik, M; Olguin, P; Serysheva, E; Weber, U, 2012)
" The patients were divided into two subgroups, consisting of group A (n = 43), in whom hypotensive drugs were dosed only in the morning and group B (n = 45), in whom hypotensive drugs were also taken in the evening."	( Effects of the time of antihypertensive drugs administration on the stage of primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with arterial hypertension. Głuszek, J; Karolczak-Kulesza, M; Krasińska, B; Krasiński, Z; Lopatka, P; Pawlaczyk-Gabriel, K; Tykarski, A, 2012)
"5×10(6) IU/day subcutaneously; then, the dosage was tapered gradually depending on the clinical response."	( Results of interferon alpha-2a therapy in patients with Behcet's disease. Uzun, A; Yalçindağ, FN, 2012)
" However, the ocular bioavailability is typically less than 5% from conventional ophthalmic dosage forms such as eye drops."	( Controlled and continuous release ocular drug delivery systems: pros and cons. Abdelkader, H; Alany, RG, 2012)
" In the present update on ocular dosage forms, chemical delivery systems such as prodrugs, the use of cyclodextrins to increase solubility of various drugs, the concept of penetration enhancers and other ocular drug delivery systems such as polymeric gels, bioadhesive hydrogels, in-situ forming gels with temperature-, pH-, or osmotically induced gelation, combination of polymers and colloidal systems such as liposomes, niosomes, cubosomes, microemulsions, nanoemulsions and nanoparticles are discussed."	( Recent advances in ocular drug delivery. Achouri, D; Alhanout, K; Andrieu, V; Piccerelle, P, 2013)
" These formulations show extended or sustained release of drug, minimizing the side effect on application site, enhancing bioavailability and reducing the dosing frequency."	( Eradication of superficial fungal infections by conventional and novel approaches: a comprehensive review. Bhardwaj, A; Kumar, L; Vaidya, B; Vaidya, S; Verma, S, 2014)
" Thus, when formulated in a dry tablet dosage form, the NMs in this work show more than a 10-fold increase in preocular retention in vivo compared to conventional spherical microparticles."	( Nanostructured mucoadhesive microparticles for enhanced preocular retention. Choi, SY; Choy, YB; Kim, MJ; Lee, JE; Lee, SH; Park, CG; Park, KH; Park, M; Shin, GS, 2014)
" Further studies to examine intra-arterial chemotherapy's pharmacokinetics and dose-response relations are warranted in order to minimize the necessary exposure to chemotherapy."	( Intra-arterial chemotherapy for group C retinoblastoma with adjacent high-flow infantile hemangioma. Orbach, DB; Shah, AS; Trief, D; Vanderveen, DK; Yonekawa, Y, )
" Verbascoside was dosed at 2, 3, 4 mg/die and the impact on the oxidative state of ocular tissues and fluids was tested by TBARS (thio barbituric acid reactive substances) and TEAC (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) assays."	( Ocular tissues and fluids oxidative stress in hares fed on verbascoside supplement. Ambrosone, L; Casamassima, D; Costagliola, C; Mosca, M; Semeraro, F; Vizzarri, F, 2014)
"03 mg/kg dosage could be useful for very short ophthalmic procedures."	( Effects of rocuronium bromide on globe position and respiratory function in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs: a comparison between three different dosages. Barsotti, G; Breghi, G; Briganti, A; Di Nieri, C; Portela, DA, 2015)
" This study provides support for the existence of indirect associations between residential exposures to low-to-moderate air pollution from wastes and symptoms, as well as direct dose-response associations for some of the symptoms."	( Respiratory and sensory irritation symptoms among residents exposed to low-to-moderate air pollution from biodegradable wastes. Blanes-Vidal, V; Bælum, J; Christensen, LP; Løfstrøm, P; Schwartz, J, 2014)
" Adenosine enhanced photoreceptor Cx35 phosphorylation in daytime, but with a complex dose-response curve."	( Regulation of photoreceptor gap junction phosphorylation by adenosine in zebrafish retina. Chuang, AZ; Li, H; O'Brien, J, 2014)
" Dosage of R406 subconjunctivally from emulsion or suspension formulations, direct intravitreal injection of the soluble prodrug of R406 (R788), and repeated topical administration of R406 all increased vitreal exposure, but failed to reach the exposure required for retinoblastoma cell death in culture."	( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor r406 after ocular delivery for retinoblastoma. Bradley, C; Dyer, MA; Freeman, BB; Griffiths, L; Guy, RK; Pritchard, EM; Stewart, E; Suryadevara, PK; Yang, L; Zhang, J; Zhu, F, 2014)
" Moreover, decreased gene dosage from a segmental deletion encompassing the SOX11 locus resulted in microphthalmia and related ocular phenotypes."	( Sox11 is required to maintain proper levels of Hedgehog signaling during vertebrate ocular morphogenesis. Fichera, M; Lehmann, OJ; Lo-Castro, A; Morris, AC; Musumeci, SA; Pillai-Kastoori, L; Strachan, E; Wen, W; Wilson, SG, 2014)
" Genetic epistasis assays showed that halving dosage of dSmurf dominantly enhances the phenotype caused by overexpression of Wts and restrains Yki activity in Drosophila eyes."	( Ubiquitin E3 ligase dSmurf is essential for Wts protein turnover and Hippo signaling. Cao, L; Gao, Y; Lin, X; Wang, F; Wang, P; Wu, S, 2014)
" However, steroids delivered in eye drops are rapidly cleared from the surface of the eye, so the required frequency of dosing for corneal graft rejection management can be as high as once every 2h."	( Corticosteroid-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for prevention of corneal allograft rejection in rats. Alwadani, S; Boylan, NJ; Eberhart, CG; Emmert, DG; Hanes, J; Heflin, T; Lamb, NW; Pan, Q; Stark, WJ; Tang, L; Xu, Q; Yang, JC, 2015)
" These results confirmed that drug release from the axitinib nanowafer is more effective in inhibiting CNV compared to the topical eye drop treatment even at a lower dosing frequency."	( Ocular drug delivery nanowafer with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Acharya, G; Hua, X; Isenhart, LC; Marcano, DC; Pflugfelder, SC; Shin, CS; Yuan, X, 2015)
" In the first part, the subjects were dosed topically on a randomized eye with one drop three times at 7 ± 1 hr intervals during 1 day."	( A randomized phase I clinical study of cis-urocanic acid eye drops in healthy adult subjects. Jauhonen, HM; Kaarniranta, K; Kari, E; Laihia, J; Leino, L; Poutanen, J; Pylkkänen, L, 2015)
" Topical ocular dosing leads to transient systemic exposure to cis-UCA that does not cause systemic AEs."	( A randomized phase I clinical study of cis-urocanic acid eye drops in healthy adult subjects. Jauhonen, HM; Kaarniranta, K; Kari, E; Laihia, J; Leino, L; Poutanen, J; Pylkkänen, L, 2015)
"The peculiar physio-anatomical structure of the eye and the poor physico-chemical properties of many drug molecules are often responsible for the inefficient treatment of ocular diseases by conventional dosage forms, and justify the development of innovative ocular drug delivery systems."	( Lipid nanocarriers (LNC) and their applications in ocular drug delivery. Bonina, F; Carbone, C; Offerta, A; Pignatello, R; Puglia, C; Puglisi, G, 2015)
" Dosing was relatively stable over time; however, interinjection intervals increased."	( Evolution of Facial Aesthetic Treatment Over Five or More Years: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Analysis of Continuous OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatment. Brandt, F; Carruthers, A; Darmody, S; Fagien, S; Gallagher, CJ; Goodman, GJ; Raspaldo, H; Romagnano, L; Sadick, N; Smith, K; Street, J; Trindade de Almeida, AR, 2015)
" An ancient relationship to Sex-lethal is revealed by gonadal expression of RBP9, providing a maternal fail-safe for dosage compensation."	( Concentration and Localization of Coexpressed ELAV/Hu Proteins Control Specificity of mRNA Processing. Bräuer, U; Haussmann, IU; Soller, M; Zaharieva, E, 2015)
" The development of new ophthalmic dosage forms for existing drugs to improve efficacy and bioavailability, patient compliance and convenience has become one of the main trend in the pharmaceuticals industry."	( In Situ Gelling Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System: An Overview and Its Applications. Dua, K; Kok, YY; Ng, JM; Sheshala, R; Thakur, RR, 2015)
" The range of dosage was 15-19 mg/kg/day."	( Visual function test for early detection of ethambutol induced ocular toxicity at the subclinical level. Kim, KL; Park, SP, 2016)
" The ocular dosing regimen and systemic toxicity of anti-VEGF compounds are therefore central concerns."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Anti-VEGF Drugs After Intravitreal Injection. Cancarini, A; Costagliola, C; Duse, S; Gambicorti, E; Morescalchi, F; Semeraro, F, 2015)
" WOLS had significantly lower radiation dosage at all head positions than WLS except at 45 degrees AP (P = 0."	( Comparison of Ocular Radiation Exposure Utilizing Three Types of Leaded Glasses. Godoy, G; Waddell, BS; Waddell, WH; Zavatsky, JM, 2016)
" Consistent with this conclusion, perturbing Yan expression by varying gene dosage had no effect on cell fate transitions."	( Dynamics and heterogeneity of a fate determinant during transition towards cell differentiation. Amaral, LA; Carthew, RW; Dinner, AR; Gavalda-Miralles, A; Gudjonson, H; Katsaggelos, AK; Navarro, HT; Peláez, N; Rebay, I; Wang, B, 2015)
" Due to the unique properties of nanometer materials such as higher bioavailability and less side effects, it has great advantages in carrying ocular drugs of eye diseases compared with the traditional dosing method."	( Advance of the application of nano-controlled release system in ophthalmic drug delivery. Wang, S; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2016)
" eye drops which is the most common drug dosage form for the treatment of eye pathologies."	( Ocular Drug Delivery - New Strategies for Targeting Anterior and Posterior Segments of the Eye. Fangueiro, JF; Silva, AM; Souto, EB; Veiga, F, 2016)
" The surgical dose-response curves 1 week postoperatively and at the final visit were analyzed."	( Surgical Responses of Medial Rectus Muscle Recession in Thyroid Eye Disease-Related Esotropia. Kong, M; Lee, JY; Lyu, IJ; Oh, SY; Park, KA, 2016)
" As a proof of principle, we tested our method by analyzing the defects due to eye-specific knockdown of Drosophila orthologs of 12 neurodevelopmental genes to accurately document differential sensitivities of these genes to dosage alteration."	( Quantitative Assessment of Eye Phenotypes for Functional Genetic Studies Using Drosophila melanogaster. Ambegaokar, SS; Artero, R; Girirajan, S; Grönke, S; Imai, Y; Isaacs, AM; Iyer, J; Jackson, GR; Kumar, JP; Le, T; Lu, B; Mardon, G; Partridge, L; Pizzo, L; Srivastava, A; Troisí, BL; Wang, Q, 2016)
" On one hand it is widely used owing to its convenience but is also associated with some limitations in terms of desired pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile, dosing frequency, systemic untoward effects, patient noncompliance, low drug bioavailability due to transient contact time, rapid washout by tearing and nasolacrimal drainage."	( Recent Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery, with Special Emphasis on Lipid Based Nanocarriers. Sah, AK; Suresh, PK, 2015)
" In general, the phosphate derivatives proved to be more chemically robust and efficacious at lowering IOP with once daily dosing in a normotensive mouse model."	( Analogs of the ATP-Sensitive Potassium (KATP) Channel Opener Cromakalim with in Vivo Ocular Hypotensive Activity. Dosa, PI; Fautsch, MP; Holman, BH; Roy Chowdhury, U; Stoltz, KL; Viker, KB, 2016)
" Previous studies have evaluated its efficacy using both oral and transdermal dosage forms."	( Water-soluble Complex of Curcumin with Cyclodextrins: Enhanced Physical Properties For Ocular Drug Delivery. Abd-Elgawad, AH; El-Dahan, MS; Jablonski, MM; Maria, DN; Mishra, SR; Soliman, OA; Wang, L, 2017)
" Despite this fact, any use of excipients in new route of administration or in new dosage form requires evidence of safety."	( Preclinical safety of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: Current evidence from in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Doktorovová, S; Garcia, ML; Kovačević, AB; Souto, EB, 2016)
" Taking into account the short retention time in the precorneal area of classical ocular dosage forms (e."	( Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC): Overcoming the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye - Part I - Barriers and determining factors in ocular delivery. Doktorovova, S; Espina, M; García, ML; Sánchez-López, E; Souto, EB, 2017)
" However, the release kinetic was significantly influenced by the method used, highlighting the need for optimization and standardization of in vitro models for the evaluation of drug release from ophthalmic dosage forms."	( Mydriatics release from solid and semi-solid ophthalmic formulations using different in vitro methods. Gioia, GA; Macaluso, C; Nicoli, S; Padula, C; Pescina, S; Santi, P, 2017)
" Average monthly hand radiation dosage (45."	( Fluoroscopic Exposure With Use of Mini-C-Arm During Routine Hand Surgery: A Prospective Comparison of Hand Versus Eye Radiation Dosage. Beredjiklian, PK; Hoffler, CE; Ilyas, AM; Leinberry, CF; Wang, ML, )
" Therefore, this new formulation could prove to be a novel ocular dosage form able to prolong the residence time and to control the release of drug when administered into the eye."	( A novel thermo-sensitive hydrogel-based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/hyaluronic acid of ketoconazole for ophthalmic delivery. Li, N; Wang, J; Zhu, M, 2018)
"This study also indicates that in vitro hepatic metabolism is over-predictive of ocular metabolism following topically ocular dosed timolol."	( Investigation of Ocular Bioactivation Potential and the Role of Cytochrome P450 2D Enzymes in Rat. Argikar, UA; Brown, A; Cirello, AL; Dumouchel, JL; Dunne, CE; Gunduz, M; Kramlinger, VM; Spear, J, )
" These fibers could thus be used to reduce the frequency of dosing required, reducing cost and improving patient outcomes."	( Electrospun formulations of bevacizumab for sustained release in the eye. Angkawinitwong, U; Awwad, S; Brocchini, S; Khaw, PT; Williams, GR, 2017)
" The observed elimination half-live of the dAb (~3 days) in vitreous showed a similar elimination rate to that of a much larger (∼50kDa) Fab fragment whilst the half-life following subconjunctival administration was ∼24 h and, after eye drop dosing the dAb was detectable in aqueous and conjunctiva."	( Ocular tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic study of a small 13kDa domain antibody after intravitreal, subconjuctival and eye drop administration in rabbits. Clements, P; Gough, G; Shah, T; Struble, C; Szapacs, M; Wilson, R, 2018)
" Here, we further explore the effects of altering the dosage and timing of HC treatment on the morphology and number of skeletogenic condensations and conjunctival papillae."	( Towards understanding the dose and timing effect of hydrocortisone treatment on the scleral ossicle system within the chicken eye. Franz-Odendaal, TA; Hammer, CL, 2018)
" We detected GFP message and protein in the retina/RPE from eyes dosed with NPs carrying ubiquitously expressed and RPE-specific vectors, and GFP message in eyes injected with NPs carrying photoreceptor-specific vectors."	( DNA nanoparticles are safe and nontoxic in non-human primate eyes. Conley, SM; Cooper, MJ; Han, Z; Kelley, RA; Makkia, R; Naash, MI; Watson, JN, 2018)
" It can be concluded that lipid microparticles are highly promising for an efficient ophthalmic drug delivery, when compared to other conventional dosage forms."	( Ocular irritation and cyclosporine A distribution in the eye tissues after administration of Solid Lipid Microparticles in the rabbit model. Chorążewicz, J; Kaliszan, R; Markuszewski, MJ; Raczyńska, K; Radwańska, A; Szerkus, O; Sznitowska, M; Wolska, E, 2018)
" Drawbacks for its use in glaucoma include cost, its off-label use, uncertainty and limited evidence on the various routes of administration, the optimal dosing schemes and its toxicity profile."	( Assessing the role of ranibizumab in improving the outcome of glaucoma filtering surgery and neovascular glaucoma. Arranz-Marquez, E; Athanasopoulos, GP; Gorgoli, K; Katsanos, A; Konstas, AGP; Mikropoulos, DG; Teus, MA, 2018)
" Frequent administration of traditional topical dosage forms may lead to patient incompliance and failure of treatment."	( Sustained ocular delivery of Dorzolamide-HCl via proniosomal gel formulation: in-vitro characterization, statistical optimization, and in-vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation in rabbits. Abdelrehim, RT; Fouda, NH; Habib, BA; Hegazy, DA, 2018)
" The treatment protocols were performed at 14 day-intervals between each dosage of PZQ."	( Experimental avian philophthalmosis: Evaluation of diagnosis and treatment of chickens infected with Philophthalmus gralli (Trematoda: Philophthalmidae). Assis, JCA; Martins, NRS; Pinto, HA, 2018)
" Furthermore, we found dosage compensation in all the Heliconius tested, providing additional evidence for the conservation of dosage compensation across Lepidoptera."	( Evolution of Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Dosage Compensation in the Eye and Brain of Heliconius Butterflies. Briscoe, AD; Catalán, A; Macias-Muñoz, A, 2018)
" However, there are also conflicting data concerning lutein efficacy in inducing favorable effects on human health and there are no univocal data concerning the most appropriate dosage for daily lutein supplementation."	( The Effect of Lutein on Eye and Extra-Eye Health. Buscemi, S; Corleo, D; Di Pace, F; Marchesini, G; Petroni, ML; Satriano, A, 2018)
" The dosage regimen was further estimated based on Monte Carlo simulation and the area under the curve/minimal inhibitory concentration."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Azithromycin Eyedrops in Tears Following Single-Dose Topical Administration in Healthy Volunteers. Cui, Y; Li, X; Wu, F; Zhao, X, 2019)
" A secondary aim of this study was to model the dose-response risk of cataract."	( Lens Dose-Response Prediction Modeling and Cataract Incidence in Patients With Retinoblastoma After Lens-Sparing or Whole-Eye Radiation Therapy. Berry, JL; Chang, EL; Jones, M; Kim, JW; Murphree, AL; Nguyen, SM; Olch, AJ; Salinas, V; Sison, J; Wong, KK, 2019)
" Through lens dose-response modeling, we validate a mean lens dose threshold of 7 Gy to keep cataract risk below 25%."	( Lens Dose-Response Prediction Modeling and Cataract Incidence in Patients With Retinoblastoma After Lens-Sparing or Whole-Eye Radiation Therapy. Berry, JL; Chang, EL; Jones, M; Kim, JW; Murphree, AL; Nguyen, SM; Olch, AJ; Salinas, V; Sison, J; Wong, KK, 2019)
"Topical ophthalmic drugs are the most commonly used dosage form to treat diseases of the anterior segment of the eye."	( Protocol for evaluation of topical ophthalmic drug products in different compartments of fresh eye tissues in a rabbit model. Chockalingam, A; Fan, J; LeMerdy, M; Patel, V; Rouse, R; Stewart, S; Tsakalozou, E; Xu, L, )
" The dosing rate can be adjusted to reach the target drug concentrations, thereby guiding the design of drug delivery systems for topical, intravitreal, and subconjunctival administration."	( Design principles of ocular drug delivery systems: importance of drug payload, release rate, and material properties. Del Amo, EM; Korzhikov-Vlakh, V; Ruponen, M; Subrizi, A; Tennikova, T; Urtti, A, 2019)
" Furthermore, vitamin A and zinc exceeded the National Academies of Medicine TUIL when a multivitamin product was combined with an ocular-specific vitamin or nutrient that conformed with AREDS-recommended dosage levels."	( Dosage considerations in the combined use of ocular-specific vitamins and nutrients and multivitamin products: A systemic review and analysis. Gaynes, BI; Highland, J; Johnson, E; Stoddard, A; Vellos, K; Yousefzai, R, )
"Eye drops containing hydrophilic drugs are commonly used to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma patients, but compliance to the treatement is commonly reduced by frequent dosing and eventual systemic side effects."	( Chitosan/hydroxyethyl cellulose inserts for sustained-release of dorzolamide for glaucoma treatment: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Cardoso, VN; Castilho, RO; Cronemberger, S; Faraco, AAG; Fernandes, SOA; Ferreira, AJ; Foureaux, G; Franca, JR; Fuscaldi, LL; Nogueira, JC; Ribeiro, TG; Yoshida, MI, 2019)
" In this study, goats and cows were dosed sub-lethal doses of larkspur, lupine, and death camas."	( Analysis of rumen contents and ocular fluid for toxic alkaloids from goats and cows dosed larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi), lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus), and death camas (Zigadenus paniculatus). Cook, D; Gardner, DR; Lee, ST; Pfister, JA; Stonecipher, CA; Welch, KD, 2020)
" Subsequently, we assessed parameters such as lethality, wing and eye morphology, neuromuscular junction morphology, bang sensitivity and climbing behaviour in comparison between single and pairwise dosage manipulations."	( Genetic interaction screen for severe neurodevelopmental disorders reveals a functional link between Ube3a and Mef2 in Drosophila melanogaster. Distel, L; Ekici, AB; Ferrazzi, F; Fliedner, A; Gregor, A; Sauerer, T; Straub, J; Suchy, C; Zweier, C, 2020)
" While efficacy has been strongly suggested in phase 2 clinical trials, crucial aspects still remain to be defined with regard to the ocular bioavailability, tissue distribution and residence, and dosing frequency of such inhibitors in AMD patients."	( Prolonged intraocular residence and retinal tissue distribution of a fourth-generation compstatin-based C3 inhibitor in non-human primates. Berger, N; Chan, AL; Connor, KM; Dunaief, JL; Gautam, AK; Gnanaguru, G; Gumas, J; Hajishengallis, G; Hughes, S; Kim, BJ; Lambris, JD; Lee, R; Mastellos, DC; Reis, ES; Ricklin, D; Rumano, M; Sfyroera, G; Yancopoulou, D, 2020)
" The objective of this review is to present the main barriers to ocular drug delivery and to discuss strategies used in the development of ocular dosage forms, primarily for topical delivery, to increase the local bioavailability of drugs, target their delivery and increase patient compliance."	( The prominence of the dosage form design to treat ocular diseases. Campos, PM; Lopez, RFV; Petrilli, R, 2020)
"Conventional ophthalmic dosage forms such as eye drops pose a significant challenge because physiological barriers and clearance mechanisms limit ocular bioavailability."	( Hydrogel-based ocular drug delivery systems for hydrophobic drugs. Domszy, R; Fan, X; Hu, N; Torres-Luna, C; Wang, NS; Yang, A, 2020)
" Additionally, plasma pyrophosphate dosage and functional analyses were performed in some of these patients."	( Pseudoxanthoma elasticum overlaps hereditary spastic paraplegia type 56. Adham, S; Albuisson, J; Billon, C; Boucher, JL; Casali, C; Durand, CM; Duranton, C; Durr, A; Ewenczyk, C; Goizet, C; Hureaux, M; Jeunemaitre, X; Legrand, A; Marelli, C; Mesnil, A; Mignot, C; Orssaud, C; Pietrancosta, N; Pujol, C; Renaud, M; Rubera, I; Sousa, AB; Stevanin, G; Villain, N; Ziccardi, L; Zuily, S, 2021)
" The obligatory use of niosomal delivery of VRC may reduce the frequency of dosing intervals resulting from its short biological half time and consequently improve patient compliance."	( Ocular Inserts of Voriconazole-Loaded Proniosomal Gels: Formulation, Evaluation and Microbiological Studies. Abd El Gawad, AEGH; El-Azeem Soliman, OA; El-Emam, GA; El-Sokkary, MMA; Girgis, GNS, 2020)
" The schedule dosage involves repeated intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents to achieve and maintain effective concentrations in retina and choroids, which are administrated as solutions form."	( Biological drug therapy for ocular angiogenesis: Anti-VEGF agents and novel strategies based on nanotechnology. Awde Alfonso, HG; Formica, ML; Palma, SD, 2021)
"The dosage was consistent in both groups: 250 mg of chloroquine or 200 mg of hydroxychloroquine daily."	( Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine - safety profile of potential COVID-19 drugs from the rheumatologist's perspective. Grygiel-Górniak, B; Majewska, KA; Majewski, D; Naskręcka, M, 2021)
" Data from the literature show that high dosage as recommended in COVID-19 treatment may pose a risk of toxicity and require precise management, but prophylactic, long-term use of lower, safe doses might be a promising solution."	( Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine - safety profile of potential COVID-19 drugs from the rheumatologist's perspective. Grygiel-Górniak, B; Majewska, KA; Majewski, D; Naskręcka, M, 2021)
" Finally, limitations of traditional dosage forms and potential advantages of under investigation delivery systems are analyzed."	( Atropine in topical formulations for the management of anterior and posterior segment ocular diseases. Alvarez-Lorenzo, C; García Del Valle, I, 2021)
" This report could be useful in anticipating the possibility of a further improvement based on a dose-response relationship."	( Case report: restored vision after ocular Closantel intoxication and blindness. Khalili, MR; Zareei, A, 2021)
" However, these formulations often confer low ocular bioavailability and frequent dosing is required."	( Hydrogels-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems for treatment of ocular diseases. Fang, G; Tang, B; Wang, Q; Yang, X; Zhang, A, 2021)
" Recent advances in the field of pharmacy, biotechnology and material science have led to development of novel ophthalmic dosage forms which can provide sustained drug delivery, reduce dosing frequency and improve the ocular bioavailability of drugs."	( Recent advances in ophthalmic preparations: Ocular barriers, dosage forms and routes of administration. Desai, DT; Maulvi, FA; Shah, DO; Shetty, KH; Willcox, MDP, 2021)
" Timolol was selected as the topical dosing drug for the numerical investigation of how administration strategy can influence drug transport and concentration distribution over time in the human eye."	( Analysis of topical dosing and administration effects on ocular drug delivery in a human eyeball model using computational fluid dynamics. Feng, Y; Gappa-Fahlenkamp, H; Yi, H, 2022)
"Nanocarriers have been shown to be helpful in overcoming the drawbacks of traditional ocular dosing forms."	( Nanocarriers Based Ocular Therapeutics: Updates, Challenges and Future Prospectives. Bhuyan, M; Gounder, KP; Kaur, M; Kaushal, U; Nagpal, M, 2023)
"Recently developed nanocarriers for ocular delivery have proved to be cost-effective, efficacious, safe, and sustained-release carriers, which can be incorporated in suitable dosage forms."	( Nanocarriers Based Ocular Therapeutics: Updates, Challenges and Future Prospectives. Bhuyan, M; Gounder, KP; Kaur, M; Kaushal, U; Nagpal, M, 2023)
" Additionally, conventional delivery vehicles like solutions, suspensions, and ointments have many demerits such as rapid precorneal clearance, subject variability, drainage, and uncontrolled release from the dosage form."	( Topical Advances in Mucoadhesive Ocular Drug Delivery System. Billowria, K; Sandhu, NK; Singh, B, 2023)
"The developed delivery platform is a promising alternative to conventional dosage forms like eye drops, suspensions and ointments due to its increase in the residence time attributed to its prolonged release profile."	( Formulation development and evaluation of therapeutic contact lens loaded with ganciclovir. Ansari, M; Harsolekar, M; Singh, K; Supe, S, 2023)
"Ocular implantable sustained-release DDSs have become a new focus in the field of ocular drug development through unique designs and improvements in the materials of drug carriers, administration methods and dosage forms."	( Implantable sustained-release drug delivery systems: a revolution for ocular therapeutics. Cong, YY; Fan, B; Li, GY; Zhang, ZY, 2023)
" The reduced dosing and potentially fewer gastrointestinal AEs associated with azithromycin support its use as an alternative to doxycycline for at least 6 weeks."	( Pulsed Oral Azithromycin vs 6-Week Oral Doxycycline for Moderate to Severe Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Phinyo, P; Tangmonkongvoragul, C; Upaphong, P, 2023)
" Future work is focused on time-dependent modeling to assess continuous changes in eye movements as this will enable building dose-response curves."	( Changes in Eye Tracking Features Across Periods of Overpressure Exposure. Halford, E; McGuire, SM; Rao, HM; Smalt, CJ, 2023)
" In this review, we present a summary of the current literature to understand the anatomical and physiological limitations in achieving adequate ocular bioavailability and targeted drug delivery of topically applied drugs and use of new techniques in formulating dosage forms in overcoming these limitations."	( Nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: Recent advances and future opportunities. Amrutkar, CS; Patil, SB, 2023)

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	18724 (48.90)	18.7374
1990's	4450 (11.62)	18.2507
2000's	5723 (14.95)	29.6817
2010's	6484 (16.93)	24.3611
2020's	2912 (7.60)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	724 (1.74%)	5.53%
Reviews	3,425 (8.21%)	6.00%
Case Studies	2,280 (5.47%)	4.05%
Observational	95 (0.23%)	0.25%
Other	35,192 (84.36%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	3.14	1	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene Chlorohydrin: Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.. chloroethanol : An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.	6.93	1	0	chloroethanol	xenobiotic metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	1.97	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.46	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	5.34	18	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	4.37	4	1	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	4.03	15	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.03	1	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	8.4	7	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	1.96	1	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.65	3	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	8.06	5	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	5.65	15	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	1.93	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	4.6	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzene [no description available]	3.2	6	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.05	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	2.43	2	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.62	3	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.35	2	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	3.36	7	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	5.15	15	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
carnitine [no description available]	4.2	5	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	3.24	6	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	5.06	14	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	3.82	2	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	11.77	34	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.05	5	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	6.02	22	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	5.33	7	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	1.96	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.81	2	1	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	7.34	2	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	2.37	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.41	2	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	3.8	11	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	1.93	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	5.24	12	1	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.97	43	2	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	1.99	1	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	8.99	29	3	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	9.72	50	2	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	9.85	11	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	1.96	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	5.86	32	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	8.17	18	2	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.08	1	0
histamine [no description available]	9.81	41	2	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	8.05	5	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	3.06	1	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	4.94	39	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	12.31	33	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	5.82	18	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.05	1	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	4.69	30	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	3.66	10	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	12.38	111	2	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	7.39	2	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	4.61	8	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	4.31	6	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	5.19	51	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	5.01	13	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.7	11	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	4.95	9	1	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.03	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	1.95	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.1	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	1.99	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	1.97	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.9	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	2.36	2	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	3.74	3	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	7.92	4	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.07	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.25	4	1	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pteridines [no description available]	11.4	33	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
putrescine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyridoxal [no description available]	2.01	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.66	3	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	3.97	4	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	1.94	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	3.06	5	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	2.66	3	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	1.94	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.47	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	1.92	1	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	6.7	18	1	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	3.74	11	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	6.4	13	1	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	7.64	3	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	8.27	6	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	9.66	29	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.38	2	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.39	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.4	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	1.98	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	1.95	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	1.95	1	0	catecholamine
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	2.05	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	1.95	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.13	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.78	3	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.91	4	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.03	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	3.05	5	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	4.37	1	1	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	3.06	5	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	3.48	2	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.34	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	1.96	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	1.95	1	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	5.15	6	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.86	4	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.	6.96	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.41	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.4	1	1	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	2.36	2	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	10.62	10	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	10.14	79	3	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	2.35	2	0
albendazole [no description available]	5.63	6	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.88	4	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	3.38	1	1	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.39	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.42	2	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.34	2	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	3.11	1	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	2.03	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	3.4	1	1	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	4.84	8	1	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	6.42	12	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	9.44	7	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.46	2	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	3.05	5	0	barbiturates
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	3.11	1	0	methoxybenzenes
antazoline Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	4.23	4	1	aromatic amine; imidazolines; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	1.99	1	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	8.08	5	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	7.82	30	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	8.06	5	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	4.33	6	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
aztreonam Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.	6.96	1	0
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	2.62	3	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bemegride Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.	1.93	1	0	piperidones
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	3.29	6	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2.34	2	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
berberine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
5-methoxypsoralen 5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.	1.96	1	0	5-methoxyfurocoumarin; organic heterotricyclic compound; psoralens	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	2.39	2	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
betaxolol [no description available]	11.67	20	3	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.	3.06	5	0	piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	2.38	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	3.38	1	1	organic molecular entity
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	1.97	1	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	8.66	36	14	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
bupranolol Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether
busulfan [no description available]	3.49	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	3.93	13	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.74	7	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.33	2	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
cannabinol Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.	3.46	2	0	dibenzopyran
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	7.51	2	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	1.94	1	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.34	7	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	7.01	18	5	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	8.12	5	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	2.48	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	3.82	3	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.57	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	3.06	5	0	pyridinium ion
chloral hydrate [no description available]	6.85	3	3	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.65	3	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	1.94	1	0	benzodiazepine
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	12.27	74	2	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	1.93	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	4.06	3	1	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	8.74	50	2	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	3.59	9	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	4.27	4	1	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	6.81	33	2	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	6.18	10	1	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	1.98	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	7.65	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	9.39	27	5	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.08	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	1.95	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclopentolate Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.. cyclopentolate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.	11.84	15	5	carboxylic ester; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; muscarinic antagonist; mydriatic agent; parasympatholytic
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	5.18	4	1	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dapsone [no description available]	3.04	5	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	6.25	11	1	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	1.97	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	3.56	9	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	6.26	6	2	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.57	2	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2.35	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	6.57	26	2	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	2.02	1	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	4.47	4	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	2.64	3	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	7.04	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	11.54	18	6	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	3.85	12	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	2.62	3	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	3.33	7	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.37	2	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	3.2	6	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
disulfoton Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.	2	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	8.29	6	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	1.98	1	0
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.66	3	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	3.36	1	1	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.06	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	1.96	1	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	1.95	1	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.72	3	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	11.52	125	4
etanidazole Etanidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.. etanidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	7.38	2	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	3.03	5	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	3.07	5	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
brl 42810 [no description available]	2	1	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	2.17	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.35	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	3.82	3	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	5.38	5	3	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	1.98	1	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	2	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	9.98	12	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	3.06	5	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.37	2	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	1.96	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	8.8	34	2	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	6.69	21	3	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	1.96	1	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	4.38	6	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	3.05	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	7.25	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	3.34	1	1	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	8.91	52	4
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	8.93	13	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	2.34	2	0	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	4.06	3	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	2.42	2	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	7.58	26	1	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	3.64	10	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	3.34	1	1	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	1.94	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.04	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	3.35	7	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	12.2	18	1	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	1.95	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	3.05	5	0	quaternary ammonium salt
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	1.96	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	1.94	1	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.47	2	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
p-hydroxyamphetamine p-Hydroxyamphetamine: Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects. It is sometimes called alpha-methyltyramine, which may also refer to the meta isomer, gepefrine.	2.86	4	0	amphetamines
