Compounds > stevioside
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stevioside

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Description

stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
SteviagenusA plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain stevioside and other sweet diterpene glycosides. The leaf is used for sweetening (SWEETENING AGENTS).[MeSH]AsteraceaeA large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of daisy refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.[MeSH]
Stevia rebaudianaspecies[no description available]AsteraceaeA large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of daisy refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID442089
CHEMBL ID444122
CHEBI ID9271
SCHEMBL ID33428
MeSH IDM0058754

Synonyms (57)

Synonym
1-o-{(5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha,13alpha)-13-[(2-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-18-oxokaur-16-en-18-yl}-beta-d-glucopyranose
(4alpha)-beta-d-glucopyranosyl 13-((2-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy)kaur-16-en-18-oate
steviosin
brn 0077427
ccris 6116
kaur-16-en-18-oic acid, 13-((2-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-, beta-d-glucopyranosyl ester
einecs 260-975-5
13-[(2-o-.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl-.alpha.-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]kaur-16-en-18-oic acid .beta.-d-glucopyranosyl ester
diterpene glycoside
[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl] [(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-dimethyl-methylene-[?]carbo
C09189 ,
57817-89-7
stevioside
CHEMBL444122 ,
chebi:9271 ,
0yon5mxj9p ,
unii-0yon5mxj9p
4-17-00-03618 (beilstein handbook reference)
e-960
(-)-stevioside
fema no. 4763
kaur-16-en-18-oic acid, 13-((2-o-.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl-.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-, .beta.-d-glucopyranosyl ester, (4.alpha.)-
stevioside [mi]
stevian 50
ins no.960
(4.alpha.)-13-((2-o-.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl-.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy)kaur-16-en-18-oic acid .beta.-d-glucopyranosyl ester
.alpha.-g-sweet
ins-960
stevibioside
stevioside [usp-rs]
stevioside [mart.]
stevioside [inci]
AKOS015895872
UEDUENGHJMELGK-HYDKPPNVSA-N
SCHEMBL33428
1-o-{13alpha-[(2-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-18-oxo-5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-yl}-beta-d-glucopyranose
13-[(2-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]kaur-16-en-18-oic acid beta-d-glucopyranosyl ester
DTXSID7021281 ,
bdbm50480264
rebaudin
stevin?
eupatorin?
DS-6711
Q415043
HY-N0669
CS-W019786
kaur-16-en-18-oic acid,13-[(2-o-b-d-glucopyranosyl-b-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-,b-d-glucopyranosyl ester, (4a)-
gtpl12423
dtxcid301281
stevioside (usp-rs)
13-((2-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy)kaur-16-en-18-oic acid beta-d-glucopyranosyl ester
kaur-16-en-18-oic acid, 13-((2-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-, beta-d-glucopyranosyl ester, (4alpha)-
alpha-g-sweet
stevioside (mart.)
13-((2-o-.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl-.alpha.-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy)kaur-16-en-18-oic acid .beta.-d-glucopyranosyl ester
(4alpha)-13-((2-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy)kaur-16-en-18-oic acid beta-d-glucopyranosyl ester
1-o-(13alpha-((2-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-18-oxo-5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-yl)-beta-d-glucopyranose

