Compounds > metallothionein
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metallothionein

Description

Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID156025075
MeSH IDM0013507

Synonyms (2)

Synonym
98526-74-0
metallothionein

Research Excerpts

Overview

Metallothionein (MT) is a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich proteins that regulate zinc homeostasis and have potential protective effects against oxidative stress and toxic metals. Metallothioneins (MTs) are a ubiquitous class of small cysteines-rich metal-binding proteins with highly versatile metal binding properties.

ExcerptReference
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small globular protein that binds to trace metals. "( Structural Variations of Metallothionein with or without Zinc Ions Elucidated by All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations.
Harada, R; Morita, R; Shigeta, Y, 2021)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich proteins that regulate zinc homeostasis and have potential protective effects against oxidative stress and toxic metals. "( Metabolomic profiling of plasma from middle-aged and advanced-age male mice reveals the metabolic abnormalities of carnitine biosynthesis in metallothionein gene knockout mice.
Kadota, Y; Kawakami, T; Sato, M; Suzuki, S; Yano, A, 2021)
"Metallothionein is an endogenous metal-binding protein with reported ROS scavenging activity."( Exacerbation of Elastase-Induced Emphysema via Increased Oxidative Stress in Metallothionein-Knockout Mice.
Kadota, Y; Kawahara, M; Kawakami, T; Sakakibara, O; Shimoda, M; Shiota, S; Suzuki, S; Takabatake, M; Takafuji, A; Tanaka, KI, 2022)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight protein having a high affinity for Cd."( Spatial localization of cadmium and metallothionein in the kidneys of mice at the early phase of cadmium accumulation.
Fujishiro, H; Himeno, S; Matsukawa, T; Sumi, D; Sumino, M; Tsuneyama, K; Umemoto, H; Yokoyama, K, 2022)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a ubiquitous class of small cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins involved in metal homeostasis and detoxification with highly versatile metal binding properties. "( Homo- and Heteronuclear Group 12 Metallothionein Type B Cluster Analogs: Synthesis, Structure,
Bebout, DC; Berry, SM; Brennan, HM; Bunde, SG; Butcher, RJ; Kuang, Q; Palomino, TV; Pike, RD; Poutsma, JC; Sacks, JS, 2022)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a multifunctional inducible protein in animals, plants, and microorganisms. "( Heterologous Expression of Human Metallothionein Gene
Cui, M; Li, J; Ni, L; Pan, Y; Qin, Y; Zhang, X; Zheng, Y, 2022)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight protein that is rich in cysteine, which can effectively alleviate the toxicity of heavy metals in plants."( Heterologous expression of the tobacco metallothionein gene NtMT2F confers enhanced tolerance to Cd stress in Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana.
Cao, H; Chen, J; He, L; Li, R; Liu, W; Peng, X; Xiang, L; Yang, Y; Yu, Q, 2023)
"Metallothionein 3 (MT-3) is a cysteine-rich metal-binding protein that is expressed in the mammalian central nervous system and kidney. "( Metallothionein-3 attenuates the effect of Cu
Austin, RN; Hachicho, C; Lakha, R; Mehlenbacher, MR; Vizcarra, CL; Wilcox, DE, 2023)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a protein with function of heavy metal detoxification. "( The association of blood lead levels and renal effects may be modified by genetic combinations of Metallothionein 1A 2A polymorphisms.
Chuang, HY; Dai, CY; Lee, SS; Lin, CI; Wang, CL; Yang, CC, 2020)
"Metallothionein-3 (MT3) is a representative zinc binding protein predominant in the brain."( Metallothionein-3 as a multifunctional player in the control of cellular processes and diseases.
Koh, JY; Lee, SJ, 2020)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of cysteine-rich, universal, low molecular weight proteins distributed widely in almost all major taxonomic groups ranging from tiny microbes to highly organized vertebrates. "( Diversity, structure and regulation of microbial metallothionein: metal resistance and possible applications in sequestration of toxic metals.
Chatterjee, S; Das, S; Kumari, S; Priyadarshanee, M; Rath, S, 2020)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins that are important in the chelating and detoxification of toxic heavy metals. "( The evolution of insect metallothioneins.
Chung, H; Cong, H; Finet, C; Luo, M; Wei, HY, 2020)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a large superfamily of ubiquitous cysteine-rich metalloproteins with main functions in metal ion homeostasis and detoxification. "( Different Behavior of the Histidine Residue toward Cadmium and Zinc in a Cadmium-Specific Metallothionein from an Aquatic Fungus.
Freisinger, E; Perinelli, M; Tegoni, M, 2020)
"Metallothionein (MT) is an inducible protein with cytoprotective activity against heavy metals such as cadmium, zinc, and copper. "( Induction of metallothionein isoforms in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells exposed to cadmium.
Fujie, T; Fujiwara, Y; Hara, T; Kaji, T; Nishio, M; Ozaki, Y; Takenaka, F; Yamamoto, C, 2020)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of metal-binding proteins playing critical roles in metal allocation and homeostasis."( Identification of a new function of metallothionein-like gene OsMT1e for cadmium detoxification and potential phytoremediation.
Cao, HW; Khan, IU; Le Wang, L; Rono, JK; Wu, XC; Yang, ZM; Zhao, YN, 2021)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a diverse group of proteins responsible for the control of metal homeostasis and detoxification. "( Two Unconventional Metallothioneins in the Apple Snail
Albalat, R; Calatayud, S; Capdevila, M; Dallinger, R; García-Risco, M; Niederwanger, M; Palacios, Ò, 2020)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a ubiquitous protein, which has been widely researched for its role in liver defense through heavy metal detoxification, neutralization of reactive oxygen species, and liver regeneration."( Evaluation of metallothionein and Ki-67 expression in chronic cholangiohepatitis in cats.
Al-Dissi, A; Allen, AL; Blakley, B; Jose, D, 2021)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich protein with a low molecular weight, that can bind with Cd and eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROSs)."( Molecular cloning, the characterization of metallothionein and catalase, and the evaluation of testicular toxicity of Cd in the Chinese fire-bellied newt (Cynops orientalis).
Hu, JR; Ou, JW; Ruan, SL; Sun, XS; Xie, L; Zhang, YP, 2021)
"Metallothionein-2 is a potential target for the prevention and treatment of CIPN. "( Downregulation of metallothionein-2 contributes to oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain.
Deng, J; Huang, X; Ruan, X; Xin, W; Xu, T; Zhang, Y, 2021)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich proteins, which are well known for sensing and binding the overcharged Zn(Ⅱ), Cd(Ⅱ), and Cu(Ⅰ) in cells."( Establishment of a specific in vivo Cu(Ⅰ) reporting system based on metallothionein screening.
Jin, J; Liang, Y; Ma, M; Nie, Y; Qiu, B; Teng, CB; Wang, J; Yu, Z, 2021)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of cysteine-rich proteins whose biological roles include the regulation of essential metal ions and protection against the harmful effects of toxic metals. "( A Simple Metallothionein-Based Biosensor for Enhanced Detection of Arsenic and Mercury.
Irvine, GW; Stillman, MJ; Tan, SN, 2017)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich protein that can influence the detoxification of heavy metals and scavenge oxidative stress for free radicals."( The association of the blood lead level and serum lipid concentrations may be modified by the genetic combination of the metallothionein 2A polymorphisms rs10636 GC and rs28366003 AA.
Chuang, CS; Chuang, HY; Huang, YC; Lin, CI; Wang, CL; Yang, CC, )
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich proteins involved in zinc and redox metabolism, that are epigenetically downregulated during colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, but may be re-induced with a variety of agents. "( Metallothionein 1G promotes the differentiation of HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells.
Arriaga, JM; Bianchini, M; Bravo, AI; Mordoh, J, 2017)
"Metallothionein is a low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding cytoplasmic protein that has beneficial properties in detoxification of toxic heavy metals, homeostatic regulation of intracellular essential trace elements, including copper, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic roles."( Metallothionein is a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
Ono, SI, 2017)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are an evolutionary conserved multigene family of proteins whose role was initially identified in binding essential metals. "( Unravelling the Role of Metallothionein on Development, Reproduction and Detoxification in the Wall Lizard Podarcis sicula.
Motta, CM; Scudiero, R; Simoniello, P; Verderame, M, 2017)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of ubiquitously occurring low-molecular-weight cysteine- and metal-rich proteins containing sulfur-based metal clusters. "( The effect of Benzothiazolone-2 on the expression of Metallothionein-3 in modulating Alzheimer's disease.
Babula, P; Baig, MH; Balvan, J; Choi, I; Gumulec, J; Gupta, M; Kumar, A; Masarik, M; Odstrčilík, J; Polanska, H; Provaznik, I; Raudenska, M; Roy, S, 2017)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of dynamic proteins that have been investigated extensively using mass spectrometric methods due to their amenability to ionization. "( Formation of oxidative and non-oxidative dimers in metallothioneins: Implications for charge-state analysis for structural determination.
Heinlein, L; Irvine, GW; Renaud, JB; Stillman, MJ; Sumarah, MW, 2017)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small, cysteine-rich protein that acts as a ROS scavenger."( METALLOTHIONEIN genes encoding ROS scavenging enzymes are down-regulated in the root cortex during inducible aerenchyma formation in rice.
Fukazawa, A; Nakazono, M; Yamauchi, T, 2017)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of metal-binding proteins virtually expressed in all organisms including prokaryotes, lower eukaryotes, invertebrates and mammals. "( Metallothioneins: Emerging Modulators in Immunity and Infection.
Deepe, GS; Subramanian Vignesh, K, 2017)
"Metallothioneins are a family of proteins which are able to bind metals intracellularly, so their main function is to regulate the cellular metabolism of essential metals. "( Metallothionein in Brain Disorders.
Juárez-Rebollar, D; Méndez-Armenta, M; Nava-Ruíz, C; Rios, C, 2017)
"Metallothionein MT2 is a cysteine-rich low-weight protein found ubiquitously throughout the body."( Metallothionein 2A gene polymorphism and trace elements in mother-newborn pairs in the Croatian population.
Čakanić, KB; Grgec, AS; Jazbec, A; Jurasović, J; Orct, T; Pašalić, D; Piasek, M; Sekovanić, A; Stasenko, S, 2018)
"Metallothionein-II (MTII) is a metal-binding protein known for its neuroprotective effect by directly stimulating the growth of axons after injury."( The impact of metallothionein-II on microglial response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and downstream effects on neuronal regeneration.
Bennett, WR; Chung, RS; King, AE; Leung, JYK, 2018)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of small cysteine-rich proteins essential for Zn and Cu homeostasis, heavy metal detoxification, and cellular redox chemistry. "( Chromatographic separation of similar post-translationally modified metallothioneins reveals the changing conformations of apo-MT upon cysteine alkylation by high resolution LC-ESI-MS.
Irvine, GW; Stillman, MJ, )
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of ubiquitous, low-molecular-mass, cysteine-rich proteins that play a significant role in maintaining intracellular metal homeostasis, eliminating metal toxification, and protecting cells against oxidative damages. "( Binding of Cd(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) to a type 1 metallothionein from maize (Zea mays).
Duan, L; Kong, JJ; Sun, Y; Wang, TQ, 2018)
"Metallothionein 1 (MT1s) is a family of cysteine-rich proteins with diverse functions such as metal homeostasis, oxidative stress, and carcinogenesis. "( Metallothionein 1 family profiling identifies MT1X as a tumor suppressor involved in the progression and metastastatic capacity of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Gao, F; Liu, Z; Wu, L; Xie, H; Xu, X; Ye, Q; Zheng, S; Zhou, L, 2018)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small, highly conserved stress response protein that has been shown to modulate the immune response as a pro-inflammatory agent, regulates divalent heavy metal homeostasis, and acts as a reactive metabolite scavenger."( Metallothionein: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Dostie, KE; Lynes, MA; Thees, AV, 2018)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a super-family of ubiquitous, low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich and metal-binding proteins. "( Secretory expression, immunoaffinity purification and metal-binding ability of recombinant metallothionein (ShMT) from freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense.
He, Y; Li, Y; Liu, J; Lu, X; Ma, W; Wang, L, 2019)
"Metallothioneins (MT) are a particular family of metalloproteins characterized by their high Cys content that, among other functions, are linked to the detoxification of heavy metals."( Pb(ii) binding to the brain specific mammalian metallothionein isoform MT3 and its isolated αMT3 and βMT3 domains.
Austin, RN; Capdevila, M; Leiva-Presa, À; Palacios, Ò; Pérez-Zúñiga, C, 2019)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) is a metal ion binding protein to detoxify heavy metal stress in plant cells. "( Metallothioneins enhance chromium detoxification through scavenging ROS and stimulating metal chelation in Oryza sativa.
Lin, YJ; Yu, XZ; Zhang, Q, 2019)
"Metallothionein (MTs) is a low molecular weight protein, mainly involved in metal homeostasis, while, its role in drought stress is still to be largely explored."( Over-expression of CarMT gene modulates the physiological performance and antioxidant defense system to provide tolerance against drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana L.
Ansari, MA; Behera, SK; Dubey, AK; Gautam, A; Kumar, A; Kumar, N; Mallick, S; Pande, V; Pandey, V; Ranjan, R; Sahu, N; Sanyal, I, 2019)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich, and metal-binding protein that protects cells from the cytotoxic effects of heavy metals and reactive oxygen species. "( Possible mechanisms underlying transcriptional induction of metallothionein isoforms by tris(pentafluorophenyl)stibane, tris(pentafluorophenyl)arsane, and tris(pentafluorophenyl)phosphane in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells.
Fujie, T; Fujiwara, Y; Kaji, T; Kumagai, Y; Shinkai, Y; Takenaka, F; Yamamoto, C; Yasuike, S; Yoshida, E, 2019)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins, which play important roles in metal homeostasis and heavy metal detoxification. "( Tandem oligomeric expression of metallothionein enhance heavy metal tolerance and bioaccumulation in Escherichia coli.
Crabbe, MJC; Li, X; Ma, W; Ren, Z; Wang, L; Wang, Q, 2019)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight protein with a high metal binding capacity and plays a key role in organism adaptation to heavy metals. "( Cloning and functional characterization of a novel metallothionein gene in Antarctic sea-ice yeast (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa).
Ju, Y; Kan, G; Qiao, Y; Shi, C; Wang, R; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2019)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of cysteine-rich low molecular-weight proteins that can act as reactive oxygen species scavengers. "( Role of metallothionein in murine experimental colitis.
Fukui, A; Handa, O; Hirai, Y; Horie, R; Ichikawa, H; Kamada, K; Katada, K; Konishi, H; Kugai, M; Mizushima, K; Naito, Y; Satoh, M; Suzuki, JS; Takagi, T; Takano, H; Tsuji, T; Uchiyama, K; Yagi, N; Yanagisawa, R; Yoriki, H; Yoshikawa, T, 2013)
"Metallothionein is a ubiquitous metal binding protein that plays an important role in metal ion homeostasis and redox chemistry within cells. "( Cysteine accessibility during As3+ metalation of the α- and β-domains of recombinant human MT1a.
Irvine, GW; Stillman, MJ; Summers, KL, 2013)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight metal-binding protein induced by endogenous and exogenous stimuli such as cytokines and heavy metals. "( Protective role of metallothionein in chemical and radiation carcinogenesis.
Fujiwara, Y; Satoh, M, 2013)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small molecular and multi-functional protein containing four atoms of copper (Cu) and three atoms of zinc (Zn) per molecule. "( Roles and therapeutic potential of metallothioneins in neurodegenerative diseases.
Hozumi, I, 2013)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a superfamily of low-molecular-weight, cysteine (Cys)-rich proteins that are believed to play important roles in protection against metal toxicity and oxidative stress. "( Discrimination between two rice metallothionein isoforms belonging to type 1 and type 4 in metal-binding ability.
Mirlohi, A; Nezhad, RM; Shahpiri, A, )
"Metallothionein is a cytosolic protein found in a variety of tissues and have been involved in the regulation of essential trace metals such as copper and zinc, and in the detoxification of essential and nonessential metals. "( [Metallothioneins in Perna viridis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae): seasonal variation and its relation to reproductive biology].
Chung, K; Lemus, M; Rojas, N; Rojas-Astudillo, L, 2013)
"Metallothioneins are a family of low-molecular-weight Cys-rich proteins and are thought to play a possible role in metal metabolism or detoxification."( Protective role of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment on defense systems and BnMP1 gene expression in Cr(VI)-stressed canola seedlings.
Bingül, N; Terzi, H; Yıldız, M, 2013)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of metal-binding proteins characterized by a high cysteine content and low molecular weight. "( Metallothionein polymorphisms in pathological processes.
Adam, V; Babula, P; Eckschlager, T; Gumulec, J; Kizek, R; Masarik, M; Podlaha, O; Raudenska, M; Sztalmachova, M, 2014)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a group of small molecular weight cysteine-rich proteins with a broad variety of functions."( Overexpression of HIF-1α, metallothionein and SLUG is associated with high TNM stage and lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Chen, GG; Dong, CR; Jiang, QF; Jiang, R; Liu, ZM; Tang, C; Wang, N; Yang, L, 2014)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a kind of metal binding protein. "( [Metallothionein-I/II in brain injury repair mechanism and its application in forensic medicine].
Li, D; Li, RB; Lin, JL, 2013)
"Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of small cysteine rich proteins that have been implicated in a range of roles including toxic metal detoxification, protection against oxidative stress, and as metallochaperones are undoubtedly involved in the homeostasis of both essential zinc and copper. "( Challenging conventional wisdom: single domain metallothioneins.
Stillman, MJ; Sutherland, DE, 2014)
"Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of proteins actively involved in metal detoxification and storage as well as in prevention of free-radical damage. "( Metallothioneins and the central nervous system: from a deregulation in neurodegenerative diseases to the development of new therapeutic approaches.
Bolognin, S; Cozzi, B; Zambenedetti, P; Zatta, P, 2014)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins that have a wide range of functions in cellular homeostasis and immunity. "( Metallothionein and stress combine to affect multiple organ systems.
Devisscher, L; Hidalgo, J; Laukens, D; Lawrence, DA; Lynes, MA; Manso, Y, 2014)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a protein involved in numerous key processes, and the most important include zinc ion homeostasis, detoxification of heavy metals, and protection against oxidative stress. "( The role of metallothionein interactions with other proteins.
Milnerowicz, H; Trefon, J; Zalewska, M, 2014)
"Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of low molecular weight proteins that are silenced during colorectal cancer progression, mainly through epigenetic mechanisms, and this loss is associated with poor survival. "( Metallothionein 1G and zinc sensitize human colorectal cancer cells to chemotherapy.
Arriaga, JM; Bianchini, M; Greco, A; Mordoh, J, 2014)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a superfamily of Cys-rich, low-molecular weight metalloproteins that bind heavy metal ions. "( His-containing plant metallothioneins: comparative study of divalent metal-ion binding by plant MT3 and MT4 isoforms.
Andreo, CS; Atrian, S; Bofill, R; Capdevila, M; Pagani, MA; Tomas, M, 2014)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger, and has been shown to play a protective role in lung injury induced by different stressors."( Metallothioneins attenuate paraquat-induced acute lung injury in mice through the mechanisms of anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis.
He, J; Peng, SQ; Ren, M; Ren, SP; Wang, YM; Zhang, TF; Zhao, J; Zhao, ZM, 2014)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of universal, small proteins, sharing a high cysteine content and an optimal capacity for metal ion coordination. "( Metallothionein-protein interactions.
Atrian, S; Capdevila, M, 2013)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a potent antioxidant that protects kidney against oxidative damage."( Metallothionein deletion exacerbates intermittent hypoxia-induced renal injury in mice.
Cai, J; Chen, J; Feng, W; Kong, L; Miao, L; Tan, Y; Wu, H; Zhou, S, 2015)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of stress proteins that are involved in the process of detoxification and anti-oxidation. "( Metallothionein from Pseudosciaena crocea: expression and response to cadmium-induced injury in the testes.
Sheng, Z; Yang, WX; Zhu, JQ, 2015)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a heavy metal-binding protein found in many organs, including the liver."( Metallothionein Expression in Dogs With Chronic Hepatitis and Its Correlation With Hepatic Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Ki-67 Expression.
Al-Dissi, AN; Allen, AL; Kidney, B; Sridharan, S, 2015)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small cysteine-rich heavy metal-binding protein involved in metal homeostasis, detoxification and free radical-scavenging. "( Localization of genes encoding metallothionein-like protein (mt2 and smtb) in the brain of zebrafish.
Ogawa, S; Parhar, IS; Teoh, SL, 2015)
"Metallothionein-II (MT-II) is an ubiquitously expressed small-molecular-weight protein and highly induced in various species and tissues upon stress, inflammation, and ischemia. "( Assessment of the Therapeutic Potential of Metallothionein-II Application in Focal Cerebral Ischemia In Vitro and In Vivo.
Eidizadeh, A; Freyer, D; Khajehalichalehshtari, M; Trendelenburg, G, 2015)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular-weight and cysteine-rich metalloproteins that regulate metal metabolism and protect cells from oxygen free radicals. "( Role of Metallothionein in Post-Burn Inflammation.
Chen, X; Liu, H; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Xie, Y; Xu, X; Zhang, W, 2016)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a ubiquitous low-molecular weight, cysteine rich proteins with a high affinity for metal ions. "( Basal and copper-induced expression of metallothionein isoform 1,2 and 3 genes in epithelial cancer cells: The role of tumor suppressor p53.
Cherian, MG; Ostrakhovitch, EA; Song, YP, 2016)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of Cys-rich, low molecular weight, cytoplasmic metal binding proteins. "( Functional characterization of a type 2 metallothionein isoform (OsMTI-2b) from rice.
Pirzadeh, S; Shahpiri, A, 2016)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight protein, which adopts a unique dumbbell-shaped structure with a stable C-terminal α-domain and a reactive N-terminal β-domain. "( Dumbbell-shaped metallothionein-templated silver nanoclusters with applications in cell imaging and Hg(2+) sensing.
Cao, Z; Hu, S; Shen, C; Wang, J; Wu, D; Ye, B; Yi, X, 2016)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins that are able to make cells to uptake heavy metals from the environment. "( Type 1 Metallothionein (ZjMT) Is Responsible for Heavy Metal Tolerance in Ziziphus jujuba.