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	9.43	19	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	7.98	4	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	8.48	8	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	17.8	78	21	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.67	3	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	2.02	1	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	9.36	66	2	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iofetamine Iofetamine: An amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs and from there redistributed primarily to the brain and liver. It is used in brain radionuclide scanning with I-123.	2.37	2	0
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	4.05	3	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopanoic acid Iopanoic Acid: Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
iproniazid [no description available]	2.35	2	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.38	2	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	4.81	7	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	6.7	46	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	15.7	866	2	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	4.98	40	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	7.41	8	1	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	4.28	4	1	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	4.01	14	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	4.27	4	1	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	2.94	4	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	9.02	4	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	8.98	4	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	2.64	3	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	4.28	1	1	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	3.38	1	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	3.33	1	1	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.69	3	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	1.96	1	0	anthracenes
edaravone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	1.93	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	6.04	16	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.96	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
memantine [no description available]	8.53	2	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	4.42	5	1	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	1.94	1	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	4.44	5	1	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	2.85	4	0	organic molecular entity
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	3.37	1	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	4.65	9	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.	1.95	1	0	phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	1.94	1	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	3.94	4	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	3.76	2	1	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	1.92	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	7.92	4	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	1.95	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	5.25	17	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	1.95	1	0	organochlorine insecticide
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	1.95	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	4.4	2	2	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.9	4	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2.03	1	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	2.67	3	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	4.04	4	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.02	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	3.75	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	4.14	3	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	2.4	2	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.05	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2.42	2	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	3.74	3	0	monoterpenoid
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.94	4	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	3.06	5	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	3.06	5	0	purine nucleoside
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	3.09	5	0
naphazoline Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.	3.34	7	0	naphthalenes
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	9.65	9	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	3.2	6	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	1.98	1	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	11.42	12	4	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	3.85	2	1	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	5.14	3	1	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	4.87	8	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	1.97	1	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
nylidrin Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.	6.97	1	0	alkylbenzene
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	8.21	6	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	10.37	30	3	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	2.35	2	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	3.31	2	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.03	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	5.16	15	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	7.89	4	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	3.56	1	1	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	3.76	2	1	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	8.19	6	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	4.07	16	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	1.96	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	3.35	7	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.88	4	0	aromatic amine
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	4.25	19	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	2.38	2	0	oxopurine
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	1.95	1	0	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	1.93	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	2.33	2	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	9.97	9	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	2.77	3	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	3.89	13	0	aromatic amine
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	4.64	9	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin [no description available]	4.25	3	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	9.46	5	1	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.47	2	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	8.52	8	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.	2.35	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.86	4	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	7.87	4	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	3.21	6	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	4.3	3	1	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.71	3	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	2.88	4	0	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	6.94	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.64	3	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.57	9	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.44	2	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	3.47	2	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	7.59	26	2	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	1.96	1	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.34	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	1.97	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	1.94	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	3.2	6	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	6.93	1	0	xanthenes
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	7.28	7	6	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	8.35	32	1	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	2.35	2	0	pyridines
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	9.05	3	1	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	10.05	14	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	3.38	1	1	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rolipram [no description available]	6.99	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	9.05	3	1	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	2.35	2	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.07	1	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.65	3	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	2.37	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	7.62	3	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.35	2	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.92	4	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	7.72	22	1	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	4.44	7	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamerazine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.97	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.37	2	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.34	2	0	pyridazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	4.32	21	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.33	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	1.95	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	1.95	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.68	3	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	2.01	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	7.24	7	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	10.79	20	1	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tegafur [no description available]	3.31	2	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.04	3	1	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	8.42	16	3	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	3.05	5	0	quaternary ammonium ion
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	3.34	7	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.	2.02	1	0	phosphoramide
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	8.21	6	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	2.36	2	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	1.97	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	8.2	6	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	9.02	3	1	aziridines
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	1.95	1	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	3.58	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	2.21	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	3.43	8	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	1.97	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	4.28	4	1	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	2.82	3	0	amino acid
tremorine [no description available]	2.35	2	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	3.45	2	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triclosan [no description available]	2.33	2	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	2.38	2	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	4.26	4	1	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)	2.38	2	0	aromatic ketone
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	1.92	1	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	9.04	3	1	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	2.34	2	0	aromatic amine
tropicamide Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.	6.82	20	1	acetamides
tyramine [no description available]	8.07	5	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urethane [no description available]	2.64	3	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vigabatrin [no description available]	5.21	3	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	2.74	3	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	2.02	1	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	12.33	33	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	8.77	11	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	14.31	62	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	3.81	12	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	5.21	12	1	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.35	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	4.04	15	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	4.95	9	1	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	3.45	8	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	7.18	40	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	3.79	4	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.	1.95	1	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines	mutagen
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	5.36	11	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	6.5	46	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.	2.36	2	0
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.64	3	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	7.4	22	1	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.66	3	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	8.97	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	1.97	1	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	3.08	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.95	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
lynestrenol Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	3.73	2	1	steroid
tetrahydrocortisol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	12.4	36	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	8.05	5	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.	4.39	4	1	fluorinated steroid
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	10.02	5	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	1.96	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	2.68	3	0
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	1.96	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
adrenochrome Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.	2.63	3	0	indoles
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	3.89	13	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	7.29	14	1	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	11.81	137	8	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	8.75	11	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	5.48	22	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	2.87	4	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.03	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	8.59	9	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	4.81	10	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	8.59	43	2	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	4.95	12	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	4.66	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	3.8	11	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.33	7	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol [no description available]	4.28	4	1	tertiary alcohol
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	6.95	24	1	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	10.21	16	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.64	3	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.95	1	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	3.45	8	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.38	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	4.69	9	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.38	2	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	1.98	1	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	3.48	8	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2.86	4	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
uridine [no description available]	4.1	16	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	5.53	17	1	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	4.71	29	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	10.7	16	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	5.22	16	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
piperoxan Piperoxan: A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.	1.95	1	0
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	7.7	51	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	10.87	7	1	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	5.26	17	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-aminoazobenzene p-Aminoazobenzene: Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.. 4-(phenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.	2.36	2	0
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	1.98	1	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.33	2	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	7.2	33	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	8.59	9	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	3.05	5	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	8.21	6	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	7.88	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.9	4	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	9.53	25	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	3.61	9	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	2.88	4	0	quaternary ammonium salt
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.66	3	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.38	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.43	2	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.07	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	4.46	5	1	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	8.83	12	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.42	2	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	8.74	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	8.45	8	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	5.42	20	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	3.2	6	0
cytidine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.35	2	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.68	10	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.41	2	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.37	7	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.74	3	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	6.38	7	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	1.97	1	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2	1	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	4.51	4	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	2.66	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	7.64	3	0	oxo steroid
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	2.34	2	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	1.99	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	4.66	9	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	4.94	12	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	4.67	11	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.39	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	10.08	8	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	8.35	7	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	3.57	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2.96	4	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	1.96	1	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	7.25	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	8.78	11	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	8.5	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	9.25	4	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	6.5	26	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	7.74	20	3	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl chloride Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.	1.94	1	0	chloromethanes; methyl halides	marine metabolite; mutagen; refrigerant
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.42	2	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	3.18	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	1.95	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	8.44	8	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	3.96	4	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	3.41	1	0	acyl chloride
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	4.89	4	2	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	10.13	42	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	4.26	19	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.37	2	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
tetraethyl lead Tetraethyl Lead: A highly toxic compound used as a gasoline additive. It causes acute toxic psychosis or chronic poisoning if inhaled or absorbed through the skin.. tetraethyllead : An organolead compound consisting of four ethyl groups joined to a central lead atom.	2.02	1	0	organolead compound
triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.	3.44	2	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	3.57	9	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	8.19	6	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	2.88	4	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	3.4	1	1	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	3.08	5	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.39	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	10.55	45	6	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.47	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	9.17	5	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	3.05	1	0	organobromine compound; pyridines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
propoxycaine Propoxycaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)	6.28	14	3	benzoate ester
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	2.63	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	4.99	3	3	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	2.01	1	0	penicillanic acids
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	4.91	14	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.36	2	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	9.58	30	10	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	1.98	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.38	2	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.76	3	0	xanthene
synephrine [no description available]	1.93	1	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	1.93	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	2.44	2	0	phosphonic ester
o-aminoazotoluene o-Aminoazotoluene: An azo dye with carcinogenic properties.	1.96	1	0
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.38	2	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	3.85	12	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
nicotinyl alcohol Nicotinyl Alcohol: Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE.. 3-pyridinemethanol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 .	1.93	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; pyridines	antilipemic drug; vasodilator agent
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	5.94	8	1	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	1.95	1	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	1.99	1	0	pyridinium salt
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.65	3	2	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.	1.97	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound
acrolein [no description available]	10.85	7	1	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.01	1	0	alkylamine
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	4.94	12	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	6.84	12	1	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	12.67	51	19	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.47	2	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	7.85	4	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
obidoxime chloride Obidoxime Chloride: Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.	1.95	1	0
dicofol Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.. dicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.98	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine acaricide; tertiary alcohol
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	1.95	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	7.37	2	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	5.68	20	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.37	2	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	7.68	3	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	1.95	1	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.	1.94	1	0	benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	1.95	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.37	2	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
ziram Ziram: An industrial fungicide with low mammalian toxicity, although it does possess an irritant capacity for skin and mucous membranes.. ziram : A dithiocarbamate salt that is the zinc salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is a broad-spectrum fungicide and bird and animal repellent that is also used to accelerate the vulcanisation of rubber.	6.97	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; zinc molecular entity	antifungal agrochemical; apoptosis inducer
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	3.18	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.64	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.65	3	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	2.88	4	0	D-aldohexose derivative
nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.	1.95	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.66	3	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6.	1.97	1	0	organosulfur compound; sulfonic acid derivative
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	2.36	2	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	8.76	10	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	2.69	3	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	1.95	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.04	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	5.89	7	1	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.46	8	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	4.89	8	1	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.04	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.21	1	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	4.5	4	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.51	2	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	5.84	7	1	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	13.73	33	1	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.04	4	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.35	2	0	steroid ester; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; estrogen receptor modulator; synthetic oral contraceptive
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	2.64	3	0	organic cation
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	3.03	5	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.42	2	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
paraoxon [no description available]	3.04	5	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	2.36	2	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	8.07	5	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	2.35	2	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.03	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
6-aminonicotinamide 6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.	1.93	1	0	aminopyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary amino compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; teratogenic agent
carbutamide Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)	2.35	2	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	1.93	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	2.88	4	0	ergoline alkaloid
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	2.5	2	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	5.5	16	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.	2.02	1	0
fluorometholone Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.	3.25	6	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.04	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	5.08	8	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	3.4	1	1	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocystines	human metabolite
n-pentyl nitrite Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.	3.44	2	0	nitrite esters	vasodilator agent
chlorfenvinphos Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.	2.39	2	0	dichlorobenzene; organic phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	4	4	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	1.97	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	5.41	14	1
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	1.94	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
reticulin Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.	1.94	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	plant metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	3.25	6	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	8.79	11	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	5.14	3	1	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	4.82	4	2
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	1.97	1	0	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	12.25	22	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.38	2	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	7.62	3	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
echothiophate iodide Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.. ecothiopate iodide : The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.	5.75	17	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antiglaucoma drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.68	3	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	3.18	6	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.66	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
psilocybin Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").	1.95	1	0	organic phosphate; tertiary amino compound; tryptamine alkaloid	fungal metabolite; hallucinogen; prodrug; serotonergic agonist
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.42	2	0
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	1.93	1	0	diarylmethane
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.35	2	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.65	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
thiamine monophosphate Thiamine Monophosphate: Thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. The monophosphate ester of thiamine. Synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin B1 monophosphate.. thiamine(1+) monophosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) monophosphate.	2.05	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.88	4	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.	1.93	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	5.56	26	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.03	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	1.98	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.91	4	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	1.93	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	8.07	5	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	3.69	10	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	3.78	3	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	1.96	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.73	3	0	bis(azo) compound
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	5.16	3	1	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
trimecaine Trimecaine: Acetanilide derivative used as a local anesthetic.	1.99	1	0	amino acid amide
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	8.41	7	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	3.06	5	0
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	6.97	1	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	10.19	16	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
chromonar Chromonar: A coronary vasodilator agent.	2.03	1	0	coumarins
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	1.96	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.04	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	3.52	8	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
deoxyuridine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylestrenol Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	3.21	1	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	7.78	23	1	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	1.97	1	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	4.66	6	1
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.47	8	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	7.91	4	0	zinc molecular entity
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	2.05	1	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	11.91	21	1	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	7.09	27	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.7	3	0
propanidid Propanidid: An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)	1.94	1	0	methoxybenzenes
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
azaperone Azaperone: A butyrophenone used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. azaperone : An N-arylpiperazine that is 2-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(4-fluobenzoyl)propyl group. Used mainly as a tranquiliser for pigs and elephants.	1.98	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	8.23	6	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.52	5	0	tertiary amine
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	8.4	24	3	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	7.97	4	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	1.98	1	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
octachloronaphthalene Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.	2.21	1	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	12.86	80	12	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	2.92	1	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	1.96	1	0	thioxanthenes
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	3.34	7	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	10.88	13	2	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
ethamsylate Ethamsylate: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.	1.93	1	0	organosulfur compound; sulfonic acid derivative
o-chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile o-Chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile: A riot control agent which causes temporary irritation of the eyes and the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract. It is a more potent irritant than OMEGA-CHLOROACETOPHENONE, but less incapacitating.	4.47	7	0	organochlorine compound
uridine diphosphate galactose Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.. UDP-alpha-D-galactose : A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.	1.97	1	0	UDP-D-galactose	mouse metabolite
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	1.95	1	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	4.41	21	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
benzolamide Benzolamide: Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.	1.97	1	0
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	1.92	1	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.57	2	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	2.4	2	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
ecdysone [no description available]	4.18	17	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.37	2	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin [no description available]	5.44	66	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.64	3	0	carbon oxoanion
cladribine [no description available]	2	1	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	2.39	2	0
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	3.2	6	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
metanephrine Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.	1.95	1	0	catecholamine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.72	3	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
5,6-dihydroxytryptamine 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 6. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacologic research.	1.99	1	0
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	11.46	8	1	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.96	13	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	2.91	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
trimethaphan Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.	3.45	2	0	sulfonium compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antihypertensive agent; nicotinic antagonist; vasodilator agent
p-azobenzenearsonate p-Azobenzenearsonate: A hapten capable of eliciting both antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity when bound to aromatic amino acids, polypeptides or proteins. It is used as an immunologic research tool.. 4,4'-azodibenzenearsonic acid : The monoazo compound formed from arsanilic acid. It is used as an immunologic research tool.	1.96	1	0
lanthanum [no description available]	3.35	7	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	9.44	7	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	7.31	20	1	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	8.06	5	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
neon Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.	2.86	4	0	monoatomic neon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	3.28	6	0	vanadium group element atom
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	1.94	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	4.74	9	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.65	3	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
plutonium Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.	2.86	4	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	1.94	1	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	3.5	8	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.9	4	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	6.15	25	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	8.44	8	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	7.91	21	2	manganese group element atom
thorium Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.	7.35	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	7.06	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	7.43	15	2	titanium group element atom
americium Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	2.64	3	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	4.21	18	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	5.44	20	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.06	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	9.48	7	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
curium Curium: A radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cm, and atomic number 96. Thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. Its valence can be +3 or +4. It is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission.	1.95	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	4.64	6	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	5.26	16	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	7.75	31	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	9.44	7	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
holmium Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.	7.13	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	2.38	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	3.74	3	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	3.2	6	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	9.29	4	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	8.05	5	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	3.59	3	0	titanium group element atom
californium Californium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	1.95	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.37	2	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	3.5	2	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	1.96	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.37	2	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	1.98	1	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	7.4	2	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.86	4	0	diatomic bromine
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	2.41	2	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	7.35	2	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	3.12	5	0	calcium phosphate
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	1.97	1	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	4.15	17	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.33	2	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.25	6	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.09	5	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	5.24	17	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.78	2	1	nitrogen oxoacid
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	1.98	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	3.29	6	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	6.03	15	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
radon Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.	2.37	2	0	monoatomic radon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.08	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	1.98	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	7.07	47	0
rhamnose [no description available]	2.35	2	0	L-rhamnose
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.07	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
coformycin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	coformycins	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	9.02	3	1	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	2.36	2	0
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.71	3	0
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	1.98	1	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	1.97	1	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	2.15	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
thiamphenicol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	1.97	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	5.08	14	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	3.23	6	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	4.29	20	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2.68	3	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
benomyl [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
iodine [no description available]	4.34	21	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
osmium tetroxide Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.	3	4	0	osmium coordination entity	fixative; histological dye; oxidising agent; poison
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.38	2	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.42	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	2.37	2	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	6.99	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	7.18	20	2	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	8.05	23	1	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
paraldehyde Paraldehyde: A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9). paraldehyde : A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	1.93	1	0	trioxane	sedative
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	8.12	18	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
chloroprene Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.	2.62	3	0	chloroolefin
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	1.96	1	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	5.42	12	0
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	1.92	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	7.93	4	0
tridemorph tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.	1.99	1	0	morpholines; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
alkenes [no description available]	4.15	5	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	4.17	5	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	5.71	15	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	7.15	1	0
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.9	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	7.35	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	8.04	5	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	1.97	1	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	1.95	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	14.48	141	28	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
vidarabine phosphate Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.	1.96	1	0
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.38	2	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	2.37	2	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	2.36	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	3.79	11	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.73	3	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	8.65	9	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	8.01	64	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	2.02	1	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
etidocaine Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.	4.33	2	2	amino acid amide	local anaesthetic
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	4.06	4	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	4.89	8	1	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.37	2	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
thiocholine Thiocholine: A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.	2.03	1	0
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	1.95	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.45	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate [no description available]	4.09	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	4.62	3	2
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.67	3	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