Research Excerpts

Overview

Stevioside (SVS) is a diterpenoid glycoside extracted from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. It has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, and renal protective effects. Its effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular epithelial cells remains unknown.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Stevioside is a natural diterpenoid compound that possesses anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, and renal protective effects, but its effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular epithelial cells, an important immune pathological mechanism of renal fibrosis, remains unknown. "( Stevioside inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of NRK-52E cells by PPARγ activation.
Huang, H; Shen, W; Xie, ML; Xue, J, 2022)		3.61
"Stevioside (SVS) is a diterpenoid glycoside extracted from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni with some specific effects against inflammatory and apoptotic, whereas it is still unclear what function SVS has in osteoarthritis."( Stevioside targets the NF-κB and MAPK pathways for inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis of chondrocytes and ameliorates osteoarthritis in vivo.
Cai, T; Jiang, H; Lin, C; Lin, J; Lou, C; Pan, X; Wang, W; Xue, X; Yan, Z; Ye, H, 2023)		3.07
"Stevioside (SVS) is a natural diterpenoid glycoside that has anti-inflammatory benefits."( Stevioside protects primary articular chondrocytes against IL-1β-induced inflammation and catabolism by targeting integrin.
Chen, A; Cheng, P; He, Z; Wan, J; Wu, H; Zhu, W; Zhu, Z, 2023)		3.07
"Stevioside is a promising non-calorie sweetener with anti-inflammatory effects; however, its effects on the oral environment and periodontitis remain unclear."( Stevioside reduces inflammation in periodontitis by changing the oral bacterial composition and inhibiting P. gingivalis in mice.
Guo, L; Han, S; Han, W; Jiao, Y; Li, S; Liu, Y; Mi, S; Xu, J, 2023)		3.07
"Stevioside is a natural non-caloric sweetener obtained from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant. "( Elimination of bitter-off taste of stevioside through structure modification and computational interventions.
Bhardwaj, V; Kumar, S; Purohit, R; Singh, P; Singh, R, 2020)		2.28
"Stevioside (STE) is a widely used sweetener. "( Dietary stevioside supplementation increases feed intake by altering the hypothalamic transcriptome profile and gut microbiota in broiler chickens.
Jiang, J; Lv, Z; Qi, L; Shi, F; Wei, Q, 2021)		2.5
"Stevioside is a diterpenoid obtained from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) that exhibits antioxidant, antifibrotic, antiglycemic and anticancer properties. "( Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity induced by stevioside in liver damage: In vivo, in vitro and in silico assays.
Alvarez-Suarez, D; Camacho, J; Casas-Grajales, S; Cerda-García-Rojas, CM; Chávez-Estrada, E; Hernández-Aquino, E; Lakshman, MR; Muriel, P; Ramos-Tovar, E; Reyes-Gordillo, K; Tsutsumi, V, 2019)		2.21
"Stevioside is an abundant sweetener extracted from Stevia rebaudiana leaf with a bitter aftertaste. "( Transglycosylation of stevioside to improve the edulcorant quality by lower substitution using cornstarch hydrolyzate and CGTase.
Li, S; Li, W; Xia, Y; Xiao, QY, 2013)		2.15
"Stevioside is a natural non-caloric sweetener isolated from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves. "( Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of stevioside and steviol on colonic epithelial cells.
Boonkaewwan, C; Burodom, A, 2013)		2.08
"Stevioside is a natural sweetener that is commonly used in traditional medicine and as a food additive. "( Stevioside inhibits inflammation and apoptosis by regulating TLR2 and TLR2-related proteins in S. aureus-infected mouse mammary epithelial cells.
Cao, Y; Guo, M; Jiang, H; Song, X; Wang, T; Wang, W; Zhang, N; Zhang, Z; Zhu, L, 2014)		3.29
"Stevioside is a glycoside that supposedly possesses a number of pharmacodynamic effects such as anti-infective, hypoglycemic, along with the beneficial influence on the cardiovascular system. "( Effect of aqueous solution of stevioside on pharmacological properties of some cardioactive drugs.
Budakov, Z; Mikov, I; Mikov, M; Milijasević, B; Rasković, A; Vasović, V; Vukmirović, S, 2014)		2.13
"Stevioside is a non-caloric, natural, high-intensity sweetener. "( High efficiency transformation of stevioside into a single mono-glycosylated product using a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Paenibacillus sp. CGMCC 5316.
Li, B; Yang, J; Yu, X; Yuan, H, 2015)		2.14
"Stevioside is a dietary supplement widely used as a sweetener to prevent hyperglycemic disorders. "( Stimulatory effect of stevioside on peripheral mu opioid receptors in animals.
Cheng, JT; Lee, JJ; Tsao, CW; Wu, HT; Yang, PS, 2009)		2.11
"Stevioside is a non-caloric natural sweetener that does not induce a glycemic response, making it attractive as sweetener to diabetics and others on carbohydrate-controlled diets. "( Stevioside inhibits atherosclerosis by improving insulin signaling and antioxidant defense in obese insulin-resistant mice.
Benhabilès, N; Crombé, F; Geeraert, B; Geuns, JM; Holvoet, P; Hulsmans, M, 2010)		3.25
"Stevioside is a natural sweetener extracted from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, which is commercially produced by conventional (chemical/physical) processes. "( Downstream processing of stevioside and its potential applications.
Puri, M; Sharma, D; Tiwari, AK, )		1.88
"Stevioside (SVS) is a widely used sweetener with multiple beneficial effects for diabetic patients."( Stevioside ameliorates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation by downregulating the NF-κB pathway.
Guo, C; Han, B; Ma, Q; Pan, C; Song, H; Wang, Z; Xue, L; Zhao, S, 2012)		2.54
"Stevioside is a natural sweetener extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana."( Stevioside enhances apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in PC12 cells.
Hosokawa, T; Komori, M; Kurasaki, M; Okino, T; Saito, T; Sun, Y; Takahashi, K; Yanagiuchi, I, 2012)		2.54
"Stevioside is a diterpene glycoside found in the leaf of Stevia rebaudiana, a traditional oriental medicinal herb, which has been shown to have various biological and ethno-medicinal activities including antitumor activity. "( Stevioside induced ROS-mediated apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7.
Bandyopadhyay, TK; Bhattacharyya, A; Paul, S; Sengupta, S, 2012)		3.26
"Stevioside is a sweet-tasting glycoside isolated from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. "( Mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of stevioside in anesthetized dogs.
Chan, P; Chen, YJ; Cheng, JT; Hou, CC; Hsieh, MH; Hsu, YH; Kao, PK; Lien, GS; Liu, JC, 2003)		2.02
"Stevioside is a natural sweetener extracted from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni. "( Stevioside.
Geuns, JM, 2003)		3.2
"Stevioside is a natural non-caloric sweetener extracted from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves. "( Analysis of genotoxic potentiality of stevioside by comet assay.
Caldeira-de-Araújo, A; Dantas, FJ; De Mattos, JC; Ferreira-Machado, SC; Nunes, AP; Nunes, RM, 2007)		2.05
"Stevioside is a natural sweetener obtained from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. "( Enzymatic modification of stevioside by cell-free extract of Gibberella fujikuroi.
Chimelli, M; de Jesus, DA; de Oliveira, BH; Packer, JF, 2007)		2.08
"Stevioside is a sweet-tasting glycoside, composed of stevia, a diterpenic carboxylic alcohol with three glucose molecules, mainly used as a substitute for non-alcoholic sweetener. "( The effect of stevioside on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Chan, P; Chen, YJ; Cheng, JT; Huang, WP; Liu, JC; Tomlinson, B; Xu, DY, 1998)		2.1
"Stevioside is a natural plant glycoside isolated from the plant Stevia rebaudiana which has been commercialized as a sweetener in Japan for more than 20 years. "( A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness and tolerability of oral stevioside in human hypertension.
Chan, P; Chen, YJ; Cheng, JT; Hsieh, MH; Liu, JC; Tomlinson, B, 2000)		1.97
"Stevioside is a sweet-tasting glycoside occurring abundantly in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Compositae). "( Inhibitory effect of stevioside on calcium influx to produce antihypertension.
Chan, P; Chen, YJ; Cheng, JT; Lee, CN; Liu, JC; Wong, KL, 2001)		2.07
"Stevioside is a natural sweet-tasting glycoside isolated from the herb Stevia rebaudiana, composed of stevia, a diterpenic carboxylic alcohol with three glucose molecules, mainly used commercially as sugar substitute. "( Antihypertensive effect of stevioside in different strains of hypertensive rats.
Chan, P; Chen, YJ; Hsieh, MH; Hsu, YH; Kao, PF; Lee, CN; Liu, JC, 2002)		2.05