Cao, QF; Jia, HS; Li, LS; Liu, XG; Meng, YP; Wang, F; Wu, SB; Yang, YZ, 2016)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding, inducible protein, which protects cells from the toxicity of heavy metals and active oxygen species."( Transcriptional Induction of Metallothionein by Tris(pentafluorophenyl)stibane in Cultured Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells.
Fujie, T; Fujiwara, Y; Kaji, T; Kimura, T; Murakami, M; Yamamoto, C; Yasuike, S; Yoshida, E, 2016)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of small, highly conserved, cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins that are important for zinc and copper homeostasis, protection against oxidative stress, and buffering against toxic heavy metals. "( Quantitation of Human Metallothionein Isoforms in Cells, Tissues, and Cerebrospinal Fluid by Mass Spectrometry.
Mehus, AA; Muhonen, WW; Shabb, JB, 2017)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small protein with a high affinity for divalent heavy metals and has a function in zinc homeostasis. "( Expression of metallothionein in dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic precancerous and cancerous model in rat.
Chacko, G; Christudoss, P; Fleming, JJ; Mathew, G; Pugazhendhi, S; Selvakumar, R, )
"Metallothioneins are a superfamily of low-molecular-weight, cysteine (Cys)-rich proteins that are believed to play important roles in protection against metal toxicity and oxidative stress. "( Heterologous expression of a rice metallothionein isoform (OsMTI-1b) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enhances cadmium, hydrogen peroxide and ethanol tolerance.
Ansarypour, Z; Shahpiri, A, )
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of low molecular weight and cysteine-rich metal binding proteins present in all the branches of the tree of life. "( Copper metallothioneins.
Calvo, J; Jung, H; Meloni, G, 2017)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight proteins with a high affinity for divalent metals. "( The possible biological role of metallothionein in apoptosis.
Dutsch-Wicherek, M; Sikora, J; Tomaszewska, R, 2008)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of low-molecular-mass proteins (6-7 kDa) characterized by their great affinity for heavy metal ions. "( Modeling the migration behavior of rabbit liver apothioneins in capillary electrophoresis.
Andón, B; Barbosa, J; Benavente, F; Giménez, E; Sanz-Nebot, V, 2008)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a superfamily of cysteine-rich proteins contributing to metal metabolism, detoxification of heavy metals, and immune response such as protecting against ionizing radiation and antioxidant defense. "( Alteration of metallothionein mRNA in bay scallop Argopecten irradians under cadmium exposure and bacteria challenge.
Liu, W; Ni, D; Song, L; Wang, L; Zhang, H, 2009)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a free radical scavenger induced by inflammatory stimuli; however, its roles in inflammation have not been fully investigated. "( Role of metallothionein in lung inflammation induced by ozone exposure in mice.
Inoue, K; Ishizaka, A; Kaewamatawong, T; Satoh, M; Shimada, A; Suzuki, J; Takano, H; Tasaka, S; Yanagisawa, R, 2008)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of metal-binding proteins involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. "( Silencing the Metallothionein-2A gene inhibits cell cycle progression from G1- to S-phase involving ATM and cdc25A signaling in breast cancer cells.
Bay, BH; Jocelyn, KM; Lim, D; Yip, GW, 2009)
"Metallothioneins are a group of low molecular weight proteins which can be induced upon exposure to metal ions, including Zn(II). "( Covalent arylation of metallothionein by oxidized dopamine products: a possible mechanism for zinc-mediated enhancement of dopaminergic neuron survival.
Crispo, JA; Eibl, JK; Gauthier, MA; Ross, GM, 2008)
"Metallothionein is a poorly characterized, metal-binding protein that regulates matrix metalloproteinases and is an antioxidant known to be upregulated under oxidative stress."( Basal and oxidative stress-induced expression of metallothionein is decreased in ascending aortic aneurysms of bicuspid aortic valve patients.
Eskay, MA; Gleason, TG; Gorman, RC; Kenny, JP; Klyachko, EA; Phillippi, JA, 2009)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a metal binding protein and cardioprotective. "( Stable overexpression of human metallothionein-IIA in a heart-derived cell line confers oxidative protection.
Cai, L; Feng, W; Liu, Q; Wang, Z; Xue, W, 2009)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a metal-binding protein capable of preventing oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death in the central nervous system of mammals, and hence is of putative therapeutic value in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. "( Peptides modeled after the alpha-domain of metallothionein induce neurite outgrowth and promote survival of cerebellar granule neurons.
Ambjørn, M; Asmussen, JW; Berezin, V; Bock, E, 2009)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich and metal-binding functional proteins. "( [Effect of cultivation in zinc media on the growth of and the degree of zinc in organic form in transgenic metallothionein mushroom].
Ru, BG; Shen, L; Sheng, JP, 2009)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of multifunctional proteins involved, among others, in stress response. "( Structural and bioinformatic analysis of the Roman snail Cd-Metallothionein gene uncovers molecular adaptation towards plasticity in coping with multifarious environmental stress.
Brandstätter, A; Dallinger, R; Egg, M; Höckner, M; Schuler, D, 2009)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight cysteine-rich protein which has a high affinity for metals and plays important roles in the protection against metal toxicity. "( Dichotomous effects of lead acetate on the expression of metallothionein in the liver and kidney of mice.
Fujishiro, H; Hasegawa, T; Himeno, S; Miura, N; Miyataka, H; Oyama, TM; Seko, Y; Yu, J, 2009)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a group of small molecular weight cysteine-rich proteins with a broad variety of functions."( Combined analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and metallothionein indicates an aggressive subtype of colorectal carcinoma.
Alakus, H; Baba, HA; Fandrey, J; Jasani, B; Müller, CI; Reis, H; Schmid, KW; Schmitz, KJ; Winde, G; Wohlschlaeger, J, 2009)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a protein that detoxifies heavy metals."( Cadmium concentration and metallothionein expression in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia of humans.
Jeng, SY; Lee, JD; Lu, LY; Wu, SM; Yang, YT, 2009)
"Metallothionein is a group of small molecular weight cysteine-rich proteins with a broad variety of functions. "( Metallothionein overexpression and its prognostic relevance in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and extrahepatic hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumors).
Baba, HA; Jasani, B; Kaiser, G; Lang, H; Schmid, KW; Schmitz, KJ; Sotiropoulos, GC; Wohlschlaeger, J, 2009)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of small proteins with a high and conserved cysteine content that are rapidly upregulated in response to an inflammatory stimulus."( Evidence for a potential role of metallothioneins in inflammatory bowel diseases.
De Vos, M; Laukens, D; Waeytens, A, 2009)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small molecular weight protein possessing metal binding and free radical scavenging properties. "( Metallothionein deficiency leads to soleus muscle contractile dysfunction following acute spinal cord injury in mice.
DeRuisseau, KC; DeRuisseau, LR; Mogle, JA; Recca, DM; Zoccolillo, M, 2009)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular mass protein playing an essential role in homeostasis of heavy metal ions. "( Using of chicken antibodies for metallothionein detection in human blood serum and cadmium-treated tumour cell lines after dot- and electroblotting.
Adam, V; Eckschlager, T; Kizek, R; Krizkova, S, 2009)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich low molecular weight protein and thought to function in the detoxification of heavy metals and reactive oxygen species. "( [Cilostazol induces metallothionein expression in vascular cells].
Fujiwara, Y; Kaji, T; Kitagawa, T; Satoh, M; Shinkai, Y, 2009)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular mass protein playing an essential role in homeostasis of heavy metals ions. "( Study of metallothionein oxidation by using of chip CE.
Adam, V; Kizek, R; Krizkova, S, 2009)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a prominent metal-binding protein and in mammalian systems contains a two-domain betaalpha motif, while in lower life forms MT often consists of only a single-domain structure. "( Arsenic-metalation of triple-domain human metallothioneins: Support for the evolutionary advantage and interdomain metalation of multiple-metal-binding domains.
Lee, JA; Ngu, TT; Pinter, TB; Stillman, MJ, 2010)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular weight sulfur-rich protein that plays role in metal homeostasis/detoxification and radical scavenging. "( Effects of exogenous metallothionein against thallium-induced oxidative stress in rat liver.
Kiliç, GA; Kutlu, M, 2010)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight cysteine-rich protein with a number of roles in the pro/antioxidant balance and homeostasis of essential metals, such as zinc and copper, and in the detoxification of heavy metals, such as cadmium and mercury. "( Determination of metallothionein in biological fluids using enzyme-linked immunoassay with commercial antibody.
Bizoń, A; Milnerowicz, H, 2010)
"Metallothionein is a multi-functional protein that protects the host against toxic heavy metals. "( The two faces of metallothionein in carcinogenesis: photoprotection against UVR-induced cancer and promotion of tumour survival.
Bennett, B; Chung, RS; McGee, HM; Woods, GM, 2010)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight proteins with a high cysteine and metal ion content. "( Protective effect of metallothionein on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage.
Chiaverini, N; De Ley, M, 2010)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight intra-cellular protein that consists of 61 amino acids, including 20 cysteine residues, and is over-expressed under stressful conditions."( Preparation and functional analysis of recombinant protein transduction domain-metallothionein fusion proteins.
Kim, YH; Lim, KS; Park, YS; Won, YW, 2010)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low-molecular-weight cysteine-rich proteins and are thought to play possible roles in metal metabolism or detoxification. "( Expression and characterization analysis of type 2 metallothionein from grey mangrove species (Avicennia marina) in response to metal stress.
Huang, GY; Wang, YS, 2010)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a metal-binding protein that can reduce the toxicity of various metals, including Pb, either by direct sequestration or as an antioxidant for metals that generate reactive oxygen species."( Early life inorganic lead exposure induces testicular teratoma and renal and urinary bladder preneoplasia in adult metallothionein-knockout mice but not in wild type mice.
Diwan, BA; Tokar, EJ; Waalkes, MP, 2010)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight protein with anti-apoptotic properties that has been demonstrated to scavenge free radicals in vitro. "( Metallothionein and the biology of aging.
Swindell, WR, 2011)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small, cysteine-rich protein active in zinc homeostasis, cadmium detoxification, and protection against reactive oxygen species. "( The zinc-sensing transcription factor MTF-1 mediates zinc-induced epigenetic changes in chromatin of the mouse metallothionein-I promoter.
Andrews, GK; Isobe, M; Itoh, N; Kimura, T; Li, Y; Nakanishi, T; Okumura, F, 2011)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a protein correlated with cellular differentiation and proliferation, as well as with the inhibition of apoptosis. "( Metallothionein in the radicular, dentigerous, orthokeratinized odontogenic cysts and in keratocystic odontogenic tumor.
Aguiar, MC; Caldeira, PC; Caliari, MV; de Abreu, MH; Johann, AC; Mesquita, RA, 2011)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of metal binding proteins. "( Cd(II) and As(III) bioaccumulation by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing oligomeric human metallothioneins.
Lin, J; Ma, Y; Ren, Y; Zhang, C, 2011)
"Metallothionein is a protein associated with tumorigenesis, serving as prognostic factor in different neoplasms."( Expression of metallothionein in ameloblastoma. A regulatory molecule?
de Jesus Viana Pinheiro, J; de Melo Alves Junior, S; de Souza Lobato, IH; Jaeger, RG; Nobre, RM; Ribeiro, AL; Rocha, GC, 2011)
"Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of small cysteine rich proteins, which since their discovery in 1957, have been implicated in a range of roles including toxic metal detoxification, protection against oxidative stress, and as a metallochaperone involved in the homeostasis of both zinc and copper. "( The "magic numbers" of metallothionein.
Stillman, MJ; Sutherland, DE, 2011)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a major protein responsible for cellular zinc homeostasis."( Zinc and alcoholic liver disease.
Zhou, Z, 2010)
"The Metallothionein (MT) is a protein which has several interesting biological effects and has been demonstrated increase focus on the role of MT in various biological systems in the past three decades. "( A review of metallothionein isoforms and their role in pathophysiology.
Chatterjee, M; Ganesh, G; Manisenthil Kumar, K; Senthil Kumar, M; Shyam Sunder, A; Thirumoorthy, N, 2011)
"Metallothioneins are a class of small cysteine-rich proteins that have been associated with increased tolerance to metal and oxidative stresses in animals, plants, and fungi. "( Genome organization and transcription response to harvest of two metallothionein-like genes in Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies.
Bains, NK; Burton, KS; Eastwood, DC; Henderson, J, 2011)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a generic name for certain families of structurally rather variable metal-binding proteins. "( Redox biochemistry of mammalian metallothioneins.
Maret, W, 2011)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of ubiquitously occurring low molecular mass, cysteine- and metal-rich proteins containing sulfur-based metal clusters formed with Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cu(I) ions. "( Chemistry and biology of mammalian metallothioneins.
Meloni, G; Vašák, M, 2011)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a superfamily of Cys-rich polypeptides that bind heavy metal ions, both for physiological and detoxification purposes. "( Comparative genomics analysis of metallothioneins in twelve Drosophila species.
Atrian, S; Capdevila, M; Guirola, M; Naranjo, Y, 2011)
"Metallothioneins are a family of small, cysteine-rich proteins with many functions. "( Metallothionein expression in colorectal cancer: relevance of different isoforms for tumor progression and patient survival.
Amat, M; Aris, M; Arriaga, JM; Bayo, SM; Bianchini, M; Bravo, AI; Bruno, L; Hannois, A; Huertas, E; Levy, EM; Loria, FS; Mordoh, J; Pairola, A; Roberti, MP, 2012)
"Metallothionein (MT) is an intracellular metal-binding, cysteine-rich protein, and is a potent antioxidant that protects cells and tissues from oxidative stress. "( High glucose increases metallothionein expression in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells.
Asanuma, M; Kitamura, S; Maeshima, Y; Makino, H; Miyazaki, I; Ogawa, D; Shikata, K; Sogawa, N; Sugaya, T; Tachibana, H; Wada, J, 2011)
"Metallothioneins are a family of small, cysteine rich proteins that have been implicated in a range of roles including toxic metal detoxification, protection against oxidative stress, and as metallochaperones involved in the homeostasis of both essential zinc and copper. "( Single domain metallothioneins: supermetalation of human MT 1a.
Stillman, MJ; Sutherland, DE; Willans, MJ, 2012)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a super-family of small, Cys-rich, non-homologous proteins that bind metal ions through the formation of metal-thiolate bonds. "( Is MtnE, the fifth Drosophila metallothionein, functionally distinct from the other members of this polymorphic protein family?
Atrian, S; Capdevila, M; Guirola, M; Kurz, A; Palacios, O; Pérez-Rafael, S, 2012)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a name for a group of low molecular weight (6-7 kDa), sulfhydryl rich proteins."( Down-regulation of metallothionein 1 and 2 after exposure to electromagnetic field in mouse testis.
Ebrahimi-Kalan, A; Halabian, R; Milan, PB; Roudkenar, MH; Roushandeh, AM; Zarrintan, A, 2011)
"Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins, which play important roles in metal homeostasis, detoxification, and cytoprotection."( Tissue-specific copper accumulation, zinc levels, induction, and purification of metallothionein in freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense exposed to subacute waterborne copper.
He, Y; Ma, W; Wang, L; Yan, T, 2014)
"Metallothioneins (MT) are a validated biomarker for metal exposure. "( A novel report of metallothioneins in fish bile: SDS-PAGE analysis, spectrophotometry quantification and metal speciation characterization by liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS.
de Campos, RC; Gonçalves, RA; Hauser-Davis, RA; Ziolli, RL, 2012)
"Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of ubiquitous proteins, whose role is still discussed in numerous papers, but their affinity to some metal ions is undisputable. "( Mammalian metallothioneins: properties and functions.
Adam, V; Babula, P; Eckschlager, T; Hubalek, J; Kizek, R; Masarik, M; Provaznik, I; Skutkova, H; Stiborova, M; Trnkova, L, 2012)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a group of proteins with high cadmium (Cd) affinity and with a potential role in Cd transportation and detoxification. "( Expression of metallothionein isoforms in peripheral blood leukocytes from Thai population residing in cadmium-contaminated areas.
Aunpad, R; Boonprasert, K; Na-Bangchang, K; Ruengweerayut, R; Satarug, S, 2012)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of metal binding proteins that play an important role in cellular processes such as proliferation and apoptosis. "( Metallothionein 2A genetic polymorphisms and risk of ductal breast cancer.
Bryś, M; Forma, E; Jóźwiak, P; Krześlak, A; Romanowicz-Makowska, H; Różański, W; Smolarz, B; Szymczyk, A, 2014)
"Metallothionein is a small cysteine-rich protein known to have a metal-binding function. "( A zinc-binding citrus protein metallothionein can act as a plant defense factor by controlling host-selective ACR-toxin production.
Akimitsu, K; Fukumoto, T; Gomi, K; Ichimura, K; Miyamoto, Y; Nishimura, S; Ohtani, K; Tada, Y; Tatano, S, 2013)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of cysteine-rich proteins, and various physiologic functions have been reported, including protection against metal toxicity and antioxidative potency."( Metallothionein-III deficiency exacerbates light-induced retinal degeneration.
Hara, H; Honda, A; Imai, S; Inoue, Y; Lee, J; Ohno, Y; Satoh, M; Shimazaki, H; Shimazawa, M; Tsuruma, K, 2012)
"Metallothioneins (Mts) are a family of anti-oxidant proteins and metallothionein 2a (Mt2a) polymorphims have been recently associated with type 2 diabetes and related complications."( Metallothionein 2a gene expression is increased in subcutaneous adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic patients.
Connor, T; Dubois, S; Haynes, V; Tchernof, A; Vidal, H, 2013)
"Metallothionein is a cysteine-rich protein present in myoepithelial cells of several benign and malignant neoplasms."( Immunohistochemical expression of metallothionein in pleomorphic adenoma of minor salivary glands: a role in the control of apoptosis?
Aguiar, MC; Florêncio, TN; Miranda Viana, Ade C; Ribeiro, DC; Santos, VT; Sousa, AA, 2013)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of metal binding proteins thought to play a role in the detoxification of heavy metals. "( Metallothionein 1 h tumour suppressor activity in prostate cancer is mediated by euchromatin methyltransferase 1.
Chen, R; Han, YC; Luo, JH; Nelson, JB; Tseng, GC; Yu, YP; Zheng, ZL; Zuo, ZH, 2013)
"Metallothioneins are a family of low molecular weight proteins containing approximately 30 % cysteine. "( Metallothioneins: potential therapeutic aids for wound healing in the skin.
Lansdown, AB, )
"Metallothionein is a low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, stress response protein that can act as an antioxidant and as an immunosuppressive agent in instances of antigen-dependent adaptive immunity. "( Metallothionein suppresses collagen-induced arthritis via induction of TGF-beta and down-regulation of proinflammatory mediators.
Chung, HS; Hwang, SH; Kim, HY; Lynes, MA; Paik, DJ; Ryoo, ZY; Youn, J, 2002)
"Metallothionein is a marker of progression from normal to Barrett's epithelium but is not increased in oesophageal adenocarcinoma."( Metallothionein in human oesophagus, Barrett's epithelium and adenocarcinoma.
Coyle, P; Game, PA; Jamieson, GG; Mathew, G; Myers, JC; Philcox, JC; Rofe, AM, 2002)
"Metallothionein (MT)-III is a member of a brain-specific MT family, in contrast to MT-I and MT-II that are found in most tissues and are implicated in metal ion homeostasis and as an antioxidant. "( Protective effect of metallothionein-III on DNA damage in response to reactive oxygen species.
Choi, CY; Hahm, KS; Jeong, HG; Lee, DG; Moon, AR; Oh, DH; You, HJ, 2002)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich metal-binding protein that exerts cytoprotective effects against heavy metal toxins."( Induction of anti-metallothionein antibody and mercury treatment decreases bone mineral density in mice.
Cho, S; Cyong, JC; Inoue, S; Jin, GB; Ouchi, Y; Urano, T, 2002)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a ubiquitous, cysteine-rich, metal-binding protein. "( Recent studies on metallothionein: protection against toxicity of heavy metals and oxygen free radicals.
Kondoh, M; Sato, M, 2002)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight metal-binding proteins induced by a broad range of stress conditions, including exposure to transition metal ions. "( A sensitive time-resolved fluorescent immunoassay for metallothionein protein.
Butcher, H; Collins, O; Demoor, J; Kennette, W; Koropatnick, J, 2003)
"Metallothionein(MT) is a group of conjugated proteins which are rich in cysteine with low molecular weight. "( [Metallothionein and cancer].
Li, X; Ru, B, 1999)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich, heavy metal-binding protein with several putative physiological functions as a radical scavenger and a regulator of metabolism of Zn. "( Property of metallothionein as a Zn pool differs depending on the induced condition of metallothionein.
Higashimoto, M; Imada, N; Kamada, K; Kondoh, M; Sato, M; Takiguchi, M; Tsukahara, R; Watanabe, Y, 2003)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a group of proteins with low molecular masses and high cysteine contents, and is classified into different types, which in general contains two domains (domain 1 and domain 2) with typical amino acid sequences (Rauser 1999). "( Molecular cloning of two metallothionein-like protein genes with differential expression patterns from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves.
Chen, HJ; Hou, WC; Huang, DJ; Lin, YH; Liu, JS; Yang, CY, 2003)
"Metallothionein (MT) is an essential protein for the protection of cells against reactive oxygen species."( Hepatic metallothionein in patients with chronic hepatitis C: relationship with severity of liver disease and response to treatment.
Alric, L; Carrera, G; Carrere, N; Courtade-Saïdi, M; Folch, J; Orfila, C; Paternain, JL; Pipy, B; Vinel, JP, 2003)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight and sulfur-rich protein that is induced by not only heavy metals but also physiological stresses such as fasting and restraint stresses. "( Antioxidant property of metallothionein in fasted mice.
Higashimoto, M; Kamada, K; Kondoh, M; Kuronaga, M; Sato, M; Takiguchi, M; Watanabe, Y, 2003)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a protein able to scavenge free radicals and to chelate metals."( Brain regional lipid peroxidation and metallothionein levels of developing rats exposed to cadmium and dexamethasone.
Barroso-Moguel, R; Jiménez-Capdeville, ME; Méndez-Armenta, M; Nava-Ruíz, C; Ríos, C; Villeda-Hernández, J, 2003)