levobunolol Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.	6.23	19	2	aromatic ether; cyclic ketone; propanolamine	antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.39	2	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	2.73	3	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	3.87	12	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	1.96	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	2.04	1	0
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	7.68	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	7.43	2	0	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	2.03	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.	1.96	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	3.82	2	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	3.7	10	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	19.09	789	12	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	7.68	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefotiam Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotiam : A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.	3.07	5	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	7.52	2	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.66	3	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.	3.37	1	1	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	2.37	2	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	9.09	3	1	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	1.96	1	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	3.48	8	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	1.97	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	2.89	4	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	5.2	4	3	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	13.05	156	3	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	1.97	1	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.07	5	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	3.09	5	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	2.4	2	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	3.42	7	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.6	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	3.43	1	1	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	3.1	5	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	4.91	8	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	1.99	1	0
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	3.17	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	3.92	3	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	5	9	1	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	3.01	4	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	4.37	2	2	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	4.21	3	1	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.13	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	8.06	16	1	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.67	3	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.66	3	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.71	10	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.07	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.35	2	0	iodine oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	4.71	9	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	3.61	3	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	6.89	22	1	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
armin Armin: A reversible organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It also affects the presynaptic membrane and inhibits membrane postsynaptic cholinergic receptors. The compound had former use as a miotic.	1.96	1	0	organic phosphonate; phosphonic ester
iridium radioisotopes Iridium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.	2.42	2	0
xenon radioisotopes Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.	3.21	6	0
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.38	2	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	5.63	18	1	1,2,3-triazole
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	3.74	11	0	anthocyanidin chloride
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	2.38	2	0	imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	3	4	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
rilmenidine Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.	3.35	1	1	isourea
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	8.5	7	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	1.98	1	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	5.27	11	1	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	2.21	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
octadecyl palmitate octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.	2.41	2	0	hexadecanoate ester; wax ester	coral metabolite; cosmetic
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.73	3	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
d-aspartic acid [no description available]	2.44	2	0	aspartic acid; D-alpha-amino acid	mouse metabolite
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	5.02	9	1	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.66	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	6.46	19	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	2.43	2	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	8.47	8	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	2.04	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	5.33	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
levobupivacaine Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.	3.83	2	1	1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide	adrenergic antagonist; amphiphile; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; local anaesthetic
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.4	2	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	3.62	9	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	4.01	5	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	8.75	11	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	4.63	6	1	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	3.21	6	0
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	2.03	1	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.38	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	1.99	1	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.17	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	5.29	10	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.11	1	0	proanthocyanidin
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	4.58	8	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	3.6	9	0
anserine Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.	7.37	2	0	beta-alanine derivative; dipeptide; zwitterion	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	4.26	4	1	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	2.37	2	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.45	2	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	2.13	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.08	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.08	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.07	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	2.01	1	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	2.73	3	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.7	3	0
methotrexate [no description available]	6.32	20	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
tamsulosin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
sulbactam [no description available]	2.47	2	0	penicillanic acids
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	5.55	6	3	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	3.13	1	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
aspartame [no description available]	1.97	1	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.35	2	0	D-xylose
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.03	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
phytol [no description available]	2.06	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	6.25	28	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	6.52	16	1	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	2.03	1	0	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	11.41	12	1	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
hyoscyamine Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.	1.94	1	0	tropane alkaloid
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2.36	2	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	7.38	2	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	4	4	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	3.52	2	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.46	2	0	carbodiimide
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	1.97	1	0
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	2.13	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	4.06	3	1
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.92	4	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	7.43	12	2	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	13.49	121	5
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	5.5	4	4	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	3.6	2	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	5.17	11	1	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.37	2	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	3.51	1	1	isoquinolines
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.08	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.16	5	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	8	114	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	1.96	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	4.86	11	0
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.39	2	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	1.97	1	0
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	2.41	2	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.03	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.03	1	0
lanatosides Lanatosides: Glycosides from DIGITALIS lanata leaf. Lanatoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures of lanatosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670)	1.95	1	0
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	10.25	22	4
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.47	2	0
carboplatin [no description available]	9.32	4	1
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	3.41	7	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2.65	3	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	7.27	33	1
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.4	2	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	3.97	14	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	5.21	16	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	3.56	9	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	8.83	16	1	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	5.02	9	1	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.38	2	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	3.42	1	1
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	2.05	1	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	7.06	11	3	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	3.07	5	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	8.75	11	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	2.87	4	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	1.96	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-formylmethionine N-formyl-L-methionine : A L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group.	1.96	1	0	L-methionine derivative; N-formyl amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.4	2	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	10.18	78	1
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	3.05	5	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	1.95	1	0	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	7.88	4	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	3.04	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.03	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2.88	4	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	2.39	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	3.32	7	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	2.37	2	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	3.97	2	1	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; acetate ester; androstane; morpholines; quaternary ammonium ion; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	1.96	1	0
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	3.43	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
linezolid [no description available]	2.49	2	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.97	4	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2	1	0
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.17	1	0
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.37	2	0	tripeptide
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.25	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	1.92	1	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
metrizamide Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.	2.36	2	0	amino sugar
erythromycin ethylsuccinate Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.	2.63	3	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin derivative; ethyl ester; succinate ester
loteprednol etabonate Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.	9.11	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; etabonate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid acid ester; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.11	15	0	cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.66	3	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.44	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	10.24	80	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	7.18	17	1	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	1.98	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	8.2	5	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	12.44	139	2	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.81	3	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	9.35	20	1	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	4.07	3	1	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	8.58	29	3	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	8.41	7	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2	1	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.74	3	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	10.44	15	1
keratan sulfate Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.	2.68	3	0
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.65	3	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	7.07	16	2	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cytidine monophosphate n-acetylneuraminic acid Cytidine Monophosphate N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: A nucleoside monophosphate sugar which donates N-acetylneuraminic acid to the terminal sugar of a ganglioside or glycoprotein.. CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid : A nucleotide sugar used as a donor by glycosyltransferases for the synthesis of sugar chains	1.97	1	0	CMP-N-acyl-beta-neuraminic acid	mouse metabolite
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	3.24	6	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	1.95	1	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2.01	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
imidazolidines [no description available]	3.24	6	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
aclarubicin Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.	2.37	2	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; methyl ester; phenols; polyketide; tetracenequinones; trisaccharide derivative; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.08	1	0
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	2.65	3	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.45	8	0	actinomycin	mutagen
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.78	3	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	4.95	12	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
l 743,872 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.	7.36	2	0	kanamycins	antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
streptothricins Streptothricins: A group of antibiotic aminoglycosides differing only in the number of repeating residues in the peptide side chain. They are produced by Streptomyces and Actinomyces and may have broad spectrum antimicrobial and some antiviral properties.. streptothricin : An N-glycosyl compound consisting of 2-amino-4-O-carbamoyl-2-deoxy-N-[(3aS,7R,7aS)-7-hydroxy-4-oxooctahydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-ylidene]-beta-D-gulopyranosylamine in which the amino group at position 2 of the gulopyranosyl moiety is acylated by a peptide unit made up of between 1 and 7 N(epsilon)-linked units of beta-lysine.	1.95	1	0
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	5.5	22	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	2.73	3	0
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	3.83	2	1	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	5.84	18	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.49	2	0	triterpenoid
glycosides [no description available]	8.08	5	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	1.96	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.13	14	0	isomethyleugenol
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	6.61	40	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.42	2	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.11	5	0	stilbene
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.71	3	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	3.75	2	1	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.64	3	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	7.42	2	0	diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	1.96	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
mezlocillin Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	7.36	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefsulodin Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.. cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.	2.37	2	0	cephalosporin; organosulfonic acid; primary carboxamide	antibacterial drug
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	2.67	3	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
dithizone Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.	3.03	5	0
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.94	4	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	5.23	9	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	3.76	2	1	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	1.96	1	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	3.66	10	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
urocanic acid Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.	8.5	1	1	urocanic acid	human metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	1.97	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	7.01	1	0	diarylmethane
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	4.63	8	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	3.33	1	1	diarylmethane
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	4.15	5	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	4.62	6	1	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.21	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	6.64	29	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	2.67	3	0
terbinafine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.47	8	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	3.69	10	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	9.95	7	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
tamoxifen [no description available]	8.06	11	1	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nadp [no description available]	5.31	18	0
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	3.06	1	0	macrolide
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	1.98	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	3.45	8	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	1.95	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	8.63	10	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
fursultiamin Fursultiamin: Compound used for therapy of thiamine deficiency. It has also been suggested for several non-deficiency disorders but has not yet proven useful.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidines
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	4.73	2	1	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
zinc oxide Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	1.94	1	0
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.41	2	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	3.75	11	0	alkali metal atom
thiamylal Thiamylal: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919). thiamylal : A member of the class of barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.	1.93	1	0	barbiturates; organosulfur compound	sedative
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	1.93	1	0	nitrogen oxide
phosphamidon Phosphamidon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	2.01	1	0
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	4	4	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
quinine [no description available]	12.13	17	1	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
cystine [no description available]	5.42	12	0
methenolone Methenolone: A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action.	1.95	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
olivomycins Olivomycins: A mixture of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics obtained from Actinomyces (or Streptomyces) olivoreticuli. They are used as fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA and prevent both RNA and protein synthesis and are also used as antineoplastic agents.	1.95	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	1.95	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	3.86	3	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	5.72	27	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	3.09	5	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.7	3	0	quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	4.91	38	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	3.19	6	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.46	2	0
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.72	3	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	4.18	5	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	7.91	4	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	2.81	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	9.82	6	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	7.49	40	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	10.86	40	9	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sterigmatocystin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	sterigmatocystins	metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	4.72	2	1	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	3.11	5	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	4.84	11	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	5.57	13	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	8.55	107	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	5.73	11	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	3.98	4	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	3.47	2	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
furylfuramide Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.	2.05	1	0	acrylamides; C-nitro compound; nitrofuran antibiotic; primary carboxamide
alprostadil [no description available]	6.77	7	1	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	2.62	3	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	3.52	2	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.84	4	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	1.96	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2.37	2	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	7.94	21	0	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	5.25	2	2	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	4.19	5	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.03	1	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.38	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	6.71	31	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	4.02	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
mivacurium Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	8.77	35	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
esculin [no description available]	7.67	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	7.3	14	1	alpha-humulene
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	2.13	1	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
travoprost Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.	7.5	9	6	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; prostaglandin receptor agonist
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	1.96	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	13.11	9	3	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
olopatadine hydrochloride Olopatadine Hydrochloride: An antihistamine with mast-cell stabilizing properties used as eye drops in the treatment of ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS.	5.14	3	1	dibenzooxazepine
dothiepin hydrochloride Dothiepin: A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action.	2.35	2	0	dothiepin
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	4.18	5	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	3.73	3	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	15.86	285	8	hydrochloride
tetrachlorvinphos Tetrachlorvinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. It has low mammalian toxicity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.96	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	1.99	1	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
iodopyracet Iodopyracet: An ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). diodone : A 4-pyridone in which the pyridone is iodo-substituted at C-3 and -5 and has a carboxymethyl substituent on nitrogen; used as a radiocontrast agent urography.	7.33	2	0
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	3.35	7	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	2.03	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	2.08	1	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	8.66	9	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	2.44	2	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
brefeldin a [no description available]	2	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	4.06	3	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	5.48	16	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
bimatoprost Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	9.84	20	10	monocarboxylic acid amide	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
cloprostenol Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.	9.01	22	12	prostanoid
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	1.97	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	7.27	5	3	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	3.53	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	14.37	61	26	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	4	4	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	5.45	12	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	2.11	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	2.67	3	0
neurokinin b Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.	2.38	2	0	polypeptide
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	3.41	7	0
su 11248 [no description available]	2.25	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	1.99	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	7.77	36	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	7.63	3	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	4.17	5	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.89	4	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	2.65	3	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.66	3	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	3.66	10	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	3.21	6	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	4.1	16	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
ethylmorphine Ethylmorphine: A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function.	2.34	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	3.32	7	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	3.41	7	0	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	8.45	8	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.13	15	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	1.96	1	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	3.3	6	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	1.95	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.01	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	4.19	18	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
methoprene Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.	3.88	2	1	isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; isopropyl ester	juvenile hormone mimic
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	2.36	2	0	alkaloid
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.67	3	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	7.41	2	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.41	2	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.68	3	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.97	4	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	3.06	5	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
astatine Astatine: Astatine. A radioactive halogen with the atomic symbol At, and atomic number 85. Its isotopes range in mass number from 200 to 219 and all have an extremely short half-life. Astatine may be of use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism because it emits ALPHA PARTICLES.	2.33	2	0	elemental astatine
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	6.15	25	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	1.96	1	0	thyronine
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	6.69	28	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	5.6	25	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	1.95	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	1.97	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	7.4	2	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
hr 810 cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	1.97	1	0	cephalosporin; cyclopentapyridine
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.11	1	0
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	4.16	17	0
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	3.43	1	1
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	2.35	2	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.6	9	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	3.22	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	3.46	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	5.74	28	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	6.79	19	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	1.95	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
radium Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.	4.19	18	0	alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	3.05	5	0
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	1.93	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	3.26	6	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	2.13	1	0	polyterpene
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	1.95	1	0
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	2.04	1	0
cilastatin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
axitinib [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.	2.37	2	0	galactosylceramide sulfate; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	1.93	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
beta-escin [no description available]	2.67	3	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	1.99	1	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	1.94	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	1.95	1	0
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	4.01	14	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.39	2	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	2.37	2	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.38	2	0
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	1.98	1	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	1.98	1	0
loa lithocholic acid acetate: structure in first source	4.33	6	0
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.37	2	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	6	10	1	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.05	1	0
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.	1.92	1	0
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	2.07	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.37	2	0	oligopeptide
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.52	8	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	1.95	1	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	2.02	1	0	diterpenoid
zeolites [no description available]	1.96	1	0
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.88	4	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	4	4	0
fmrfamide FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)	3.49	8	0
cystathionine Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.	7.25	1	0	cysteine derivative
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	2.6	1	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	3.72	9	0
eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)	1.96	1	0	peptide
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	3.38	7	0
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	9.78	33	11
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.35	2	0	nystatins
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	2.37	2	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.29	6	0
alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc Sialyl Lewis X Antigen: A sialylated version of Lewis X antigen expressed on cell surfaces. It is a ligand for SELECTINS.. alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc : A branched amino tetrasaccharide consisting of a sialyl residue, linked (2->3) to a galactosyl residue that in turn is linked (1->4) to a glucosaminyl residue, which is also carrying a fucosyl residue at the 3-position.	2.03	1	0	amino tetrasaccharide; glucosamine oligosaccharide	epitope
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.88	4	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	13.35	24	14
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.68	3	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	7.36	20	1	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	8.39	17	1
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	3.56	9	0
podophyllin Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.	2.34	2	0
arabinofuranosyluracil Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.	1.98	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	2.08	1	0
enerbol Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)	4.93	9	1
dihydrotachysterol Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.	1.94	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.03	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	5.82	31	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.79	2	1
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	5.17	15	0
cysteinyldopa Cysteinyldopa: Found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. Cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-S-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells.	7.36	2	0	catecholamine; zwitterion
jaw [no description available]	6.09	23	0	indolecarboxamide
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	5.6	24	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desmosine Desmosine: A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.	2.11	1	0	aromatic amino acid
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.26	6	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	1.95	1	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	3.22	6	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	2	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	4.78	10	0	polypeptide
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	3.77	3	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	5.3	17	0	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	7.97	4	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	4.96	12	0
peptide phi Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.	4.27	3	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	4.21	5	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	6.56	14	0
liraglutide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	3.78	2	1
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	1.98	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	5.36	14	1	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	9.07	20	3
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	5.69	15	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	6.86	4	2	21-hydroxy steroid
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	1.93	1	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	2.44	2	0	organotin acaricide
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	2.37	2	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
sodium salicylate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	5.59	5	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	3.4	7	0
silicate cement Silicate Cement: A relatively hard, translucent, restorative material used primarily in anterior teeth. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)	1.94	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	14.28	59	1
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	1.95	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.06	5	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	3.77	2	1	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.15	1	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	2.38	2	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	4.33	4	1
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	4.28	4	1
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	3.75	11	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.89	4	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	3.1	5	0
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	7.39	2	0
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	4.82	8	1
trelstar Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.	2.03	1	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	9.96	7	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	3.39	1	1	tartrate salt
mannans [no description available]	2.21	1	0
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	1.95	1	0
plx4032 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.	1.96	1	0	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
glycolipids [no description available]	4.84	11	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	7.35	12	4
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	2.03	1	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	9.95	4	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	7.19	10	1
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.41	2	0
tylosin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	14.2	36	3
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	7.7	40	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	3.27	6	0	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.36	2	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.31	6	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	3.88	12	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	10.55	89	2	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.34	2	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	4.47	24	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	9.45	24	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	4.13	17	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	4.11	6	0
methacycline Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.	2.35	2	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	10.28	10	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	1.94	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	3.08	5	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	4.43	22	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	1.98	1	0
rolitetracycline Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.	1.95	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	13.67	35	1
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	3.06	1	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	9.61	96	0
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	2.02	1	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.42	2	0	ketal
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.39	2	0
thymic factor, circulating Thymic Factor, Circulating: A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.	1.98	1	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	2.25	1	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	2.67	3	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.63	3	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	1.93	1	0
ephrin-a5 Ephrin-A5: A GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR containing ephrin found in developing tectum. It has been shown to mediate the bundling of cortical axons and repel the axonal growth of retinal ganglia axons. It is found in a variety of adult tissues of BRAIN; HEART; and KIDNEY.	2.72	3	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	8.43	7	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.05	5	0
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.	1.95	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	1.95	1	0
carubicin Carubicin: A very toxic anthracycline-type antineoplastic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata.. carminomycin(1+) : An anthracyline cation that is the conjugate acid of carminomycin, obtained by protonation of the amino group.	1.95	1	0	anthracycline cation
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.63	2	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	3.63	9	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.89	4	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	9.81	61	9
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	5.41	4	1
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	7.31	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	1.93	1	0
daptomycin [no description available]	2.48	2	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.57	9	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	1.95	1	0
ecallantide ecallantide: an NSAID and analgesic	2.17	1	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	2.35	2	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	4.79	10	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	11.54	55	2
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.36	2	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	4.17	5	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	3.07	5	0
sparsomycin Sparsomycin: An antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sparsogenes. It inhibits protein synthesis in 70S and 80S ribosomal systems.	1.97	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	5.81	8	1
technetium tc 99m medronate Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.	2.06	1	0
sodium morrhuate Sodium Morrhuate: The sodium salts of the fatty acids in cod liver oil; an irritant and sclerosing agent used to treat varicose veins and arthritic joints.	1.96	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	3	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.64	3	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	4.32	20	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	5.92	19	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	4.03	14	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	11.4	32	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.65	3	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	11.24	19	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	3.13	5	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.4	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	1.98	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.08	5	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	5.36	11	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2.66	3	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.05	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	3.66	10	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.1	5	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
neopterin [no description available]	3.61	3	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	4.96	7	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.36	2	0	dacarbazine
ganciclovir [no description available]	13.03	23	2	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	2.93	4	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	1.96	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.47	8	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	2.01	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
xanthopterin [no description available]	2.86	4	0
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	8.86	11	4	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	3.73	2	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	3.67	10	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	1.97	1	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.97	4	0	guanosines	biomarker
inosine pranobex Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.	1.96	1	0
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	2.88	4	0
ego [no description available]	3.23	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.48	8	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.02	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	5	12	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	1.97	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	5.13	15	0