Effects

Stevioside has a complex diterpenoid glycoside molecule comprised of an aglycone, steviol with the ent-kaurane skeleton and three molecules of glucose. It has been shown to cause a decrease in the malondialdehyde formation rate, an increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the accumulation of proline and carotenoids.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Stevioside has a complex diterpenoid glycoside molecule comprised of an aglycone, steviol with the ent-kaurane skeleton and three molecules of glucose."( Diterpenoid lead stevioside and its hydrolysis products steviol and isosteviol: Biological activity and structural modification.
Gao, X; Hua, H; Li, D; Li, H; Li, J; Wang, M; Wu, X; Xu, F; Xu, J; Xu, S; Zhang, D, 2018)		1.54
"Stevioside has a complex diterpenoid glycoside molecule comprised of an aglycone, steviol with the ent-kaurane skeleton and three molecules of glucose."( Diterpenoid lead stevioside and its hydrolysis products steviol and isosteviol: Biological activity and structural modification.
Gao, X; Hua, H; Li, D; Li, H; Li, J; Wang, M; Wu, X; Xu, F; Xu, J; Xu, S; Zhang, D, 2018)		1.54
"Stevioside has after-taste bitterness, rebaudioside-A is sweetest in taste among all the glycosides present."( Enhancement of diterpenoid steviol glycosides by co-overexpressing SrKO and SrUGT76G1 genes in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.
Abdin, MZ; Ahmad, J; Ashrafi, K; Nasrullah, N; Nissar, U; Quadri, SN; Saifi, M; Shah, IG, 2023)		1.63
"Stevioside has also been evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effect by using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis model in mice."( Stevioside, a diterpenoid glycoside, shows anti-inflammatory property against Dextran Sulphate Sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice.
Alavala, S; Jerald, MK; Kilari, EK; Nalban, N; Sahu, BD; Sangaraju, R; Sistla, R, 2019)		2.68
"Stevioside has been demonstrated to cause a decrease in the malondialdehyde formation rate, an increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase), and the accumulation of proline and carotenoids."( Stevioside prevents oxidative stress in wheat seedlings.
Mikhaylov, AL; Mironov, VF; Nevmerzhitskaya, YY; Schaimullina, GKh; Timofeeva, OA, 2015)		2.58
"Stevioside and steviol have been subjected to extensive genetic testing."( A critical review of the genetic toxicity of steviol and steviol glycosides.
Brusick, DJ, 2008)		1.07
"Stevioside has the ability to activate peripheral mu opioid receptors for lowering plasma glucose and to increase glycogen synthesis in liver."( Stimulatory effect of stevioside on peripheral mu opioid receptors in animals.
Cheng, JT; Lee, JJ; Tsao, CW; Wu, HT; Yang, PS, 2009)		1.39
"Stevioside has many medical applications and its role against diabetes is most important."( Steviol glycosides from Stevia: biosynthesis pathway review and their application in foods and medicine.
Guleria, P; Yadav, SK, 2012)		1.1
"Stevioside has no interaction with human or mouse OATs. "( Interactions of stevioside and steviol with renal organic anion transporters in S2 cells and mouse renal cortical slices.
Chatsudthipong, V; Endou, H; Jutabha, P; Pritchard, JB; Srimaroeng, C, 2005)		2.12

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Stevioside may increase the insulin secretion, in part, by induction of genes involved in glycolysis."( Antihyperglycemic and blood pressure-reducing effects of stevioside in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rat.
Agger, A; Colombo, M; Gregersen, S; Hermansen, K; Jeppesen, PB; Jepsen, M; Kruhøffer, M; Orntoft, T; Rolfsen, SE; Xiao, J, 2003)		1.29