"Metallothionein-3 (MT-3) is a brain-specific isoform of metallothioneins, which is down-regulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), inhibits the growth of neurons in vitro, and differs from common MTs also in gene regulation. "( Metal binding to brain-specific metallothionein-3 studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Eriste, E; Jörnvall, H; Kangur, L; Kruusel, K; Palumaa, P; Sillard, R, 2003)
"The metallothionein (MT) family is a class of low molecular weight, intracellular and cysteine-rich proteins presenting high affinity for metal ions. "( Metallothionein: a multifunctional protein from toxicity to cancer.
Koutselinis, A; Margeli, AP; Theocharis, SE, )
"Metallothionein (MT) is an inducible protein that binds and detoxifies cellular Cd."( Cadmium accumulation and detoxification by alveolar macrophages of cigarette smokers.
Grasseschi, RM; Klaassen, CD; Levine, DJ; Ramaswamy, RB; Wesselius, LJ, 2003)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a metal-inducible protein and a potential biomarker of metal pollution. "( Potential use of the levels of the mRNA of a specific metallothionein isoform (MT-20) in mussel (Mytilus edulis) as a biomarker of cadmium contamination.
Marc, L; Soazig, L, 2003)
"Metallothioneins (MT) are a group of low-molecular weight, cysteine rich intracellular proteins, which are encoded by a family of genes containing at least 10 functional isoforms in human. "( Metallothioneins in human tumors and potential roles in carcinogenesis.
Bay, BH; Cherian, MG; Jayasurya, A, 2003)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich protein that contains heavy metals such as cadmium and zinc. "( Inhibitory mechanisms of metallothionein on platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments.
Chou, DS; Hsiao, G; Lin, CH; Lin, KH; Shen, MY; Sheu, JR; Wang, Y, 2003)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins ubiquitous in animals. "( Metallothionein-like protein in the least killifish Heterandria formosa and its role in cadmium resistance.
Klerks, PL; Xie, L, 2004)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small sulfhydryl-rich protein whose levels are elevated by various inducers of organelle stresses, such as nuclear stress (cisplatin), mitochondrial stress (antimycin A, 2,4-dinitrophenol) and lysosomal stress (paraquat). "( Induction of hepatic metallothionein synthesis by endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice.
Higashimoto, M; Himeno, S; Kondoh, M; Kuronaga, M; Sato, M; Takiguchi, M; Tsukada, M; Watanabe, Y, 2004)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a protein and takes part in the detoxicating processes of the organism."( [Immunohistochemical localisation of metallothionein in ovarian endometriosis in women].
Dzimira, S; Kamiński, K; Madej, JA; Madej, P; Milnerowicz, H; Nowak, M; Łagan, J, 2003)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of metal binding proteins that play an important role in maintaining transition metal ion homoeostasis, redox balance in the cell and fundamental cellular processes such as proliferation and apoptosis. "( Clinicopathological significance of metallothioneins in breast cancer.
Bay, BH; Huang, J; Jin, R; Tan, PH, 2004)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular weight intracellular protein, rich in sulfhydryl residues, and able to bind bivalent metals. "( Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in chronic pancreatitis.
Chmarek, M; Knast, W; Milnerowicz, H; Milnerowicz, S; Nabzdyk, S; Rabczyński, J, 2004)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight protein, rich in cystein residues, and induced by stimulation with several stresses such as heavy metals, chemical agents, oxygen radicals and irradiation. "( Dysfunction of macrophages in metallothionein-knock out mice.
Kuroda, E; Sugiura, T; Yamashita, U, 2004)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small cysteine-rich protein that sequesters and distributes metal ions. "( Alterations in the levels of metallothionein and metals in the liver, and unique serum liver enzyme response in metallothionein knock-out mice after burn injury.
Adamson, L; Cho, K; Greenhalgh, D; Jeong, J; Rucker, R; VanHook, T, 2004)
"The metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of proteins which, due to their unique structure, fulfil numerous functions in the cell. "( Lack of relationship between metallothionein (MT) expression and proliferation exponents in cells of primary ductal breast cancer of G2 grade of differentiation.
Dziegiel, P; Paluchowski, P; Spaczyński, M; Surowiak, P; Wojnar, A; Wysocka, T; Zabel, M, 2004)
"The metallothionein family is a class of low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich proteins with high affinity for metal ions. "( Metallothionein expression in human neoplasia.
Klijanienko, JT; Kouraklis, GP; Margeli, AP; Theocharis, SE, 2004)
"The metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of proteins that appear to play a role in conferring resistance to certain cancer therapies."( Cigarette smoking and metallothionein expression in invasive breast carcinomas.
Flaws, JA; Gallicchio, L; Ioffe, OB; Sexton, M, 2004)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a metal-binding protein associated with tolerance to metals and oxidative stress. "( Minimal influence of metallothionein over-expression on nickel carcinogenesis in mice.
Diwan, BA; Kasprzak, KS; Liu, J; Waalkes, MP, 2004)
"Metallothionein is a metalloprotein having low molecular weight, and high cysteine content, which binds a range of metals."( Arsenic binding to Fucus vesiculosus metallothionein.
Merrifield, ME; Ngu, T; Stillman, MJ, 2004)
"MT1 (metallothionein-1) is a small, metal-binding protein that is largely cytoplasmic but which can be found in the nucleus."( An eleven nucleotide section of the 3'-untranslated region is required for perinuclear localization of rat metallothionein-1 mRNA.
Chabanon, H; Hesketh, J; Levadoux-Martin, M; Nury, D, 2005)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a protein that can be induced by inflammatory mediators and participate in cytoprotection. "( Protective role of metallothionein in acute lung injury induced by bacterial endotoxin.
Inoue, K; Morita, T; Nakamura, K; Sanbongi, C; Sato, M; Sawada, M; Shimada, A; Takano, H; Yanagisawa, R; Yoshikawa, T, 2004)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a protein that can be induced by inflammatory mediators and participates in cytoprotection. "( Role of metallothionein in antigen-related airway inflammation.
Hiyoshi, K; Ichinose, T; Inoue, K; Inoue, M; Sadakane, K; Sakurai, M; Sato, M; Shimada, A; Takano, H; Yanagisawa, R; Yoshikawa, T, 2005)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight protein, which participates in differentiation and proliferation of normal and tumour cells. "( Role of metallothionein expression in non-small cell lung carcinomas.
Cegielski, M; Dziegiel, P; Jeleń, M; Maciejczyk, A; Muszczyńska, B; Podhorska-Okołów, M; Szulc, A; Zabel, M, 2004)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich metal-binding protein and plays a protective role in heavy-metal poisoning and it is associated with the metabolism of trace elements."( Metal components analysis of metallothionein-III in the brain sections of metallothionein-I and metallothionein-II null mice exposed to mercury vapor with HPLC/ICP-MS.
Kameo, S; Kanehisa, T; Kurokawa, N; Naganuma, A; Nakai, K; Satoh, H, 2005)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a high-affinity metal-binding protein thought to mitigate the toxicity of various metals. "( Metallothionein-I/II double knockout mice are no more sensitive to the carcinogenic effects of nickel subsulfide than wild-type mice.
Diwan, BA; Kasprzak, KS; Liu, J; Waalkes, MP, )
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich, metal-binding protein that can be induced by a variety of agents. "( Metallothionein mediates leukocyte chemotaxis.
Knecht, DA; Lynes, MA; Yin, X, 2005)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small sulfydryl-rich protein that binds to and is inducible by heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, zinc, and copper. "( Induction of hepatic metallothionein by trivalent cerium: role of interleukin 6.
Hasegawa, T; Himeno, S; Imura, N; Kobayashi, K; Kuroda, J; Satoh, M; Seko, Y; Shibata, N; Shida, R; Tohyama, C, 2005)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of ubiquitously occurring low molecular weight cysteine- and metal-rich proteins containing sulfur-based metal clusters. "( Advances in metallothionein structure and functions.
Vasák, M, 2005)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of cysteine-rich stress response proteins that scavenge reactive oxygen species and heavy metals. "( Epigenetic regulation of metallothionein-i gene expression: differential regulation of methylated and unmethylated promoters by DNA methyltransferases and methyl CpG binding proteins.
Datta, J; Ghoshal, K; Jacob, ST; Kutay, H; Majumder, S; Summers, D, 2006)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a high-affinity metal binding protein thought to mitigate the toxicity of various metals. "( Hypersusceptibility to cisplatin carcinogenicity in metallothionein-I/II double knockout mice: production of hepatocellular carcinoma at clinically relevant doses.
Diwan, BA; Kasprzak, KS; Liu, J; Waalkes, MP, 2006)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of cystein-rich metal-binding proteins, which are expressed in normal cells during fetal and postnatal life but also in a variety of human neoplasms. "( Clinicopathological study of metallothionein immunohistochemical expression, in benign, borderline and malignant ovarian epithelial tumors.
Agnantis, NJ; Briasoulis, E; Karavasilis, V; Makrydimas, G; Pavlidis, N; Stefanou, D; Zagorianakou, N; Zagorianakou, P, 2006)
"Metallothionein is a low-molecular-weight cysteine-rich protein that has the ability to bind and sequestrate heavy metal ions. "( Metallothionein isoform II expression in hyperplastic, dysplastic and neoplastic prostatic lesions.
Abbas, NF; Badawi, MA; El Shaer, MA; El Sharkawy, SL, 2006)
"Metallothioneins are a group of proteins known to play important roles in defending cells against the cytotoxic effects of heavy metals."( The role of metallothionein IIa in defending lens epithelial cells against cadmium and TBHP induced oxidative stress.
Giblin, FJ; Hawse, JR; Kantorow, M; Leverenz, VR; Padgaonkar, VA; Pelliccia, SE, 2006)
"Metallothionein 2A (MT2A) is a small stress response protein that can be induced by exposure to toxic metals. "( Production of the polyclonal anti-human metallothionein 2A antibody with recombinant protein technology.
Hua, ZC; Marikar, FM; Sun, QM, 2006)
"The metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of small molecular weight trace metal and free radical scavenging proteins well established to play a role in the resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in human cancers. "( Metallothioneins and resistance to cisplatin and radiation in prostate cancer.
Balaji, KC; Du, C; Galich, A; Jaggi, M; Smith, DJ; Smith, LM; Sterrett, SP; Zhang, W, 2006)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a protein that has been studied in several tumors as a prognostic factor and as a potential myoepithelial cell marker in breast cancer. "( Metallothionein immunostaining in adenoid cystic carcinomas of the salivary glands.
Alves, SM; Cardoso, SV; de Fátima Bernardes, V; Ferreira Aguiar, MC; Machado, VC; Mesquita, RA; Vieira do Carmo, MA, 2007)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight cysteine-rich protein which has a high affinity for metals. "( Pentavalent vanadium induces hepatic metallothionein through interleukin-6-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Hasegawa, T; Himeno, S; Kobayashi, K; Kuroda, J; Satoh, M; Seko, Y; Shibata, N, 2006)
"Metallothioneins are a group of low molecular mass and cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins, ubiquitously found in most living organisms. "( Molecular analyses of the metallothionein gene family in rice (Oryza sativa L.).
Li, J; Liu, JY; Xu, Y; Yang, L; Zhou, G, 2006)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight protein with a number of roles to play in cellular homeostasis. "( The physiological roles of extracellular metallothionein.
Lynes, MA; Marusov, G; Samson, JS; Unfricht, DW; Yin, X; Zaffuto, K, 2006)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich protein that binds to and is inducible by heavy metals such as cadmium and zinc. "( Induction of metallothionein by manganese is completely dependent on interleukin-6 production.
Fujishiro, H; Hasegawa, T; Himeno, S; Imura, N; Kobayashi, K; Kuroda, J; Sakabe, K; Satoh, M; Seko, Y; Shibata, N; Takano, H; Tohyama, C, 2007)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight, cysteine rich heavy metal binding proteins with multifunction, such as metal detoxification and antioxidation, and are involved in a number of cellular processes including gene expression, apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. "( High-yield expression in Escherichia coli of soluble human MT2A with native functions.
Chen, Z; He, Z; Liu, X; Sun, L; Sun, Y; Yang, F; Zhou, M, 2007)
"Metallothionein is a small (6-kDa), cysteine-rich protein expressed by a six-zinc finger protein called metal-responsive element-binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) in response to Zn and Cd. "( Expression pattern of metallothionein, MTF-1 nuclear translocation, and its dna-binding activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) induced by zinc and cadmium.
Chang, CY; Chen, WY; John, JA; Lin, CH, 2007)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of proteins widely distributed in tissues regulating metal metabolism, scavenging free radicals, and taking part in immunological reactions. "( Metallothionein I and II gene knock-out mice exhibit reduced tolerance to 24-h sodium lauryl sulphate patch testing.
Li, LF; Ma, C; Zhang, BX, 2007)
"Metallothionein-3 (MT-3) is a small cysteine- and metal-rich protein expressed in the brain and found down-regulated in AD."( Redox silencing of copper in metal-linked neurodegenerative disorders: reaction of Zn7metallothionein-3 with Cu2+ ions.
Faller, P; Meloni, G; Vasák, M, 2007)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, inducible, intracellular proteins that bind heavy metals with high affinity. "( The upregulation of metallothionein-1 expression in areca quid chewing-associated oral squamous cell carcinomas.
Chang, YC; Ho, YC; Lee, SS; Tsai, CH; Yang, SF, 2008)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular weight protein with high affinity for heavy metal."( Metallothionein immunolocalization in actinic skin nonmelanoma carcinomas.
Berbet, AL; Borges Júnior, PC; Cardoso, SV; Espindola, FS; Loyola, AM; Ribeiro, RI; Rocha, A, 2007)
"Metallothioneins are a family of metalbinding cysteine-rich proteins that play an important role in cellular processes such as proliferation and apoptosis, protection against oxidative stress and metal ion homeostasis and detoxification. "( The expression of metallothioneins on imprint smears of prostate carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathologic parameters and tumor proliferative capacity.
Agelonidou, E; Athanassiades, P; Athanassiadou, P; Bantis, A; Gonidi, M; Grapsa, D; Nikolopoulou, P; Patsouris, E, )
"Metallothionein (MT) is a group of intracellular metal-binding and cysteine-rich proteins, being highly inducible in many tissues."( Diabetes and metallothionein.
Cai, L; Feng, W; Li, X, 2007)
"Metallothionein (MT) is an intracellular cysteine-rich protein associated with cell proliferation and differentiation. "( Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in dental pulp after cavity preparation of rat molars.
Eida, T; Inoue, H; Izumi, T; Matsumoto, N, 2007)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of cysteine-rich metalloproteins which strongly bind to heavy metals, such as Cd(II), Zn(II), and Cu(I). "( The resistance of metallothionein to proteolytic digestion: an LC-MS/MS analysis.
Garrett, S; Lu, X; Sens, DA; Sens, MA; Somji, S; Wang, R, 2007)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of intracellular proteins of low molecular weight and rich cysteine, encoded by a family of genes containing at least 10 functional isoforms in human. "( [Location and effects of metallothioneins in male reproductive system].
Huang, YF; Shang, XJ; Wu, Y, 2007)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a major receptor/donor of zinc in the cells."( Differential expression of metallothioneins (MTs) 1, 2, and 3 in response to zinc treatment in human prostate normal and malignant cells and tissues.
Desouki, MM; Feng, P; Franklin, RB; Lin, S; Wei, H; Xiao, D, 2008)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich protein that can act not only as a metal-binding protein, but also as a ROS scavenger."( Metallothionein is a crucial protective factor against Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric erosive lesions in a mouse model.
Azuma, S; Hara, S; Himeno, S; Mita, M; Okajima, M; Sakabe, K; Satoh, M; Shimada, A; Suzuki, JS, 2008)
"Metallothionein (MT) is an enigmatic protein, and its physiological role remains a matter of intense study and debate 50 years after its discovery. "( Metallothionein in the central nervous system: Roles in protection, regeneration and cognition.
Aschner, M; Eddins, D; Hidalgo, J; Levin, ED; West, AK, 2008)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of small proteins containing 61-68 amino acids with an unusually high concentration of cysteine. "( Anti-metallothionein IgG and levels of metallothionein in autistic families.
Russo, AF, 2008)
"The metallothioneins are a family of heavy-metal binding proteins of low molecular weight. "( Human metallothionein genes are clustered on chromosome 16.
Byers, MG; Eddy, RL; Haley, LL; Henry, WM; Karin, M; Shows, TB, 1984)
"Metallothionein is a cysteine-rich, low molecular weight protein that binds zinc, copper and cadmium. "( Metallothionein--aspects related to copper and zinc metabolism.
Cousins, RJ, 1983)
"Metallothioneins (MT) are a group of proteins of very peculiar structure, in that 15-20 of its amino acid residues are cysteinyl. "( Metallothionein--a unique protein with multiple detoxifying properties?
Rugstad, HE, 1984)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular weight protein with a high affinity for group II metal ions, such as copper."( Metallothionein expression in placental tissue in Menkes' disease. An immunohistochemical study.
Damsgaard, E; Haerslev, T; Horn, N; Jacobsen, GK, )
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight protein with a high affinity for group II metal ions, especially zinc and copper. "( The prognostic significance of immunohistochemically detectable metallothionein in primary breast carcinomas.
Haerslev, T; Jacobsen, GK; Zedeler, K, 1995)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a thiol-rich protein that is rapidly induced by exposure to heavy metal cations. "( Immunomodulatory activities of extracellular metallothionein. II. Effects on macrophage functions.
Borghesi, LA; Lynes, MA; Olson, EA; Youn, J, 1995)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-mol-wt protein. "( A gel filtration high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of hepatic and renal metallothionein of rat and in comparison with the cadmium-saturation method.
Itokawa, Y; Jin, N; Kimura, M; Yokoi, K, 1993)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small cysteine-rich protein thought to be mainly involved in metal regulation and detoxification. "( Induction of metallothionein gene expression by epidermal growth factor and its inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta and dexamethasone in rat hepatocytes.
Denizeau, F; Moffatt, P; Plaa, GL, 1995)
"Metallothionein (MT) is an intracellular metal-binding protein which has been implicated in various biological roles, including heavy-metal detoxification and zinc and copper homeostasis, and has putative antioxidant properties. "( Induction of hepatic metallothionein I in tumour-bearing mice.
Cherian, MG; Chin, JL; Kloth, DM, 1995)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a metal and thiol-rich protein readily induced by cadmium (Cd) exposure. "( Oxidant resistance of cadmium-adapted human lung fibroblasts.
Borm, PJ; Durieux-Lu, CC; Eneman, JD; Hart, BA; Janssen, AM; Prabhu, RM, 1995)
"Metallothionein is a cysteine-rich metal-binding protein whose biosynthesis is closely regulated by the level of exposure of an organism to zinc, copper, cadmium, and other metal salts. "( Three-dimensional solution structure of Callinectes sapidus metallothionein-1 determined by homonuclear and heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Armitage, IM; Brouwer, M; Hua, Y; Narula, SS, 1995)
"Metallothioneins are a group of low-molecular-weight intracellular proteins present in high levels in fetal mammalian livers, bound to zinc and copper. "( The significance of the nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of metallothionein in human liver and tumor cells.
Cherian, MG, 1994)
"Metallothionein is a low molecular mass protein inducible mainly by heavy metals, having high affinity for binding cadmium, zinc and copper. "( Metallothionein expression during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in cadmium-pretreated rats.
Koutselinis, A; Margeli, AP; Spiliopoulou, C; Theocharis, SE; Yannacou, NN, 1994)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich protein that may have both a nutritional and a protective role by binding either physiologic or toxic concentrations of metals in cells. "( Cell-specific increases in metallothionein expression in the human placenta perfused with cadmium.
Breen, JG; Eisenmann, C; Horowitz, S; Miller, RK, )
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a set of low molecular weight proteins with a high binding affinity to metal ions. "( Immunohistochemical demonstration of metallothionein in normal human breast tissue and benign and malignant breast lesions.
Bier, B; Böcker, W; Dockhorn-Dworniczak, B; Douglas-Jones, A; Jasani, B; Schmid, KW; Tötsch, M, 1994)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a ubiquitous mammalian protein comprising 61 or 62 nonaromatic amino acids of which 20 are cysteine residues. "( Chiral copper(I)-thiolate clusters in metallothionein and glutathione.
Presta, A; Stillman, MJ, 1994)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight protein involved in the homeostasis of endogenous metals and in the detoxication of heavy metals. "( Species variation in hepatic metallothionein.
Choudhuri, S; Henry, RB; Klaassen, CD; Liu, J, 1994)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight protein (6800 Da) and one-third of its amino acids are cysteine residues. "( Role of metallothionein in carcinogenesis.
Cherian, MG; Howell, SB; Imura, N; Klaassen, CD; Koropatnick, J; Lazo, JS; Waalkes, MP, 1994)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich, low molecular weight protein that binds zinc, copper, and cadmium. "( Localization of metallothionein in breast carcinomas. An immunohistochemical study.
Fresno, M; Nadji, M; Rodriguez, JM; Wu, W, 1993)
"Metallothionein is a low-molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding protein which has been implicated in the detoxification of toxic metals (cadmium, mercury), metabolism of zinc and copper, as well as in the scavenging of free radicals. "( Involvement of metallothionein and copper in cell proliferation.
Włostowski, T, 1993)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a potent hydroxyl radical scavenger but its antioxidant properties in vivo have not been defined. "( Metallothionein protects DNA from oxidative damage.
Chubatsu, LS; Meneghini, R, 1993)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a sulfhydryl-rich, metal-binding protein that provides protection against metal toxicity. "( Induction of metallothionein by arsenicals in mice.
Bauman, JW; Klaassen, CD; Kreppel, H; Liu, J; McKim, JM, 1993)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small cysteine-rich metal-binding protein involved in Zn and Cu homeostasis as well as in heavy metal detoxication. "( Rat hepatocytes with elevated metallothionein expression are resistant to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine cytotoxicity.
Denizeau, F; Moffatt, P; Plaa, GL, 1996)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of low-molecular-weight, cysteine- rich metal-binding proteins that function in metal detoxification and oxidative stress protection. "( Oxidative stress induced heat shock factor phosphorylation and HSF-dependent activation of yeast metallothionein gene transcription.
Liu, XD; Thiele, DJ, 1996)
"Metallothioneins are a family of intracellular metalloproteins that have been thought to be involved in anticancer drug resistance. "( Immunohistochemical study of metallothionein in pancreatic carcinomas.
Imamura, M; Imamura, T; Kyogoku, T; Ohshio, G; Okada, N; Suwa, H; Wang, ZH; Yamabe, H; Yamaki, K, 1996)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a thiol rich protein that has been well characterized for its ability to bind and sequester heavy metal cations, free radicals and other reactive toxicants. "( Interactions of metallothionein with murine lymphocytes: plasma membrane binding and proliferation.