galanin-like peptide Galanin-Like Peptide: A neuropeptide that is highly homologous to GALANIN. It is produced by proteolytic processing of a larger protein that is unrelated to prepro-galanin and preferentially binds to GALANIN-2 RECEPTOR.	2.08	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.44	2	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	1.95	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.3	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Coloboma Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation.	8.88	103	0
Microphthalmia [description not available]	9.49	176	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	23	1,058	29
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	23	1,058	29
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	11.6	105	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	22.16	1,541	23
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	24.1	1,852	147
Cirrhosis [description not available]	8.06	32	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	13.06	32	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	16.53	730	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	16.76	454	2
Hereditary Autoinflammation Diseases [description not available]	4.45	3	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	13.74	124	1
Eye Disorders [description not available]	24.7	2,595	36
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	18.74	124	1
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	24.7	2,595	36
Ocular Infections [description not available]	8.91	66	0
Eye Infections Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.	8.91	66	0
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	15.82	100	21
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	15.53	417	6
Syndrome, VKH (Vogt Koyanagi Harada) [description not available]	6.27	19	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	5.08	10	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	15.53	417	6
Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome A syndrome characterized by bilateral granulomatous UVEITIS with IRITIS and secondary GLAUCOMA, premature ALOPECIA, symmetrical VITILIGO, poliosis circumscripta (a strand of depigmented hair), HEARING DISORDERS, and meningeal signs (neck stiffness and headache). Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a pattern consistent with MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p748; Surv Ophthalmol 1995 Jan;39(4):265-292)	6.27	19	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	5.08	10	0
Choroid Hemorrhage Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.	3.42	7	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	17.07	368	6
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	10.61	62	3
Habronemiasis [description not available]	6.14	28	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	17.07	368	6
Argyria A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.57	9	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	12.19	190	3
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	5.39	5	1
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	15.32	283	5
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	5.39	5	1
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	15.32	283	5
Afferent Pupillary Defect [description not available]	6.39	26	0
Iris Diseases Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.	6.53	34	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	6.97	69	1
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	3.8	11	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	11.98	29	0
Retinal Dystrophies A group of disorders involving predominantly the posterior portion of the ocular fundus, due to degeneration in the sensory layer of the RETINA; RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; BRUCH MEMBRANE; CHOROID; or a combination of these tissues.	3.7	9	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	10.08	104	0
Glaucoma, Neovascular A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.	13.64	41	9
Pseudophakia Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.	13.31	37	2
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	5.88	24	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	20.57	757	26
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	8.99	65	1
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	20.57	757	26
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	2.7	3	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	8.99	65	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	17.22	645	3
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	4.8	10	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	4.8	10	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	18.31	356	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	13.31	356	0
Non-communicable Chronic Diseases [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.75	10	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	25.4	596	298
Dry Eye [description not available]	22.73	384	16
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	22.73	384	16
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	10.16	42	2
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	7.28	24	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	10.16	42	2
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	13.42	44	2
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	6.95	50	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	6.95	50	0
Bleb [description not available]	4.77	12	0
Maggot Infestations [description not available]	5.4	24	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	9.3	87	1
Viral Diseases [description not available]	7.73	49	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	9.3	87	1
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	12.73	49	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	17.75	283	41
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	17.75	283	41
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	14.92	87	4
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	14.92	87	4
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	11.47	143	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	16.47	143	1
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	11.38	63	2
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	4.14	5	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	6.35	40	0
Egyptian Ophthalmia [description not available]	10.17	65	2
Amblyopia, Developmental [description not available]	15.69	163	5
Amblyopia A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.	15.69	163	5
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	19.62	265	29
Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome [description not available]	3.82	3	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	3.59	3	0
Thrombotic Microangiopathies Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.	3.6	2	0
Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome An hereditary hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with variations in the gene that encodes COMPLEMENT FACTOR H, or the related proteins CFHR1 and CFHR3. Disease often progresses to CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE without the prodromal symptoms of ENTEROCOLITIS and DIARRHEA that characterize typical hemolytic uremic syndrome.	3.82	3	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	7.03	17	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	7.03	17	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	18.46	344	13
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	16.02	263	2
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	15.61	469	3
Day Blindness [description not available]	19.95	404	26
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	4.22	18	0
Abnormalities, Skin [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Chondrodysplasia Punctata A heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common character of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy. The group includes a severe autosomal recessive form (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC), an autosomal dominant form (Conradi-Hunermann syndrome), and a milder X-linked form. Metabolic defects associated with impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form.	2.89	4	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	9.22	18	0
Skin Abnormalities Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.	2.38	2	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	5.54	9	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	5.54	9	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	8.49	351	0
Ocular Tuberculosis [description not available]	14.35	290	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	8.49	351	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	11.18	157	1
Choked Disk [description not available]	10.77	154	1
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	11.18	157	1
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	15.77	154	1
Canine Diseases [description not available]	12.02	146	4
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	7.64	56	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	13.66	35	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	7.11	38	0
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available]	10.04	48	2
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	7.11	38	0
Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.	15.04	48	2
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	8.66	35	1
Anasarca [description not available]	22.05	395	291
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	12.99	96	7
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	22.05	395	291
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	12.99	96	7
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	8.97	5	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	13.4	230	3
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	3.97	5	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	13.4	230	3
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	16.27	90	32
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	14.89	343	7
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	14.89	343	7
Pink Eye [description not available]	13.25	161	4
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	13.25	161	4
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	9.08	28	2
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	9.76	87	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	13.96	318	1
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	9.08	28	2
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	14.76	87	1
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	11.67	65	16
C-C Fistula [description not available]	7.24	51	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	16.67	65	16
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	17.12	561	2
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	18.95	242	10
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	9.16	36	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	9.16	36	2
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	13.94	205	2
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	5.88	16	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	5.88	16	0
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	2.85	3	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	11.62	53	3
6th Nerve Palsy [description not available]	3.5	8	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	5.58	11	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	5.58	11	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.93	4	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	15.76	148	10
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	20.76	148	10
Lacerations Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.	3.22	6	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	6.17	18	0
Albinism, Tyrosinase-Negative [description not available]	5.29	12	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	6.17	18	0
Albinism, Oculocutaneous Heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. The two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types.	5.29	12	0
Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid [description not available]	6.01	15	0
Pemphigoid [description not available]	9.5	5	0
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.	6.01	15	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	4.5	5	0
Convergent Strabismus [description not available]	9.26	67	2
Alternating Exotropia [description not available]	6.98	28	1
Esotropia A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a cross-eye appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.	9.26	67	2
Blastomycosis, North American [description not available]	4.38	8	0
Blastomycosis A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.	4.38	8	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	7.85	30	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	12.7	93	3
Uveitis, Sympathetic [description not available]	4.78	33	0
Eye Injuries, Penetrating Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.	8.18	61	1
Ophthalmia, Sympathetic Granulomatous uveitis which follows in one eye after a penetrating injury to the other eye; the secondarily affected eye is called the sympathizing eye, and the injured eye is called the exciting or activating eye.	4.78	33	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	7.46	21	1
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	7.46	21	1
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	3.13	5	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	4.47	8	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	4.47	8	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	2.82	3	0
Autism [description not available]	13.71	79	2
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	13.71	79	2
Diplopia A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.	8.22	70	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	4.46	8	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	4.46	8	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	11.69	35	3
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	11.69	35	3
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	8.61	72	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	8.61	72	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	17.98	253	8
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	17.98	253	8
Franceschetti-Zwahlen-Klein Syndrome [description not available]	3.9	13	0
Ametropia [description not available]	17.62	452	10
Refractive Errors Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.	17.62	452	10
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	6.44	42	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	3.41	6	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	6.44	42	1
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	3.41	6	0
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia [description not available]	5.14	11	0
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.	5.14	11	0
Progressive Tapetochoroidal Dystrophy [description not available]	4.31	3	0
Choroideremia An X chromosome-linked abnormality characterized by atrophy of the choroid and degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium causing night blindness.	4.31	3	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	6.34	28	0
Adult Optic Nerve Glioma [description not available]	3.51	8	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	6.34	28	0
Optic Nerve Glioma Glial cell derived tumors arising from the optic nerve, usually presenting in childhood.	3.51	8	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	13.45	109	1
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	12.17	71	2
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	10.07	42	1
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	10.07	42	1
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	3.66	8	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	13.82	236	5
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	14.54	308	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	13.82	236	5
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	19.54	308	1
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Leukomalacia, Periventricular Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)	2.44	2	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	14.29	110	9
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	14.29	110	9
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	3.04	5	0
Aortitis Syndrome [description not available]	5.07	17	0
Takayasu Arteritis A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.	10.07	17	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	16.66	302	17
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	16.66	302	17
Anophthalmia [description not available]	7.79	79	0
Cyst [description not available]	9.13	77	1
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	7.24	18	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	20.6	155	22
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	15.6	155	22
Leukoma [description not available]	9.61	104	1
Cockayne-Touraine Disease [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	9.61	104	1
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.	2.9	2	0
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	11.68	83	2
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	11.68	83	2
Presbyopia The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.	6.87	37	0
Farsightedness [description not available]	15.27	231	3
Hyperopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)	15.27	231	3
Atherogenesis [description not available]	4.77	7	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	4.77	7	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.41	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	6.19	21	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	11.11	69	6
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	16.11	69	6
Congenital Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	4.65	29	0
Ocular Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	12.9	109	0
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)	4.65	29	0
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.	7.9	109	0
Achromatopsia Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.	7.22	38	1
Color Vision Defects Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.	7.22	38	1
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	8.47	46	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	5.93	4	1
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	5.93	4	1
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy [description not available]	7.39	15	0
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))	7.39	15	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	11.73	293	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	11.73	293	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	5.66	31	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	5.66	31	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	17.12	219	6
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	8.48	56	1
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	11.86	145	4
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	11.86	145	4
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	11.98	18	1
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis [description not available]	7.73	23	3
Dyskeratosis Congenita, X-Linked [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	8.52	39	1
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.	12.73	23	3
Dyskeratosis Congenita A predominantly X-linked recessive syndrome characterized by a triad of reticular skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy and leukoplakia of mucous membranes. Oral and dental abnormalities may also be present. Complications are a predisposition to malignancy and bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia. (from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called dyskerin.	2.6	1	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	5.95	16	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	10.95	16	0
Infections, Neisseriaceae [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Bacterial Conjunctivitides [description not available]	8.14	26	1
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.	8.14	26	1
Hypertensive Retinopathy Degenerative changes to the RETINA due to HYPERTENSION.	5.12	6	0
Congenital Nystagmus [description not available]	8.53	8	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	6.28	11	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	9.8	38	1
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	11.28	11	0
Ectopia Lentis Congenital displacement of the lens resulting from defective zonule formation.	9	13	0
Fuch's Endothelial Dystrophy [description not available]	4.34	4	0
Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.	4.34	4	0
Cranial Nerve IV Diseases [description not available]	3.55	7	0
Palsy [description not available]	8.44	133	1
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	8.44	133	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	3.86	4	0
Ocular Toxicity [description not available]	5.78	8	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	7.43	26	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	4.48	8	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	7.43	26	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	4.48	8	0
Lassitude [description not available]	5.71	33	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	5.71	33	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	12.48	118	1
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	10.15	67	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	13.69	86	7
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	13.69	86	7
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	10.72	82	2
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	5.74	10	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	6.86	17	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	6.86	17	0
Rubeola [description not available]	4.03	15	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	9.77	107	1
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	4.03	15	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	9.77	107	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	11.51	219	1
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	6.81	15	1
Herpes Zoster, Ocular [description not available]	7.18	43	0
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.	12.18	43	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	4.71	31	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	11.54	18	1
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	6.54	18	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	9.07	104	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	7.9	40	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	12.9	40	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	8.76	80	0
Corneal Perforation A puncture or hole through the CORNEAL STROMA resulting from various diseases or trauma.	3.99	4	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	13.76	80	0
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	12.22	476	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	6	27	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	6	27	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	5.73	3	2
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	3.33	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	5.73	3	2
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	7.86	32	1
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	7.86	32	1
Chalazia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Chalazion A non-neoplastic cyst of the MEIBOMIAN GLANDS of the eyelid.	2.37	2	0
Dermoid [description not available]	4.95	15	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	3.9	13	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	3.9	13	0
Gnathostoma Infection [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	15.65	483	5
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	3.68	10	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	15.65	483	5
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides [description not available]	3.73	3	0
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.	3.73	3	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	7.62	81	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	7.62	81	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	4.25	7	0
Ache [description not available]	15.13	135	19
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	15.13	135	19
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.41	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	10.39	66	2
IgG4 Related Systemic Disease [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Orbital [description not available]	5.12	10	0
Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease A spectrum of systemic autoimmune diseases in which IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4 plays a pathophysiologic role. It can affect multiple organs in highly variable presentations, characterized by inflammatory lesions composed of IgG4-positive PLASMA CELLS, further infiltrated by T helper cells (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) when linked to progressive FIBROSIS and eventual organ damage.	2.82	2	0
Orbital Pseudotumor A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the ORBIT of the eye. It is usually composed of mature LYMPHOCYTES; PLASMA CELLS; MACROPHAGES; LEUKOCYTES with varying degrees of FIBROSIS. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (ORBITAL MYOSITIS) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (DACRYOADENITIS).	5.12	10	0
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	9.16	87	0
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	2.71	3	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	9.86	52	3
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia with Myopathy [description not available]	2.98	4	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	12.93	113	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	9.86	52	3
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	6.04	16	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	6.04	16	0
Dry Macular Degeneration [description not available]	5.53	9	0
Geographic Atrophy A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.	5.53	9	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	7.64	108	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	3.26	6	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	8.95	50	1
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	8.95	50	1
Corneal Dystrophies [description not available]	6.98	25	0
Acrocephaly Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.	5.19	19	0
Craniofacial Dysarthrosis [description not available]	5.33	22	0
Craniosynostoses Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.	5.19	19	0
Adult-Onset Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Acantholysis Bullosa [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	7.79	30	1
Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.	8.05	5	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	3.42	2	0
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	8.6	9	0
alpha-Dystroglycanopathies [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Collodion Baby Syndrome [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Eye Infections, Viral Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.	7.82	36	0
Ichthyosis, Lamellar A chronic, congenital ichthyosis inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Infants are usually born encased in a collodion membrane which sheds within a few weeks. Scaling is generalized and marked with grayish-brown quadrilateral scales, adherent at their centers and free at the edges. In some cases, scales are so thick that they resemble armored plate.	2.7	3	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	5.82	23	0
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	5.82	23	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	5.21	12	0
Episcleritis [description not available]	6.81	28	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	10.21	12	0
Scleritis Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.	6.81	28	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	5.36	60	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	5.36	60	0
Klein Syndrome [description not available]	3.99	14	0
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection [description not available]	5.35	23	0
Cerebral Nocardiosis [description not available]	4.65	10	0
Histoplasmosis Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.	5.35	23	0
Co-infection [description not available]	4.4	6	0
Adenoma Sebaceum Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis	6.01	28	0
Tuberous Sclerosis Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.	11.01	28	0
Vision, Diminished [description not available]	7.36	43	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	9.76	30	2
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	9.76	30	2
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease [description not available]	3.98	5	0
Granulomatosis, Lipid [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.	3.98	5	0
Erdheim-Chester Disease A rare form of non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL) with onset in middle age. The systemic disease is characterized by infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.	3.52	1	0
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy [description not available]	7.93	40	0
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)	7.93	40	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2.91	4	0
Myopia, Pathological [description not available]	6.98	30	0
Sclera Diseases [description not available]	5.77	21	0
Myopia, Degenerative Excessive axial myopia associated with complications (especially posterior staphyloma and CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION) that can lead to BLINDNESS.	6.98	30	0
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	7.3	55	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	4.74	12	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	6.32	39	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	6.32	39	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	9.74	12	0
Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome Syndrome characterized by the triad of oculocutaneous albinism (ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS); PLATELET STORAGE POOL DEFICIENCY; and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin.	3.43	7	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	5.01	16	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	8.81	89	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	5.47	25	0
Absence of Corpus Callosum [description not available]	3.29	6	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	8.46	35	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	8.46	35	1
Coenuri Infection [description not available]	6.05	29	0
Cysticercosis Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.	6.05	29	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	8.75	24	1
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	7.94	22	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	9.23	86	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	7.81	37	2
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	7.94	22	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	9.23	86	0
Eye Pain A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.	8.95	23	1
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	7.89	34	0
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	7.89	34	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	6.51	32	0
Blow Out Fracture [description not available]	6.62	36	0
Fractures, Multiple Injuries involving the breaking of either several bones or one bone in two or more places.	2.41	1	0
Autokinetic Effect [description not available]	5.13	18	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	2.88	3	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Familial Turner Syndrome [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2.6	1	0
Noonan Syndrome A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.	2.53	2	0
Itching [description not available]	9.81	21	3
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	14.81	21	3
Uveitis, Posterior Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.	4.82	5	0
Surgical Incision [description not available]	5.09	5	1
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	3.95	14	0
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	4.09	16	0
Exanthem [description not available]	7.38	20	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	7.38	20	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	18.78	557	17
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	18.78	557	17
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	3.68	3	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	15.16	40	3
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	3.23	4	0
Cranial Nerve III Diseases [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	3.23	4	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	4.88	14	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	8.98	54	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	8.98	54	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	8.11	81	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	8.11	81	0
Acute Idiopathic Blind Spot Enlargement Syndrome [description not available]	3.64	2	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	6.28	26	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	3.96	14	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	7.68	19	1
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	7.68	19	1
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	9.57	39	3
Panophthalmitis Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.	6.41	30	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	3.12	5	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	9.37	73	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	9.37	73	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	12.98	119	4
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Sporotrichosis The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.	3.22	6	0
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	7.62	80	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	7.62	80	0
Alastrim [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Smallpox An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)	8.04	5	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.76	11	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	6.93	32	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	6.93	32	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	12.74	118	7
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	12.74	118	7
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	5.17	18	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	5.17	18	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	8.08	54	0
Amentia [description not available]	5.28	20	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	8.08	54	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	5.28	20	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	6.93	10	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	11.09	71	2
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	16.09	71	2
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	4.21	13	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	4.21	13	0
Anisometropia A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.	10.39	61	0
Astigmatism Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)	10.71	123	1
Mucorales Infection [description not available]	7.56	23	1
Mucormycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.	7.56	23	1
Facial Hemiatrophy A syndrome characterized by slowly progressive unilateral atrophy of facial subcutaneous fat, muscle tissue, skin, cartilage, and bone. The condition typically progresses over a period of 2-10 years and then stabilizes.	3.75	11	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	3.67	10	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	3.67	10	0
Viral Conjunctivitis [description not available]	5.21	18	0
Genetic Skin Diseases [description not available]	3.57	5	0
Conjunctivitis, Viral Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.	5.21	18	0
Hemorrhage, Vitreous [description not available]	7.8	25	1
Vitreous Hemorrhage Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.	7.8	25	1
Loeys-Dietz Aortic Aneurysm Syndrome Loeys-Dietz Syndrome with aortic aneurysm or dissection.	2.6	1	0
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	3.2	5	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome [description not available]	8.57	50	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	2.6	1	0
Sickle Cell Trait The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.	2.58	2	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	6.27	20	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	11.19	184	2
Tick Bites The effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bites of TICKS.	2.6	1	0
Amaurosis, Leber Congenital [description not available]	3.84	11	0
Leber Congenital Amaurosis A rare degenerative inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life that results in a loss of vision. Not to be confused with LEBER HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHY, the disease is thought to be caused by abnormal development of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS in the RETINA, or by the extremely premature degeneration of retinal cells.	3.84	11	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	14.72	25	3
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	9.72	25	3
Brucella Infection [description not available]	5.2	20	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	5.2	20	0
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell [description not available]	7.47	70	0
Giant Cell Arteritis A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)	7.47	70	0
Myositis, Orbital [description not available]	4.39	4	0
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	6.75	27	0
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	11.75	27	0
Xeroderma [description not available]	9.86	8	0
Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.	4.86	8	0
Dandy-Walker Complex [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.6	1	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	3.51	2	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	5.09	10	0
Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available]	3.9	3	0
Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	3.9	3	0
Persistent Fetal Vasculature Syndrome [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Asystole [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	3.58	9	0
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	4.26	7	0
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	4.26	7	0
Posterior Vitreous Detachment [description not available]	3.61	8	0
Nevoxanthoendothelioma [description not available]	4.47	5	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	3.4	2	0
ATLL [description not available]	3.97	4	0
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection [description not available]	5.6	9	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	3.4	2	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	3.97	4	0
HTLV-I Infections Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.	5.6	9	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	5.92	25	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	5.92	25	0
Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	4.74	32	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	4.74	32	0
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	6.01	18	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	6.01	18	0
Arthritis, Spinal [description not available]	4.39	4	0
Ocular Hypotension Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).	8.05	30	2
Debility [description not available]	2.6	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	10.09	10	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	14.02	164	5
Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic [description not available]	4.14	6	0
Polychondritis, Relapsing An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.	4.14	6	0
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Severe Dengue A virulent form of dengue characterized by THROMBOCYTOPENIA and an increase in vascular permeability (grades I and II) and distinguished by a positive pain test (e.g., TOURNIQUET PAIN TEST). When accompanied by SHOCK (grades III and IV), it is called dengue shock syndrome.	3.52	1	0
Solitary Fibrous Tumors Rare neoplasms of mesenchymal origin, usually benign, and most commonly involving the PLEURA (see SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOR, PLEURAL). They also are found in extrapleural sites.	4.21	3	0
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	4.3	7	0
Adult-Onset Dystonias [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Dystonic Disorders Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.	2.69	3	0
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	2.6	1	0
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	9.93	67	2
Epiretinal Membrane A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)	11.49	15	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	6.7	22	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	5.13	11	0
Feline Infectious Peritonitis Common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (CORONAVIRUS, FELINE). The disease is characterized by a long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal enlargement. Infection of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be essential in FIP pathogenesis.	8.01	3	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	5.13	11	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	11.7	22	0
Exfoliation Glaucoma [description not available]	9.15	34	1
Exfoliation Syndrome The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)	14.15	34	1
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	7.22	21	2
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	5.41	5	1
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	6.85	30	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	8.21	6	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	5.41	5	1
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	6.85	30	0
Facial Palsy [description not available]	10.4	23	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	4.42	8	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	10.38	76	1
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	12.33	36	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	7.33	36	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	4.51	9	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	3.45	2	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	4.51	9	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	12.16	15	1
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction A chronic dysfunction of MEIBOMIAN GLANDS characterized by altered tear film stability and function due to a decrease or alteration in lipid quality/content in meibum. It is often associated with evaporative-type DRY EYE SYNDROME.	4.07	3	0
Central Serous Retinopathy [description not available]	4.59	9	0
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.	9.59	9	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	7.53	12	1
Kahler Disease [description not available]	4.09	16	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	9.09	16	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	4.16	17	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	4.16	17	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	5.87	13	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	5.87	13	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	9.57	47	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	9.57	47	1
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.	24.77	195	2
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	10.84	99	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	2.6	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	10.42	54	2
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	10.42	54	2
Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl Syndrome [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; POLYDACTYLY; OBESITY; MENTAL RETARDATION; hypogenitalism; renal dysplasia; and short stature. This syndrome has been distinguished as a separate entity from LAURENCE-MOON SYNDROME. (From J Med Genet 1997 Feb;34(2):92-8)	3.1	5	0
Feminization Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.	2.72	2	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	6.74	22	0
Choroid Diseases Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.	7.43	33	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	4.39	8	0
Benedict Syndrome [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	3.67	10	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	5.22	11	1
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	5.22	11	1
Bleeding [description not available]	11.45	132	2
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	11.45	132	2
Allergy, Food [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	3.24	6	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	4.7	11	0
Arnold-Chiari Deformity [description not available]	3.72	3	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	9.7	11	0
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	2.81	3	0
Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.	14.24	105	1
Anti-GBM Disease [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.	3.1	5	0
Sparganosis Infection of animals, including fish and man, with a developmental stage of Diphyllobothrium. This stage has recently been referred to as a plerocercoid but the name sparganum has persisted. Therefore, infection of fish or other animals with the plerocercoid larvae is sparganosis. Fish-eating mammals, including man, are the final hosts.	2.93	4	0
Anisocoria Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.	8.25	6	0
Dacryoadenitis [description not available]	4.96	15	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	5.29	7	0
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	10.29	7	0
Aprosodia [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	6.41	23	2
Intraocular Lymphoma A form of malignant cancer which occurs within the eyeball.	2.76	2	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	6.19	31	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	3.13	5	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	6.19	31	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	8.75	44	1