Treatment

Stevioside treatment significantly ameliorates the adjuvant induced arthritic scoring, histological alterations, paw volume, elevation of biochemical (AST, ALT, ALP and glucose levels) and haematological (haemoglobin, differential and platelet count) parameters. It also restored the endogenous anti-oxidant (SOD, CAT, GSH and GST) activities.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Stevioside treatment significantly ameliorates the adjuvant induced arthritic scoring, histological alterations, paw volume, elevation of biochemical (AST, ALT, ALP and glucose levels) and haematological (haemoglobin, differential and platelet count) parameters and restored the endogenous anti-oxidant (SOD, CAT, GSH and GST) activities."( Anti-inflammatory effect of stevioside abates Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced adjuvant arthritis in rats.
Alavala, S; Jerald, MK; Kilari, EK; Kuncha, M; Nalban, N; Sangaraju, R; Sistla, R, 2020)		1.57
"Stevioside treatment significantly inhibited the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6, and the protein expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators, COX-2 (P < 0.01) and iNOS (P < 0.01) and restored the levels of endogenous anti-oxidants such as superoxide dismutase (P < 0.01), catalase (P < 0.001), glutathione s-transferase (P < 0.001) and reduced glutathione (P < 0.001) level in colon tissues."( Stevioside, a diterpenoid glycoside, shows anti-inflammatory property against Dextran Sulphate Sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice.
Alavala, S; Jerald, MK; Kilari, EK; Nalban, N; Sahu, BD; Sangaraju, R; Sistla, R, 2019)		2.68
"In stevioside-pretreated rats, the amount of verapamil needed to produce the decrease in heart rate was significantly lower compared to the control."( Effect of aqueous solution of stevioside on pharmacological properties of some cardioactive drugs.
Budakov, Z; Mikov, I; Mikov, M; Milijasević, B; Rasković, A; Vasović, V; Vukmirović, S, 2014)		1.2
"Stevioside treatment improved adipose tissue maturation, and increased glucose transport, insulin signaling and antioxidant defense in white visceral adipose tissues."( Stevioside inhibits atherosclerosis by improving insulin signaling and antioxidant defense in obese insulin-resistant mice.
Benhabilès, N; Crombé, F; Geeraert, B; Geuns, JM; Holvoet, P; Hulsmans, M, 2010)		2.52
"Stevioside treatment was associated with improved insulin signaling and antioxidant defense in both the adipose tissue and the vascular wall, leading to inhibition of atherosclerotic plaque development and inducing plaque stabilization."( Stevioside inhibits atherosclerosis by improving insulin signaling and antioxidant defense in obese insulin-resistant mice.
Benhabilès, N; Crombé, F; Geeraert, B; Geuns, JM; Holvoet, P; Hulsmans, M, 2010)		3.25
"Treatment with stevioside also significantly prevented the adjuvant induced elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β), pro-inflammatory protein expressions (iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB (p65) and pIκB/IκB ratio), prevented the increase in myeloperoxidase activity and significantly restored the anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine level in paw tissues."( Anti-inflammatory effect of stevioside abates Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced adjuvant arthritis in rats.
Alavala, S; Jerald, MK; Kilari, EK; Kuncha, M; Nalban, N; Sangaraju, R; Sistla, R, 2020)		1.19
"Pretreatment with stevioside caused no significant increase in blood glucose concentration after administering adrenaline, which was not the case with the animals pretreated with stevia and control."( Glucose concentration in the blood of intact and alloxan-treated mice after pretreatment with commercial preparations of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni).
Gavrilovic, M; Jakovljevic, V; Raskovic, A; Sabo, J, )		0.45

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"0 g/kg BW/day were highly toxic to both dams and fetuses."( Developmental toxicity of steviol, a metabolite of stevioside, in the hamster.
Glinsukon, T; Mungkornkarn, P; Suttajit, M; Temcharoen, P; Toskulkao, C; Wasuntarawat, C, 1998)		0.55
"The review consist of modern data of physiologic and toxic effects on organism of sweetening stevioside with low energy value."( [Study of physiological and toxic effects of a sweetening agent stevioside (review of the literature)].
Smirnova, MG, 2001)		0.77

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Steviol glucuronide appeared in the plasma of all subjects after administration of rebaudioside A or stevioside, with median tmax values of 12."( Pharmacokinetics of rebaudioside A and stevioside after single oral doses in healthy men.
Boileau, AC; Compton, JC; Jiang, X; Mandarino, DA; Prakash, I; Wheeler, A; Winkler, PC, 2008)		0.83

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Complexation of known drugs with carbohydrate-containing plant metabolites is a promising way to synthesize new drugs that does not only save pharmacological properties of initial agent but also acquire a number of advantageous features such as increased water solubility, bioavailability and decreased toxicity."( The complexes of drugs with carbohydrate-containing plant metabolites as pharmacologically promising agents.
Bryzgalov, AO; Khvostov, MV; Tolstikova, TG, 2009)		0.35
" About 40% of drugs are not soluble in water in practice and therefore are slowly absorbed, which results in insufficient and uneven bioavailability and GI toxicity."( Production of rubusoside from stevioside by using a thermostable lactase from Thermus thermophilus and solubility enhancement of liquiritin and teniposide.
Jung, SJ; Kang, HK; Kim, D; Kim, M; Kim, YM; Moon, YH; Nguyen, TT, 2014)		0.69
" However, low aqueous solubility and consequent poor bioavailability of curcuminoids are major limitations to their use."( Facile preparation of water soluble curcuminoids extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder by using steviol glucosides.
Chung, B; Chung, D; Kang, C; Kim, D; Nguyen, TTH; Si, J, 2017)		0.46
"Glycosylation is a key modification that contributes to determine bioactivity and bioavailability of plant natural products, including that of terpenoids and steviol glycosides (SVglys)."( Development of screening methods for functional characterization of UGTs from Stevia rebaudiana.
Berger, M; Camborde, L; Daydé, J; Jacques, A; Petit, E; Vallejo, V, 2020)		0.56
" The synthesized MDs with CMS biosurfactant coating exhibited significant water stability that resulted in a remarkable specific absorption rate of 209."( (Carboxymethyl-stevioside)-coated magnetic dots for enhanced magnetic hyperthermia and improved glioblastoma treatment.
Gupta, R; Sharma, D, 2021)		0.97