Borghesi, LA; Lynes, MA; Olson, EA; Youn, J, 1996)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small, cysteine-rich protein that is readily induced by exposure to heavy metal cations. "( Nonprotective effects of extracellular metallothionein.
Borghesi, LA; Lynes, MA, 1996)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of cysteine-rich heavy-metal-binding proteins. "( Testosterone-dependent induction of metallothionein in genital organs of male rats.
Homma, S; Karasawa, M; Kuroki, T; Nishimura, H; Nishimura, N; Suzuki, JS; Tohyama, C, 1996)
"Metallothionein is a low-molecular weight protein involved in resistance to toxicity of heavy metals. "( [Metallothionein].
Naganuma, A, 1997)
"Metallothionein is a ubiquitous low molecular weight metalloprotein with powerful protective properties against oxygen radical-mediated cytotoxicity associated with inflammatory processes. "( Immunocytochemical identification of metallothionein-positive cells in rheumatoid synovium and analysis of their cell lineage.
Jasani, B; Marchant, S; Morgan, AJ; Winters, C, 1997)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight cysteine-rich protein with extensive metal binding capacity and potential nonenzymatic antioxidant activity. "( Overexpression of metallothionein decreases sensitivity of pulmonary endothelial cells to oxidant injury.
Kagan, VE; Lazo, JS; Mannix, RJ; Pitt, BR; Schwarz, M; Tran, S; Tyurin, VA; Tyurina, YY; Wasserloos, K; Watkins, SA; Weng, W; Woo, ES; Yee, E, 1997)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a chelator present in myoepithelial cells, whilst the Fas-receptor (APO-1, CD95) has been described primarily in human T Jurkat cells. "( Metallothionein and Fas (CD95) are expressed in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.
Davidsson, A; Hellquist, HB; Jadner, M; Norberg-Spaak, L; Sundelin, K, 1997)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular weight metal-binding protein. "( Epidermal proliferation of the skin in metallothionein-null mice.
Hanada, K; Hashimoto, I; Kida, K; Naganuma, A; Sawamura, D, 1998)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight protein which plays a role in detoxification of heavy metals and protection against oxidative stress. "( Determination of metallothionein by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection using an isocratic solvent system.
Miyairi, S; Naganuma, A; Shibata, S, 1998)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of proteins which in mammals is comprised of four isoforms (MT-I-IV). "( Endotoxin and intracerebroventricular injection of IL-1 and IL-6 induce rat brain metallothionein-I and -II.
Hernández, J; Hidalgo, J, 1998)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a 6-7-kDa protein which is rapidly produced by stressed cells. "( Metallothionein-induced increase in mitochondrial inner membrane permeability.
Balderman, S; Li, S; Lloyd, T; Simpkins, C, 1998)
"Metallothionein (MT) is an important tissue antioxidant whose concentrations are induced by zinc."( Zinc pretreatment inhibits isotretinoin teratogenicity and induces embryonic metallothionein in CD-1 mice.
Blain, D; Chan, HM; Kubow, S, 1998)
"Metallothionein-3 (MT-3) is a new MT gene-family member that inhibits survival of rat neurons cultured in presence of brain extracts. "( Expression of the gene encoding metallothionein-3 in organs of the reproductive system.
Moffatt, P; Séguin, C, 1998)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight proteins which in rodents is comprised of several isoforms (MT-I to MT-IV). "( Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha type 1 receptor deficient mice reveal a role of IL-6 and TNF-alpha on brain metallothionein-I and -III regulation.
Bluethmann, H; Carrasco, J; Hernandez, J; Hidalgo, J, 1998)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular -weight protein, 6500Da with high cysteine content and high metal affinity, which plays a major role in the kinetics and metabolism of cadmium."( Toxicokinetics and biochemistry of cadmium with special emphasis on the role of metallothionein.
Jin, T; Lu, J; Nordberg, M, )
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight proteins which in rodents comprise four isoforms (MT-I to -IV). "( Metallothionein-I+II induction by zinc and copper in primary cultures of rat microglia.
Agullo, L; Garcia, A; Hidalgo, J, 1998)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of ubiquitous low molecular weight proteins with a high affinity for heavy metal ions. "( High metallothionein expression is associated with features predictive of aggressive behaviour in endometrial carcinoma.
Hamilton, PW; Jasani, B; Maxwell, P; McCluggage, WG, 1999)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small cysteine-rich protein thought to play a critical role in cellular detoxification of inorganic species by sequestering metal ions that are present in elevated concentrations. "( Metallothionein is part of a zinc-scavenging mechanism for cell survival under conditions of extreme zinc deprivation.
Linzer, DI; O'Halloran, TV; Simon, KD; Suhy, DA, 1999)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of stress-induced proteins with diverse physiological functions, including protection against metal toxicity and oxidants. "( Activation of metallothionein gene expression by hypoxia involves metal response elements and metal transcription factor-1.
Andrews, GK; Bittel, D; Discher, DJ; Giaccia, A; Green, CJ; Laderoute, KR; McCue, J; Murphy, BJ; Sutherland, RM; Webster, KA; Yanovsky, M, 1999)
"Metallothionein is a protein with affinity for metals and is present in several tumors. "( Immunohistochemical expression of metallothionein in resected hepatic primary tumors and colorectal carcinoma metastases.
Ohlsson, B; Stenram, U; Tranberg, KG, 1999)
"Metallothionein-3 (MT-3) is a brain specific member of the MT family. "( Regulation of metallothionein-3 mRNA by thyroid hormone in developing rat brain and primary cultures of rat astrocytes and neurons.
Fitch, CA; Horning, MS; Levenson, CW; Rutkoski, N; Yeiser, EC, 1999)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a protein involved in heavy metal homeostasis and detoxification. "( Metallothionein induction attenuates the effects of glutathione depletors in rat hepatocytes.
Denizeau, F; Haïdara, K; Moffatt, P, 1999)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, zinc-binding protein that may have a function in cellular repair processes, growth and differentiation. "( Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in human breast cancer in comparison with cathepsin D, stromelysin-1, CD44, extracellular matrix components, P53, Rb, C-erbB-2, EGFR, steroid receptor content and proliferation.
Agnantis, NJ; Demou, A; Ioachim, E; Kamina, S; Kontostolis, M; Lolis, D, )
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding protein. "( Metallothionein protects against the nephrotoxicity produced by chronic CdMT exposure.
Habeebu, SS; Klaassen, CD; Liu, J; Liu, Y, 1999)
"Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of intracellular, cysteine-rich, zinc-binding proteins. "( Impairment of cultured cell proliferation and metallothionein expression by metal chelator NNN'N'-tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylene diamine.
Béani, JC; Favier, A; Meplan, C; Parat, MO; Richard, MJ, 1999)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a scavenger of oxygen-derived free radicals and it has been suggested that MT protects against oxidative damage in the central nervous system."( Metallothionein-I and -II knock-out mice are not more sensitive than control mice to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity.
Klaassen, CD; Rojas, P, 1999)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of metal binding proteins that have been proposed to participate in a cellular defense against zinc toxicity and free radicals. "( Evidence for a protective role of metallothionein-1 in focal cerebral ischemia.
Cairns, B; Gerlai, R; Lowe, DG; Palmer, JT; Thibodeaux, H; van Bruggen, N; van Lookeren Campagne, M; Williams, SP, 1999)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a sulfhydryl-rich protein involved mainly in heavy metal homeostasis and detoxification. "( Role of metallothionein against oxidative stress in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.
Blasco, J; Burlando, B; Cavaletto, M; Marchi, B; Ponzano, E; Viarengo, A, 1999)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a strong antioxidant, due to a large number of thiol groups in the MT molecule and MT has been found in the nucleus. "( Protective effect of metallothionein to ras DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide and ferric ion-nitrilotriacetic acid.
Min, KS; Nishida, K; Onosaka, S, 1999)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small, cysteine-rich protein that can act as a free radical scavenger at least in vitro. "( Cytoprotection by metallothionein against gastroduodenal mucosal injury caused by ethanol in mice.
Sagai, M; Satoh, M; Shimada, A; Takano, H; Tohyama, C; Yoshikawa, T, 2000)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a metal-binding protein with functional roles in cell growth, repair and differentiation. "( Infiltrating lymphocytes in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal cancer lack metallothionein expression.
Bay, BH; Jayasurya, A; Tan, NG; Yap, WM, 2000)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight, sulfhydryl-rich, metal-binding protein that can protect against the toxicity of cadmium, mercury, and copper. "( Metallothionein-I/II null mice are more sensitive than wild-type mice to the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of chronic oral or injected inorganic arsenicals.
Achanzar, W; Goyer, RA; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Waalkes, MP, 2000)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of ubiquitous low-molecular-weight proteins essential for the protection of cells against heavy metal ion toxicity. "( Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in endometrial lesions.
Agnantis, NJ; Carassavoglou, C; Ioachim, EE; Kitsiou, E; Stefanaki, S, 2000)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich, metal-binding protein that plays an important role in Cd detoxication, but its role in As toxicity is less certain."( Chronic combined exposure to cadmium and arsenic exacerbates nephrotoxicity, particularly in metallothionein-I/II null mice.
Habeebu, SM; Klaassen, CD; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Waalkes, MP, 2000)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a metalloprotein with high affinity for certain heavy metals. "( Cadmium induces expression of metallothionein in rat dental pulp.
Ohya, K; Tamura, Y, 2000)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich protein with pleiotropic functions and a high binding affinity for heavy metals. "( Proliferative potential in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: correlations with metallothionein expression and tissue zinc levels.
Bay, BH; Jayasurya, A; Tan, BK; Tan, NG; Yap, WM, 2000)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small thiol-rich metalloprotein with antioxidant properties, involved in tumour pathophysiology and therapy resistance. "( Metallothionein in human gastrointestinal cancer.
Bosman, CB; Griffioen, G; Janssen, AM; Kruidenier, L; Lamers, CB; Oostendorp-Van De Ruit, MM; van De Velde, CJ; van Duijn, W; van Krieken, JH; Verspaget, HW, 2000)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a large family of proteins involved in multiple protective pathways including binding of toxic metals, free radical scavenging, and oxidative stress. "( Identification and spatial analysis of metallothioneins expressed by the adult human lens.
Kantorow, M; Magabo, K; Oppermann, B; Zhang, W, 2001)
"Metallothionein (MT), which is a low-molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding protein, is also induced in the acute-phase reaction."( Sensitivity of metallothionein-null mice to LPS/D-galactosamine-induced lethality.
Ishizaki, JI; Itoh, N; Kimura, T; Nakanishi, T; Oguro, I; Takehara, M; Tanaka, K, 2001)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small stress response protein that can be induced by exposure to heavy metal cations, oxidative stressors, and acute phase cytokines that mediate inflammation. "( In vivo manipulation of endogenous metallothionein with a monoclonal antibody enhances a T-dependent humoral immune response.
Canpolat, E; Lynes, MA, 2001)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight cysteine-rich protein, which has the ability to bind and sequestrate heavy metal ions. "( Localization of metallothionein in urothelial carcinoma of the human urinary bladder: an immunohistochemical study including correlation with HLA-DR antigen, p53, and proliferation indices.
Agnantis, NJ; Athanassiou, ED; Charchanti, AV; Ioachim, EE; Michael, MC; Stavropoulos, NE, )
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small-molecular weight, cysteine-rich protein that binds metals. "( Protective effect of metallothionein against the toxicity of cadmium and other metals(1).
Klaassen, CD; Liu, Y; Park, JD, 2001)
"Metallothionein (MT) is an ubiquitous heavy metal-binding protein which has been identified in animals, plants, protists, fungi and bacteria. "( Two metal-binding peptides from the insect Orchesella cincta (Collembola) as a result of metallothionein cleavage.
Donker, MH; Hensbergen, PJ; Hunziker, PE; van der Schors, RC; van Straalen, NM, 2001)
"Metallothionein (MT) is an inducible antioxidant protein that has been shown to protect DNA from chemical damage in several cell types."( Overexpression of metallothionein in pancreatic beta-cells reduces streptozotocin-induced DNA damage and diabetes.
Carlson, EC; Chen, H; Epstein, PN; Moritz, JT; Pellet, L, 2001)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-mass, cysteine-rich metal binding protein thought to be involved in the detoxification of heavy metals and scavenging of free radicals. "( Metallothionein modulates lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumour necrosis factor expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
Itoh, N; Kanekiyo, M; Kawasaki, A; Matsuda, K; Matsuyama, A; Nakanishi, T; Tanaka, K, 2002)
"Metallothionein is considered to be a potential biomarker for heavy metal exposure in the terrestrial environment. "( Metallothionein-bound cadmium in the gut of the insect Orchesella cincta (Collembola) in relation to dietary cadmium exposure.
Donker, MH; Hensbergen, PJ; Nugroho, RA; van Straalen, NM; van Velzen, MJ, 2000)
"Metallothionein (MT) is an important factor for cadmium resistance in mammalian cells. "( Application of metallothionein null cells to investigation of cadmium transport.
Himeno, S, 2002)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of small, cysteine-rich proteins that have an important function in heavy metal metabolism and detoxification and in the management of various forms of cell stress. "( The "metal transcription factor" MTF-1: biological facts and medical implications.
Lichtlen, P; Schaffner, W, 2001)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich protein and functions as an antioxidant."( Metallothionein protection against alcoholic liver injury through inhibition of oxidative stress.
James Kang, Y; Sun, X; Zhou, Z, 2002)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of low-molecular-weight proteins that are overexpressed in a variety of human neoplasms and are related to differentiation and prognosis in some tumor types. "( Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in benign and malignant epithelial ovarian tumors.
Abdulkadir, A; McCluggage, WG; Strand, K, )
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small, cysteine-rich, metal-binding protein. "( [Protective stress responsive protein: metallothionein].
Kondoh, M; Sato, M, 2002)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a ubiquitous, metal-inducible protein with an important role in the homeostasis and in the detoxification of heavy metals. "( Cloning and sequencing of a novel metallothionein gene in Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.
Burlando, B; Ceratto, N; Dondero, F; van de Loo, JW; Viarengo, A, 2002)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a small protein with a high affinity for divalent heavy metal ions. "( Prognostic significance of metallothionein in human gastrointestinal cancer.
Griffioen, G; Janssen, AM; Kubben, FJ; Lamers, CB; van de Velde, CJ; van Duijn, W; van Krieken, JH; Verspaget, HW, 2002)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a two-domain protein with zinc thiolate clusters that bind and release zinc depending on the redox states of the sulfur ligands. "( S-nitrosothiols react preferentially with zinc thiolate clusters of metallothionein III through transnitrosation.
Chen, Y; Irie, Y; Keung, WM; Maret, W, 2002)
"Metallothionein is a naturally occurring metal-binding protein with high cysteine content. "( Metal-binding and detoxification effect of synthetic oligopeptides containing three cysteinyl residues.
Kaplan, BE; Kimura, M; Yoshida, A, 1979)
"Metallothionein is an integral component of the mechanism that regulates the metabolism of cadmium and zinc. "( Metallothionein synthesis and degradation: relationship to cadmium metabolism.
Cousins, RJ, 1979)
"Metallothionein is a widely distributed, extremely cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight protein containing large amounts of cadmium and/or zinc."( Amino-acid sequence of equine renal metallothionein-1B.
Berger, C; Kägi, JH; Kojima, Y; Vallee, BL, 1976)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight metal-binding protein that is induced by a variety of heavy metals, and therefore is a candidate for an index in the biological monitoring of heavy metal exposure. "( Estimation of metallothionein synthesis in cadmium-exposed human lymphocytes by gel electrophoresis and silver staining.
Jonai, H; Koizumi, S; Otsuka, F; Suzuki, K; Yamada, H, 1992)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of small cysteine-rich heavy metal binding proteins produced in response to a variety of stresses, inflammation, and as components of the acute-phase response. "( Metallothionein and tissue damage.
Manuel, Y; Pellegrini, O; Thomas, Y, 1992)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular-metal binding protein with multiple biological functions. "( [Histopathological study of metallothionein in bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma].
Akebi, N; Kobashi, K; Matsumura, Y; Nasu, Y; Noda, M; Ohmori, H; Saika, T; Tsushima, T, 1992)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular mass protein inducible by heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), zinc, and copper, and having high affinity for these metals. "( Localization of metallothionein in the brain of rat and mouse.
Ghaffar, A; Nishimura, H; Nishimura, N; Tohyama, C, 1992)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a sulfhydryl-rich protein whose levels are increased by administration of a variety of agents including metals, cytokines, and oxidative stress agents. "( Induction of metallothionein by diethyl maleate.
Bauman, JW; Klaassen, CD; Liu, J; McKim, JM, 1992)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich protein with antioxidant and metal-chelating activities that is readily inducible by exposure to a variety of stimuli including heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd2+). "( Protective effects of cadmium chloride against UVB injury in mouse skin and in cultured human cells: a possible role of cadmium-induced metallothionein.
Gange, RW; Hanada, K; Hasan, T; Siebert, E, 1991)
"Metallothionein functions as a radical scavenger protecting cells from the indirect effect of radiations. "( Effect of the administration of bismuth nitrate on radiogenic thymoma induction in mice.
Imura, N; Kagimoto, O; Naganuma, A; Niwa, O; Toge, T; Yokoro, K, 1991)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight protein with a high cysteine content that has been proposed to play a role in protecting against oxidative stress. "( Increase in metallothionein produced by chemicals that induce oxidative stress.
Bauman, JW; Klaassen, CD; Liu, J; Liu, YP, 1991)
"Metallothionein is a metal binding protein thiol found in high concentrations in the liver and kidney. "( Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
Bahnson, RR; Banerjee, D; Banner, BF; Cherian, MG; Chin, JL; Ernstoff, MS; Lazo, JS, 1991)
"Metallothionein is a low-molecular-weight metal-binding protein. "( Localization of metallothionein in hair follicles of normal skin and the basal cell layer of hyperplastic epidermis: possible association with cell proliferation.
Hashiba, H; Karasawa, M; Kuroki, T; Nishimura, H; Nishimura, N; Tohyama, C, 1991)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a copper binding protein distributed between the particulate and soluble cellular components."( The protective role of metallothionein in copper overload: I. Differential distribution of immunoreactive metallothionein in copper-loaded rat liver and kidney.
Bremner, I; Evering, WE; Haywood, S; Trafford, J, 1991)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a metal-binding protein rapidly accreted in many tissues in response to trace elements or hormones. "( Roles of synthesis and degradation in the regulation of metallothionein accretion in a chicken macrophage-cell line.
Klasing, KC; Laurin, DE, 1990)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a protein which contains 20 cysteine residues but no aromatic amino acids. "( Metallothionein protein variants generated in rat liver as a result of DNA and RNA ethylations by the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine.
Jauch, A; Lutz, WK, 1986)
"Metallothioneins are a class of cysteine-rich and low molecular weight, metal-binding proteins that are inducible by a wide variety of agents, including metal ions, such as cadmium and zinc, glucocorticoid hormones, interferon, and tumor promoters. "( The stimulation of metallothionein synthesis in neuroblastoma IMR-32 by zinc and cadmium but not dexamethasone.
Ebadi, M; Takahashi, T; Timmins, P, 1989)
"Metallothionein (MT) is an important endogenous anti-injury substance involved in the defensive system. "( [Changes in metallothionein content of the heart and liver during acute myocardial infarction in rats].
Li, JH; Tang, CS; Wang, PJ, 1989)
"Metallothionein is a copper- and zinc-binding protein present in most, if not all, tissues of higher eukaryotic species of animals. "( Recent developments in trace element metabolism and function: role of metallothionein in copper and zinc metabolism.
Richards, MP, 1989)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich, low molecular weight protein inducible by heavy metal ions and various endogenous factors. "( Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in developing rat tissues.
Nishimura, H; Nishimura, N; Tohyama, C, 1989)
"Metallothionein appears to be an extraordinarily efficient .OH radical scavenger even when compared to proteins 10-50-times its molecular weight."( Possible role for metallothionein in protection against radiation-induced oxidative stress. Kinetics and mechanism of its reaction with superoxide and hydroxyl radicals.
Thornalley, PJ; Vasák, M, 1985)
"Metallothioneins are a class of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich proteins. "( Regulation of metallothionein gene expression in mammalian cells by gold compounds.
Butt, TR; Crooke, ST; Mirabelli, CK; Sternberg, EJ, 1986)
"Metallothionein (MT) is a protein inducible by heavy metals, various chemicals, immunomodulatory substances, and interleukins. "( Metallothionein induction in a human B cell line by stimulated immune cell products.
Abel, J; Gleichmann, E; Kind, P; Oberbarnscheidt, J, 1988)
"Metallothionein is an important metal-binding protein which occurs in varying amounts in a wide range of tissues but particularly in liver, kidneys, intestine and pancreas. "( Interactions between metallothionein and trace elements.
Bremner, I, 1987)
"Metallothionein (MT) is an intracellular protein that binds many metals with isotopes having imaging or radiotherapeutic potential. "( Uptake of cadmium-109, a metallothionein-binding radiometal, by tumors in mice as a function of the transformed phenotype.
Alazraki, NP; Datz, FL; Lynch, RE; Morton, KA; Taylor, AT; Winge, D, 1988)
"Metallothioneins are a family of ubiquitous, cysteine rich proteins, whose amino acidic and genomic sequences have been highly conserved during evolution. "( Metallothionein gene regulation in Menkes' disease.
Leone, A, 1986)
"The metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of proteins of low relative molecular mass which bind heavy-metal ions. "( Metallothionein gene cluster is split by chromosome 16 rearrangements in myelomonocytic leukaemia.
Diaz, MO; Karin, M; Le Beau, MM; Rowley, JD, )