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	6.78	14	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	8.75	44	1
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	6.78	14	1
Acute Peripheral Vestibulopathy [description not available]	3.66	8	0
Vestibular Neuronitis Idiopathic inflammation of the VESTIBULAR NERVE, characterized clinically by the acute or subacute onset of VERTIGO; NAUSEA; and imbalance. The COCHLEAR NERVE is typically spared and HEARING LOSS and TINNITUS do not usually occur. Symptoms usually resolve over a period of days to weeks. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p304)	3.66	8	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	3.82	11	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	4.7	11	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	3.82	11	0
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	4.7	11	0
Drusen, Retinal [description not available]	6.04	10	1
Bone Fractures [description not available]	5.68	14	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	5.68	14	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	5.41	15	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	2.6	1	0
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	4.56	9	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	4.56	9	0
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm An acquired dilation of the retinal artery often associated with systemic HYPERTENSION.	2.6	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	7.87	21	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	12.87	21	0
Systemic Vasculitis A heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel walls.	8.52	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	7.27	46	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	6.27	59	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	7.27	46	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	4.75	7	1
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	9.75	7	1
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue [description not available]	4.07	5	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.	4.07	5	0
CCMMT [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Conjunctival Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the CONJUNCTIVA.	5.89	17	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.6	1	0
Low Tension Glaucoma A form of glaucoma in which chronic optic nerve damage and loss of vision normally attributable to buildup of intraocular pressure occurs despite prevailing conditions of normal intraocular pressure.	6.03	17	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	4.17	6	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	4.17	6	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	2.44	2	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	2.9	4	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	2.9	4	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	5.21	12	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	10.21	12	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	5.58	11	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	5.58	11	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	2.6	1	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	4.74	7	0
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	7.37	2	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	11.27	51	3
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	11.27	51	3
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	5.06	17	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	5.06	17	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	7.63	16	1
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	7.63	16	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	13.86	30	1
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	4.36	21	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	9.36	21	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	6.08	30	0
Compartment Syndromes Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.	4.33	7	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	6.08	30	0
Great Pox [description not available]	5.26	55	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	5.26	55	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	4.82	13	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	4.82	13	0
Psychoses [description not available]	5.48	16	1
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	5.48	16	1
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	7.86	62	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	8.33	27	3
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	4.75	12	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	4.75	12	0
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	3.32	7	0
Spasmophilia [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.42	2	0
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	3.32	7	0
Aphthae [description not available]	3.09	4	0
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	3.09	4	0
Bruise [description not available]	6.77	24	1
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	6.77	24	1
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	8.02	84	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	3.64	2	0
Fisher Syndrome [description not available]	7.79	3	0
ADDH [description not available]	8.38	18	1
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	3.21	5	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	5.21	6	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	8.38	18	1
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	3.21	5	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	5.21	6	0
Acropachy, Hereditary [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	3.75	11	0
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	5.95	9	1
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)	3.01	4	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	2.6	1	0
Capillary Telangiectasia, Brain [description not available]	5.33	20	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	4.1	16	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	6.26	36	0
Scotoma A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.	5.04	43	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	6.26	36	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	4.1	16	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	6.53	35	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	6.53	35	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	10.06	148	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.52	1	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	2.48	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	8.71	64	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	8.71	64	0
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	2.6	1	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	3.56	3	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	8.64	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	8.23	29	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	4.95	15	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	9.95	15	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	6.62	38	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	6.62	38	0
Acute Retinal Necrosis [description not available]	8.8	11	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	7.09	29	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	12.09	29	0
Measles, German [description not available]	6.28	21	0
Urogenital Prolapse [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Pelvic Organ Prolapse Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.	2.6	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	8.92	57	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	4.25	3	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	4.25	3	0
Elephant Man Disease [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Proteus Syndrome Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial GIGANTISM of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas (HEMANGIOMA), lipomas (LIPOMA), lymphangiomas (LYMPHANGIOMA), epidermal NEVI; MACROCEPHALY; cranial HYPEROSTOSIS, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called elephant man, apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, a disorder with similar characteristics.	3.52	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	5.03	15	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	5.03	15	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	4.4	2	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	4.4	2	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	4.08	5	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	4.08	5	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	7.53	52	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	7.53	52	0
Diathesis [description not available]	8.26	41	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Constricted Pupil [description not available]	4.68	28	0
Miosis Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.	4.68	28	0
Enophthalmos Recession of the eyeball into the orbit.	7.83	16	1
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	5.78	22	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	5.78	22	0
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by incomplete development of the retinal vasculature. Its severity can vary from complete blindness in infancy, to mild or no visual problems, where small areas of vascular defects are observable only by FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY. Exudative vitreoretinopathy 1 is associated with mutations in the FZD4 gene.	2.78	3	0
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	4.38	21	0
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)	3.02	4	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	5.96	5	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	7.39	17	0
ACD-MPV [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	8.08	79	0
Emesis [description not available]	8.18	25	2
Colicky Pain [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	5.96	5	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	7.39	17	0
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).	3.12	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	8.08	79	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	13.18	25	2
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	3.39	2	0
Corneal Wavefront Aberration Asymmetries in the topography and refractive index of the corneal surface that affect visual acuity.	6.03	9	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	5.77	20	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	5.77	20	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	6.66	21	1
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.66	21	1
Prolapse The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.	8.23	6	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	7.15	61	0
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	8.7	34	1
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	5.35	23	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	5.35	23	0
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	2.63	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	6.11	31	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	11.11	31	0
Occupational Injuries Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.	4.02	4	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	11.66	21	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	6.66	21	0
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Idiopathic recurrent VERTIGO associated with POSITIONAL NYSTAGMUS. It is associated with a vestibular loss without other neurological or auditory signs. Unlike in LABYRINTHITIS and VESTIBULAR NEURONITIS, inflammation in the ear is not observed.	3.79	3	0
Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous A malignant tumor composed of cells showing differentiation toward sebaceous epithelium. The tumor is solitary, firm, somewhat raised, more or less translucent, and covered with normal or slightly verrucose epidermis. It may be yellow or orange. The face and scalp are the commonest sites. The growth can be slow or rapid but metastasis is uncommon. Surgery cures most of the cases. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, pp2403-4)	3.39	2	0
Neoplasms, Sebaceous Gland [description not available]	4.31	4	0
Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome [description not available]	4.66	5	0
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation A genetically heterogeneous group of heritable disorders resulting from defects in protein N-glycosylation.	4.66	5	0
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	3.2	6	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	3.41	2	0
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	4.37	8	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	4.37	8	0
Benign Optic Nerve Neoplasm [description not available]	3.88	12	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	3	4	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	6.94	41	0
Dorsolateral Medullary Syndrome [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	6.94	41	0
Angle's Classification [description not available]	4.37	7	0
Malocclusion Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)	9.37	7	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	5.21	19	0
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	5.04	9	0
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	4.02	2	1
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	4.02	2	1
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	6.04	29	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	11.04	29	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	8.19	77	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	13.19	77	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	3.31	6	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	6.66	12	1
Albinism General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.	7.01	56	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	9.29	7	0
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	4.29	7	0
Endolymphatic Hydrops An accumulation of ENDOLYMPH in the inner ear (LABYRINTH) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. It is characterized by SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; and sometimes VERTIGO.	3.45	2	0
Eye Diseases, Hereditary Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.	7.01	29	0
Deafness-Retinitis Pigmentosa Syndrome [description not available]	3.05	4	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	3.28	5	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	3.29	6	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	3.28	5	0
Adipocere [description not available]	6.71	31	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	7.7	17	1
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	7.7	17	1
Drusen, Optic Disc [description not available]	4.35	7	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	6.14	32	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	9.23	18	0
Anal Cancer [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	8.41	44	1
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Male Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	5.9	17	0
Anus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.	3.12	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	8.41	44	1
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.12	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Male Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.	3.12	1	0
Ciliopathies Genetic disorders caused by defects in genes related to the primary CILIUM; BASAL BODY; or CENTROSOME. Primary features may include obesity, SKELETAL DYSPLASIA; POLYDACTYLY and malformations that primarily involve the liver, eye or kidneys.	2.55	2	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	7.13	49	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	7.13	49	0
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	2.82	2	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	7.18	43	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	9.43	40	1
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	7.18	43	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	9.43	40	1
Facial Spasm, Unilateral [description not available]	2.91	3	0
Arbovirus Infections Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.	4.26	4	0
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)	2.48	2	0
Embolus [description not available]	6.4	30	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	6.4	30	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	4.96	38	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	5.83	23	0
CACH Syndrome [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	3.31	2	0
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	4.55	10	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	4.55	10	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	3.22	6	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	5.06	17	0
Acariasis [description not available]	2.9	3	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	4.4	22	0
Aura [description not available]	9.45	40	1
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	9.4	22	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	9.45	40	1
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	6.34	15	1
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	6.34	15	1
Aniseikonia A condition in which the ocular image of an object as seen by one eye differs in size and shape from that seen by the other.	9.46	24	0
Genital Tract Infections [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	6.27	25	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	6.27	25	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	8.43	18	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	8.22	16	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	8.43	18	0
Endothelioma, Lymphatic [description not available]	4.05	3	0
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	9.16	106	0
Lymphangioma A benign tumor resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component.	4.05	3	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	7.3	15	8
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	7.3	15	8
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	6.6	29	0
Alexia [description not available]	6.14	20	0
Shaken Baby Syndrome Brain injuries resulted from vigorous shaking of an infant or young child held by the chest, shoulders, or extremities causing extreme cranial acceleration. It is characterized by the intracranial and intraocular hemorrhages with no evident external trauma. Serious cases may result in death.	9.12	5	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	5.8	22	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	5.8	22	0
Chromosomal Duplication [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	11.2	169	2
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	6.96	42	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	11.2	169	2
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	11.96	42	0
Leukemic Infiltration A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.	7.12	23	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	4.7	11	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	4.7	11	0
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1 [description not available]	4.6	9	0
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.	4.6	9	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	6.77	33	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	4.27	4	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	4.27	4	0
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus [description not available]	6.38	29	0
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	6.38	29	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	7.42	34	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	7.42	34	0
Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.	2.91	4	0
Fundus Flavimaculatus [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Stargardt Disease A juvenile-onset macular dystrophy characterized by progressive loss of VISUAL ACUITY with normal acuity in peripheral VISUAL FIELDS. Other associated clinical features may include LIPOFUSCIN fundus autofluorescence, atrophy of the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM, loss of color vision, PHOTOPHOBIA and PARACENTRAL SCOTOMA. Germline mutations in the ABCA4 gene have been identified in recessive and dominant diseases.	7.66	2	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	3.55	9	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	3.27	6	0
Neoplasms, Skull Base [description not available]	5.19	7	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	5.79	36	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	4.28	7	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	5.4	10	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	4.28	7	0
Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.	7.5	2	0
Blennorrhea, Inclusion [description not available]	3.83	12	0
Conjunctivitis, Inclusion An infection of the eyes characterized by the presence in conjunctival epithelial cells of inclusion bodies indistinguishable from those of trachoma. It is acquired by infants during birth and by adults from swimming pools. The etiological agent is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS whose natural habitat appears to be the genito-urinary tract. Inclusion conjunctivitis is a less severe disease than trachoma and usually clears up spontaneously.	3.83	12	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	5.09	17	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	5.09	17	0
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis [description not available]	10.24	19	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	5.71	84	0
Moraxella Infections [description not available]	3.05	4	0
Hyphema Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.	6.37	29	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	3.71	10	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	7.09	82	0
Epiphora [description not available]	8.28	23	1
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.	8.28	23	1
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	3.82	2	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	3.82	2	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	4.04	3	0
Cerebral Microangiopathies [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.	3.17	1	0
Sinusitis, Maxillary [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Maxillary Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	7.25	1	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	5.02	16	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	5.02	16	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	6.99	18	1
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	3.83	12	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	15.52	258	1
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	4.89	4	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	4.38	4	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	5.94	18	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	4.38	4	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	5.94	18	0
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	3.5	8	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	4.96	14	0
Acne [description not available]	7.26	9	3
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	7.26	9	3
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	5.54	6	1
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	3.87	12	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	8.92	75	1
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	3.87	12	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	8.92	75	1
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	10.54	6	1
Angiogranuloma [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	4.49	9	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	8.8	24	2
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	4.49	9	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	6.84	25	1
Alobar Holoprosencephaly [description not available]	5.36	14	0
Chromosome Inversion An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.	2.54	2	0
Nevus Flammeus [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Port-Wine Stain A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483)	7.74	3	0
Buckley Syndrome [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Job Syndrome Primary immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by recurrent infections and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Most cases are sporadic. Of the rare familial forms, the dominantly inherited subtype has additional connective tissue, dental and skeletal involvement that the recessive type does not share.	3.17	1	0
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	2.25	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	7.59	48	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	12.59	48	0
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	4.37	8	0
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	4.37	8	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	4.01	5	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	5.01	15	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	3.5	8	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	3.5	8	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	4.01	5	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	5.01	15	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.25	1	0
Ganglion Cysts Nodular tumor-like lesions or mucoid flesh, arising from tendon sheaths, LIGAMENTS, or JOINT CAPSULE, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. They are not true cysts as they lack epithelial wall. They are distinguished from SYNOVIAL CYSTS by the lack of communication with a joint cavity or the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.37	2	0
Social Anxiety Disorder [description not available]	7.9	3	0
Phobia, Social Anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent and irrational fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social or performance situations.	2.9	3	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	8.7	34	2
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	8.7	34	2
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	9.49	9	0
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	4.49	9	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	7.49	72	0
Infections, RNA Virus [description not available]	4.84	7	1
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	7.49	72	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	6.52	34	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	6.52	34	0
Hemorrhage, Retrobulbar [description not available]	4.96	8	1
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell Group of disorders which feature accumulations of active HISTIOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTES, but where the histiocytes are not LANGERHANS CELLS. The group includes HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS; SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS; xanthogranuloma; reticulohistiocytoma; JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA; xanthoma disseminatum; as well as the lipid storage diseases (SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTE SYNDROME; and NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES).	2.31	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.54	2	0
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	4.56	26	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	6.75	42	0
Absent Iris [description not available]	6.19	18	0
Aniridia A congenital abnormality in which there is only a rudimentary iris. This is due to the failure of the optic cup to grow. Aniridia also occurs in a hereditary form, usually autosomal dominant.	6.19	18	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	8.6	3	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	3.25	6	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	6.16	32	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	7.52	37	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	2.47	2	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	7.52	37	0
Allergy, Latex [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	8.35	13	4
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	8.35	13	4
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	4.83	7	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.26	7	0
Situs Inversus A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.	2.4	2	0
Postherpetic Neuralgia [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Neuralgia, Postherpetic Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.	3.17	1	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	8.19	69	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	3.77	11	0
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	3.03	4	0
Choroid Neoplasms Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).	7.95	79	1
Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Groenblad-Strandberg Syndrome [description not available]	6.42	16	0
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.	6.42	16	0
Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary A group of inherited diseases that share similar phenotypes but are genetically diverse. Different genetic loci for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and x-linked forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. Clinically, patients present with slowly progressive distal limb weakness and lower extremity spasticity. Peripheral sensory neurons may be affected in the later stages of the disease. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Jan;64(1):61-6; Curr Opin Neurol 1997 Aug;10(4):313-8)	2.55	2	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	5.89	3	1
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	4.68	11	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	4.68	11	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	3.78	11	0
Human Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Adenovirus Infections, Human Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.	3.1	5	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	3.78	11	0
AIDS, Murine [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Livedo Reticularis A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming.	2.41	1	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	7.75	3	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	4.54	9	0
Acute Idiopathic Facial Neuropathy [description not available]	4.22	3	1
Bell Palsy A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)	9.22	3	1
Central Nervous System Cysticercosis [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Parasitic Skin Diseases [description not available]	5.54	6	1
Neurocysticercosis Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)	2.92	4	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	9.17	37	4
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	9.17	37	4
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	7.1	55	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	7.58	34	1
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	7.58	34	1
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	7.47	91	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	7.47	91	0
Congenital Syphilis [description not available]	9.47	9	0
Syphilis, Congenital Syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (Hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. Ocular and neurologic changes may also occur.	4.47	9	0
Facies The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	5.42	14	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	8.19	119	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.89	4	0
Hakim Syndrome [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)	3.88	4	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	2.71	3	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	3.63	3	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	4.74	32	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	9.74	32	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	2.82	3	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.6	1	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.6	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	7.27	47	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	7.27	47	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.31	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	4.5	5	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	4.5	5	0
Latent Infection Delayed infection of the host by a dormant or inactive pathogen.	2.31	1	0
Synostosis A union between adjacent bones or parts of a single bone formed by osseous material, such as ossified connecting cartilage or fibrous tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.38	2	0
Polyploid [description not available]	3.57	9	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	5.21	7	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	2.37	2	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	2.37	2	0
Intestinal Volvulus A twisting in the intestine (INTESTINES) that can cause INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.	2.31	1	0
Abnormalities, Digestive System [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Alcaptonuria [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Ochronosis The yellowish discoloration of connective tissue due to deposition of HOMOGENTISIC ACID (a brown-black pigment). This is due to defects in the metabolism of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. Ochronosis occurs in ALKAPTONURIA, but has also been associated with exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., PHENOL, trinitrophenol, BENZENE DERIVATIVES).	8.21	6	0
Alkaptonuria An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme HOMOGENTISATE 1,2-DIOXYGENASE, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. It is characterized by accumulation of HOMOGENTISIC ACID in the urine, OCHRONOSIS in various tissues, and ARTHRITIS.	8.34	7	0
Infarct [description not available]	5.55	17	0
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.	2.31	1	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	3.23	1	0
Harelip [description not available]	3.91	13	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	3.91	13	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Beriberi, Cerebral [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Korsakoff Psychosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	7.79	3	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	4.15	17	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	4.15	17	0
Onchocerciasis, Ocular Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.	14.09	38	12
Infections, Rickettsia [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	9.27	72	1
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	9.27	72	1
Polyarthritis [description not available]	6.83	47	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	6.83	47	0
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	2.25	1	0
Craniofacial Microsomia [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	5.52	16	0
Canaliculitis Inflammation and infection of the lacrimal canaliculus area in the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.	2.31	1	0
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	3.99	14	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	5.86	38	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	5.86	38	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	7.52	11	1
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	6.59	8	1
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	2.59	2	0
Fowl Paralysis [description not available]	4.26	7	0
Charcot-Bouchard Aneurysm [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	5.97	14	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	5.97	14	0
Viral Zoonoses Viral infections that may be transmitted between non-human animals and HUMANS.	2.31	1	0
Cow Pox [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	8.23	93	0
Amish Brittle Hair Brain Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	2.79	3	0
Multiple Hemangioblastomas [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Angiomatosis Retinae [description not available]	3.48	8	0
von Hippel-Lindau Disease An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.	3.48	8	0
Hemangioblastoma A benign tumor of the nervous system that may occur sporadically or in association with VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE. It accounts for approximately 2% of intracranial tumors, arising most frequently in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. Histologically, the tumors are composed of multiple capillary and sinusoidal channels lined with endothelial cells and clusters of lipid-laden pseudoxanthoma cells. Usually solitary, these tumors can be multiple and may also occur in the brain stem, spinal cord, retina, and supratentorial compartment. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas usually present in the third decade with INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION, and ataxia. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2071-2)	2.83	3	0
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	4.97	9	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	4.97	9	0
Acrodermatitis Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.	2.42	2	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	7.77	45	0
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)	3.22	6	0
Infection Reactivation [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Paranasal Sinus Diseases Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.	5.21	12	1
ARSB Deficiency [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI Mucopolysaccharidosis with excessive CHONDROITIN SULFATE B in urine, characterized by dwarfism and deafness. It is caused by a deficiency of N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE-4-SULFATASE (arylsulfatase B).	2.91	4	0
Infections, Microspora [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Ornithosis [description not available]	4.59	6	1
Psittacosis Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.	9.59	6	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	11.16	108	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	11.16	108	1
Choroidal Detachment Separation of the CHOROID from the SCLERA.	3.23	1	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	4.17	6	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	2.65	3	0
Siderosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.	9.03	15	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	4.18	3	0
Injuries, Needlestick [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	6.68	31	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	2.67	3	0
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	2.91	4	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	3.07	5	0
Cerebro-Oculo-Renal Syndrome [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Disorder, Borderline Personality [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Borderline Personality Disorder A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)	3.69	3	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	3.85	2	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	3.89	13	0
Cellulitis, Orbital [description not available]	5.03	9	0
Infections, Serratia [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	10.02	16	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	3.89	13	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	5.76	15	0
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome An idiopathic syndrome characterized by the formation of granulation tissue in the anterior cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure, producing a painful ophthalmoplegia. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p271)	2.15	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	3.38	7	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	3.39	7	0
Cannabis Abuse [description not available]	3.48	2	0
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.	3.48	2	0
Abnormal Karyotype A variation from the normal set of chromosomes characteristic of a species.	2.15	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	4.91	8	0
Atresia, Esophageal [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Esophageal Atresia Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.	2.48	2	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	2.66	3	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	3.75	11	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	8.75	11	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	4.67	11	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	3.11	5	0
Granulomas [description not available]	12.14	50	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	7.14	50	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	3.36	7	0
Lymphatic Abnormalities Congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the lymphatic system (LYMPHOID TISSUE) including the lymph vessels.	2.17	1	0
Vascular Malformations A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.	4.29	7	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	3.63	3	0
Sinusitis, Sphenoid [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	7.15	1	0
Shoulder Pain Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.	2.15	1	0
Infection [description not available]	13.29	50	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	8.29	50	0
Xerophthalmia Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.	13.93	29	3
Asialia [description not available]	6.17	5	1
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	6.17	5	1
Synkinesis An involuntary movement accompanying a volitional movement. It often refers to facial movements that accompany FACIAL PARALYSIS.	4.42	8	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	5.09	6	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	9.83	31	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	14.83	31	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	5.09	6	0
Metastase [description not available]	10.48	42	1
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	10.48	42	1
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	8.05	36	0
Atheroembolism [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Embolism, Cholesterol Blocking of a blood vessel by CHOLESTEROL-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. Patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset.	3.86	4	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	7.54	23	1
Extranodal NK-T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	7.54	23	1
Shingles [description not available]	6.4	42	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	11.4	42	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	4.02	15	0
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	4.02	15	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	3.42	2	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	6.39	30	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	4.92	8	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	4.89	4	2
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	4.89	4	2
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	4.61	10	0
Space Adaptation Syndrome [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Devic Disease [description not available]	4.19	18	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	9.53	114	1
Neuromyelitis Optica A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.	4.19	18	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.74	3	0
Bernard Syndrome [description not available]	6.24	25	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	15.48	45	27
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	15.48	45	27
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	5.2	12	1
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	4.31	4	1
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	10.2	12	1
Fasciculation Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)	7.7	3	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	3.34	7	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	7.23	23	1
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	7.23	23	1
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	5.34	13	1
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	10.34	13	1
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	7.23	8	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	7.23	8	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	7.98	69	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	3.4	7	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	6.84	15	1
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	7.52	29	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	6.06	11	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	3.39	2	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	11.06	11	0
Gambling, Pathologic [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.	7.78	3	0
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Apraxia [description not available]	7.86	4	0
Apraxias A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)	2.86	4	0
Adult Neuroaxonal Dystrophy [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Degenerative Disease, Nervous System, Hereditary [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cervical Dystonia A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.	3.48	8	0
Iron Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.67	3	0
Torticollis A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.	3.48	8	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Central Nervous System Lupus [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	7.17	1	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.41	2	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.41	2	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	8.57	9	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	3.23	6	0
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	8.04	5	0
Creeping Eruption [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	3.57	3	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	10.93	67	1