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Adult male Wistar rats received stevioside orally at an accepted daily dosage of 10 mg kg⁻¹ for 7 days before cardiotoxin injection at the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of the right hindlimb (the left hindlimb served as control), and stevioside administration was continued for 3 and 7 days."( Stevioside enhances satellite cell activation by inhibiting of NF-κB signaling pathway in regenerating muscle after cardiotoxin-induced injury.
Bunprajun, T; Chatsudthipong, V; Muanprasat, C; Soodvilai, S; Yimlamai, T, 2012)		2.1
" These results could help with the appropriate dosage selection for focused behavioral and physiological studies on stevia."( Stevia preferences in Wistar rats.
Argüelles Luis, J; Núñez Martínez, P; Perillán Méndez, C, 2016)		0.43
" They are recognized as generally recognized as safe by the US-FDA and approved by EU-European Food Safety Authority, with some recommendation on the daily dosage that should not interfere with glucose metabolism."( Tandem mass spectrometry: a convenient approach in the dosage of steviol glycosides in Stevia sweetened commercial food beverages.
Di Donna, L; Mazzotti, F; Santoro, I; Sindona, G, 2017)		0.46
" The production of steviol glycosides presented a biphasic dose-response suggestive of hormesis, with the highest values at 10 mg/L PSNPs (1."( Effects of polystyrene nanoplastics exposure on in vitro-grown Stevia rebaudiana plants.
Clapa, D; Coman, C; Coman, V; Iancu, ȘD; Leopold, LF; Leopold, N; Scurtu, VF, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

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Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Clean Age Toothpaste Tabs Mint -- 62 TabsClean AgeBeauty & Personal Carekaolin, calcium carbonate, limonene, menthol, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium bicarbonate, Sorbitol, stevioside2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Humble Co Dental Toothpaste Tablets Fluoride-Free -- 60 TabletsThe Humble CoBeauty & Personal Carekaolin, calcium carbonate, maltodextrin, menthol, sodium bicarbonate, stevioside2024-11-29 10:47:42
Unpaste Fluoride Toothpaste Tabs Cinnamon -- 1.4 ozUnpasteBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, citric acid, stevia, sodium bicarbonate, stevioside2024-11-29 10:47:42
Unpaste Fluoride Toothpaste Tabs Mint -- 1.4 ozUnpasteBeauty & Personal Carementhol, stevia, sodium bicarbonate, stevioside2024-11-29 10:47:42
Unpaste Fluoride-Free Toothpaste Tabs Mint -- 1.4 ozUnpasteBeauty & Personal Carementhol, stevia, sodium bicarbonate, stevioside2024-11-29 10:47:42

Roles (6)

RoleDescription
sweetening agentSubstance that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc.
antioxidantA substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
antineoplastic agentA substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
hypoglycemic agentA drug which lowers the blood glucose level.
anti-inflammatory agentAny compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
plant metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (5)

ClassDescription
diterpene glycosideA terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.
ent-kaurane diterpenoidA diterpenoid compound having an ent-kaurane skeleton.
beta-D-glucosideAny D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.
tetracyclic diterpenoidA diterpenoid with a tetracyclic skeleton.
bridged compoundA polycyclic compound in which two rings have two or more atoms in common.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
steviol glucoside biosynthesis (rebaudioside A biosynthesis)34