Effects

Metallothionein has a well-documented protective and proregenerative effect in the mammalian brain, particularly following physical trauma and ischemia or during the onset of neurodegenerative disease. Metallothioneins have a proven relationship with various kinds of cancer and reduces tissue damage.

Metallothioneins (MTs) have been identified in a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to humans. Metallothionein-3 (MT-3) has been shown to possess the most pronounced Cu-thionein character forming Cu(i)-containing species.

ExcerptReference
"Metallothionein (MT) has a characteristic molecular structure with a cysteine-rich content. "( Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of metallothionein in the liver of the teleost Acrossocheilus fasciatus exposed to cadmium chloride.
Fu, SY; Han, YL; Hou, CC; Liu, GD; Ni, J; Sheng, Z; Wang, YF; Zhou, Y; Zhu, JQ, 2017)
"Metallothionein has a well-documented protective and proregenerative effect in the mammalian brain, particularly following physical trauma and ischemia or during the onset of neurodegenerative disease. "( Neuroprotection and regeneration by extracellular metallothionein via lipoprotein-receptor-related proteins.
Chung, RS; Leung, JY; West, AK, 2011)
"Metallothionein (MT) has a potential as a protein therapeutic for the treatment of this disease due to its anti-oxidative effects under stressful conditions."( Protective effects of protein transduction domain-metallothionein fusion proteins against hypoxia- and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in an ischemia/reperfusion rat model.
Cha, MJ; Chae, JW; Hwang, KC; Kim, JK; Kim, YH; Lim, KS; Park, EJ; Rhim, T, 2013)
"The metallothionein has a high homology to family 8 metallothioneins (http://www.expasy.ch/cgi-bin/lists?metallo.txt)."( Cadmium induces a novel metallothionein and phytochelatin 2 in an aquatic fungus.
Jaeckel, P; Krauss, G; Krauss, GJ; Menge, S; Rücknagel, P; Schierhorn, A, 2005)
"Metallothionein (MT) has a proven relationship with various kinds of cancer and reduces tissue damage. "( Role of metallothionein in Helicobacter pylori-positive gastric mucosa with or without early gastric cancer and the effect on its expression after eradication therapy.
Aoyama, N; Azuma, T; Chayahara, N; Hori, J; Ikehara, N; Kasuga, M; Matsumoto, Y; Miki, I; Mitani, T; Miyachi, H; Morita, Y; Okuno, T; Shirasaka, D; Tamura, T; Toyoda, M; Yoshida, S, 2008)
"Metallothionein has a much greater zinc-binding affinity than CRIP."( Purification and properties of rat cysteine-rich intestinal protein.
Cousins, RJ; Khoo, C, 1994)
"Metallothionein has been shown to act as a neuroprotectant in various brain injury."( The effects of metallothionein in paraquat-induced Parkinson disease model of zebrafish.
Das, S; Mohamad Najib, NH; Teoh, SL; Yahaya, MF, 2023)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) have been identified in a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to humans. "( Cadmium-dependent expression of a new metallothionein identified in Trichomonas vaginalis.
Arreola, R; Benitez, MM; Carmona, RL; de Jesús Olivares Trejo, J; Netzahualcoyotzi, BA; Puente-Rivera, J; Reyes, JAM; Romero, JCT; Sánchez, MEA, 2019)
"Metallothionein has been proposed as a storage location for Cu(i) and potentially as the donor of Cu(i) to copper-dependent enzymes."( The pathways and domain specificity of Cu(I) binding to human metallothionein 1A.
Korkola, NC; Melenbacher, A; Stillman, MJ, 2020)
"The metallothioneins have been identified by Immunohistochemical and Western-blotting analisys."( Morphostructural and immunohistochemical study on the role of metallothionein in the detoxification of heavy metals in Apis mellifera L., 1758.
Avola, R; Brundo, MV; Copat, C; D'amante, G; Ferrante, M; Genovese, C; Lombardo, BM; Loreto, F; Messina, G; Pecoraro, R; Raccuia, SA; Salvaggio, A; Scalisi, EM; Tibullo, D, 2017)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been shown to be cardioprotective for environmental toxicants including heavy metals."( Neonatal Murine Engineered Cardiac Tissue Toxicology Model: Impact of Metallothionein Overexpression on Cadmium-Induced Injury.
Cai, L; Ji, H; Keller, BB; Ye, F; Yu, H; Yuan, F, 2018)
"Many metallothioneins (MTs) have been isolated from mammalian sources, which are a family of low molecular weight metal-binding proteins that are rich in cysteine."( Identification of cadmium-binding proteins from rice (Oryza sativa L.).
Chu, X; Ding, Z; Fan, Y; Liu, X; Tian, J; Wang, Q; Wei, S; Wu, N; Yang, Y; Yu, X; Zhao, J, 2018)
"Metallothionein-3 (MT-3) has been shown to possess the most pronounced Cu-thionein character forming Cu(i)-containing species more favorably than metallothionein-2 (MT-2), which possesses the strongest Zn-thionein character."( Non-coordinative metal selectivity bias in human metallothioneins metal-thiolate clusters.
Calvo, JS; Lopez, VM; Meloni, G, 2018)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) have been suggested to play various roles including metal detoxification, nutrient remobilization, ROS scavenging, stress tolerance, and plant development."( Functional characterization of metallothionein-like genes from Physcomitrella patens: expression profiling, yeast heterologous expression, and disruption of PpMT1.2a gene.
Meetam, M; Pakdee, O; Panvisavas, N; Pokethitiyook, P; Songnuan, W; Yokthongwattana, K, 2019)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been extensively proven to be a potent endogenous antioxidant that protects heart against oxidative stress-induced cardiac damage."( Metallothionein prevention of arsenic trioxide-induced cardiac cell death is associated with its inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases activation in vitro and in vivo.
Cai, L; Li, W; Liu, Q; Miao, L; Miao, X; Su, G; Sun, W; Tan, Y; Tang, Z; Wang, Y; Wei, W, 2013)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been extensively investigated as a molecular marker of various types of cancer. "( Metallothionein - immunohistochemical cancer biomarker: a meta-analysis.
Adam, V; Gumulec, J; Kizek, R; Masarik, M; Raudenska, M, 2014)
"Metallothioneins have been linked to IBDs, but their role in intestinal inflammation is inconclusive."( Role of metallothioneins as danger signals in the pathogenesis of colitis.
Cuvelier, C; De Vos, F; Devisscher, L; Hindryckx, P; Laukens, D; Lynes, MA; Vanhove, C; Vos, MD; Waeytens, A, 2014)
"Metallothioneins (MT) have been widely applied as biomarkers for metal exposure in fish liver, and, recently, in bile."( Behaviour of the oxidant scavenger metallothionein in hypoxia-induced neotropical fish.
Arruda, MA; Bastos, FF; da Cunha Bastos Neto, J; da Cunha Bastos, VL; Dantas, RF; Hauser-Davis, RA; Tobar, SA; Ziolli, RL, 2014)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been extensively proved to be an endogenous and highly inducible antioxidant protein expressed in the heart."( Metallothionein as a compensatory component prevents intermittent hypoxia-induced cardiomyopathy in mice.
Cai, J; Cai, L; Epstein, PN; Feng, W; Kong, M; Tan, Y; Wang, B; Yin, X; Zheng, Y; Zhou, S, 2014)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been shown to inhibit cardiac oxidative stress and protect against the cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin (DOX), a potent and widely used chemotherapeutic agent. "( Cardioprotection against doxorubicin by metallothionein Is associated with preservation of mitochondrial biogenesis involving PGC-1α pathway.
Fang, H; Guo, J; Guo, Q; Lei, L; Peng, S; Zhang, T; Zhao, J, 2014)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) have been disclosed as a useful diagnostic factor for tumour progression and drug resistance in a variety of malignancies. "( Serum metallothionein in patients with testicular cancer.
Erk, M; Gamulin, M; Grgić, M; Krasnići, N; Marijić, VF; Pizent, A; Tariba, B; Živković, T, 2015)
"Metallothioneins have been characterized from different eukaryotic model and cultivable species."( Metagenomics analysis reveals a new metallothionein family: Sequence and metal-binding features of new environmental cysteine-rich proteins.
Atrian, S; Capdevila, M; Fraissinet-Tachet, L; Marmeisse, R; Palacios, Ò; Reddy, MS; Vallon, L; Yadav, RK; Ziller, A, 2017)
"Metallothionein has been shown to have a protective role in apoptosis."( The possible biological role of metallothionein in apoptosis.
Dutsch-Wicherek, M; Sikora, J; Tomaszewska, R, 2008)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been reported to play important physiological roles in the human body, but the distribution and significance of MT is not fully understood. "( Immunohistochemical staining with newly developed metallothionein fragment antibodies against NH2-terminal, middle-regional and COOH-terminal peptides in rabbits.
Kusakabe, T; Nagamine, T; Nakajima, K; Nakazato, K; Suzuki, K, 2008)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been proposed as a potent antioxidant, therefore, this study attempts to determine whether endogenous expression of MT protects against butenolide-induced hepatic oxidative stress by using an in vitro incubation system of liver homogenates prepared from MT-I/II null (MT-/-) mice, and the corresponding wild type (MT+/+) mice."( Basal expression of metallothionein suppresses butenolide-induced oxidative stress in liver homogenates in vitro.
Peng, SQ; Wang, YM; Yang, HY, 2009)
"Metallothionein has been shown to regulate apoptosis and proliferation."( Metallothionein overexpression and its prognostic relevance in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and extrahepatic hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumors).
Baba, HA; Jasani, B; Kaiser, G; Lang, H; Schmid, KW; Schmitz, KJ; Sotiropoulos, GC; Wohlschlaeger, J, 2009)
"Two metallothionein (MT) isoforms have been identified in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: CeMT1 and CeMT2, comprising two polypeptides that are 75 and 63 residues in length, respectively. "( Caenorhabditis elegans metallothionein isoform specificity--metal binding abilities and the role of histidine in CeMT1 and CeMT2.
Atrian, S; Bofill, R; Capdevila, M; Domènech, J; Orihuela, R; Romagosa, M, 2009)
"Metallothionein has been implicated in a number of functions, including toxic metal detoxification, as a metal chaperone and in metal ion homeostasis. "( Supermetalation of the beta domain of human metallothionein 1a.
Stillman, MJ; Sutherland, DE; Willans, MJ, 2010)
"Metallothioneins have been the subject of intense study for five decades, and have greatly inspired the development of bio-analytical methodologies including multi-dimensional and multi-nuclear NMR.With further advancements in molecular biology, protein science, and instrumental techniques, recent years have seen a renaissance of research into metallothioneins. "( Metallothioneins: unparalleled diversity in structures and functions for metal ion homeostasis and more.
Blindauer, CA; Leszczyszyn, OI, 2010)
"Metallothionein 3 (MT-3) has been shown to protect against apoptotic neuronal death in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. "( Metallothionein 3 attenuated the apoptosis of neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in the senescence-accelerated mouse/PRONE8 (SAMP8).
Chen, B; Ma, F; Wang, F; Wang, H; Xu, H, 2011)
"Metallothioneins (MT) has been suggested to protect against acute heavy metal toxicity in the liver, and the proteins of MT can be induced by various stimuli including antioxidant."( Hepatoprotection of quercetin against oxidative stress by induction of metallothionein expression through activating MAPK and PI3K pathways and enhancing Nrf2 DNA-binding activity.
Chen, MJ; Weng, CJ; Yeh, CT; Yen, GC, 2011)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been implicated in several aspects of cancer pathobiology, such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and invasion. "( Metallothionein expression in mobile tongue squamous cell carcinoma: associations with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival.
Giaginis, C; Girod, A; Jouffroy, T; Klijanienko, J; Point, D; Rodriguez, J; Sastre-Garau, X; Theocharis, S; Tsourouflis, G, 2011)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been used extensively as a potential molecular biomarker to detect heavy metal pollution in aquatic organisms. "( The yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Siluriformes) metallothionein cDNA: molecular cloning and transcript expression level in response to exposure to the heavy metals Cd, Cu, and Zn.
Dahms, HU; Han, KN; Kim, JH; Lee, JS; Lee, YM; Rhee, JS, 2012)
"Metallothionein 1E (MT1E) has been found to be highly expressed in motile cell lines. "( Role of metallothionein 1E in the migration and invasion of human glioma cell lines.
Jang, WY; Jeong, YI; Jin, SG; Jung, S; Jung, TY; Kim, IY; Moon, KS; Pei, J; Ryu, HH; Wen, M, 2012)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been shown to have pro-proliferative anti-apoptotic activity and to be involved in microenvironment remodeling. "( Analysis of metallothionein and vimentin immunoreactivity in pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its microenvironment.
Dutsch-Wicherek, M; Kazmierczak, W; Lazar, A; Tomaszewska, R; Wicherek, L, 2013)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been used widely as a potential molecular marker to detect the deleterious effects of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystem. "( Cloning and characterization of metallothionein gene in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis.
Chang, CY; Chen, JC; John, JA; Lin, CH; Ou, LW, 2004)
"Metallothionein has been assayed in a range of aquatic animal tissues as an indicator of metal exposure. "( Cloning of a chub metallothionein cDNA and development of competitive RT-PCR of chub metallothionein mRNA as a potential biomarker of heavy metal exposure.
Agradi, E; Butler, PJ; Hayes, RA; Kevin Chipman, J; Regondi, S; Taylor, EW; Winter, MJ, )
"Metallothionein (Mt) has been considered as a molecular marker of metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems. "( Expression of metallothionein gene during embryonic and early larval development in zebrafish.
Chang, CY; Chen, WY; John, JA; Lin, CH; Lin, HF; Wu, SC, 2004)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) have been widely considered for their potential use as specific biomarkers to reflect the existence of heavy metal pollution, because their induction has been observed to be obviously elevated after heavy metal exposure in a large number organism studied. "( Metallothionein induction and heavy metal accumulation in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to cadmium and zinc.
Chen, HC; Wu, JP, )
"The metallothionein gene has been identified in F."( Determination of the Cd/S cluster stoichiometry in Fucus vesiculosus metallothionein.
Chaseley, J; Kille, P; Merrifield, ME; Stillman, MJ, 2006)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been shown to be an effective protector against DOX-induced cardiomyopathy, however the involved precise mechanisms are still unknown. "( Metallothionein protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy through inhibition of superoxide generation and related nitrosative impairment.
Dong, YS; Guo, J; Guo, JB; Han, G; Peng, SQ; Shuai, Y; Zhang, LS, 2007)
"Metallothionein (MT)-I/II has been shown to be neuroprotective and neuroregenerative in a model of rat cortical brain injury. "( Metallothionein-IIA promotes neurite growth via the megalin receptor.
Bartlett, CA; Beazley, LD; Chung, RS; Fitzgerald, M; Nairn, P; West, AK, 2007)
"Metallothionein levels have been quantified by polarographic method before and after contamination and a subsequent decontamination phase (7 d)."( Heavy metal intracellular balance and relationship with metallothionein induction in the gills of carp. After contamination by Ag, Cd, and Hg following pretreatment with Zn or not.
Cosson, RP, 1994)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) have been implicated in the intracellular regulation of essential metals in eukaryotic cells, and increased expression of MT genes has been demonstrated during the growth and proliferation of cells. "( Enhanced transcription of metallothionein genes in rat kidney: effect of uninephrectomy and compensatory renal growth.
Fraser, J; Koropatnick, J; Zalups, RK, 1995)
"Metallothioneins have been extensively studied in many different eukaryotes where they sequester, and hence detoxify, excess amounts of certain metal ions. "( Cyanobacterial metallothioneins: biochemistry and molecular genetics.
Robinson, NJ; Turner, JS, 1995)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been shown to protect cells from the injurious effects of ionizing radiation. "( Regulation of metallothionein mRNA in human hepatoma (HEP3B) cells.
Agrawal, KC; George, WJ; Gogu, SR; Hilburger, CL; Rider, BJ; White, LE, 1994)
"Metallothioneins have been detected and investigated in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) using high-performance liquid chromatography (size exclusion) coupled with microatomization-AAS or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. "( Determination of cadmium-metallothioneins in zebra mussels exposed to subchronic concentrations of Cd2+.
Blais, JS; Tessier, C, 1996)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been proposed to play an important role in heavy metal detoxication and in the scavenging of free radicals. "( Hepatocytes from metallothionein-I and II knock-out mice are sensitive to cadmium- and tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity.
Klaassen, CD; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Zheng, H, 1996)
"Metallothionein (MT) proteins have been postulated to play a role in the detoxification of heavy metals. "( Metallothionein induction protects swollen rat primary astrocyte cultures from methylmercury-induced inhibition of regulatory volume decrease.
Aschner, M; Conklin, DR; Kimelberg, HK; Vitarella, D, 1996)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been considered to play important roles in metal homeostasis and also in protecting against metal toxicities. "( [Metallothionein '96].
Abe, T, 1997)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) have been shown to be induced by oxidative stress and act as scavengers of reactive oxygen intermediates."( Effect of arsenite, arsenate, and the herbicide monosodium methyl arsonate (MSMA) on hepatic metallothionein expression and lipid peroxidation in channel catfish.
Chan, KM; Chelius, M; Schlenk, D; Steevens, J; Wolford, L, 1997)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been used in immunohistochemical techniques to indicate presence and distribution of heavy metals within biological tissues. "( Immunohistochemical detection of metallothionein in liver, duodenum and kidney after dietary copper-overload in rats.
Fuentealba, IC; Mullins, JE, 1998)
"Metallothioneins (MT) have been implicated in the protection of cells from oxidative stress. "( Metallothionein induction in response to restraint stress. Transcriptional control, adaptation to stress, and role of glucocorticoid.
Ghoshal, K; Jacob, ST; Sheridan, JF; Wang, Y, 1998)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been proposed to play a protective role against the toxic effects of free radicals and electrophiles, such as those produced by gamma-radiation. "( Metallothionein-I transgenic mice are not protected from gamma-radiation.
Kimler, BF; Klaassen, CD; Liu, J; Liu, Y, 1999)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been shown to protect cells from free radical induced DNA damage after exposure to copper, hydrogen peroxide and also radiation. "( Increased radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymus in the absence of metallothionein.
Cai, L; Chakrabarti, S; Cherian, MG; Deng, DX, 1999)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been proposed to play an important role in Cd detoxication."( Metallothionein-null mice are highly susceptible to the hematotoxic and immunotoxic effects of chronic CdCl2 exposure.
Habeebu, SS; Klaassen, CD; Liu, J; Liu, Y, 1999)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been shown to protect DNA against cleavage induced by a variety of mutagenic agents. "( Protective mechanism of metallothionein against copper-1, 10-phenanthroline induced DNA cleavage.
Wong, RN; Yang, J; Yang, MS, 2000)
"Metallothioneins (MTs) have been detected in livers and kidneys of 10 marine mammals species (Pinnipeds and Odontocetes). "( Metallothioneins in marine mammals.
Bouquegneau, JM; Das, K; Debacker, V, 2000)
"Metallothionein and zinc have been implicated in cellular defense against a number of cytotoxic agents. "( Metallothionein expression protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, but overexpression and dietary zinc supplementation provide no further protection in metallothionein transgenic and knockout mice.
Cousins, RJ; Davis, SR; Samuelson, DA, 2001)
"Metallothionein (MT) and GSH have been shown to play an important role in metal detoxification in bivalve molluscs."( In vivo metallothionein and glutathione status in an acute response to cadmium in Mercenaria mercenaria brown cells.
Jackim, E; Zaroogian, G, 2000)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been assigned a role in intestinal Zn absorption and secretion. "( Increased zinc absorption but not secretion in the small intestine of metallothionein-null mice.
Coyle, P; Hinskens, B; Philcox, JC; Rofe, AM, 2000)
"Metallothionein-like proteins have been isolated from marine invertebrates. "( Physiological and chemical characterization of invertebrate metallothionein-like proteins.
Kearns, A; Olafson, RW; Sim, RG, 1979)
"No metallothionein has been detected in the extracts from icefish liver."( Apparent deficiency of metallothionein in the liver of the Antarctic icefish Chionodraco hamatus. Identification and isolation of a zinc-containing protein unlike metallothionein.
Camardella, L; D'Avino, R; di Prisco, G; Paolo De Prisco, P; Parisi, E; Scudiero, R, 1992)
"Metallothionein (MT) has been extensively studied over the past several years because of its probable role in endogenous metal homeostasis and cellular protection. "( In vitro degradation of apo-, zinc-, and cadmium-metallothionein by cathepsins B, C, and D.
Choudhuri, S; Klaassen, CD; McKim, JM, 1992)
"Metallothionein has been implicated in resistance to anticancer drugs. "( Suppression of dexamethasone-induced metallothionein expression and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) resistance by v-mos.
Basu, A; Lazo, JS, 1991)
"A metallothionein-like protein has been identified recently in the rat brain which resembles in some but not all aspects a hepatic metallothionein. "( Characterization of metallothionein-like protein in rat brain.
Ebadi, M; Swanson, S, 1987)
"Metallothionein has been postulated to function in essential metal homeostasis. "( Activation of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase following donation of zinc from kidney metallothionein.
Fowler, BA; Goering, PL, 1987)
"Metallothionein from liver has been resolved into three isoforms, viz MTa, MTb and MTc on DEAE-Sephadex A 25 ion exchange column."( Role of metallothionein in metal detoxification and metal tolerance in protein calorie malnutrition and calcium deficient monkeys (Macaca mulatta).
Kambadur, R; Nath, R; Paliwal, VK; Prasad, R, 1987)
"Metallothioneins have been isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae CUP1 mutants generated by Wright et al. "( Effect of mutation of cysteinyl residues in yeast Cu-metallothionein.
Byrd, J; Hamer, DH; Mehra, RK; Tarbet, EB; Thrower, AR; Winge, DR, 1988)
"A metallothionein-like protein has been identified recently in the rat brain which resembles in some but not all aspects a hepatic metallothionein."( Zinc-binding proteins in the brain.
Ebadi, M; Hama, Y, 1986)