Macroglossia The presence of an excessively large tongue, which may be congenital or may develop as a result of a tumor or edema due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels, or it may occur in association with hyperpituitarism or acromegaly. It also may be associated with malocclusion because of pressure of the tongue on the teeth. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)	2.52	2	0
AL Amyloidosis [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.	2.64	3	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	5.77	36	0
Blood Vessel Tumors [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	5.77	36	0
Vasculitis, Retinal [description not available]	4.44	8	0
Retinal Vasculitis Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.	4.44	8	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	3.8	11	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	3.8	11	0
Black Fever [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.88	4	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.88	4	0
Myofibroma A benign tumor that consists chiefly of fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE, with variable numbers of MUSCLE CELLS forming portions of the neoplasm (From Stedman's, 27th ed).	2.17	1	0
Epilepsy Progressive Myoclonic 2 [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Capsule Opacification Clouding or loss of transparency of the posterior lens capsule, usually following CATARACT extraction.	2.38	2	0
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and dementia. Patients exhibit progressive changes in social, behavioral, and/or language function. Multiple subtypes or forms are recognized based on presence or absence of TAU PROTEIN inclusions. FTLD includes three clinical syndromes: FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA, semantic dementia, and PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA.	2.58	2	0
Facial Asymmetry Congenital or acquired asymmetry of the face.	9.61	26	0
Marburg Disease [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Marburg Virus Disease An RNA virus infection of rhesus, vervet, and squirrel monkeys transmissible to man.	2.17	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	4.89	14	0
Multifocal Choroiditis A multifocal uveitis syndrome involving the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM and capillary layer of the CHOROID. It is characterized by chronic UVEITIS and multiple CHOROID lesions referred to as white dots, blurry vision, floaters, sensitivity to light, blind spots, and eye discomfort.	2.21	1	0
Choroiditis Inflammation of the choroid.	4.43	23	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	4.89	14	0
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn Neonatal nasogastric or intracranial hemorrhage caused by vitamin K deficiency.	2.21	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Emphysema, Subcutaneous [description not available]	4.13	5	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.87	4	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	4.64	10	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	4.64	10	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	8.04	76	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	7.29	35	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	7.29	35	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.17	1	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	3.3	2	0
Ectropion The turning outward (eversion) of the edge of the eyelid, resulting in the exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.86	8	0
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Machado-Joseph Disease A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)	3.14	5	0
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	13.42	45	1
Neurocutaneous Disorders [description not available]	4.49	9	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	2.66	3	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	13.42	45	1
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	3.09	1	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	2.39	2	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	4.63	5	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	6.26	34	0
Central Nervous System Syphilis [description not available]	5.77	22	0
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	2.17	1	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	2.7	3	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	8.81	11	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	4.66	11	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	4.66	11	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	3.81	11	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	5.13	18	0
Primate Diseases Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.	2.44	2	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	5.13	18	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.9	4	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	2.41	2	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	4.82	13	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	4.82	13	0
Granular Cell Myoblastoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Myotubular Myopathy [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	3.58	3	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	6.12	12	1
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Blepharospasm Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.	3.49	8	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	6.12	12	1
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.65	3	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	2.53	2	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	4.43	22	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	3.81	11	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	10.77	8	1
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	4.11	3	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	4.11	3	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	9.12	38	1
Buphthalmos [description not available]	6.02	46	0
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	4.08	5	0
Acquired Facial Neuropathy [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	4.08	16	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	9.08	16	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	4.8	13	0
Audiogenic Epilepsy [description not available]	4.21	3	0
Epilepsy, Reflex A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)	4.21	3	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	4.52	25	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	5.01	16	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	4.52	25	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	2.39	2	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	2.67	3	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.67	3	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	9.65	645	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.21	1	0
HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)	2.21	1	0
Hypertelorism Abnormal increase in the interorbital distance due to overdevelopment of the lesser wings of the sphenoid.	10.42	15	0
Encephalitozoonosis Infection with FUNGI of the genus ENCEPHALITOZOON. Lesions commonly occur in the BRAIN and KIDNEY tubules. Other sites of infection in MAMMALS are the LIVER; ADRENAL GLANDS; OPTIC NERVES; RETINA; and MYOCARDIUM.	3.42	2	0
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	11.17	23	0
Polysyndactyly [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Infarct, Lacunar [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Infusion Site Adverse Event [description not available]	4.51	1	1
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	3.75	10	0
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	8.75	10	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	3.22	6	0
Pyoderma Gangrenosum An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.	3.12	1	0
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Aphakia Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.	8.12	37	1
Myoepithelial Tumor [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Myoepithelioma A usually benign tumor made up predominantly of myoepithelial cells.	2.21	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	8.71	6	4
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	3.64	3	0
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	3.97	5	0
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	8.71	6	4
Eye Hemorrhage Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.	7.68	27	1
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	8.45	2	0
Agnosia for Faces [description not available]	3.47	7	0
Classic Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of GALACTOSYLCERAMIDASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as GALACTOSYLCERAMIDES and PSYCHOSINE. It is characterized by demyelination associated with large multinucleated globoid cells, predominantly involving the white matter of the central nervous system. The loss of MYELIN disrupts normal conduction of nerve impulses.	2.38	2	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	11.14	12	1
Retinocochleocerebral Vasculopathy [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	3.33	2	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	9.43	8	4
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	5.05	7	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	3.33	2	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	9.43	8	4
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	5.05	7	0
Coats Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Retinal Telangiectasis A group of rare, idiopathic, congenital retinal vascular anomalies affecting the retinal capillaries. It is characterized by dilation and tortuosity of retinal vessels and formation of multiple aneurysms, with different degrees of leakage and exudates emanating from the blood vessels.	2.21	1	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	12.26	40	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	12.26	40	0
Chloasma [description not available]	6.75	14	1
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	6.75	14	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	7.14	41	0
Post-Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Cranial [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brain Contusion A bruise of the brain from an impact of the skull.	2.25	1	0
Cranial Epidural Hematoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral, Traumatic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Intracranial Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE over the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE.	2.25	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	4.29	7	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	4.29	7	0
Chlamydiaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE.	2.21	1	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	5.91	14	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	5.91	14	0
Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants A highly fatal contagious disease of goats and sheep caused by PESTE-DES-PETITS-RUMINANTS VIRUS. The disease may be acute or subacute and is characterized by stomatitis, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, and pneumonia.	3.32	6	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	6.74	21	1
Hay Fever [description not available]	12.18	24	8
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	12.18	24	8
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	7.5	50	1
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	4.84	13	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	4.84	13	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.08	5	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	7.47	21	1
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	3.79	4	0
Nail Fungus [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	7.47	21	1
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	3.01	1	0
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hemisensory Neglect [description not available]	3.79	11	0
Perceptual Disorders Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.	3.79	11	0
Callous-Unemotional Traits [description not available]	7.37	2	0
Conduct Disorder A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.37	2	0
Nevi, Melanocytic [description not available]	5.07	17	0
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	5.3	7	0
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	5.3	7	0
Nevus, Pigmented A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.	5.07	17	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	5.51	27	0
Acute Radiation Syndrome A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.	2.08	1	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	3.9	4	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	2.92	4	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	3.9	4	0
BOF Syndrome [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	2.08	1	0
Cyclitis, Heterochromic [description not available]	6.1	31	0
Iridocyclitis Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision.	6.1	31	0
Neoplasms, Skull [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Hypodermyiasis Infestation with larvae of the genus Hypoderma, the warble fly.	2.41	2	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Loa loa Filariasis [description not available]	4.15	6	0
Loiasis A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless.	4.15	6	0
Ecchymosis Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.	3.4	7	0
Anton Syndrome [description not available]	4.13	3	0
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	6.26	13	3
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	5.55	17	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	5.55	17	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.78	3	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	2.36	2	0
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma A cutaneous necrobiotic disorder characterized by firm, yellow plaques or nodules, often in a periorbital distribution. It is often accompanied by an elevated ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE; LEUKOPENIA; and MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY (IgG-kappa type) and systemic involvement.	2.08	1	0
Necrobiosis Lipoidica A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes.	2.08	1	0
Aseptic Meningitis [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Meningitis, Aseptic A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)	3.32	2	0
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	6.12	12	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	6.12	12	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic [description not available]	7.77	19	0
Iritis Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.	12.58	55	0
Agenesis of Corpus Callosum with Chorioretinal Abnormality [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	4.15	17	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	9.15	17	0
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	10.93	26	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	5.06	10	1
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.	2.1	1	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Emphysema, Mediastinal [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	3.99	5	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	10.67	29	3
DDPAC [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	3.35	6	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	3.01	1	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	11.97	11	3
Altidudinal Hemianopia [description not available]	4.34	21	0
Bowen Disease [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous [description not available]	3.32	7	0
Craniopharyngioma A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)	3.32	7	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	4.65	6	0
Central Nervous System Helminthiasis Infections of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; or MENINGES caused by HELMINTHS (parasitic worms).	2.76	3	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	10.65	60	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	9.04	72	0
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.67	3	0
Mandibular Retroposition [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Angle Class III [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	5.75	5	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	5.75	5	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	3.09	5	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	4.14	6	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	4.14	6	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	8.36	7	0
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	3.39	2	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	5.26	21	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	10.26	21	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.6	9	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	3.6	9	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	2.67	3	0
Flavivirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.	2.1	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	3.63	3	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Sheath [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	3.2	6	0
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.	2.52	2	0
Locomotor Ataxia [description not available]	3.94	5	0
Night Blindness Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.42	23	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	6.61	38	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	6.61	38	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	4.02	15	0
Angioid Streaks Small breaks in the elastin-filled tissue of the retina.	3.88	13	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	5.8	37	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	5.8	37	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	4.93	15	0
Heat Collapse [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	2.1	1	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	8.07	5	0
Cranial Airocele [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	5.08	9	1
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	5.08	9	1
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	6.8	29	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	4.35	20	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	2.45	2	0
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Angiomyxoma [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Primary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	4.03	15	0
Icterus [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	4.03	15	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	3.05	5	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	2.1	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.	2.52	2	0
Infections, Poxviridae [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Cancer of Maxillary Sinus [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.52	2	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	5.57	17	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	2.75	3	0
Ethmoid Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the ETHMOID SINUS. It may present itself as an acute (infectious) or chronic (allergic) condition.	2.87	4	0
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.	2.42	2	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	4.94	15	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	4.94	15	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	6.57	7	1
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	6.57	7	1
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	5.29	13	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	3.01	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.1	1	0
Asthenopia Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.	5.72	21	1
Combined Immunodeficiency, X-Linked [description not available]	2.1	1	0
X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases Forms of combined immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene for INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA SUBUNIT. Both severe and non-severe subtypes of the disease have been identified.	2.1	1	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	4.75	7	1
Lymphogranuloma Inguinale [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	3.34	7	0
Nevus of Ota A macular lesion on the side of the FACE, involving the CONJUNCTIVA and EYELIDS, as well as the adjacent facial skin, SCLERA; OCULOMOTOR MUSCLES; and PERIOSTEUM. Histological features vary from those of a MONGOLIAN SPOT to those of a BLUE NEVUS.	4	5	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	5.98	10	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	3.2	6	0
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements [description not available]	2.1	1	0
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)	2.1	1	0
Hemothorax Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.	3.01	1	0
Ectopic Pregnancy [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	3.01	1	0
Pregnancy, Ectopic A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (	3.56	3	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	3.99	5	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Erythremia [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Erythermalgia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Erythromelalgia A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.	2.11	1	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	3.04	5	0
Thrombocythemia, Essential A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.	2.11	1	0
Lens Diseases Diseases involving the CRYSTALLINE LENS.	5.76	15	0
Gardner Syndrome A variant of ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI caused by mutation in the APC gene (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. It is characterized by not only the presence of multiple colonic polyposis but also extracolonic ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; the EYE; the SKIN; the SKULL; and the FACIAL BONES; as well as malignancy in organs other than the GI tract.	2.41	2	0
Osteoma A benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). (From Dorland, 27th ed)	8.2	6	0
Teeth, Unerupted [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Lens Dislocation [description not available]	4.28	19	0
Eaton-Lambert Myasthenic Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome An autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigability of proximal muscles, particularly of the pelvic girdle, lower extremities, trunk, and shoulder girdle. There is relative sparing of extraocular and bulbar muscles. CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL of the lung is a frequently associated condition, although other malignancies and autoimmune diseases may be associated. Muscular weakness results from impaired impulse transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Presynaptic calcium channel dysfunction leads to a reduced amount of acetylcholine being released in response to stimulation of the nerve. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 1471)	2.41	2	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	3.75	11	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hereditary Optic Atrophy [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	2.11	1	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.52	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	8.73	42	1
Prodromal Characteristics [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Antisocial Behavior Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others	2.81	3	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	2.11	1	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	7.67	3	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	2.71	3	0
Grippe [description not available]	3.91	13	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	3.91	13	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	9.59	6	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	2.36	2	0
Cavernous Sinus Thrombophlebitis [description not available]	5	9	0
MODS [description not available]	4.3	2	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	4.3	2	0
Aspiration, Respiratory [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Infections, Mononegavirales [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	5.44	5	0
Dermal Hypoplasia, Focal [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	2.1	1	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	2.1	1	0
Birth Injuries Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.	2.88	4	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules A number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. They are usually detected by chest CT scans (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY). Such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions.	3.42	2	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	2.42	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus Panniculitis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.	3.06	5	0
Phantom Limb Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)	3.3	2	0
Aphakia, Postcataract Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.	9.18	48	1
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	2.65	3	0
Acquired Communication Disorders [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Communication Disorders Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive LANGUAGE DISORDERS, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., MENTAL RETARDATION), psychiatric conditions, and HEARING DISORDERS.	2.11	1	0
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Zygomatic Fractures Fractures of the zygoma.	4.88	8	1
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	2.11	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.97	4	0
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Retinal Dysplasia Congenital, often bilateral, retinal abnormality characterized by the arrangement of outer nuclear retinal cells in a palisading or radiating pattern surrounding a central ocular space. This disorder is sometimes hereditary.	3.11	5	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	3.35	7	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	3.07	5	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.93	4	0
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Angle Class II [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Aganglionic Megacolon [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Hirschsprung Disease Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.	7.69	3	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	3.83	4	0
Congenital Mesodermal Dysmorphodystrophy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	7.48	2	0
Asperger Disease [description not available]	9.61	53	0
Asperger Syndrome A disorder beginning in childhood whose essential features are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These symptoms may limit or impair everyday functioning. (From DSM-5)	9.61	53	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	5.23	7	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	5.23	7	0
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.	2.11	1	0
Acrocephalosyndactylia Congenital craniostenosis with syndactyly.	3.3	6	0
Varices [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	3.23	6	0
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	2.11	1	0
Injuries, Neck [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	7.18	36	1
Suffocation [description not available]	4.26	7	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	9.26	7	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	5.11	3	1
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	5.11	3	1
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots Light brown pigmented macules associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS and Albright's syndrome (see FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).	3.39	2	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	3.19	6	0
Neurofibroma A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)	9.12	6	0
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	2.11	1	0
Acute Onset Aura Migraine [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Common Migraine [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Migraine with Aura A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.46	2	0
Migraine without Aura Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.13	1	0
Acoustic Neurinoma, Bilateral [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 2 An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.	2.13	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	2.11	1	0
Familial Hyperpotassemia and Hypertension [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	2.68	3	0
Pseudohypoaldosteronism A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by renal electrolyte transport dysfunctions. Congenital forms are rare autosomal disorders characterized by neonatal hypertension, HYPERKALEMIA, increased RENIN activity and ALDOSTERONE concentration. The Type I features HYPERKALEMIA with sodium wasting; Type II, HYPERKALEMIA without sodium wasting. Pseudohypoaldosteronism can be the result of a defective renal electrolyte transport protein or acquired after KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.11	1	0
Feuerstein-Mims Syndrome [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Adenoma, Sweat Gland A benign neoplasm derived from epithelial cells of sweat glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.13	1	0
Neoplasms, Sweat Gland [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	7.35	27	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	7.35	27	1
Pythiosis A granulomatous disease caused by the aquatic organism PYTHIUM insidiosum and occurring primarily in horses, cattle, dogs, cats, fishes, and rarely in humans. It is classified into three forms: ocular, cutaneous, and arterial.	2.11	1	0
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	2.52	2	0
Pars Planitis Form of granulomatous uveitis occurring in the region of the pars plana. This disorder is a common condition with no detectable focal pathology. It causes fibrovascular proliferation at the inferior ora serrata.	3.34	2	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	9.56	49	2
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	9.56	49	2
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	6.44	9	2
Latent Stage Syphilis [description not available]	3.77	4	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	4.31	4	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.52	2	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	2.11	1	0
4 Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Deficiency Disease [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	2.11	1	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	3.04	5	0
Tyrosinemias A group of disorders which have in common elevations of tyrosine in the blood and urine secondary to an enzyme deficiency. Type I tyrosinemia features episodic weakness, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular injury, and seizures and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. Type II tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, painful corneal ulcers, and keratoses of the palms and plantar surfaces and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme TYROSINE TRANSAMINASE. Type III tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp42-3)	2.11	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	6.73	27	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	6.73	27	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.97	4	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	4.08	3	1
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	4.08	3	1
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	5.96	10	1
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	5.96	10	1
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Toxascariasis Infections with nematodes of the genus TOXASCARIS.	3.04	1	0
Adie Pupil [description not available]	4.25	7	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	4.41	8	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	11.74	33	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	11.74	33	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	3.04	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	7.96	19	2
Amyoplasia Congenita [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Lipomatosis A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.	3.71	3	0
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	2.13	1	0
Bartonella henselae Infection [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Cat-Scratch Disease A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by AFIPIA felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by BARTONELLA HENSELAE. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom.	2.9	4	0
Gangliocytoma [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	5.29	9	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	5.29	9	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	5.31	13	0
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	3.01	4	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	3.87	2	0
Posterior Capsular Rupture, Ocular A breach in the continuity of the posterior chamber of the eyeball.	2.13	1	0
Artificial Intra-ocular Implant Dislocation [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	3.88	4	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	8.35	7	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	8.62	3	0
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	3.62	3	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Acanthosis Nigricans A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.	2.38	2	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	7.29	23	2
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	12.29	23	2
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	2.42	2	0
Adolescent Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Anthracosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by accumulation of inhaled CARBON or coal dust. The disease can progress from asymptomatic anthracosis to massive lung fibrosis. This lung lesion usually occurs in coal MINERS, but can be seen in urban dwellers and tobacco smokers.	2.15	1	0
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	5.53	4	4
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	5.53	4	4
Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.13	1	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Immune Reconstitution Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	2.13	1	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	8.06	5	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	7.13	1	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	3.07	5	0
Adenitis [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	3.64	3	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	2.13	1	0
Cone-Rod Degenerations [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	2.77	3	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	5.65	19	0
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	2.39	2	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	5.65	19	0
Tuberculosis, Miliary An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.	4.64	11	0
Abscess, Intracranial, Subdural [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	5.63	19	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	10.63	19	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	4.62	28	0
Ataxias, Hereditary [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	4.47	5	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	4.47	5	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	5.6	18	0
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	2.15	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders, Inherited Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of inherited abnormalities in blood coagulation.	3.06	1	0
Seasonal Affective Disorders [description not available]	5.41	5	1
Seasonal Affective Disorder A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.	5.41	5	1
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.15	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	5.65	19	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	7.15	1	0
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	3.38	2	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	5.59	6	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	5.59	6	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4 [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.	2.4	2	0
Cot Death [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	8.92	64	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	2.64	3	0
Boils [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	4.6	10	0
Beuren Syndrome [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.74	3	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	3.37	7	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	2.04	1	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	4.27	7	0
Avian Flu [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	2.45	2	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Happy Puppet Syndrome [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Angelman Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)	2.44	2	0
Lead Encephalopathy, Childhood [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	5.62	10	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	4.25	4	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	5.9	25	0
Anhidrosis [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Borna Disease An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by BORNA DISEASE VIRUS.	2.89	4	0
Atrophic Muscular Disorders [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia [description not available]	4.57	10	0
Hemangiopericytoma A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)	3.33	2	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	2.44	2	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	5.52	9	0
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	3.35	7	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	5.52	9	0
Cardio-Cutaneous Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Borrelia hermsii Infection [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	10.59	30	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	3.54	9	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	3.54	9	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	7.85	4	0
Congenital Rubella Syndrome [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	1.92	1	0
Pus [description not available]	3.81	12	0
Uveitis, Suppurative Intraocular infection caused mainly by pus-producing bacteria and rarely by fungi. The infection may be caused by an injury or surgical wound (exogenous) or by endogenous septic emboli in such diseases as bacterial endocarditis or meningococcemia.	1.92	1	0
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	5.21	52	0
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	5.21	52	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Neuroses [description not available]	4.07	16	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	4.07	16	0
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	3.95	5	0
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	4.11	6	0
Paraganglioma A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.62	3	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	4.11	6	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	5	16	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	5	16	0
Brill Disease [description not available]	3.02	5	0
Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne The classic form of typhus, caused by RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII, which is transmitted from man to man by the louse Pediculus humanus corporis. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of intense headache, malaise, and generalized myalgia followed by the formation of a macular skin eruption and vascular and neurologic disturbances.	3.02	5	0
Xanthoma [description not available]	3.18	6	0
Mikulicz Disease [description not available]	2.84	4	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	6.04	21	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	6.04	21	0
Scrofuloderma [description not available]	2.84	4	0
Tooth Diseases Diseases involving the TEETH.	3.32	7	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	1.92	1	0
Sprains [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	1.92	1	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	8.38	26	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	5.96	27	0
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	5.96	27	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	2.63	3	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	3.06	5	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	4.49	3	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	4.49	3	0
Black Death [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	2.04	1	0
Cervicitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Donovanosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Uterine Cervicitis Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.05	1	0
Granuloma Inguinale Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM) caused by CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears.	2.05	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.89	4	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	3.8	4	0
Fasciitis, Necrotizing A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.	2.05	1	0
Freckle, Melanotic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Eyelid Neoplasms Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.	5.91	25	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	4.79	5	0
Cochlear Diseases Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).	2.05	1	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	2.44	2	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	4.59	27	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	2.93	4	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	6.6	12	1
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	3.44	8	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	3.44	8	0
Iris Neoplasms Tumors of the iris characterized by increased pigmentation of melanocytes. Iris nevi are composed of proliferated melanocytes and are associated with neurofibromatosis and malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. Malignant melanoma of the iris often originates from preexisting nevi.	3.66	10	0
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	2.45	2	0
Acquired Encephalocele [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)	2.05	1	0
Mulibrey Nanism Growth failure from birth that is due to mutations in a gene (TRIM37) on chromosome 17q22-q23 which encodes a RING-B-box-coiled-coil protein.	2.05	1	0
Albinism, Ocular Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.	5.23	12	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Leigh Disease A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).	2.4	2	0
Destombes-Rosai-Dorfman Syndrome [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Histiocytosis, Sinus Benign, non-Langerhans-cell, histiocytic proliferative disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes. It is often referred to as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.	3.32	2	0
Bronchiolitis, Exudative [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.	2.05	1	0
Acquired Neuromyotonia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dysplasia Linguofacialis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Abnormalities, Jaw [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Prognathism A condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.45	2	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	3.61	3	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Basilar Artery Insufficiency [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Multiple Neurofibromas [description not available]	4.93	15	0
Neurofibromatoses A group of disorders characterized by an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with high rates of spontaneous mutation and multiple neurofibromas or neurilemmomas. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 (generalized neurofibromatosis) accounts for approximately 95% of cases, although multiple additional subtypes (e.g., NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2, neurofibromatosis 3, etc.) have been described. (From Neurochirurgie 1998 Nov;44(4):267-72)	4.93	15	0
Angiitis, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	2.89	4	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	2.96	4	0
Aneurysm, Coronary [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Lethargy A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.	2.05	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	3.99	5	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	3.78	11	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	4.26	7	0
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	2.96	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.43	2	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.44	2	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	2.05	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	4.88	8	0
Chloroma [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	3.82	4	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.66	3	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.82	4	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	2.39	2	0
Sarcoma, Myeloid An extramedullary tumor of immature MYELOID CELLS or MYELOBLASTS. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2.74	3	0
Rida [description not available]	4.77	7	0
Chronic Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Pyometra An accumulation of PUS in the uterine cavity (UTERUS). Pyometra generally indicates the presence of infections.	2.05	1	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	5.03	3	1
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	5.03	3	1
Allodynia [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Adenoma, Oxyphilic A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.	3.34	2	0
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial [description not available]	4.48	3	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	3.46	8	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	3.46	8	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	7.83	61	0