Bioassays (70)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1151320Antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 909062014Journal of natural products, May-23, Volume: 77, Issue:5
Minor diterpene glycosides from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana.
AID348195Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 10 mol ratio by trypan blue staining2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID335365Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as glomerular filtration rate at 4 mg/kg/hr, iv (RVb=1.39 %)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID335359Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as fractional sodium excretion at 8 mg/kg/hr, iv (RVb=0.58 %)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID335357Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as glucose clearance at 16 mg/kg/hr, iv (RVb=0 ml/min/kg)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID397122Inhibition of HIV1 RT
AID335360Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as fractional sodium excretion at 12 mg/kg/hr, iv (RVb=0.70 %)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID1151323Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 278532014Journal of natural products, May-23, Volume: 77, Issue:5
Minor diterpene glycosides from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana.
AID348188Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 500 mol ratio after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique relative to control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1406775Induction of insulin sensitivity in Syrian golden hamster assessed as uplift of glucose uptake in insulin-resistance condition relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156Diterpenoid lead stevioside and its hydrolysis products steviol and isosteviol: Biological activity and structural modification.
AID1151316Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum D62014Journal of natural products, May-23, Volume: 77, Issue:5
Minor diterpene glycosides from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana.
AID335348Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as p-aminohippuric acid clearance at 12 mg/kg/hr, iv administered 30 mins after p-aminohippuric acid infusion (RVb=15.38 ml/min/kg)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID348198Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 20 weeks2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID348211Reduction in peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted number of skin papillomas in Sencar mouse after 20 weeks2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID90382Sensory evaluation was done at a concentration of 500 p.p.m. against property of sweetness.1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Diterpenoid sweeteners. Synthesis and sensory evaluation of stevioside analogues with improved organoleptic properties.
AID348193Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 500 mol ratio by trypan blue staining2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID335363Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as glomerular filtration rate at 8 mg/kg/hr, iv (RVb=1.47 %)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID1151317Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W22014Journal of natural products, May-23, Volume: 77, Issue:5
Minor diterpene glycosides from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana.
AID348189Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 100 mol ratio after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique relative to control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID348206Inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in Sencar mouse assessed as number of skin papillomas per mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 11 weeks2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID348204Inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in Sencar mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 15 weeks2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID348197Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 15 weeks2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1151321Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 433002014Journal of natural products, May-23, Volume: 77, Issue:5
Minor diterpene glycosides from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana.
AID211850Acute toxicity in mice after oral administration1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 24, Issue:11
Diterpenoid sweeteners. Synthesis and sensory evaluation of stevioside analogues nondegradable to steviol.
AID335358Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as fractional sodium excretion at 4 mg/kg/hr, iv (RVb=0.61 %)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID348190Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 10 mol ratio after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique relative to control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID335347Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as p-aminohippuric acid clearance at 8 mg/kg/hr, iv administered 30 mins after p-aminohippuric acid infusion (RVb=15.60 ml/min/kg)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID335350Clearance in Wistar rat at 4 mg/kg/hr, iv1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID335353Clearance in Wistar rat at 16 mg/kg/hr, iv1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID348192Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 1000 mol ratio by trypan blue staining2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID335349Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as p-aminohippuric acid clearance at 16 mg/kg/hr, iv administered 30 mins after p-aminohippuric acid infusion (RVb=16.70 ml/min/kg)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID754153Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Steviol glycosides: chemical diversity, metabolism, and function.
AID400253Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells assessed as EA activation at 1000 molar ratio after 48 hrs relative to TPA2004Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3
Microbial transformation of isosteviol and inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation of the transformation products.
AID335351Clearance in Wistar rat at 8 mg/kg/hr, iv1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID335364Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as glomerular filtration rate at 12 mg/kg/hr, iv (RVb=1.87 %)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID335352Clearance in Wistar rat at 12 mg/kg/hr, iv1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID348194Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 100 mol ratio by trypan blue staining2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID400255Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells assessed as EA activation at 100 molar ratio after 48 hrs relative to TPA2004Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3
Microbial transformation of isosteviol and inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation of the transformation products.
AID1151318Antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans ATCC 900282014Journal of natural products, May-23, Volume: 77, Issue:5
Minor diterpene glycosides from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana.
AID335354Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as glucose clearance at 4 mg/kg/hr, iv (RVb=0 ml/min/kg)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID89768Sensory evaluation was done for sweetness at a concentration of 500 p.p.m. against sample intensity relative to 10% sucrose.1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Diterpenoid sweeteners. Synthesis and sensory evaluation of stevioside analogues with improved organoleptic properties.
AID348187Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 1000 mol ratio after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique relative to control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID335356Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as glucose clearance at 12 mg/kg/hr, iv (RVb=0 ml/min/kg)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID335346Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as p-aminohippuric acid clearance at 4 mg/kg/hr, iv administered 30 mins after p-aminohippuric acid infusion (RVb=12.88 ml/min/kg)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID1151324Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium intracellulare ATCC 230682014Journal of natural products, May-23, Volume: 77, Issue:5
Minor diterpene glycosides from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana.
AID400257Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 1000 molar ratio by trypan blue assay2004Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3
Microbial transformation of isosteviol and inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation of the transformation products.
AID348208Inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in Sencar mouse assessed as number of skin papillomas per mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 20 weeks2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID400254Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells assessed as EA activation at 500 molar ratio after 48 hrs relative to TPA2004Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3
Microbial transformation of isosteviol and inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation of the transformation products.
AID348191Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID335345Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as inulin clearance at 16 mg/kg/hr, iv administered 30 mins after inulin infusion (RVb=6.29 ml/min/kg)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID379153Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor transfected in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as firefly/renilla luciferase ratio at 10 uM by dual liciferase reporter assay2006Journal of natural products, Oct, Volume: 69, Issue:10
Transformation of steviol-16alpha,17-epoxide by Streptomyces griseus and Cunninghamella bainieri.
AID90230Sensory evaluation was done for sweetness at a concentration of 500 p.p.m. against compound potency calculated on weight basis.1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Diterpenoid sweeteners. Synthesis and sensory evaluation of stevioside analogues with improved organoleptic properties.
AID348205Inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in Sencar mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 20 weeks2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID90092Sensory evaluation was done for sweetness at a concentration of 500 p.p.m. against compound potency calculated on a molar basis. 1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Diterpenoid sweeteners. Synthesis and sensory evaluation of stevioside analogues with improved organoleptic properties.
AID348196Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 9 weeks2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID90380Sensory evaluation was done at a concentration of 500 p.p.m. against other properties.1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Diterpenoid sweeteners. Synthesis and sensory evaluation of stevioside analogues with improved organoleptic properties.
AID1151319Antimicrobial activity against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 901132014Journal of natural products, May-23, Volume: 77, Issue:5
Minor diterpene glycosides from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana.
AID400256Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells assessed as EA activation at 10 molar ratio after 48 hrs relative to TPA2004Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3
Microbial transformation of isosteviol and inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation of the transformation products.
AID335355Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as glucose clearance at 8 mg/kg/hr, iv (RVb=0 ml/min/kg)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID1406776Downregulation of glucose uptake in Syrian golden hamster jejunum at 1 mM after 60 mins relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156Diterpenoid lead stevioside and its hydrolysis products steviol and isosteviol: Biological activity and structural modification.
AID348207Inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in Sencar mouse assessed as number of skin papillomas per mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 15 weeks2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID335342Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as inulin clearance at 4 mg/kg/hr, iv administered 30 mins after inulin infusion (RVb=6.66 ml/min/kg)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID1406774Induction of insulin sensitivity in Syrian golden hamster assessed as uplift of glucose uptake in normal condition relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156Diterpenoid lead stevioside and its hydrolysis products steviol and isosteviol: Biological activity and structural modification.
AID90381Sensory evaluation was done at a concentration of 500 p.p.m. against property of bitterness.1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Diterpenoid sweeteners. Synthesis and sensory evaluation of stevioside analogues with improved organoleptic properties.
AID335343Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as inulin clearance at 8 mg/kg/hr, iv administered 30 mins after inulin infusion (RVb=6.33 ml/min/kg)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID348203Inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in Sencar mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 11 weeks2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID335344Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as inulin clearance at 12 mg/kg/hr, iv administered 30 mins after inulin infusion (RVb=5.69 ml/min/kg)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID335362Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as glomerular filtration rate at 4 mg/kg/hr, iv (RVb=1.41 %)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID335361Effect on renal excretion in Wistar rat assessed as fractional sodium excretion at 16 mg/kg/hr, iv (RVb=0.60 %)1992Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Renal excretion of stevioside in rats.
AID1151322Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 352182014Journal of natural products, May-23, Volume: 77, Issue:5
Minor diterpene glycosides from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (428)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199016 (3.74)18.7374
1990's33 (7.71)18.2507
2000's70 (16.36)29.6817
2010's197 (46.03)24.3611
2020's112 (26.17)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 36.58