Actions

Metallothionein (MT) plays an important role in protecting against heavy metals and oxidative injury. It may also portend drug resistance and a worse prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.

ExcerptReference
"Metallothionein (MT) plays an important role in protecting against heavy metals and oxidative injury, however it may also portend drug resistance and a worse prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients."( Serum copper, zinc and metallothionein serve as potential biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Eguchi, A; Hasegawa, H; Iwasa, M; Shigefuku, R; Sugimoto, K; Takei, Y; Tamai, Y, 2020)
"Metallothionein (MT) plays the important role in the detoxification of heavy metals, protection against oxidative compounds and as a prognostic marker in the development of tumors. "( Preliminary analysis of the interactions between CdTe quantum dots and human metallothionein.
Guszpit, E; Kopel, P; Křížková, S; Milnerowicz, H, 2018)
"Metallothionein (MT) plays a constitutive defensive role in the response to noxious stimuli."( The role of metallothionein in a dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like murine model.
Guo, JZ; Li, LF; Wang, J; Wang, WH; Yang, SM, 2018)
"Metallothionein protein plays a key role in the uptake of nickel by Artemia."( Effect of Artemia franciscana on the removal of nickel by bioaccumulation.
Devi, SS; Priya, PG; Sethu, M, 2014)
"Metallothionein (MT) plays a central role in cellular defense against heavy metals and oxidative stress. "( Induction of metallothionein isoforms by copper diethyldithiocarbamate in cultured vascular endothelial cells.
Fujie, T; Fujiwara, Y; Kaji, T; Kimura, T; Naka, H; Satoh, M; Segawa, Y; Yamamoto, C; Yoshida, E, 2016)
"Metallothionein (MT) plays a role in fundamental cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. "( Over-expression of metallothionein predicts chemoresistance in breast cancer.
Bay, BH; Huang, J; Lai, Y; Tan, HY; Tan, PH; Yap, X; Yip, GW, 2009)
"MTs (metallothioneins) increase the resistance of cells to exposure to high Cu (copper) levels. "( Metallothionein is crucial for safe intracellular copper storage and cell survival at normal and supra-physiological exposure levels.
Cambiazo, V; Cisternas, MF; González, M; González-Agüero, M; Suazo, M; Tapia, L; Uauy, R, 2004)
"Metallothionein (MT)-3 can inhibit cell growth. "( [Expression of metallothionein-3 in esophageal cancer and its correlations to expression of metallothionein-1 and -2].
Tian, ZQ; Wang, XL; Wu, W, 2008)
"Metallothionein plays a significant role in the detoxification of heavy metals."( Expression of metallothionein in seminal vesicles--an immunohistochemical study.
Lecksell, KL; Pannek, J; Partin, AW, 2001)
"Metallothionein expression is lower in seminal vesicles than in the prostate. "( Expression of metallothionein in seminal vesicles--an immunohistochemical study.
Lecksell, KL; Pannek, J; Partin, AW, 2001)
"Metallothionein (MT) plays an important role in the detoxification of cadmium. "( Metallothionein gene expression in peripheral lymphocytes from cadmium-exposed workers.
Jin, T; Lu, J; Nordberg, G; Nordberg, M, 2001)
"Metallothionein was slower by a factor of 30 with hydroxymethylperoxyl radicals."( An expanded function for superoxide dismutase.
Bors, W; Czapski, G; Saran, M, 1991)
"Metallothionein plays an important role in the metabolism and toxicity of cadmium. "( On the role of metallothionein in cadmium induced renal toxicity.
Nordberg, GF; Nordberg, M, 1987)
"Metallothionein mRNA began to increase about day 15 of gestation and reached a foetal maximum of 5-fold higher than adult values between 18 and 21 days of gestation."( Variation in the amounts of hepatic copper, zinc and metallothionein mRNA during development in the rat.
Grimes, A; Mercer, JF, 1986)

Treatment

Metallothionein from rats pretreated with zinc contained twice as much zinc per molecule of metallothionin as that found in control rats. In untreated mice, metallOTHionein was strongly expressed in supporting cells, acinar cells of the Bowman's glands, and olfactory neurons.

ExcerptReference
"The metallothionein from Cd2+-treated animals is resolved into the isomethallothioneins I and II and a minor, less negatively-charged species (B), which contains Cd2+ and copper, but little Zn2+."( The in vivo effects of maleate on the cation-distribution in rat kidney metallothionein sub-fractions after induction by cadmium and/or mercury.
Holt, D; Magos, L; Webb, M, 1980)
"Metallothionein from rats pretreated with zinc contained twice as much zinc per molecule of metallothionein as that found in control rats."( Role of metallothionein in biliary metal excretion.
Jaw, S; Jeffery, EH, 1989)
"In untreated mice, metallothionein was strongly expressed in supporting cells, acinar cells of the Bowman's glands, and olfactory neurons."( Metallothioneins 1 and 2 are expressed in the olfactory mucosa of mice in untreated animals and during the regeneration of the epithelial layer.
Chuah, MI; Holloway, AF; Skabo, SJ; West, AK, 1997)

Toxicity

Metallothionein (MT) induction, particularly by bismuth, is proposed to protect against toxic side effects of chemotherapy drugs such as adriamycin. The increased mortality in mice given Cd + NTA or CD + STPP may be due to an initially high accumulation of cadmium in liver.