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	2.89	4	0
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)	3.67	3	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	3.97	5	0
Enterocele An intestinal HERNIA.	4.55	3	0
Hernia Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.	9.55	3	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	10.43	15	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	5.43	15	0
4p Deletion Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	4.28	7	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	4.28	7	0
Foreign-Body Migration Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.	5.65	10	0
Mongolian Blue Spot [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mumps An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)	3.63	10	0
Parotiditis [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	3.53	9	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	8.53	9	0
Gas Poisoning Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.	3.32	7	0
Laurence-Moon Syndrome An autosomal recessive condition characterized by hypogonadism; spinocerebellar degeneration; MENTAL RETARDATION; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; and OBESITY. This syndrome was previously referred to as Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome until BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME was identified as a distinct entity. (From N Engl J Med. 1989 Oct 12;321(15):1002-9)	3.18	6	0
Mole, Skin [description not available]	5.9	18	0
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	3.94	14	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	3.94	14	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.27	13	0
Botulism, Infantile [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Botulism A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)	2.33	2	0
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	3.19	6	0
Leukokeratosis Leukoplakic lesions related to abnormal keratin fiber formation.	2.34	2	0
Leukoplakia A white patch lesion found on a MUCOUS MEMBRANE that cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is generally considered a precancerous condition, however its appearance may also result from a variety of HEREDITARY DISEASES.	2.34	2	0
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection [description not available]	3.54	9	0
Diphtheria A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.	3.54	9	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	3.77	4	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	3.77	4	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	2.85	4	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	3.89	13	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	3.89	13	0
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	3.68	10	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.46	2	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	3.63	10	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	3.63	10	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	2.62	3	0
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	2.38	2	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	3.79	4	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	6.27	14	1
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	6.27	14	1
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	3.36	2	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	2.94	1	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	7.05	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	3.33	7	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	3.33	7	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.92	4	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	2.71	3	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	3.24	6	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	2.71	3	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	3.89	1	0
Rhinophyma A manifestation of severe ROSACEA resulting in significant enlargement of the NOSE and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the SEBACEOUS GLANDS and surrounding CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The nose is reddened and marked with TELANGIECTASIS.	3.28	2	0
Cortical Malformations, Group II [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Ciliophora Infections Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.	2.05	1	0
Protein Folding Diseases [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Uveal Diseases Diseases of the uvea.	6.47	32	0
Chandler Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Corneal Endothelial Cell Damage [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.	2.05	1	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	2.06	1	0
beta-Glucuronidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by excessive dermatan and heparan sulfates in the urine and Hurler-like features. It is caused by a deficiency of beta-glucuronidase.	2.93	4	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	2.89	4	0
Acrorenoocular Syndrome [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Leukostasis Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.	2.98	1	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	3.02	5	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	3.32	7	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	3.03	5	0
Francisella tularensis Infection [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Tularemia A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.	1.92	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	3.73	11	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	1.92	1	0
Ophthalmoplegic Migraine Childhood-onset of recurrent headaches with an oculomotor cranial nerve palsy. Typically, ABDUCENS NERVE; OCULOMOTOR NERVE; and TROCHLEAR NERVE are involved with DIPLOPIA and BLEPHAROPTOSIS.	2.62	3	0
Chondroma A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.33	2	0
Click-Murmur Syndrome [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Cardiac Neurosis [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Ophthalmia Neonatorum Acute conjunctival inflammation in the newborn, usually caused by maternal gonococcal infection. The causative agent is NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE. The baby's eyes are contaminated during passage through the birth canal.	5.46	16	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	2.33	2	0
Arachnodactyly An abnormal bone development that is characterized by extra long and slender hands and fingers, such that the clenched thumb extends beyond the ulnar side of the hand. Arachnodactyly can include feet and toes. Arachnodactyly has been associated with several gene mutations and syndromes.	8.31	7	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.92	1	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	1.92	1	0
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Meningitis, Pneumococcal An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)	2.63	3	0
Encephalitis, Equine [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Scrub Typhus An acute infectious disease caused by ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI. It is limited to eastern and southeastern Asia, India, northern Australia, and the adjacent islands. Characteristics include the formation of a primary cutaneous lesion at the site of the bite of an infected mite, fever lasting about two weeks, and a maculopapular rash.	2.62	3	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	3.05	5	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	3.95	5	0
Angioma, Cavernous A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.	2.86	4	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	3.27	6	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.71	3	0
Cutaneous Fistula An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.	2.42	2	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	3.55	9	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	3.55	9	0
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.38	2	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	2.89	4	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	5.22	20	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	5.22	20	0
Maxillary Fractures Fractures of the upper jaw.	2.43	2	0
Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic A highly contagious disease characterized by subconjunctival hemorrhage, sudden swelling of the eyelids and congestion, redness, and pain in the eye. Epidemic conjunctivitis caused by Enterovirus 70 (EV-70) was first described in Africa in 1969. It is caused also by Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v). Epidemics by this organism have appeared most frequently in Asia.	2.45	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma 2 [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. Alveolar refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	2.06	1	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	3.2	6	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.06	1	0
Rift Valley Fever An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.	2.07	1	0
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)	2.73	3	0
Canine Distemper [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).	3.96	5	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	6.32	15	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	11.32	15	1
Oculopharyngeal Dystrophy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal An autosomal dominant hereditary disease that presents in late in life and is characterized by DYSPHAGIA and progressive ptosis of the eyelids. Mutations in the gene for POLY(A)-BINDING PROTEIN II have been associated with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.	2.06	1	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	2.88	4	0
MEA 2b [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Impotence [description not available]	5.9	5	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	10.9	5	1
Amaurosis Fugax Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)	3.66	3	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Growth Hormone Insensitivity Syndrome [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Laron Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by short stature, defective GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR, and failure to generate INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I by GROWTH HORMONE. Laron syndrome is not a form of primary pituitary dwarfism (GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY DWARFISM) but the result of mutation of the human GHR gene on chromosome 5.	2.45	2	0
Cherry Red Spot Myoclonus Syndrome [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Sarcocystosis Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism.	2.06	1	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.55	3	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	5.4	5	1
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	2.06	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Fong Disease [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal Neonatal Form [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Peroxisomal Disorders A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; INFANTILE REFSUM DISEASE; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.	2.47	2	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	8.76	2	1
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	2.65	3	0
Hemangioma, Capillary A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.43	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	2.9	4	0
Adult Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic An autosomal recessive form of CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA characterized by defective plasmalogen biosynthesis and impaired peroxisomes. Patients have shortened proximal limbs and severely disturbed endochondral bone formation. The metabolic defects associated with the impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form of chondrodysplasia punctata. (From Scriver et al, Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th ed, p1497)	2.37	2	0
Aesthesioneuroblastoma [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory A malignant olfactory neuroblastoma arising from the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity and cribriform plate. It is uncommon (3% of nasal tumors) and rarely is associated with the production of excess hormones (e.g., SIADH, Cushing Syndrome). It has a high propensity for multiple local recurrences and bony metastases. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3rd ed, p1245; J Laryngol Otol 1998 Jul;112(7):628-33)	2.42	2	0
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Alpha Virus Infections [description not available]	2.07	1	0
West Nile Fever A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)	2.45	2	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	2.98	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	2.98	1	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	3.65	3	0
Hair Diseases Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.	2.87	4	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.46	2	0
Chordoma A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.33	7	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	3.88	13	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	8.88	13	0
MEA 2a [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	5.27	13	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	10.27	13	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	7.5	4	4
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	7.5	4	4
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	3.57	9	0
Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Alarm Clock Headache [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Analgesic Overuse Headache [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	3.36	2	0
Habit Chorea [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	7.07	1	0
Tics Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)	7.37	2	0
Bloch-Siemens Syndrome [description not available]	4.27	7	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	3.36	2	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	2.39	2	0
Cerebral Cryptococcosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Meningitis, Cryptococcal Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)	2.07	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.99	1	0
Bilateral Diffuse Uveal Melanocytic Proliferation, Paraneoplastic [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	2.07	1	0
Fractures, Comminuted A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed into a number of pieces.	2.07	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	5.79	16	0
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	5.79	16	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	8.95	88	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	3.81	2	1
Congenital Icthyosis Mental Retardation Spasticity Syndrome [description not available]	3.9	1	0
Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome An autosomal recessive neurocutaneous disorder characterized by severe ichthyosis MENTAL RETARDATION; SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA; and congenital ICHTHYOSIS. It is caused by mutation of gene encoding microsomal fatty ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE leading to defect in fatty alcohol metabolism.	3.9	1	0
Polyomavirus Infections Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).	2.45	2	0
Cutis Laxa A group of connective tissue diseases in which skin hangs in loose pendulous folds. It is believed to be associated with decreased elastic tissue formation as well as an abnormality in elastin formation. Cutis laxa is usually a genetic disease, but acquired cases have been reported. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.38	2	0
Fifth Phacomatosis [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Keratocysts [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant.	3.32	2	0
Angiofibroma A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. (Stedman, 25th ed)	7.07	1	0
Lemierre Disease [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	5.04	7	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	5.04	7	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.36	2	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	2.07	1	0
Gas Gangrene A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.	7.68	3	0
Arteriovenous Malformations Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.	4.5	9	0
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	2.08	1	0
Eosinophilic Granuloma The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.	4.12	6	0
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	6.8	25	0
Allergic Angiitis [description not available]	3.82	2	0
Churg-Strauss Syndrome Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.	3.82	2	0
Microscopic Polyangiitis A primary systemic vasculitis of small- and some medium-sized vessels. It is characterized by a tropism for kidneys and lungs, positive association with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), and a paucity of immunoglobulin deposits in vessel walls.	3	1	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.43	2	0
E chaffeensis Infection [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Body Dysmorphic Disorders Preoccupations with appearance or self-image causing significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning.	3.04	5	0
Autonomic Failure, Progressive [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.01	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Cyclitis, Chronic [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Panuveitis Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.	3.34	2	0
Uveitis, Intermediate Inflammation of the pars plana, ciliary body, and adjacent structures.	3.61	3	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	2.92	1	0
Cavernous Angioma, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System A vascular anomaly composed of a collection of large, thin walled tortuous VEINS that can occur in any part of the central nervous system but lack intervening nervous tissue. Familial occurrence is common and has been associated with a number of genes mapped to 7q, 7p and 3q. Clinical features include SEIZURES; HEADACHE; STROKE; and progressive neurological deficit.	2.01	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	5.6	10	0
Signs and Symptoms Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient.	2.67	3	0
Oral Manifestations Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury.	2.37	2	0
Congenital Disorders [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Erythema Nodosum An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.	2.65	3	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	5.68	20	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	1.98	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.66	10	0
Injuries, Lightning [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Ascites, Chylous [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	2.67	3	0
Blue-Eared Pig Disease [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	2.01	1	0
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Abscess, Tubercular, Intracranial [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	8.34	2	0
Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.	2.69	3	0
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Cranial Nerve III Injury [description not available]	3.31	2	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Mouth, Edentulous Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.	2.01	1	0
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	2.87	4	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	2.87	4	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	3.75	11	0
Fractures, Compound [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	9.14	17	0
Acrania [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	8.09	5	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	4.44	5	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	2.42	2	0
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	3.78	4	0
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	3.78	4	0
Hyperidrosis [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.	3.33	2	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	2.38	2	0
Buschke's Scleredema [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Scleredema Adultorum A diffuse, non-pitting induration of the skin of unknown etiology that occurs most commonly in association with diabetes mellitus, predominantly in females. It typically begins on the face or head and spreads to other areas of the body, sometimes involving noncutaneous tissues. Often it is preceded by any of various infections, notably staphylococcal infections. The condition resolves spontaneously, usually within two years of onset. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.33	2	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	5.57	29	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	5.57	29	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	7.85	4	0
Arachnoid Membrane Inflammation [description not available]	3.18	6	0
Porphyria [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	3.04	5	0
Epidermal Cyst Intradermal or subcutaneous saclike structure, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules.	3.03	5	0
Hydroa Vacciniforme A vesicular and bullous eruption having a tendency to recur in summer during childhood and commonly appearing on sun-exposed skin. The lesions are surrounded by an erythematous zone and resemble a vaccination. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.36	2	0
Agnosia Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.	4.64	11	0
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.44	8	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	3.44	8	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	3.44	8	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	4.73	32	0
Arteriolosclerosis Thickening of the walls of small ARTERIES or ARTERIOLES due to cell proliferation or HYALINE deposition.	4.09	6	0
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna Thickening of the inner table of the frontal bone, which may be associated with hypertrichosis and obesity. It most commonly affects women near menopause.	2.33	2	0
Mixed Pineocytoma-Pineoblastoma [description not available]	3.26	2	0
Pinealoma Neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. The two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. Pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. Pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. These tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS or Parinaud's syndrome. GERMINOMA; CARCINOMA, EMBRYONAL; GLIOMA; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2064; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p670)	3.26	2	0
Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid Marked developmental anomalies of a fetus or infant.	4.19	18	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	3.44	8	0
Labyrinthitis Inflammation of the inner ear (LABYRINTH).	2.33	2	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	3.04	5	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	3.45	8	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	3.04	5	0
Frontal Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the FRONTAL SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE or HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE.	1.93	1	0
Kaposi Disease [description not available]	4.99	16	0
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.	4.99	16	0
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	3.31	7	0
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	2.63	3	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	3.8	12	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral [description not available]	3.26	2	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.55	9	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	3.55	9	0
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency [description not available]	3.89	13	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.	3.89	13	0
Cleft Spine [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Focal Infection An infection at a specific location that may spread to another region of the body.	8.54	9	0
Barre-Lieou Syndrome [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	2.33	2	0
Actinomyces Infections [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	8.32	7	0
Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available]	3.32	7	0
Allachesthesia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
(pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors [description not available]	4.02	15	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.	4.02	15	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	2.85	4	0
Parathyroid Disorders [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Parathyroid Diseases Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.	2.62	3	0
Mucocele A retention cyst of the salivary gland, lacrimal sac, paranasal sinuses, appendix, or gallbladder. (Stedman, 26th ed)	3.33	7	0
Dysostoses Defective bone formation involving individual bones, singly or in combination.	7.62	3	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	4.93	9	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	4.93	9	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	2.85	4	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	5.24	21	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	7.62	3	0
Benign Infratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	1.93	1	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	2.86	4	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	2.63	3	0
Arboviral Encephalitis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	4.11	6	0
Absence of Brain, Congenital [description not available]	3.65	10	0
Angiomatosis A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.	4.24	19	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	3.44	8	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	3.44	8	0
Fibromatosis [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Fibroma A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.	2.86	4	0
Drowning Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.	1.92	1	0
Amaurotic Familial Idiocy An outdated term for Tay-Sachs disease.	3.32	7	0
Tay-Sachs Disease An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the onset in infancy of an exaggerated startle response, followed by paralysis, dementia, and blindness. It is caused by mutation in the alpha subunit of the HEXOSAMINIDASE A resulting in lipid-laden ganglion cells. It is also known as the B variant (with increased HEXOSAMINIDASE B but absence of hexosaminidase A) and is strongly associated with Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry.	3.32	7	0
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	1.93	1	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	2.33	2	0
Albright Syndrome [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica A fibrous degeneration, cyst formation, and the presence of fibrous nodules in bone, usually due to HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.	2.85	4	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.	2.33	2	0
Brazilian Spotted Fever [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Boutonneuse Fever A febrile disease of the Mediterranean area, the Crimea, Africa, and India, caused by infection with RICKETTSIA CONORII.	1.93	1	0
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever An acute febrile illness caused by RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII. It is transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks and occurs only in North and South America. Characteristics include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness.	2.35	2	0
Hypermyotonia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Glandular Fever [description not available]	3.54	9	0
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	3.54	9	0
Endarteritis Inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (TUNICA INTIMA) of an artery.	2.62	3	0
Coccidioides immitis Infection [description not available]	3.32	7	0
Coccidioidomycosis Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.	3.32	7	0
Bends [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Glomus Jugulare Tumor A paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. It may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. It is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. It regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)	2.34	2	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	4.95	3	1
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	4.95	3	1
Auricular Flutter [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).	1.93	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	2.33	2	0
Pallor A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin.	3.81	12	0
Exhibitionism A disorder in which fantasies about or the act of exposing the genitals to an unsuspecting stranger produces sexual excitement with no attempt at further sexual activity with the stranger.	1.93	1	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	4.13	17	0
Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available]	3.55	9	0
Niemann-Pick Diseases A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.	3.55	9	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	3.04	5	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	1.93	1	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	1.93	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Spondylitis Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.	7.63	3	0
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular [description not available]	4.55	10	0
Cardiovascular Abnormalities Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.	4.55	10	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Duhring Disease [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	2.33	2	0
Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available]	3.32	7	0
Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.	3.32	7	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	4.74	12	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	4.74	12	0
Tuberculosis, Hepatic Infection of the LIVER with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. It is characterized by localized small tuberculous miliary lesions or tumor-like mass (TUBERCULOMA), and abnormalities in liver function tests.	1.93	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	1.93	1	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	2.34	2	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Granuloma Gangraenescens [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Granuloma, Lethal Midline A condition that is characterized by inflammation, ulceration, and perforation of the nose and the PALATE with progressive destruction of midline facial structures. This syndrome can be manifested in several diseases including the nasal type of EXTRANODAL NK-T-CELL LYMPHOMA and GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS.	2.33	2	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	2.63	3	0
Hysteria Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.	3.44	8	0
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available]	3.96	14	0
Nanism [description not available]	5.04	10	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	5.04	10	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Neoplasms, Plasma Cell Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS.	2.33	2	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	2.34	2	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	1.93	1	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Injuries, Whiplash [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Mediastinal Diseases Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.	1.93	1	0
Pappataci Fever [description not available]	6.93	1	0
Bone Tuberculosis [description not available]	3.25	2	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	3.81	12	0
Embolism, Fat Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.	3.55	9	0
Verruca [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	1.93	1	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	5.11	18	0
Addison's Disease [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Addison Disease, X-Linked [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial Hereditary forms of Addison disease that may exhibit autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. They are characterized by severe neurological symptoms, APNEA; and death in infancy. OMIM: 240200	2.33	2	0
Addison Disease An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.	2.85	4	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.62	3	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	2.33	2	0
Cor Triatriatum A malformation of the heart in which the embryonic common PULMONARY VEIN was not incorporated into the LEFT ATRIUM leaving behind a perforated fibromuscular membrane bisecting the left atrium, a three-atrium heart. The opening between the two left atrium sections determines the degree of obstruction to pulmonary venous return, pulmonary venous and pulmonary arterial hypertension.	1.93	1	0
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	4.37	8	0
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	4.37	8	0
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.	2.64	3	0
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	2.35	2	0
Astasia-Abasia [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Tuberculoma A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.	8.33	7	0
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	2.84	4	0
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	2.84	4	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	2.84	4	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	2.84	4	0
Adenoma, Chromophobe A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.	3.03	5	0
Angiomatosis Oculoorbital-Thalamic Syndrome [description not available]	3.55	9	0
Sturge-Weber Syndrome A non-inherited congenital condition with vascular and neurological abnormalities. It is characterized by facial vascular nevi (PORT-WINE STAIN), and capillary angiomatosis of intracranial membranes (MENINGES; CHOROID). Neurological features include EPILEPSY; cognitive deficits; GLAUCOMA; and visual defects.	3.55	9	0
Neuromuscular Blockade The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.	2.85	4	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	3.03	5	0
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	4.74	12	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	4.74	12	0
Narcosis A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.	8.03	5	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	3.44	8	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	3.44	8	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	6.93	1	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	2.35	2	0
Aortic Arch Syndrome [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	1.93	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2.62	3	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	2.34	2	0
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III [description not available]	4.94	9	0
Dysautonomia, Familial An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)	4.94	9	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	2.33	2	0
Mastoiditis Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.	1.93	1	0
Pellagra A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).	2.84	4	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Chondromatosis Multiple formation of chondromas. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.93	1	0
Cervix Diseases [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	2.62	3	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	1.93	1	0
Lymphatic Vessel Tumors Neoplasms composed of lymphoid tissue, a lattice work of reticular tissue the interspaces of which contain lymphocytes. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in lymphatic vessels.	1.93	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	3.33	7	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	8.33	7	0
Brittle Bone Disease [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.	3.2	6	0
Rachitis [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Bornholm Disease [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.93	1	0
Dysautonomia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Cryoglobulinemia A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.	7.62	3	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	8.03	5	0
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	2.34	2	0
ARSA Deficiency [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic An autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS) in the nervous system and other organs. Pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the GLIAL CELLS. There are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms.	2.63	3	0
Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Rhinosporidiosis Chronic, localized granulomatous infection of mucocutaneous tissues, especially the NOSE, and characterized by HYPERPLASIA and the development of POLYPS. It is found in humans and other animals and is caused by the mesomycetozoean organism RHINOSPORIDIUM SEEBERI.	2.65	3	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Hypervitaminosis A A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive amounts of VITAMIN A.	2.62	3	0
Classical Swine Fever An acute, highly contagious disease affecting swine of all ages and caused by the CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS. It has a sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality.	1.93	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	10.36	10	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	5.36	10	0
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.	1.93	1	0
Ankylosis Fixation and immobility of a joint.	1.93	1	0
Amyloidosis, Hereditary [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Amyloidosis, Familial Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.	2.36	2	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Psychoses, Alcoholic A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.	2.63	3	0
Hydrosyringomyelia [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	2.34	2	0
Molluscum Contagiosum A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.03	5	0
Adie Syndrome A syndrome characterized by a TONIC PUPIL that occurs in combination with decreased lower extremity reflexes. The affected pupil will respond more briskly to accommodation than to light (light-near dissociation) and is supersensitive to dilute pilocarpine eye drops, which induce pupillary constriction. Pathologic features include degeneration of the ciliary ganglion and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate the pupillary constrictor muscle. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p279)	3.95	5	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	3.55	3	0
Hypochondriacal Neuroses [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	1.93	1	0
Hypoascorbemia [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Scurvy An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.	7.63	3	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	4.47	9	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	4.47	9	0
Blepharophimosis The abnormal narrowness of the palpebral fissure in the horizontal direction caused by the lateral displacement of the medial canthi of the eyelids. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.58	3	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	1.93	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.05	5	0
Bejel [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.87	4	0
Central Nervous System Cysts Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.	1.93	1	0
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.	2.34	2	0
Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in Japan, China, the Philippines, India, and other countries of southeast Asia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.93	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	1.93	1	0
Chondrodysplasia with Hemangioma [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Entomophthoramycosis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Zygomycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.	2.34	2	0
Absence of Cerebral Hemispheres, Congenital [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Calcium Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	2.35	2	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	1.93	1	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	1.93	1	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	2.34	2	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	3.97	14	0
Degos Disease [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Far East Scarlet-like Fever [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	3.77	4	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	7.87	4	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	7.35	2	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	4.81	13	0
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Brain Stem Neoplasms Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.	1.93	1	0
Bilirubin Encephalopathy [description not available]	4.24	4	0
Kernicterus A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)	4.24	4	0
Glossoptosis, Micrognathia, and Cleft Palate [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Periarthritis Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.93	1	0
Mandibular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.	3.73	2	1
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	2.63	3	0
Schwartzman Phenomenon [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Actinic Keratosis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	3.2	6	0
Keratosis, Actinic White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.	1.93	1	0
Corynebacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.	1.93	1	0
Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	8.07	5	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	9.87	93	1
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	2.63	3	0
Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.	8.05	128	0
Amelia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.93	1	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	3.21	6	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	2.86	4	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	4.26	7	0
Angiokeratoma A vascular, horny neoplasm of the skin characterized by TELANGIECTASIS and secondary epithelial changes including acanthosis and hyperkeratosis.	3.04	5	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	4.26	7	0
Spider Veins [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Congenital Poikiloderma [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	3.45	8	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	5.02	16	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	5.02	16	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	2.63	3	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	1.93	1	0
Cervical Fusion Syndrome [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital Congenital structural abnormalities of the LOWER EXTREMITY.	1.93	1	0
Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital Congenital structural abnormalities of the UPPER EXTREMITY.	1.93	1	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	2.36	2	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.	2.63	3	0
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	3.79	4	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	4.95	15	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	2.65	3	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	1.93	1	0
Pediculosis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	1.93	1	0
Ear Deformities, Acquired Distortion or disfigurement of the ear caused by disease or injury after birth.	2.85	4	0
Teratogenesis The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.	1.93	1	0
Acquired Nasal Deformities [description not available]	3.33	7	0
Aminoaciduria, Renal [description not available]	3.04	5	0
CKD-MBD [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.	1.93	1	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.63	3	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	2.37	2	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	2.37	2	0
Cystadenoma A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.34	2	0
Arcus Corneae [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Larva Migrans, Visceral A condition produced in man by the prolonged migration of animal nematode larvae in extraintestinal tissues other than skin; characterized by persistent hypereosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and frequently pneumonitis, commonly caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati.	3.27	2	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Athetoid Movements [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.36	2	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	2.37	2	0
Bartholin-Patau Syndrome [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.34	2	0
Chondroblastoma A usually benign tumor composed of cells which arise from chondroblasts or their precursors and which tend to differentiate into cartilage cells. It occurs primarily in the epiphyses of adolescents. It is relatively rare and represents less than 2% of all primary bone tumors. The peak incidence is in the second decade of life; it is about twice as common in males as in females. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1846)	1.94	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	2.36	2	0
Hypertrichosis Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.	2.36	2	0
Brachmann-De Lange Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hand Deformities Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand.	1.94	1	0