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index36.58 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.15 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.22 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index80.63 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.01 (0.95)

This Compound (36.58)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials13 (2.84%)5.53%
Reviews38 (8.32%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (0.22%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other405 (88.62%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.2110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		3.2110monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.3110azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.0310alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.2510fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.610alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.1110tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.610halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
octane
Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.		2.0810alkanexenobiotic
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.4110trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.06102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		7.57202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.0310sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
glycine
[no description available]		2.1110alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.2510elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		7.4920alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		2.2510acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.0810metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		1.9610pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.8530monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.5320monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.0410oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		1.9810acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		2.4220N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.1110pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
caffeine
[no description available]		2.2510purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		7.6930aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		2.2510sulfonamide
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		7.7230monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		1.9710aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		3.2710carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		7.2110catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
kinetin
Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.		2.21106-aminopurines;
furans		cytokinin;
geroprotector
edaravone
[no description available]		2.1110pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		2.110aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		6.9810barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
phloretin
[no description available]		2.2510dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.0410inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.2510benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		5.781601,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.0210N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
triclosan
[no description available]		2.2110aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		7.520glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		2.520pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.07102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.021017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.07102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		2.1710amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		15.24272glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.3920adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine diphosphate
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		3.6980pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phlorhizin
[no description available]		1.9810aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		7.5120lactose
mannitol
[no description available]		2.5220mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		6.9510arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.3110aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
gibberellic acid
gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		2.2110C19-gibberellin;
gibberellin monocarboxylic acid;
lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		2.03106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		7.6320
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.2110pyrrolidin-2-ones
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
cyclamic acid
Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.		3.4170sulfamic acidsenvironmental contaminant;
human xenobiotic metabolite
uridine diphosphate glucose
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.		2.8630UDP-D-glucosefundamental metabolite
dulcin
dulcin: structure		2.0210ureas
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		3.2110catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiazoles
[no description available]		5.83221,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.3110hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.1710gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		2.1710organic molecular entity
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.5220dialdehydebiomarker
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.2510bis(azo) compound
chlormequat
Chlormequat: A plant growth regulator that is commonly used on ornamental plants.. chlormequat : A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.		2.0810quaternary ammonium ionplant growth retardant
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.2510zinc molecular entity
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		9.4160enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
daminozide
daminozide: induces tumors		2.1110straight-chain fatty acid
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine
Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.		1.9610nitrosamine;
primary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.		2.1710ammonium salt;
inorganic molecular entity;
inorganic nitrate salt		explosive;
fertilizer;
oxidising agent
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.1110elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.0710metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.5220cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		2.0610chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		2.1710inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
rhamnose
[no description available]		2.610L-rhamnose
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.4220acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
neohesperidin dihydrochalcone : A member of the dihydrochalcones that is 3,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone attached to a neohesperidosyl residue at position 4' via glycosidic linkage. It is found in sweet orange.		1.9610dihydrochalcones;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		environmental contaminant;
plant metabolite;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		1.9610glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
acetosulfame
acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.		5.2990organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
sulfamate ester		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine)
Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).		1.9610
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.2110alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benzylaminopurine
benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.		2.21106-aminopurinescytokinin;
plant metabolite
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		2.1510inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		16.6240712D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		5.8322organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose
pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.3110gallate ester;
galloyl beta-D-glucose		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
benzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.110boronic acids
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.02101,2,3-triazole
trichlorosucrose
trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.		5.3790disaccharide derivative;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
sesamin
(+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		3.2110benzodioxoles;
furofuran;
lignan		antineoplastic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
isosteviol
isosteviol: an antihyperglycemic agent; obtained by acid hydrolysis of stevioside; was indexed to steviol 1985-2007		5110diterpenoid
daidzin
daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).		2.15107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.0210
aspartame
[no description available]		6.45220carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.610D-xylose
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.6120amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
erythritol 4-phosphate
D-erythritol 4-phosphate : A tetritol phosphate consisting of D-erythritol having the phosphate at the 4-position.		2.1110alditol 4-phosphate;
tetritol phosphate
erythritol
[no description available]		2.8330butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		7.4120
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		1.981011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0410guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0610beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.1310cellotriose
naringin
[no description available]		2.2510(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		3.2110
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate
2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source		2.5220tetritol phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.0510cyclodextrin
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		7.0810resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.2310octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		3.1410D-galactopyranuronic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		3.2110icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
steviol
steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		8.851020bridged compound;
ent-kaurane diterpenoid;
monocarboxylic acid;
tertiary allylic alcohol;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent
likviriton
liquiritin: isoalted from Glycyrrhizae radix. liquiritin : A flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.		2.110beta-D-glucoside;
flavanone glycoside;
monohydroxyflavanone;
monosaccharide derivative		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
plant metabolite
manoyl oxide
manoyl oxide: structure in first source		2.1110
glycosides
[no description available]		8.76630
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.0810stilbene
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.8330aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.9540cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.6120thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.1510
kaurenoic acid
kaurenoic acid: isolated from leaves of Montanoa tomentosa; structure given in first source. ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is ent-kauran-19-oic acid in which a double bond is present at position 16(17); exhibits anticancer and anti-HIV 1 activity.		2.2510
quercetin
[no description available]		3.63207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.0210carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		2.8220carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
genistin
genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein		2.15107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