ExcerptReference
" The electroactive fraction is believed to approximate the toxic fraction."( Determination of trace element speciation and the role of speciation in aquatic toxicity.
Florence, TM; Morrison, GM; Stauber, JL, 1992)
" These models can be used to estimate the dose levels of Zn and Cu which will reduce the toxic effects of CdMT."( A multivariate study of protective effects of Zn and Cu against nephrotoxicity induced by cadmium metallothionein in rats.
Jin, TY; Liu, XY; Nordberg, GF; Rännar, S; Sjöström, M; Zhou, Y, 1992)
"These studies were designed to determine if macular mutant mouse, which is a proposed animal model of Menkes' kinky-hair disease, is sensitive to the acute toxic effect of Cu as compared to normal and heterozygote mice."( Copper-induced toxicity in macular mutant mouse: an animal model for Menkes' kinky-hair disease.
Kinebuchi, H; Shiraishi, N; Taguchi, T, 1991)
"We hypothesize that maternal metallothionein (MT) induction by toxic dosages of chemicals may contribute to or cause developmental toxicity by a chain of events leading to a transient but developmentally adverse decrease in Zn availability to the embryo."( The role of metallothionein induction and altered zinc status in maternally mediated developmental toxicity: comparison of the effects of urethane and styrene in rats.
Daston, GP; Keen, CL; Lehman-McKeeman, LD; Overmann, GJ; Rogers, JM; Taubeneck, MW, 1991)
" For BB, both the toxic effect and the protective influence of zinc were apparent 24 h following administration."( Protective effect of zinc in the hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene and acetaminophen.
Piotrowski, JK; Swietlicka, EA; Szymańska, JA, 1991)
"Previously, we had shown that arsenic interacts with cadmium in rats; our results showed that the toxicity of a mixture of arsenic + cadmium cannot be predicted by the toxic mechanisms of the individual components."( Arsenic-cadmium interaction in rats: toxic effects in the heart and tissue metal shifts.
Batres, L; Carrizales, L; Díaz-Barriga, F; Mejía, JJ; Yáñez, L; Zanatta, MT, 1991)
" There was no adverse effect on general health or survival."( Comparison of the toxicity of inorganic and liver-incorporated cadmium: a 4-wk feeding study in rats.
Groten, JP; Luten, JB; Sinkeldam, EJ; van Bladeren, PJ, 1990)
" Reaction of DDP with glutathione (GSH), cysteine, or methionine for up to 24 hr led to concentration- and time-dependent loss of its toxic effects, whereas dissolution of DDP alone did not alter its reduction of viability or protein synthesis rate in LLC-PK1 cells."( Role of endogenous sulfur-containing nucleophiles in an in vitro model of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-induced nephrotoxicity.
Borch, RF; Montine, TJ, 1990)
"The therapeutic uses of antineoplastic agents are limited primarily due to two reasons: the drugs cause toxicity to non-malignant tissues and malignant tissues develop resistance to the toxic effects of the drugs."( A hypothesis regarding the protective role of metallothioneins against the toxicity of DNA interactive anticancer drugs.
Basu, A; Lazo, JS, 1990)
"The mechanism of cellular uptake of cadmium, a highly toxic metal ion, is not known."( Cadmium uptake and toxicity via voltage-sensitive calcium channels.
Hinkle, PM; Kinsella, PA; Osterhoudt, KC, 1987)
"We studied the mechanisms by which excess copper exerts, and zinc mitigates, toxic effects on HepG2 cells."( Hepatocellular copper toxicity and its attenuation by zinc.
Blank, RR; Czaja, MJ; Scheinberg, IH; Schilsky, ML; Sternlieb, I; Stockert, RJ; Zern, MA, 1989)
" Zinc was found to be more toxic in iron-deficient animals than iron-supplemented animals as measured by hemoglobin concentrations and growth."( Studies on the role of iron in zinc toxicity in chicks.
Blalock, TL; Hill, CH, )
" In Fe-deficient animals, cadmium was found to be more toxic than in Fe supplemented animals as measured by growth."( Studies on the role of iron in the reversal of cadmium toxicity in chicks.
Blalock, TL; Hill, CH, )
"The mechanism of resistance to the toxic effects of copper was investigated using a series of copper-resistant hepatoma cell lines maintained in copper-enriched medium."( Resistance of cultured hepatoma cells to copper toxicity. Purification and characterization of the hepatoma metallothionein.
Freedman, JH; Peisach, J, 1989)
"The effect of preinduction of metallonthionein (MT) by bismuth subnitrate (BSN) on the adverse effects and antitumor activity of gamma-ray irradiation was investigated in mice."( Prevention of adverse effects of gamma-ray irradiation after metallothionein induction by bismuth subnitrate in mice.
Imura, N; Kawamura, E; Matsuzaki, N; Miura, N; Naganuma, A; Satoh, M, 1989)
" CdMT has also been demonstrated to be more toxic than Cd in cultured kidney cells, but it is not known if CdMT is more toxic to all cultured cells or if there is a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo toxicity."( Comparisons of the toxicity of CdCl2 and Cd-metallothionein in isolated rat hepatocytes.
Bracken, WM; Klaassen, CD; Sendelbach, LE, 1989)
"2) that decreases cellular levels of glutathione markedly] were sensitized to the toxic effects of CdCl2."( Glutathione, a first line of defense against cadmium toxicity.
Anderson, ME; Meister, A; Singhal, RK, 1987)
" The biological half-time of cadmium in the human kidney is considered to be very long: 10-15 years and this explains the life-long accumulation of cadmium, reaching a toxic concentration of approximately 200 ug/g in excessively exposed individuals."( On the role of metallothionein in cadmium induced renal toxicity.
Nordberg, GF; Nordberg, M, 1987)
"The effect of preinduction of metallothionein (MT) by bismuth (Bi) compounds on the toxic side effects and antitumor activity of adriamycin (ADR) was investigated in mice."( Specific reduction of toxic side effects of adriamycin by induction of metallothionein in mice.
Imura, N; Naganuma, A; Satoh, M, 1988)
"Nephrotoxicity is the dose-limiting toxic effect of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (cis-platin) in humans."( Differential toxicity of cis and trans isomers of dichlorodiammineplatinum.
Koropatnick, J; Singh, G, 1988)
" Cadmium chloride and both isoforms of CdMT were found to be toxic to hepatocytes although partial protection was afforded by the binding of cadmium to metallothionein (MT)."( The modulation by metallothionein of cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in primary hepatocyte cultures.
Beattie, JH; Denizeau, F; Marion, M, 1987)
" Upon exposure to CdCl2 in vitro (0-200 micrograms Cd/ml), a concentration dependent decrease in viability was observed in the non-pretreated cells, while no such decrease occurred in the pretreated cells indicating that these cells were more resistant to the toxic action of cadmium."( Influence of cadmium-metallothionein pretreatment on tolerance of rat kidney cortical cells to cadmium toxicity in vitro and in vivo.
Jin, T; Nordberg, GF; Nordberg, M, 1987)
" These changes are suggested as a contributing mechanism to the prevention of acute toxic effects of cadmium on the kidney."( Cadmium toxicity in kidney cells. Resistance induced by short term pretreatment in vitro and in vivo.
Jin, T; Nordberg, GF, 1986)
"Zinc pretreatment is known to ameliorate the acute and chronic effects of the toxic heavy metal, cadmium."( Protective effects of zinc acetate toward the toxicity of nickelous acetate in rats.
Kasprzak, KS; Ohshima, M; Poirier, LA; Waalkes, MP, 1985)
"Evaluation of the potential adverse human health effects of low-level chronic exposure to heavy metals is dependent on the basic knowledge of the cellular and molecular toxicology of these metals."( Rat kidney epithelial cell culture for metal toxicity studies.
Cherian, MG, 1985)
" To determine if both groups of substances act through similar biologic mechanisms, their capacity to protect macrophages from the direct toxic effects of LPS was examined in vitro."( Inhibition of LPS toxicity for macrophages by metallothionein-inducing agents.
Costa, M; Lewis, VM; Patierno, SR; Peavy, DL, 1983)
" Cadmium is also toxic to central nervous system."( Molecular basis of cadmium toxicity.
Chopra, RK; Nath, R; Palinal, VK; Prasad, R, 1984)
" These results suggested that the factor directly related to the toxic action of Cd2+ was the amount of Cd2+ not associated with MT in the liver and other organs."( Defense mechanisms against cadmium toxicity. III. Effects of pretreatment with a small oral dose of cadmium on metallothionein synthesis after a large oral dose of cadmium in mice.
Morita, S, 1984)
" The increased mortality in mice given Cd + NTA or Cd + STPP may be due to an initially high accumulation of cadmium in liver, which may exceed the upper limit for metallothionein synthesis, whereby toxic damage of the hepatic cells and leakage of cadmium from the liver would occur."( Influence of chelating agents on toxicity and distribution of cadmium among proteins of mouse liver and kidney following oral or subcutaneous exposure.
Engström, B, 1981)
" The three latter ones all showed better effect on the egress of Cd than PA and NAPA and less toxic effect than BAL on an equimolar basis."( Influence of certain chelating agents on egress of cadmium from cultured epithelial cells containing high amounts of metallothionein: a screening of Cd-releasing and toxic effects.
Aaseth, J; Bakka, A; Rugstad, HE, 1981)
"The toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg), as chloride salts, were studied using an hepatic human fetal cell line (WRL-68 cells)."( Cadmium and mercury toxicity in a human fetal hepatic cell line (WRL-68 cells).
Albores, A; Bucio, L; Cárabez, A; Chávez, E; Gutiérrez-Ruiz, MC; Sierra, A; Souza, V, 1995)
"In order to identify why cadmium is differentially toxic to humans and rats, we compared cadmium-induced cytotoxic responses in rat embryonic fibroblasts (REF) and human skin fibroblasts (HFW)."( Differential cytotoxicity of cadmium to rat embryonic fibroblasts and human skin fibroblasts.
Lee, TC; Lin, CJ; Wu, KH; Yew, FH, 1995)
" Protection against calciuria and other adverse effects such as proteinuria (occurring later) is offered by pretreatment with Cd, which effectively induces metallothionein synthesis."( Subcellular targets of cadmium nephrotoxicity: cadmium binding to renal membrane proteins in animals with or without protective metallothionein synthesis.
Jin, T; Nordberg, GF; Nordberg, M, 1994)
"Nephrotoxicity is the major adverse effect produced by chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd)."( Nephrotoxicity of CdCl2 and Cd-metallothionein in cultured rat kidney proximal tubules and LLC-PK1 cells.
Klaassen, CD; Liu, J; Liu, Y, 1994)
"Studies on the antagonism of toxicity can provide information about toxic mechanisms and suggest chemotherapeutic strategies."( Antagonism of cadmium cytotoxicity by differentiation inducers.
Shopsis, C, 1994)
" The preliminary injection of the control mixture consisted the albumin, cysteine and zinc chloride in proportions and dose corresponding to the dose 3 mg/kg of zinc-MT did not change LD50 of ethanol."( [Lowering the acute toxicity of ethanol with a zinc-metallothionein compound].
Filippovich, IV; Koterov, AN; Sazykin, AIu, 1993)
" In the study for comparison of Cd-induced toxicity, the LD50 value of the Cd-pretreatment group (Group II) was approximately 2-fold higher than that of the non-pretreatment group (Group I)."( Acute toxicity of cadmium in rats with or without cadmium pretreatment.
Hiratsuka, H; Iwata, H; Katsuta, O; Matsumoto, J; Umemura, T, 1993)
" This system was employed for toxicity screening of five algal species of Indian origin on the basis of the EC50 for LDH leakage (dose of cyanobacteria resulting in leakage of 50% of enzyme) of a known toxic cyanobacterial strain Microcystis aeruginosa (PCC 7820)."( Liver slice culture for assessing hepatotoxicity of freshwater cyanobacteria.
Bhaskar, AS; Bhattacharya, R; Dube, SN; Pant, SC; Rao, PV, 1996)
" The higher dose of Cd-MT was more toxic to the diabetic kidneys because U-NAG levels were higher in the diabetics (2."( Cadmium-metallothionein nephrotoxicity is increased in genetically diabetic as compared with normal Chinese hamsters.
Frankel, BJ; Jin, T, 1996)
"Metallothionein (MT) induction, particularly by bismuth, is proposed to protect against toxic side effects of chemotherapy drugs such as adriamycin."( Transgenic mice overexpressing metallothionein are not resistant to adriamycin cardiotoxicity.
DiSilvestro, RA; Klaassen, CD; Liu, J, 1996)
" Thus, toxic interactions of arsenic and cadmium appear to depend on the sequence of exposure."( Sequence of exposure to cadmium and arsenic determines the extent of toxic effects in male Fischer rats.
Hochadel, JF; Waalkes, MP, 1997)
"To investigate the relationship between metallothionein induction and zinc-induced tolerance to cadmium cytotoxicity at the cell level, Chang liver cells were pretreated with a wide range of concentrations of zinc sulfate and challenged with toxic levels of cadmium after removal of zinc."( Tolerance to cadmium cytotoxicity is induced by zinc through non-metallothionein mechanisms as well as metallothionein induction in cultured cells.
Fujiwara, Y; Kaji, T; Mishima, A; Yamamoto, C, 1997)
" 3MI is bioactivated to toxic intermediates by cytochrome P450 enzymes."( Production and characterization of specific antibodies: utilization to predict organ- and species-selective pneumotoxicity of 3-methylindole.
Kaster, JK; Yost, GS, 1997)
"Cadmium (Cd), the heavy metal, is toxic to the placenta."( Toxicity of cadmium in human trophoblast cells (JAr choriocarcinoma): role of calmodulin and the calmodulin inhibitor, zaldaride maleate.
Keng, PC; Miller, RK; Powlin, SS, 1997)
"Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal and a known carcinogen."( Effects of glutathione depletion on cadmium-induced metallothionein synthesis, cytotoxicity, and proto-oncogene expression in cultured rat myoblasts.
Hochadel, JF; Shimizu, M; Waalkes, MP, 1997)
"Small differences in biochemical indexes of copper nutrition were observed between the groups, but there was no evidence of adverse or toxic effects."( Copper in infant nutrition: safety of World Health Organization provisional guideline value for copper content of drinking water.
Lönnerdal, B; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Speisky, H; Uauy, R, 1998)
"No acute or chronic adverse consequences of consuming water with copper content of 31."( Copper in infant nutrition: safety of World Health Organization provisional guideline value for copper content of drinking water.
Lönnerdal, B; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Speisky, H; Uauy, R, 1998)
" These results suggest that the strain difference in renal toxicity of inorganic mercury seems to be caused by the discrepancy in renal mercury accumulation, and therefore, renal gamma-GTP may be an important factor determining the susceptibility of mice to the toxic action of inorganic mercury."( Strain difference in sensitivity of mice to renal toxicity of inorganic mercury.
Imura, N; Naganuma, A; Suzuki, M; Tanaka-Kagawa, T; Yamanaka, N, 1998)
" In the present work the effects of developmentally toxic doses of 2-ethylhexanoic acid (EHXA), 2-ethylhexanol (EHXO), and valproic acid (VPA) on Zn metabolism were investigated in the pregnant rat."( Altered zinc metabolism contributes to the developmental toxicity of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanol and valproic acid.
Bui, LM; Commisso, JF; Faber, WD; Keen, CL; Taubeneck, MW; Uriu-Hare, JY, 1998)
"Essential transition metals such as copper, molybdenum, and zinc and nonessential metals like cadmium, mercury, and lead can be toxic at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels when present in excess."( Mechanisms for protection against copper toxicity.
Dameron, CT; Harrison, MD, 1998)
"The kidney, in particular the proximal convoluted tubule, is a major target site for the toxic effects of various metals."( Exposure of cultured human proximal tubular cells to cadmium, mercury, zinc and bismuth: toxicity and metallothionein induction.
Hawksworth, GM; Jenner, W; Miles, AT; Rodilla, V, 1998)
" Subsequently, the astrocytes were treated with MeHg (10 microM), and its toxic effects on cell volume, Na+ uptake, and K+ release were investigated and compared to cells treated with or without MeHg, but in the absence of Zn pretreatment."( Induction of astrocyte metallothioneins (MTs) by zinc confers resistance against the acute cytotoxic effects of methylmercury on cell swelling, Na+ uptake, and K+ release.
Allen, JW; Aschner, M; Conklin, DR; Tan, KH; Yao, CP, 1998)
" Although its mechanism of action is unclear, arsenic is known to exert at least some of its toxic effects through interaction with sulfhydryl groups, and the non-protein sulfhydryl glutathione (GSH) appears to play an important role in detoxication of arsenic."( Effect of glutathione depletion and metallothionein gene expression on arsenic-induced cytotoxicity and c-myc expression in vitro.
Fulmer, BA; Hochadel, JF; Shimizu, M; Waalkes, MP, 1998)
" When these cells were challenged by H2O2, the transgenic cardiomyocytes displayed a significant resistance to the toxic effect of this oxidant, as measured by cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, and morphological alterations."( Metallothionein-overexpressing neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes are resistant to H2O2 toxicity.
Kang, YJ; Schuschke, DA; Wang, GW, 1999)
" Evidence of long-term adverse effects, such as cancer, due to heavy metals in marine animals comes from a number of field and experimental studies."( Genotoxicity biomarkers in the assessment of heavy metal effects in mussels: experimental studies.
Bolognesi, C; Fabbri, R; Landini, E; Roggieri, P; Viarengo, A, 1999)
"Copper ion homeostasis is complicated in that copper is an essential element needed for a variety of cellular processes but is toxic at excess levels."( Role of a Candida albicans P1-type ATPase in resistance to copper and silver ion toxicity.
Kumamoto, CA; Riggle, PJ, 2000)
" This study demonstrates the relationship between toxic effects of oxidative stressors and expression of detoxification systems in fish."( Levels of cellular glutathione and metallothionein affect the toxicity of oxidative stressors in an established carp cell line.
Carpene, E; George, S; Kindt, M; Martinez-Lara, E; Wright, J, )
" It can thus be concluded that toxic effects of chelating agents, including metal redistribution and hepatotoxicity, might be playing a crucial role in the metallothionein induction."( Possible role of metal redistribution, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in chelating agents induced hepatic and renal metallothionein in rats.
Flora, SJ; Mehta, A, 2001)
" The LD50 of Cd for mice with induced inflammation by injection with turpentine oil (Tur-mice) was higher than the LD50 in control mice."( Glucocorticoids suppress the inflammation-mediated tolerance to acute toxicity of cadmium in mice.
Fujii, M; Kim, H; Min, KS; Onosaka, S; Tetsuchikawahara, N, 2002)
"To clarify toxic effects of long-term oral administration of low dose cadmium (Cd) on the liver and kidney, six groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing Cd-polluted rice or CdCl2 at concentrations up to 40 ppm, and killed after 12, 18, and 22 months."( Relationship between toxicity and cadmium accumulation in rats given low amounts of cadmium chloride or cadmium-polluted rice for 22 months.
Akagi, T; Ando, M; Hiratsuka, H; Imazawa, T; Katsuki, Y; Mitsumori, K; Nakagawa, J; Nishijima, M; Satoh, M; Satoh, S; Shibutani, M; Sumiyoshi, M; Suzuki, J, 2001)
"The disposition and toxicity of inhaled elemental mercury (Hg0) vapor for pregnant Long-Evans rats, and potential adverse effects on reproductive outcome were investigated."( Disposition of inhaled mercury vapor in pregnant rats: maternal toxicity and effects on developmental outcome.
Barone, S; Beliles, RP; Brambila, E; Chanda, SM; Fernando, R; Liu, J; Morgan, DL; O'Connor, RW; Price, HC, 2002)
"Paraquat, a quarternary nitrogen herbicide, is a highly toxic compound for humans and animals and many cases of acute poisoning and death have been reported over the past few decades."( Role of antioxidants in paraquat toxicity.
Suntres, ZE, 2002)
" HepG2 cells overexpressing CYP2E1 (E47cells) were treated with 60 microM arachidonic acid (AA), which is known to be toxic to these cells by a mechanism dependent on CYP2E1, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation."( Metallothionein 2A induction by zinc protects HEPG2 cells against CYP2E1-dependent toxicity.
Cederbaum, AI; Pérez, MJ, 2003)
"The effect of tissue specific induction of metallothionein (MT) by preadministration of metal compounds on the antitumor activity and adverse effects of adriamycin (ADR) was examined using mice bearing colon 38 adenocarcinoma."( Modulation of adriamycin toxicity by tissue-specific induction of metallothionein synthesis in mice.
Imura, N; Naganuma, A; Satoh, M, 2000)
"We have made the unexpected discovery that copper sulfate protects Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the toxic effects of cisplatin."( Copper(II) protects yeast against the toxicity of cisplatin independently of the induction of metallothionein and the inhibition of platinum uptake.
Furuchi, T; Hasegawa, T; Inaba, S; Kajiya, K; Naganuma, A; Ohashi, K; Seko, Y, 2003)
" Since both BSN and citrate are used clinically as pharmaceuticals, the combination regimen of BSN and citrate may be readily applicable as a countermeasure against the adverse side effects of CDDP without affecting its antitumor activity."( Citrate enhances the protective effect of orally administered bismuth subnitrate against the nephrotoxicity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.
Himeno, S; Imura, N; Kondo, Y; Naganuma, A; Nishimura, T; Satoh, M, 2004)
" These results support a role for MT in the storage of Cu in a safe compartment and in sequestering an intracellular excess of Cu in response to supra-physiological Cu exposure."( Metallothionein is crucial for safe intracellular copper storage and cell survival at normal and supra-physiological exposure levels.
Cambiazo, V; Cisternas, MF; González, M; González-Agüero, M; Suazo, M; Tapia, L; Uauy, R, 2004)
"The objective of this study was to examine the toxic effects of dietary cadmium (Cd) on bank voles, being the F1 offspring of a wild-caught population."( Photoperiod affects hepatic and renal cadmium accumulation, metallothionein induction, and cadmium toxicity in the wild bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus).
Bonda, E; Krasowska, A; Włostowski, T, 2004)
"In mice, the recreational drug (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA ("ecstasy")] produces a selective toxic effect on brain dopamine (DA) neurons."( Identification and characterization of metallothionein-1 and -2 gene expression in the context of (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced toxicity to brain dopaminergic neurons.
Becker, KG; Cheadle, C; Donovan, DM; McCann, UD; Mechan, AO; Ricaurte, GA; Tong, L; Xie, T; Yuan, J, 2004)
" In contrast, adult (5 months old) bank voles appeared to be resistant to the toxic effects of dietary Cd, despite the fact that testicular Cd contents were higher and MT levels lower than those in the young animals."( Testicular toxicity induced by dietary cadmium is associated with decreased testicular zinc and increased hepatic and renal metallothionein and zinc in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus).
Bonda, E; Krasowska, A; Włostowski, T, 2004)
" Thus, the prodrug, V-PYRRO/NO, protects against the adverse effects of cadmium directly within rat liver cells apparently through generation of NO and, at least in part, by facilitation of cadmium-induced MT synthesis."( The nitric oxide prodrug, V-PYRRO/NO, protects against cadmium toxicity and apoptosis at the cellular level.
Fuquay, R; Keefer, LK; Liu, J; Qu, W; Saavedra, JE; Sakurai, T; Shimoda, R; Waalkes, MP, 2005)
"In order to explore the toxic effects of cadmium on functions of endocrine and exocrine of pancreas."( [The toxic effects of cadmium on pancreas.].
Jin, TY; Lei, LJ; Zhou, YF, 2005)
" The toxic effects of Fe-NTA were modulated in Zn-MT-enriched cells."( Metallothionein-enriched hepatocytes are resistant to ferric nitriloacetate toxicity during conditions of glutathione depletion.
Horie, T; Kawano, H; Min, KS; Onosaka, S; Tanaka, N; Tetsuchikawahara, N, 2005)
" These results suggest that zinc-induced MT expression protects dopaminergic neurons via preventing the accumulation of toxic reactive oxygen species and halting the decrease in ATP levels."( Metallothionein provides zinc-mediated protective effects against methamphetamine toxicity in SK-N-SH cells.
Ajjimaporn, A; Ebadi, M; Govitrapong, P; Shavali, S; Swinscoe, J, 2005)
" The present study was designed with the aim to investigate the mechanisms pertaining to toxic effects of copper on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to evaluate the cytoprotective effect of zinc on copper-induced cytotoxicity."( Evaluation of copper toxicity in isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and it's attenuation by zinc: ex vivo.
Kumar, S; Nada, R; Prasad, R; Singh, RP, 2006)
" The adverse effects associated with the contaminants bound to sediments were tested using juveniles of the fish Sparus aurata (seabream)."( Ecotoxicity of sediments contaminated by the oil spill associated with the tanker "Prestige" using juveniles of the fish Sparus aurata.
de Canales, ML; DelValls, TA; Jiménez-Tenorio, N; Morales-Caselles, C; Sarasquete, C, 2006)
" In conclusion, Cd is toxic to neuron-glia cultures, and the oxidative stress from microglia may play important roles in Cd-induced damage to dopaminergic neurons."( Cadmium-induced toxicity in rat primary mid-brain neuroglia cultures: role of oxidative stress from microglia.
Hong, JS; Kadiiska, MB; Liu, J; Qian, SY; Tennant, RW; Waalkes, MP; Yang, S; Yang, Z, 2007)
"Arsenic is a widespread environmental toxic agent that has been shown to cause diverse tissue and cell damage and at the same time to be an effective anti-cancer therapeutic agent."( A critical role for IkappaB kinase beta in metallothionein-1 expression and protection against arsenic toxicity.
Fan, Y; Peng, L; Peng, Z; Shertzer, HG; Xia, Y; Zandi, E, 2007)
" Arsenic was markedly less toxic in V-PYRRO/NO pretreated cells (LC(50)=30."( The nitric oxide prodrug, V-PYRRO/NO, mitigates arsenic-induced liver cell toxicity and apoptosis.
Fuquay, R; Keefer, LK; Liu, J; Qu, W; Saavedra, JE; Waalkes, MP, 2007)
" MPTP at higher concentrations inhibited the lipoamide dehydrogenase activity, whereas it's potent toxic metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) had a similar effect at lower concentration."( Role of lipoamide dehydrogenase and metallothionein on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity.
Albano, CB; Brown-Borg, H; Dhanasekaran, M; Ebadi, M; Karuppagounder, SS; Pellet, L; Suppiramaniam, V; Uthayathas, S, 2008)
" This was accredited to the antioxidant potential of zinc, as well as its ability to induce metallothionein content, which provide protection against the toxic effects of ethanol."( Effect of zinc on hepatic drug metabolism under ethanol toxicity.
Dhawan, D; Mahmood, A; Pathak, A; Pathak, R, 2008)
"Cadmium (Cd), a widely distributed toxic trace metal, has been shown to accumulate in liver after long- and short-term exposure."( The potential role of combined anti-oxidants against cadmium toxicity on liver of rats.
Bolkent, S; Koyuturk, M; Tunali, S; Yanardag, R, 2007)
"Cadmium (Cd), an industrial and environmental pollutant, is toxic to several tissues, most notably causing hepatotoxicity on acute administration and nephrotoxicity following chronic exposure."( Therapeutic efficacy of Picroliv in chronic cadmium toxicity.
Khandelwal, S; Yadav, N, 2009)
" QD toxicity may be intrinsic to their physicochemical properties, or result from the release of toxic components during breakdown."( Quantum dot nanotoxicity assessment using the zebrafish embryo.
Hamers, RJ; Heideman, W; King-Heiden, TC; Mangham, AN; Metz, KM; Nesbit, D; Pedersen, JA; Peterson, RE; Wiecinski, PN, 2009)
"Iron is used to cure iron-deficient anaemia but can also be toxic to the intestine."( Mechanisms of defence from Fe(II) toxicity in human intestinal Caco-2 cells.
Canali, R; Felsani, A; Ferruzza, S; Natoli, M; Sambuy, Y; Scarino, ML, 2009)
" This review summarizes the toxic potential of DU with emphasis on studies on thiol metabolite levels, high-energy phosphate levels, and isoprostane levels in primary rat cortical neurons."( Toxicity studies on depleted uranium in primary rat cortical neurons and in Caenorhabditis elegans: what have we learned?
Aschner, M; Jiang, GC, 2009)
" Labile Zn(II) ions were released when toxic metal ions such as Cu(II), Pb(II), Bi(III), Cd(II), Hg(II), Co(II), Ag(I), and Ni(II) bound to Zn(II)-bound metallothionein."( Spectrophotometric detection of labile zinc(II) released from metallothionein: a simple method to evaluate heavy metal toxicity.
Asano, T; Iwasaki, A; Wang, PC, 2010)
" The major physiological functions of MTs include homeostasis of essential metals Zn and Cu, protection against cytotoxicity of Cd and other toxic metals, and scavenging free radicals generated in oxidative stress."( Role of metallothionein in cadmium traffic and toxicity in kidneys and other mammalian organs.
Breljak, D; Herak-Kramberger, CM; Sabolić, I; Skarica, M, 2010)
"The results suggest that MT1 and MT2 are more effective in protecting against the toxic effects of excess nitric oxide as compared with L-NAME in the colitis rats."( Protective effects of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and metallothioneins on excess nitric oxide toxicity in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced rat colitis.
Altuner, Y; Ayhanci, A; Civi, K; Kurt, H; Ozden, H; Ustuner, D; Ustuner, MC, 2010)
" This study demonstrates that, at a concentration generally considered to be safe in the environment, nano-TiO(2) remarkably enhanced the toxicity of copper to Daphnia magna by increasing the copper bioaccumulation."( Nano-TiO2 enhances the toxicity of copper in natural water to Daphnia magna.
Cui, M; Fan, W; Liu, H; Shi, Z; Tan, C; Wang, C; Yang, X, 2011)
" These toxic responses were stronger in the hearts of MT(-/-) mice that were more vulnerable to doxorubicin-induced oxidative injury as exhibited by increased lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) expression."( Peroxiredoxins are involved in metallothionein protection from doxorubicin cardiotoxicity.
Jing, L; Peng, S; Wu, J; Wu, Y; Zhao, J; Zuo, D, 2011)
" The significant increase in mRNA levels of the corresponding genes may be considered as a defence mechanism in addition to the antioxidants against oxidative stress, as well as a detoxification mechanism against adverse effects of pesticides."( Chronic toxicity of pesticides to the mRNA expression levels of metallothioneins and cytochrome P450 1A genes in rainbow trout.
Aksakal, E; Atabeyoglu, K; Ceyhun, SB; Erdogan, O; Kirim, B, 2012)
" Hence, whether or not toxic effects accompany exposure to Hg depends upon the tissue Se:Hg molar ratio of the organism."( Selenium moderates mercury toxicity in free-ranging freshwater fish.
Berg, T; Ciesielski, TM; Eggen, GS; Jenssen, BM; Lierhagen, S; Sørmo, EG; Øverjordet, IB, 2011)
" In its organic form, this metal bioaccumulates, and can be toxic to several physiological endpoints, including the immune system."( Mercury toxicity in beluga whale lymphocytes: limited effects of selenium protection.
Frouin, H; Haulena, M; Loseto, LL; Ross, PS; Stern, GA, 2012)
" Toxic minerals such as arsenic and lead are the two most important components of BDSJS."( [Attenuation effects of compatible medicines on arsenical and lead toxicity of badu shengji san].
Gao, J; He, R; Li, J; Lu, Y; Peng, B, 2011)
"1mg CdCl₂/(kgd) for 8 and 12 weeks, the Cd concentration in blood reached to 135-140 μg/L and no toxic effects on peripheral blood lymphocytes, white blood cells (WBC) and granulocyte-monocyte (GM) progenitor cells were observed except polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) of bone marrow."( Combination effects of chronic cadmium exposure and gamma-irradiation on the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow cells in rats.
Bai, Y; Bao, Y; Chen, H; Hu, Y; Shao, C; Xu, A; Zhou, M, 2012)
" All experimental groups under study have demonstrated signs of toxic targeting, notably changes in DNA characteristics, oxidative stress (with particularities in each exposed group) and activation of anaerobiosis (Co(2+) and Co-NC)."( Evaluation of biotargeting and ecotoxicity of Co²⁺-containing nanoscale polymeric complex by applying multi-marker approach in bivalve mollusk Anodonta cygnea.
Falfushynska, H; Filyak, Y; Gnatyshyna, L; Mitina, N; Skorokhoda, T; Stoika, R; Stoliar, O; Zaichenko, A, 2012)
"The toxic effect of cadmium varies with sex in experimental animals."( Sexual dimorphism of cadmium-induced toxicity in rats: involvement of sex hormones.
Hashiguchi, T; Imamura, Y; Shimada, H; Waalkes, MP; Yasutake, A, 2012)
" The gastrointestinal mucosa is exposed to these forms of arsenic, but it is not known what toxic effect these species may have on it."( Differential toxicity and gene expression in Caco-2 cells exposed to arsenic species.
Calatayud, M; Devesa, V; Vélez, D, 2013)
" Zinc ions (Zn2+) have been shown to antagonize the toxic effects of heavy metals such as Cd2+ in some systems."( Zinc supplementation protects against cadmium accumulation and cytotoxicity in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells.
Gao, J; Han, Z; Li, J; Liu, J; Shahzad, M; Sjölinder, H; Wang, Z; Zhang, D, 2014)
"The relationship between the subcellular distribution of accumulated toxic metals into five operational fractions (subsequently combined into presumed detoxified and non-detoxified components) and toxicity in the clam Scrobicularia plana was investigated under different laboratory exposures."( Toxicity and the fractional distribution of trace metals accumulated from contaminated sediments by the clam Scrobicularia plana exposed in the laboratory and the field.
Bonnail-Miguel, E; Bury, NR; Kalman, J; Rainbow, PS; Smith, BD, 2015)
" lineatus, and that the maximum permitted Ni concentration set in Brazilian legislation (25 µg L(-1)) for freshwaters is not safe for this species."( Bioaccumulation of nickel and its biochemical and genotoxic effects on juveniles of the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus.
Martinez, CB; Palermo, FF; Risso, WE; Simonato, JD, 2015)
"The individual toxic effects of aluminum and acrylamide are known but there is no data on their combined effects."( Co-exposure to aluminum and acrylamide disturbs expression of metallothionein, proinflammatory cytokines and induces genotoxicity: Biochemical and histopathological changes in the kidney of adult rats.
Boudawara, T; Ellouze Chaabouni, S; Fendri, N; Ghorbel, I; Jamoussi, K; Maktouf, S; Zeghal, N, 2016)
"The toxic effects of CdSe/ZnS QDs on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at different developmental stages were investigated in this study."( [Toxic effects of CdSe/ZnS QDs to zebrafish embryos].
Chen, MF; Huang, CZ; Jin, L; Jin, XX; Pu, DY; Yuan, KM; Zhang, YG; Zheng, CY, 2015)
"Arsenic (As), a toxic metalloid, is one of the major global concerns."( Protective Effects of Zinc Against Acute Arsenic Toxicity by Regulating Antioxidant Defense System and Cumulative Metallothionein Expression.
Bansal, MP; Ganger, R; Garg, ML; Garla, R; Mohanty, BP, 2016)
"Polluted ecosystems may contain mixtures of metals, such that the combinations of metals, even in low concentrations, may cause adverse effects."( Low concentrations of metal mixture exposures have adverse effects on selected biomarkers of Xenopus laevis tadpoles.
Ozmen, M; Yologlu, E, 2015)
"Cadmium (Cd) is one of the major transitional metals that have toxic effects on aquatic organisms."( Effect of cadmium-polluted diet on growth, salinity stress, hepatotoxicity of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Protective effect of Zn(II)-curcumin.
Chen, M; Chen, SJ; Liu, YJ; Niu, J; Tian, LX; Xu, DH; Yu, YY, 2016)
" In this context although more investigation is needed to understand the mechanistic pathway relating the biochemical and cellular biomarker analyzed to reproductive alterations, the obtained results give an early contribution to the future development of an adverse outcomes pathways for MWCNTs exposure."( Multibiomarker response in the earthworm Eisenia fetida as tool for assessing multi-walled carbon nanotube ecotoxicity.
Calisi, A; Dondero, F; Grimaldi, A; Leomanni, A; Lionetto, MG; Schettino, T, 2016)
" A number of in vivo and in vitro studies showed that upregulated MT biosynthesis in blood components are related to toxic levels of As."( Arsenic Induction of Metallothionein and Metallothionein Induction Against Arsenic Cytotoxicity.
De Ley, M; Rahman, MT, )
"Bioaccumulation of trivalent (CrIII) and hexavalent chromium (CrVI), and its adverse effects were studied in two rotifer species: Brachionus calyciflorus (two different strains), and Lecane quadridentata."( Adverse effects and bioconcentration of chromium in two freshwater rotifer species.
Alvarado-Flores, J; Hernández-Ruiz, E; Rico-Martínez, R; Rubio-Franchini, I; Ventura-Juárez, J, 2016)
"Cadmium (Cd) has known to produce many adverse effects on organs including placenta."( Increasing CACNA1C expression in placenta containing high Cd level: an implication of Cd toxicity.
Cheunchoojit, S; Hipkaeo, W; Phuapittayalert, L; Saenganantakarn, P; Sakulsak, N; Supanpaiboon, W, 2016)
"Cadmium (Cd), classified as human carcinogen, is an extremely toxic heavy metal pollutant, and there is an increasing environmental concern for cadmium exposure through anthropogenic sources including cigarette smoke."( Effect of surfactant in mitigating cadmium oxide nanoparticle toxicity: Implications for mitigating cadmium toxicity in environment.
Anthony, SP; Balmuri, SR; Golokhvast, KS; Kumar, VV; Raman, T; Selvaraj, U; Tsatsakis, AM, 2017)
" These results suggest that the observed toxic effects of Cd are, at least in part, mediated by the disruption of maternal Zn metabolism during pregnancy leading to Zn depletion and thus to perturbation of prenatal bone formation."( Involvement of Zn Depletion in Cd-Induced Toxicity on Prenatal Bone Formation in Rat.
Banni, M; Boughammoura, S; Chemek, M; Messaoudi, I; Mimouna, SB, 2017)
"Cadmium (Cd) and excess copper (Cu) are toxic to plants, causing a wide range of deleterious effects including the formation of reactive oxygen species."( H₂O₂ Is Involved in the Metallothionein-Mediated Rice Tolerance to Copper and Cadmium Toxicity.
Hou, D; Li, Y; Lv, S; Wang, F; Xu, H; Zhang, H, 2017)
" Pb is toxic to aquatic organisms and can provoke damage to membranes and inhibit the activity of essential enzymes."( Assessing lead toxicity in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum: Bioaccumulation and biochemical responses.
Aouini, F; Blasco, J; Elcafsi, M; Trombini, C; Volland, M, 2018)
"Selenium (Se) is an essential trace-element that becomes toxic when present at high concentrations for aquatic organisms."( Bioaccumulation, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress of the acute exposure selenium in Oreochromis mossambicus.
Faggio, C; Gobi, N; Rekha, R; Vaseeharan, B; Vijayakumar, S, 2018)
"Sulfur has been shown to mitigate the toxic effects of metals on soil organisms."( Effects of sulfur on the toxicity of cadmium to Folsomia candida in red earth and paddy soil in southern Fujian.
Deng, J; Guo, P; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Su, H; Wu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2020)
"Cadmium (Cd) is a well-characterized toxic heavy metal which could cause severe kidney injury."( Liver-derived exosome-laden lncRNA MT1DP aggravates cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity.
Dong, Z; Gao, M; Li, C; Liu, S; Liu, W; Shang, X; Sun, J; Wu, Y; Xu, M; Yang, X; Zhu, P, 2020)
" With exposure to Hg, the mRNA level of SOD increased strikingly but the transcript levels of hsp90, hk, and pk decreased significantly, indicating that Hg induced toxic events (e."( Warmer temperature increases mercury toxicity in a marine copepod.
Bai, Z; Wang, M, 2020)
"Cadmium (Cd) is amongst the most toxic heavy metals that severely affects crop growth, whereas application of nanoparticles (NPs) to negate the toxic effects of heavy metals could be an effective management approach."( ZnO nanoparticle-based seed priming modulates early growth and enhances physio-biochemical and metabolic profiles of fragrant rice against cadmium toxicity.
Ashraf, U; Li, W; Li, Y; Liang, L; Ma, L; Mo, Z; Pan, S; Tang, X; Tian, H, 2021)
" Unlike traditional probiotics, pGSMT/MG1363 lacks a history of safe use in food."( Subacute safety assessment of recombinant Lactococcus lactis on the gut microbiota of male Sprague-Dawley rats.
Bai, W; Cao, C; Chen, G; Huang, Y; Tian, L; Xiao, X; Yang, Z, 2021)
" There were no adverse effects on the analyzed serum biochemical parameters between the pGSMT/MG1363 group and the MG1363 group."( Subacute safety assessment of recombinant Lactococcus lactis on the gut microbiota of male Sprague-Dawley rats.
Bai, W; Cao, C; Chen, G; Huang, Y; Tian, L; Xiao, X; Yang, Z, 2021)
"Compared to the non-GM strain MG1363 group, administration of the recombinant strain pGSMT/MG1363 for 6 weeks showed no adverse effects on the analyzed physiological parameters and gut microbial compositions of male Sprague-Dawley rats."( Subacute safety assessment of recombinant Lactococcus lactis on the gut microbiota of male Sprague-Dawley rats.
Bai, W; Cao, C; Chen, G; Huang, Y; Tian, L; Xiao, X; Yang, Z, 2021)
" While effects on GST and COX activities were marginal, MT levels were more strongly increased with the 2 most toxic REEs (Y and Sm) and Gd, while MT levels were decreased in the least toxic ones (Tb, Lu)."( Insights on the toxicity of selected rare earth elements in rainbow trout hepatocytes.
André, C; Gagné, F; Hanana, H; Kowalczyk, J, 2021)
"In natural environment, the existence of interactions of toxic mixtures could induce diverse biochemical pathways and consequently exert different toxicological responses in aquatic organisms."( The cadmium toxicity in gills of Mytilus coruscus was accentuated by benzo(a)pyrene of higher dose but not lower dose.
Li, P; Wang, H; Xu, K, 2021)
"Cadmium (Cd) is toxic non-essential heavy metal that precipitates adverse health effects in humans and animals."( Protective Role of the Essential Trace Elements in the Obviation of Cadmium Toxicity: Glimpses of Mechanisms.
Bhattacharya, S, 2022)
"Thallium (TI) is one of the most toxic heavy metals."( The acute systemic toxicity of thallium in rats produces oxidative stress: attenuation by metallothionein and Prussian blue.
Aguirre-Vidal, Y; Anaya-Ramos, L; Baron-Flores, V; Díaz-Ruíz, A; García-Jiménez, S; Mendez-Armenta, M; Monroy-Noyola, A; Montes, S; Ríos, C, 2021)
" Interestingly, significant corrections have been noted following Zn supplementation based, essentially, on its ability to interact with the toxic metal."( Interference with zinc homeostasis and oxidative stress induction as probable mechanisms for cadmium-induced embryo-toxicity in zebrafish.
Chouchene, L; Gueguen, MM; Kah, O; Kessabi, K; Messaoudi, I; Pakdel, F, 2022)
"5 times more toxic than arsenite."( Arsenate and arsenite differential toxicity in Tetrahymena thermophila.
Amaro, F; de Francisco, P; Díaz, S; Gutiérrez, JC; Herráiz, M; Martín-González, A; Murciano, A; Rodríguez-Martín, D, 2022)
" Results of these experiments confirmed the hypothesis that GO affects the accumulation of metals and mitigates their toxic effects on organism."( The impact of co-treatment with graphene oxide and metal mixture on Salmo trutta at early development stages: The sorption capacity and potential toxicity.
Butrimienė, R; Jokšas, K; Jurgelėnė, Ž; Karabanovas, V; Kazlauskienė, N; Montvydienė, D; Morkvėnas, A; Pakštas, V; Pažusienė, J; Sauliutė, G; Šemčuk, S; Stankevičiūtė, M, 2022)
"Cadmium is a toxic element to which man can be exposed at work or in the environment."( The mechanism of the cadmium-induced toxicity and cellular response in the liver.
Bucio-Ortiz, L; Fabián, JJ; Gomez-Quiroz, LE; Gutiérrez-Ruiz, MC; Miranda-Labra, RU; Souza-Arroyo, V, 2022)