De Lange Syndrome A syndrome characterized by growth retardation, severe MENTAL RETARDATION, short stature, a low-pitched growling cry, brachycephaly, low-set ears, webbed neck, carp mouth, depressed nasal bridge, bushy eyebrows meeting at the midline, hirsutism, and malformations of the hands. The condition may occur sporadically or be associated with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance or duplication of the long arm of chromosome 3. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p231)	1.94	1	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	5.53	17	0
Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.	1.94	1	0
Hemoperitoneum Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.	1.94	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	2.35	2	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.66	3	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	1.94	1	0
Cogan Syndrome A condition consisting of inflammatory eye disease usually presenting as interstitial KERATITIS, vestibuloauditory dysfunction, and large- to medium-vessel vasculitis.	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	3.55	3	0
Entropion The turning inward (inversion) of the edge of the eyelid, with the tarsal cartilage turned inward toward the eyeball. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.27	2	0
ARC [description not available]	1.94	1	0
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	1.94	1	0
Acrodynia A condition seen primarily in childhood, most often resulting from chronic exposure to MERCURY COMPOUNDS which may result in encephalopathy and POLYNEUROPATHY. Clinical features include pain, swelling and pinkish discoloration of the fingers and toes, weakness in the extremities, extreme irritability, HYPERESTHESIA, and alterations in level of consciousness. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p603)	1.94	1	0
Cystadenoma, Papillary A benign neoplasm of the ovary.	1.94	1	0
Lung Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).	2.36	2	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	2.64	3	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	2.34	2	0
Serum Sickness Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.	1.93	1	0
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Paragonimiasis Infection with TREMATODA of the genus PARAGONIMUS.	1.93	1	0
Enterobiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ENTEROBIUS; E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification.	1.93	1	0
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Prurigo A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.36	2	0
Hemoglobin C Disease A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.	2.34	2	0
Cholesteatoma A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.	2.34	2	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.63	3	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	1.93	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by sudden onset, fever, headache, generalized myalgia, backache, conjunctivitis, and severe prostration, followed by various hemorrhagic symptoms. Hemorrhagic fever with kidney involvement is HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME.	1.93	1	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.78	4	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	1.93	1	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Carcinomatous Meningitis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Meningeal Carcinomatosis Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.	1.93	1	0
Acquired Gerstmann Syndrome [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Hiccough [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Acute Q Fever [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	4.72	2	1
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	4.72	2	1
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.35	2	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	7.85	4	0
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Beryllium Disease Disease resulting from exposure to beryllium. Entry into the body is not limited to the inhalation route.	1.92	1	0
Berylliosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal BERYLLIUM or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. Berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to BRONCHIOLITIS; PULMONARY EDEMA; and pneumonia.	1.92	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	7.35	2	0
Congenital Oculofacial Paralysis, Moebius [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Jaundice, Spirochetal [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	3.96	5	0
Hives [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	3.55	3	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	4.6	6	0
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	1.92	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	4.6	6	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	4.46	5	1
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	1.92	1	0
Meningitis, Viral Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)	2.64	3	0
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia) Deficiency Disease [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase I Deficiency Disease A urea cycle disorder manifesting in infancy as lethargy, emesis, seizures, alterations of muscle tone, abnormal eye movements, and an elevation of serum ammonia. The disorder is caused by a reduction in the activity of hepatic mitochondrial CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA). (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp50-1)	1.92	1	0
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	1.92	1	0
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	1.92	1	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	2.34	2	0
Paranoia [description not available]	3.77	4	0
Dental Diseases [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	2.71	3	0
Bites [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	2.67	3	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	3.07	5	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	7.68	3	0
Aspergillosis, Nervous System Invasive [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Neuroaspergillosis Infections of the nervous system caused by fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS, most commonly ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS. Aspergillus infections may occur in immunocompetent hosts, but are more prevalent in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. The organism may spread to the nervous system from focal infections in the lung, mastoid region, sinuses, inner ear, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. Sinus infections may be locally invasive and enter the intracranial compartment, producing MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; cranial neuropathies; and abscesses in the frontal lobes of the brain. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch 27, pp62-3)	2.02	1	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	3.32	2	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	2.02	1	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	2.93	1	0
Bulbar Palsy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.93	1	0
As If Personality [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Central Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	2.34	2	0
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).	1.92	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	1.92	1	0
Alogia [description not available]	2.84	4	0
Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.	7.84	4	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	6.92	1	0
Paratyphoid Fever A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.	2.33	2	0
Macrocephaly [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	2.35	2	0
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	2.69	3	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	2.02	1	0
Chemical Sensitivities, Multiple [description not available]	4.09	3	1
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	3.8	2	1
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	5.01	5	2
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	3.77	2	1
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	5.01	5	2
Osteoradionecrosis Necrosis of bone following radiation injury.	4.37	2	2
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Rhabdoid Tumor A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)	7.02	1	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	3.62	3	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2.42	2	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	2.67	3	0
Infections, Tick-Borne [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Malignancies, Post-Traumatic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Benign Frontal Childhood Epilepsy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
AIRE Deficiency [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	5.22	4	1
Infections, Morbillivirus [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.02	1	0
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	2.94	4	0
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Scleroderma, Diffuse A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.	2.03	1	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	2.4	2	0
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	2.03	1	0
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	4.6	4	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	4.6	4	0
Lupus Vulgaris A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.	2.33	2	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.03	1	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	2.39	2	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	2.03	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	3.22	6	0
Dermatitis, Periocular [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Dermatitis, Perioral A papular eruption of unknown etiology that progresses to residual papular erythema and scaling usually confined to the area of the mouth, and almost exclusively occurring in young women. It may also be localized or extend to involve the eyelids and adjacent glabella area of the forehead (periocular dermatitis). (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.03	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	4.06	3	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	4.06	3	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	2.03	1	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Drop Attack [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	8.36	7	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	2.39	2	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	2.03	1	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	2.03	1	0
Abnormalities, Teeth [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	2.65	3	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	2.88	4	0
Sick Building Syndrome A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.42	2	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.57	3	0
Ape Diseases Diseases of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.	2.02	1	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Back Ache [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Lordosis The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).	2.03	1	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	2.03	1	0
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	4.15	6	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	2.95	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	4.28	4	1
Apnea, Central [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	2.03	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Central A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.	2.03	1	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	2.03	1	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	2.03	1	0
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	3.36	7	0
Epiglottitis Inflammation of the EPIGLOTTIS.	2.03	1	0
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	3.42	1	1
Carotid Artery Dissection, Internal [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Congenital X-Linked Retinoschisis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Encephalitis Lethargica Type Parkinsonism [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic Parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (Von Economo Encephalitis). The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; TICS; MUSCLE SPASMS; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary PARKINSON DISEASE. Pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMUS; and HYPOTHALAMUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p754)	1.92	1	0
Insulin Coma Severe HYPOGLYCEMIA induced by a large dose of exogenous INSULIN resulting in a COMA or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused.	1.92	1	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	3.55	3	0
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	2.86	4	0
Hyperdactyly [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis [description not available]	4.82	13	0
Gargoylism, Hunter Syndrome [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Mucopolysaccharidoses Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.	4.82	13	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis II Systemic lysosomal storage disease marked by progressive physical deterioration and caused by a deficiency of L-sulfoiduronate sulfatase. This disease differs from MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS I by slower progression, lack of corneal clouding, and X-linked rather than autosomal recessive inheritance. The mild form produces near-normal intelligence and life span. The severe form usually causes death by age 15.	2.38	2	0
Adjustment Disorder [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Adjustment Disorders Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.	2.05	1	0
Injuries, Maxillofacial [description not available]	4.46	5	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Cramp [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	2.34	2	0
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	1.94	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	1.94	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	3.27	2	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	5.42	3	1
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	5.42	3	1
Benign Cranial Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	3.74	2	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	3.98	5	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	3.98	5	0
Agranulocytosis, Feline [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Acetyl-CoA:alpha-Glucosaminide N-Acetyltransferase Deficiency [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis III Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by heparitin sulfate in the urine, progressive mental retardation, mild dwarfism, and other skeletal disorders. There are four clinically indistinguishable but biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.	2.65	3	0
Canine Infectious Hepatitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	1.96	1	0
Infections, Spirochaetales [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Marasmus [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	2.36	2	0
Ganglioside Storage Diseases [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Gangliosidoses A group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders marked by the accumulation of GANGLIOSIDES. They are caused by impaired enzymes or defective cofactors required for normal ganglioside degradation in the LYSOSOMES. Gangliosidoses are classified by the specific ganglioside accumulated in the defective degradation pathway.	3.97	5	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	4.85	8	0
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.	2.66	3	0
Cattle Plague [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	2.89	4	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	1.96	1	0
Alpha-Fucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Fucosidosis An autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of ALPHA-L-FUCOSIDASE activity resulting in an accumulation of fucose containing SPHINGOLIPIDS; GLYCOPROTEINS, and mucopolysaccharides (GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS) in lysosomes. The infantile form (type I) features psychomotor deterioration, MUSCLE SPASTICITY, coarse facial features, growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities, visceromegaly, SEIZURES, recurrent infections, and MACROGLOSSIA, with death occurring in the first decade of life. Juvenile fucosidosis (type II) is the more common variant and features a slowly progressive decline in neurologic function and angiokeratoma corporis diffusum. Type II survival may be through the fourth decade of life. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p87; Am J Med Genet 1991 Jan;38(1):111-31)	7.37	2	0
Bacterial Endocarditides, Subacute [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Actinobacillus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.	1.96	1	0
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Adrenoleukodystrophy An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).	2.37	2	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	2.64	3	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	3.56	9	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.35	1	1
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	1.96	1	0
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	3.79	4	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Masochism Pleasure derived from being physically or psychologically abused, whether inflicted by oneself or by others. Masochism includes sexual masochism.	1.96	1	0
Cockayne Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms.	3.3	2	0
Lymphangiectasis A transient dilatation of the lymphatic vessels.	1.96	1	0
Burns, Electric Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.	2.65	3	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	1.95	1	0
Glycogenosis [description not available]	7.36	2	0
Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.	2.36	2	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II An autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE deficiency. Large amounts of GLYCOGEN accumulate in the LYSOSOMES of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL); HEART; LIVER; SPINAL CORD; and BRAIN. Three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. The infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC). The childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. The adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (From Muscle Nerve 1995;3:S61-9; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4)	2.65	3	0
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Malignant Catarrh A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary epithelia, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis and lymph node enlargement. Syn: bovine epitheliosis, snotsiekte.	3.34	7	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	4.26	4	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	4.26	4	0
Atypical Cluster Headache [description not available]	4.27	7	0
Cephalgia, Vascular [description not available]	4.66	11	0
Scarlet Fever Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.	1.96	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	4.27	4	1
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	1.96	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	4.27	4	1
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	1.96	1	0
Acquired Language Disorders [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Language Disorders Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.	3.27	2	0
Achondroplasia, Severe, With Developmental Delay And Acanthosis Nigricans [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Achondroplasia An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)	1.95	1	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Aleutian Disease of Mink [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Avian Leukosis A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.	2.36	2	0
Hand Deformities, Acquired Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.	1.96	1	0
Foot Deformities, Acquired Distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth.	1.96	1	0
Infections, Respirovirus [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	1.95	1	0
Mediastinitis Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.	1.95	1	0
Adult Sandhoff Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Sandhoff Disease An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in neurons and other tissues. It is caused by mutation in the common beta subunit of HEXOSAMINIDASE A and HEXOSAMINIDASE B. Thus this disease is also known as the O variant since both hexosaminidase A and B are missing. Clinically, it is indistinguishable from TAY-SACHS DISEASE.	1.95	1	0
Craniofacial Pain Syndromes [description not available]	5.28	7	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	4.76	5	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	4.76	5	0
Cancer of Lip [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Eisenmenger Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Eisenmenger Complex A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.	1.98	1	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Craniomandibular Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	1.98	1	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	1.98	1	0
Tooth Fractures Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.	1.98	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	1.98	1	0
Leprosy, Cutaneous [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	2.9	1	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	3.06	5	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	1.98	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	4.04	3	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.04	3	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	3.28	2	0
Granuloma Annulare Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures.	1.98	1	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Actinomycetoma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Mycetoma A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.	1.98	1	0
Deficiency, Protein C [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	4.04	3	1
Gyrate Atrophy Progressive, autosomal recessive, diffuse atrophy of the choroid, pigment epithelium, and sensory retina that begins in childhood.	1.98	1	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.36	2	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	3.77	2	1
MELAS [description not available]	1.98	1	0
MELAS Syndrome A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)	1.98	1	0
AIDS-Associated Lymphoma [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.	3.31	2	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	1.98	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	1.98	1	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	4.25	7	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.39	2	0
Leprosy, Macular [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	2.9	1	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	2.88	4	0
Bovine Virus Diarrhea Mucosal Disease [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Fungemia The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.	3.6	3	0
P carinii Infection [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Pneumocystis Infections Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.	2.67	3	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Ascaridida Infections Infections with nematodes of the order ASCARIDIDA.	1.99	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	1.99	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	1.99	1	0
AIDS Wasting Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
HIV Wasting Syndrome Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).	1.99	1	0
Amyloid Neuropathies Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)	2.39	2	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	1.99	1	0
Maxillary Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.	2.37	2	0
Ameloblastoma An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.	1.99	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	2.9	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Abnormalities, Urogenital [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Alagille Syndrome 1 [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Alagille Syndrome A multisystem disorder that is characterized by aplasia of intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC), and malformations in the cardiovascular system, the eyes, the vertebral column, and the facies. Major clinical features include JAUNDICE, and congenital heart disease with peripheral PULMONARY STENOSIS. Alagille syndrome may result from heterogeneous gene mutations, including mutations in JAG1 on CHROMOSOME 20 (Type 1) and NOTCH2 on CHROMOSOME 1 (Type 2).	2.68	3	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	1.99	1	0
Neurally Mediated Faint [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cherubism A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination.	1.99	1	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.66	3	0
Astroblastoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial Neoplasms composed of neuroepithelial cells, which have the capacity to differentiate into NEURONS, oligodendrocytes, and ASTROCYTES. The majority of craniospinal tumors are of neuroepithelial origin. (From Dev Biol 1998 Aug 1;200(1):1-5)	1.99	1	0
Fibroadenoma An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cancer Syndromes, Hereditary [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	1.99	1	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	1.99	1	0
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.	1.99	1	0
B-K Mole Syndrome [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome Clinically atypical nevi (usually exceeding 5 mm in diameter and having variable pigmentation and ill defined borders) with an increased risk for development of non-familial cutaneous malignant melanoma. Biopsies show melanocytic dysplasia. Nevi are clinically and histologically identical to the precursor lesions for melanoma in the B-K mole syndrome. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.91	1	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	2.91	1	0
Air Sickness [description not available]	5.97	4	1
Motion Sickness Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.	5.97	4	1
Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)	1.99	1	0
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pseudohypoparathyroidism A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.	1.99	1	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Leiomyomatosis The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.91	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	3.3	2	0
Factitious Disorders Disorders characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are not real, genuine, or natural.	2.4	2	0
Battered Child Syndrome A clinical condition resulting from repeated physical and psychological injuries inflicted on a child by the parents or caregivers.	1.99	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2	1	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	2	1	0
Anaplasma Infection [description not available]	2	1	0
Corridor Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Central Nervous System Viral Diseases Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.	2	1	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2	1	0
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic, Stable Phase [description not available]	2	1	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2	1	0
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
DiGeorge Syndrome Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.	2	1	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	2	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	2	1	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	2	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	2	1	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	2	1	0
Jet Lag [description not available]	2	1	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2	1	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	3.6	3	0
ACY2 Deficiency [description not available]	2	1	0
Canavan Disease A rare neurodegenerative condition of infancy or childhood characterized by white matter vacuolization and demeylination that gives rise to a spongy appearance. Aspartoacylase deficiency leads to an accumulation of N-acetylaspartate in astrocytes. Inheritance may be autosomal recessive or the illness may occur sporadically. This illness occurs more frequently in individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. The neonatal form features the onset of hypotonia and lethargy at birth, rapidly progressing to coma and death. The infantile form features developmental delay, DYSKINESIAS, hypotonia, spasticity, blindness, and megalencephaly. The juvenile form is characterized by ATAXIA; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEMENTIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p944; Am J Med Genet 1988 Feb;29(2):463-71)	2	1	0
Basilar Steal Syndrome [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.01	1	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	2.01	1	0
EBS-DM [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex A form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by serous bullae that heal without scarring. Mutations in the genes that encode KERATIN-5 and KERATIN-14 have been associated with several subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa simplex.	2.01	1	0
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Anal Atresia [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	2.86	1	0
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	1.95	1	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	1.95	1	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	1.95	1	0
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	3.27	2	0
Bird Pox [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Infections, Reoviridae [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Angioma, Sclerosing [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.35	2	0
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)	1.95	1	0
Congenital Foot Deformities [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Congenital Hand Deformities [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Chemodectoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Coronaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CORONAVIRIDAE.	1.95	1	0
Stye [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Hordeolum Purulent infection of one of the sebaceous glands of Zeis along the eyelid margin (external) or of the meibomian gland on the conjunctival side of the eyelid (internal).	3.45	8	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Tuberculosis, Bovine An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.	2.35	2	0
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	2.36	2	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Lock Jaw [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	1.95	1	0
Palatal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.	1.95	1	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	1.95	1	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	1.95	1	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.87	4	0
Childhood Schizophrenia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Entamoeba histolytica Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	2.36	2	0
Abnormalities, Mouth [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	1.95	1	0
Bone Diseases, Developmental Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.	2.35	2	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Francois Dyscephalic Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	2.35	2	0
48,XXYY Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Klinefelter Syndrome A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).	1.95	1	0
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	1.95	1	0
Polyradiculitis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.	2.35	2	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.64	3	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	1.95	1	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Amyotrophic Neuralgia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Brachial Plexus Neuritis A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)	1.95	1	0
Akinetic Autism [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Infarct of the Spleen [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	1.95	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.36	2	0
AIDS, Feline [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Amniotic Band Syndrome A disorder present in the newborn infant in which constriction rings or bands, causing soft tissue depressions, encircle digits, extremities, or limbs and sometimes the neck, thorax, or abdomen. They may be associated with intrauterine amputations.	2.66	3	0
alpha Mannosidase B Deficiency [description not available]	3.07	5	0
alpha-Mannosidosis An inborn error of metabolism marked by a defect in the lysosomal isoform of ALPHA-MANNOSIDASE activity that results in lysosomal accumulation of mannose-rich intermediate metabolites. Virtually all patients have psychomotor retardation, facial coarsening, and some degree of dysostosis multiplex. It is thought to be an autosomal recessive disorder.	3.07	5	0
Jaw, Edentulous, Partially Absence of teeth from a portion of the mandible and/or maxilla.	1.98	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	1.98	1	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	2.89	1	0
Oxaluria, Primary [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	1.97	1	0
Hyperoxaluria, Primary A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.	1.97	1	0
Pulmonary Stenoses [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	1.97	1	0
Eccentro-Osteochondrodysplasia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV Genetic disorder of mucopolysaccharide metabolism characterized by skeletal abnormalities, joint instability, development of cervical myelopathy, and excessive urinary keratan sulfate. There are two biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.	1.97	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	1.97	1	0
Infections, Mycoplasmatales [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Amnionitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Chorioamnionitis INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.	1.97	1	0
Albers-Schoenberg Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Osteopetrosis Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).	1.97	1	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	1.97	1	0
Adenoma, Pleomorphic A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Dissociative Identity Disorder A dissociative disorder in which the individual adopts two or more distinct personalities. Each personality is a fully integrated and complex unit with memories, behavior patterns and social friendships. Transition from one personality to another is sudden.	1.97	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	2.87	4	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	2.36	2	0
Complex IV Deficiency [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Adenoma, alpha-Cell [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Island Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	1.97	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	3.28	2	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	2.36	2	0
Sphingolipid Storage Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.	2.36	2	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	2.36	2	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	1.97	1	0
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	1.97	1	0
Chromosomes, Ring [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	2.36	2	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	1.96	1	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	1.97	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	1.97	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.36	2	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	1.97	1	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	2.88	1	0
Lentiginosis, Perioral [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome A hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving CHROMOSOME 19. It is characterized by the presence of INTESTINAL POLYPS, consistently in the JEJUNUM, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with MELANIN spots of the lips, buccal MUCOSA, and digits.	1.96	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	1.96	1	0
Hand Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the hand.	1.96	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	1.96	1	0
Ciguatera [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	1.96	1	0
Ciguatera Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.	1.96	1	0
Endothelioma, Vascular [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hemangioendothelioma A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	1.96	1	0
Lentigines [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Lentigo Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).	2.36	2	0
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Conductive Hearing Loss [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, IgA [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Presbycusis Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.	1.96	1	0
Tricuspid Incompetence [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	1.96	1	0
Blepharospasm-Oromandibular Dyskinesia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Echo Virus Infections [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	1.96	1	0
Adult Refsum Disease [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	1.94	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	2.86	1	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	1.95	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2.35	2	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.35	2	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.	2.35	2	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	2.35	2	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	1.94	1	0
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	3.04	5	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	2.85	1	0
Cranial Nerve Injuries Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.	1.94	1	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	1.94	1	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	2.35	2	0
Muscle Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	2.35	2	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	1.94	1	0
Diabetes, Phosphate [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypophosphatemia, Familial An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	1.95	1	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Penile Diseases Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.	1.95	1	0
Nodular Goiter [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.	1.95	1	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	1.95	1	0
Scleroma, Nasal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Rhinoscleroma A granulomatous disease caused by KLEBSIELLA RHINOSCLEROMATIS infection. Despite its name, this disease is not limited to the nose and NASOPHARYNX but may affect any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, sometimes with extension to the lip and the skin.	1.95	1	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	1.95	1	0
Auriculotemporal Nerve Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Costen's Syndrome [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.	2.86	1	0
Leriche Syndrome A condition caused by occlusion of terminal aorta, the primary branches of the ABDOMINAL AORTA, as in aortoiliac obstruction. Leriche syndrome usually occurs in males and is characterized by IMPOTENCE, absence of a pulse in the femoral arteries, weakness and numbness in the lower back, buttocks, hips, and lower limbs.	2.86	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.	2.86	1	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	2.86	1	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	3.27	2	0
Slow Virus Diseases Diseases of viral origin, characterized by incubation periods of months to years, insidious onset of clinical manifestations, and protracted clinical course. Though the disease process is protracted, viral multiplication may not be unusually slow. Conventional viruses produce slow virus diseases such as SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL), and AIDS. Diseases produced by unconventional agents were originally considered part of this group. They are now called PRION DISEASES.	2.86	1	0
Congenital Micrognathia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Maxillary Diseases Diseases involving the MAXILLA.	1.95	1	0
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.	1.94	1	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce A transplantable EPITHELIAL CELL neoplasm of rabbits.	2.35	2	0
Exostoses Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.	1.94	1	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	1.95	1	0
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.	2.35	2	0
Aperture Syndrome, Thoracic Outlet [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS; SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY; and SUBCLAVIAN VEIN at the superior thoracic outlet. This may result from a variety of anomalies such as a CERVICAL RIB, anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of brachial plexus innervated muscles, PARESTHESIA, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ISCHEMIA, and EDEMA. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5).	1.95	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	1.95	1	0
Acquired Meningocele [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hyperplasia of Thymus Gland [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	6.95	1	0
Mesenteric Lymphadenitis INFLAMMATION of LYMPH NODES in the MESENTERY.	1.95	1	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	1.95	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	7.35	2	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.95	1	0
Armstrong Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Injuries, Prenatal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Stammering [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Stuttering A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.86	1	0
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.	2.86	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	2.86	1	0
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	3.26	2	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	2.86	1	0
Halitosis An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.	2.35	2	0
Laryngitis Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.	1.94	1	0
Nail Abnormalities [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Femoral Hernia [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	6.94	1	0
Lichen Simplex Chronicus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Branchial Cleft Cyst [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Neurodermatitis An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.	1.94	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	1.94	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.94	1	0
Calculus, Dental [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	1.94	1	0
Dental Deposit [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Central European Encephalitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Diaper Rashes [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Diaper Rash A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	1.94	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	1.94	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	1.94	1	0
Bezoars Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.	1.94	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	1.94	1	0
Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cerebromalacia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	1.94	1	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	1.94	1	0
Tick Toxicoses Toxicoses caused by toxic substances secreted by the salivary glands of ticks; include tick paralysis (neurotropic toxin), sweating sickness (dermotropic toxin), and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus toxicosis (leukotropic toxin).	1.94	1	0
Kerion Celsi An inflammatory manifestation of tinea capitis with a pronounced swelling that develops into suppurative central and indurated peripheral area called kerion.	1.94	1	0
Tinea Capitis Ringworm of the scalp and associated hair mainly caused by species of MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON, which may occasionally involve the eyebrows and eyelashes.	1.94	1	0
Colorado Tick Fever A febrile illness characterized by chills, aches, vomiting, leukopenia, and sometimes encephalitis. It is caused by the COLORADO TICK FEVER VIRUS, a reovirus transmitted by the tick Dermacentor andersoni.	1.94	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	1.94	1	0
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	1.94	1	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	1.94	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	1.94	1	0
Abdominal Pregnancy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pregnancy, Tubal The most common (	1.94	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	1.94	1	0
Disgerminoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	1.94	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	1.94	1	0
Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)	1.94	1	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	1.94	1	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0

eye

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eye

Cross-References

Synonyms (7)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (38,293)

Study Types

Related Drugs (1,547)

Related Conditions (3,406)