gamma-cyclodextrin
gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		6.9710cyclodextrin
su 11248
[no description available]		3.2710monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		1.9910alkali metal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		2.2110monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
c.i. fluorescent brightening agent 28
4,4'-bis({4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid : An organosulfonic acid comprising stilbene having 4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino groups at the 4 and 4'-positions and sulfo groups at the 2- and 2'-positions.		2.2510
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.3110
rebaudioside a
rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.		11.92713beta-D-glucoside;
rebaudioside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
neotame
neotame: structure in first source. neotame : A dipeptide composed of N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartic acid and methyl L-phenylalanate units joined by a peptide linkage.		2.1110dipeptideenvironmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.0810aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
theasaponin e1
theasaponin E1: acylated oleanene-type triterpene oligoglycoside from the seeds of the tea plant Camellia sinensis; structure in first source		2.3110
zeolites
[no description available]		2.0810
dihydrokavain
dihydrokavain: inhibits binding of batrachotoxinin-A 20-alpha-benzoate to receptor site 2 of voltage-gated sodium channels		2.02102-pyranones;
aromatic ether
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.0410
chlorophyll b
[no description available]		2.0810chlorophyllcofactor
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.0610
rebaudioside c
[no description available]		2.930
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0710
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		4.4851peptide hormone
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		3.8121
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.6320glycoside
atractyloside
Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.		2.3820
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.5220chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
osteum
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
arginine
Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.		2.110
mogroside v
mogroside V: cucurbitane type sweet triterpene glycoside from fruit of Momordica grosvenori Swingle; RN given refers to (3beta,9beta,10alpha,11alpha,24R-all D)-isomer		3.1810
rubusoside
rubusoside: from RUBUS. rubusoside : A steviol glycoside that is steviol in which both the carboxy group and the tertiary allylic hydroxy group have been converted to their corresponding beta-D-glucosides. A precious bioactive natural sweetener which mainly exists the in Chinese sweet tea plant, Rubus suavissimus.		4.21160beta-D-glucoside;
bridged compound;
steviol glycoside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		plant metabolite;
sweetening agent
arabinogalactan
[no description available]		3.1410
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.110
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.0410
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		7.4110
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.5120ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.610
rebaudioside d
rebaudioside D: isolated from Stevia rebaudiana. rebaudioside D : A rebaudioside that is rebaudioside A in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the beta-D-glucosyl ester moiety has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. Found in minute quantities in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana.		8.0640rebaudioside;
sophoroside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
rebaudioside m
rebaudioside M: a sweetening agent isolated from Stevia rebaudiana; structure in first source. rebaudioside M : A rebaudioside that is rebaudioside A in which the the hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3 of the beta-D-glucosyl ester moiety have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. Found in very low concentraitions in the leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana, it is more than 200 times sweeter than sucrose.		2.2110beta-D-glucoside;
rebaudioside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
carboxyatractyloside
carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		6.9810
gibberellins
[no description available]		2.5520
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.0810
steviolbioside
steviolbioside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. steviolbioside : A beta-D-glucoside that is steviolmonoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the glucoside moiety has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside.. steviolbioside(1-) : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of steviolbioside. The major species at pH 7.3.		3.5680monocarboxylic acid anion
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		1.9710
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.4320
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.4320
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.4470
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.97110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.97110
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		04.0750
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.1740
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		03.1740
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		07.4220
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.4220
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		08.6490
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.2550
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		04.2550
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.0120
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		08.0120
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		08.8574
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		08.8574
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.3860
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		08.4570
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.4220
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		08.4570
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		03.1250
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		04.8240
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		04.5790
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		02.610
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.610
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.610
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		07.610
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		06.64102
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		04.0950
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		06.64102
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		04.0950
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		07.6593
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		07.6593
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		07.2510
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.3110
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.3110
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		07.3110
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		07.3110
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		07.2510
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.3110
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.3110
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.3110
Hyperthermia
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.		07.3110
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		07.3110
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		03.2310
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		07.3110
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.3110
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.3110
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		07.3110
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.1510
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.1510
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.1510
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.1510
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.5820
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.5820
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.1710
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.1510
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		02.1710
Allergy, Milk
[description not available]		02.1710
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		02.1710
Milk Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.		02.1710
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		02.1510
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.1510
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		07.5220
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.5220
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.2110
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.2110
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.2110
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.2110
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.2110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.2960
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		07.8264
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		02.110
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		02.110
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.110
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.110
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		02.110
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		02.110
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.110
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.110
Demineralization, Tooth
[description not available]		02.110
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		03.0310
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.1110
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.1110
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.4720
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.1510
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.4720
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.0510
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		07.0510
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.0810
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		07.0810
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.0110
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.420
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		03.411
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		03.411
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		03.411
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.0310
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		03.8221
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		03.8221
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.0310
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0310
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.0310
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		07.0310
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.0310
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.4311
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		03.4311
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.0410
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		01.9810
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.3920
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3920
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		01.9910
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		01.9810
Caries, Cervical
[description not available]		01.9810