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReference
" Due to the pharmacokinetic properties of 99mTc-MT-F(ab')2 and the half-life of 99mTc, 99mTc-MT-F(ab')2 is the agent best suited for imaging."( Pharmacokinetics of 99mTc-metallothionein-B72.3 and its F(ab')2 fragment.
Brown, BA; Dearborn, CB; Drozynski, CA; Sands, H, 1990)
" a) In terms of the nephrotoxic factors, the Cmax of platinum did not increase dose-dependently, and total clearance of platinum was constant under the same time of injection; b) As for the antitumor effect, AUC of ultrafilterable (free) platinum increased dose-dependently."( [A method of cisplatin administration with the aid of high-dose bismuth subnitrate, and their pharmacokinetics].
Kawamura, E; Morikawa, T, 1989)
"In the present work, a set of generic parameters was proposed for a pharmacokinetic model, with the objective of predicting Cd concentration in the tissues of diverse fish species under different environmental conditions."( Generic parameterization for a pharmacokinetic model to predict Cd concentrations in several tissues of different fish species.
Alonso, AA; Balsa-Canto, E; Franco-Uría, A; Otero-Muras, I; Roca, E, 2010)

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReference
"To assess heat-induced membrane damage in a prostate cancer cell line when combined with adriamycin treatment."( Heat-induced membrane damage combined with adriamycin on prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells: correlation of cytotoxicity, permeability and P-glycoprotein or metallothionein expression.
Igawa, M; Moriyama-Gonda, N; Shiina, H; Wada, Y, 1998)
"Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) combined with surface plasmon resonance (SPR), SECM-SPR, was applied for real-time detection of the incorporation of Cu(2+) by apo-metallothionein (apo-MT) immobilized on the SPR substrate and release of Cu(2+) from surface-confined metallothionein (MT)."( Real-time detection of Cu2+ sequestration and release by immobilized apo-metallothioneins using SECM combined with SPR.
Chen, Q; Gao, Y; Guo, J; Xiang, J; Xin, Y; Zhou, F, 2008)

Bioavailability

Metallothioneins play a key role in Zn-related cell homeostasis due to their high affinity for Zn. Metallothionein control the bioavailability of zinc and one isoform, MT1G, was reported down-regulated in prostate cancer.

ExcerptReference
" Factors influencing the bioavailability and probable uptake routes are identified."( Binding and detoxification of heavy metals in lower vertebrates with reference to metallothionein.
Haux, C; Hogstrand, C, 1991)
" These data support the hypothesis that metallothionein serves to regulate the intracellular bioavailability of essential cations, functioning as a reservoir or conduit through which metals are donated to enzymes which require them as cofactors."( Activation of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase following donation of zinc from kidney metallothionein.
Fowler, BA; Goering, PL, 1987)
" It attempts to examine in kinetic terms how such molecules may exert homeostatic control over the intracellular bioavailability of metal ions to essential enzymatic or other molecular systems."( Roles of metallothionein and related proteins in metal metabolism and toxicity: problems and perspectives.
Fowler, BA; Petering, DH, 1986)
" This study proved that lung compartmental cadmium and metallothionein contents as well as lung lavage analysis can describe the bioavailability of inhaled cadmium."( Bioavailability indicators of inhaled cadmium compounds.
Glaser, U; Hochrainer, D; Klöppel, H, 1986)
"The bioavailability of lead in kidney is mediated in part by binding to endogenous high-affinity cytosolic lead-binding proteins (PbBP), which are not detectable in liver."( Mechanism of renal lead-binding protein reversal of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase inhibition by lead.
Fowler, BA; Goering, PL, 1985)
" There are only a few measurements of cadmium bioavailability in foods; however, the data are indicative of lower utilization from foods than from inorganic salts."( Cadmium bioavailability.
Fox, MR, 1983)
" 265, 11030-11034] but also for metallothionein; (b) in the case of metallothionein, physiological concentrations of GSH protect the protein from autoxidation in air and facilitate Cu(I)-thiolate exchange; (c) the natural metal composition of metallothionein may be related to metal bioavailability rather than to evolutionary changes in protein structure."( Copper(I) transfer into metallothionein mediated by glutathione.
Ciriolo, MR; Ferreira, AM; Marcocci, L; Rotilio, G, 1993)
" Consequently, both erythrocyte metallothionein and monocyte metallothionein mRNA may prove to be measures useful for assessment of either zinc depletion or the bioavailability of zinc supplements."( Metallothionein expression is increased in monocytes and erythrocytes of young men during zinc supplementation.
Burnett, FR; Cousins, RJ; Sullivan, VK, 1998)
"Four experiments were conducted to identify several factors that might improve the accuracy and reproducibility of Zn bioavailability assays for chicks."( Performance and tissue zinc and metallothionein accumulation in chicks fed a high dietary level of zinc.
Ammerman, CB; Henry, PR; Littell, RC; Luo, XG; Miles, RD; Sandoval, M, 1998)
" Adequate intake of sulfur amino acid following methionine supplementation might increase the bioavailability of glutathione, facilitating the prevention of the binding of cadmium to different compartments and consequently reversing cadmium-induced biochemical disorders."( Effects of thiamin and methionine administration in preventing cadmium-induced biochemical alterations and metal concentration in male rats.
Flora, SJ; Gubrelay, U; Mathur, R; Srivastava, P; Tripathi, N, 1998)
" The catalysis of destruction of zinc-sulfur clusters by water-soluble organotellurium compounds could have implications for the bioavailability of zinc in vivo."( Water-soluble organotellurium compounds: catalytic protection against peroxynitrite and release of zinc from metallothionein.
Arteel, GE; Engman, L; Jacob, C; Kanda, T; Sies, H, 2000)
" Because members of the metallothionein (MT) family of zinc and copper binding proteins function as important cellular regulators of metal ion bioavailability in the central nervous system, we used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to study the expression pattern of these molecules in a transgenic mouse model of familial ALS."( Metallothionein expression is altered in a transgenic murine model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Elliott, JL; Gong, YH, 2000)
" Three experiments were conducted to estimate the relative bioavailability of Zn from the organic Zn supplements for chicks and lambs when added at high dietary levels to practical diets."( Chemical characteristics and relative bioavailability of supplemental organic zinc sources for poultry and ruminants.
Ammerman, CB; Cao, J; Guo, R; Henry, PR; Holwerda, RA; Littell, RC; Miles, RD; Toth, JP, 2000)
" The potential bioavailability of Cd in organisms was assessed through partitioning at the cell or tissue levels, and the predictive value of this method was evaluated by determining directly the metal transfer in an experimental food chain model."( Determination of cadmium partitioning in microalgae and oysters: contribution to the assessment of trophic transfer.
Amiard, JC; Berthet, B; Chevolot, L; Ettajani, H, 2001)
" Intersite differences were observed, probably resulting from the gradient of salinity in the estuary, which interacts with both the chemical speciation and bioavailability of metals, and the general protein metabolism of the crabs."( Comparison of metallothionein concentrations and tissue distribution of trace metals in crabs (Pachygrapsus marmoratus) from a metal-rich estuary, in and out of the reproductive season.
Amiard, JC; Amiard-Triquet, C; Mouneyrac, C; Rainbow, PS, 2001)
" Stress-like condition is instead constant in the old age, and this causes continuous stealing of intracellular zinc by MTs and consequent low bioavailability of zinc ions for immune, endocrine, and cerebral functions."( Zinc-bound metallothioneins as potential biological markers of ageing.
Bertoni-Freddari, C; Cipriano, C; Fattoretti, P; Giacconi, R; Isani, G; Mocchegiani, E; Muzzioli, M; Zambenedetti, P; Zatta, P, 2001)
" This phenomenon causes increased MTs levels on the one hand, but on the other hand induces low zinc ion bioavailability for normal immune responses."( Zinc, metallothioneins, immune responses, survival and ageing.
Giacconi, R; Mocchegiani, E; Muzzioli, M, 2000)
" Liver MTmRNA, IL-6 and glucocorticoids levels are high, whereas the bioavailability of zinc ions is low and natural killer cells activity is depressed in old and very old mice during the light period as compared to young in the same period."( MtmRNA gene expression, via IL-6 and glucocorticoids, as potential genetic marker of immunosenescence: lessons from very old mice and humans.
Cavalieri, E; Cipriano, C; Gasparini, N; Giacconi, R; Mariani, E; Mocchegiani, E; Moresi, R; Muzzioli, M; Stecconi, R; Suzuki, H, )
" In constant oxidative stress (ageing and liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy), high liver Zn-MTs, low zinc ion bioavailability and depressed TTA efficiency appear."( Metallothioneins (I+II) and thyroid-thymus axis efficiency in old mice: role of corticosterone and zinc supply.
Carpenè, E; Cipriano, C; Gasparini, N; Giacconi, R; Isani, G; Mocchegiani, E; Muzzioli, M; Orlando, F; Stecconi, R, 2002)
" The approach tested here has proved viable in helping to interpret trends in bioavailability and the toxicological significance of accumulated metal burdens in Thames eels."( Metallothionein in liver of eels Anguilla anguilla from the Thames Estuary: an indicator of environmental quality?
Burt, GR; Chesman, BS; Langston, WJ; McEvoy, J; Pope, ND, 2002)
" Although these metals are tightly bound to the wood fibers and are not released under most conditions of use, we examined the bioavailability of metals in CCA pressure-treated wood dust in vitro."( In vitro bioavailability of heavy metals in pressure-treated wood dust.
Butala, JH; Gordon, T; Li, P; Rossman, TG; Spanier, J, 2002)
" Bioavailability of specific classes of pollutants was evaluated by analyzing levels of metallothioneins, the activity of cytochrome P450 1A (CYPIA) and of glutathione S-transferases."( Application of biomarkers for assessing the biological impact of dredged materials in the Mediterranean: the relationship between antioxidant responses and susceptibility to oxidative stress in the red mullet (Mullus barbatus).
Bompadre, S; Giuliani, S; Gorbi, S; Pellegrini, D; Regoli, F; Virno-Lamberti, C; Winston, GW, 2002)
" Multiple molecular biomarkers provided a sensitive, physiologically based method of determining contaminant presence and bioavailability to aquatic organisms."( Laboratory and field validation of multiple molecular biomarkers of contaminant exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Burton, GA; Lattier, D; McClain, JS; Oris, JT, 2003)
" These findings clearly demonstrate that the sequester of zinc by MTs in ageing is deleterious because leading to low zinc ion bioavailability with subsequent impairment of PARP-1 and NK cell activity and appearance of severe infections."( Metallothioneins/PARP-1/IL-6 interplay on natural killer cell activity in elderly: parallelism with nonagenarians and old infected humans. Effect of zinc supply.
Cavalieri, E; Cipriano, C; Franceschi, C; Gaetti, R; Gasparini, N; Giacconi, R; Mocchegiani, E; Muzzioli, M; Suzuki, H, 2003)
" In old age, high metallothionein (I+II) (MT) sequesters a substantial number of intracellular zinc ions consequently leading to low zinc ion bioavailability for an adequate immune response."( Metallothionein (I+II) confers, via c-myc, immune plasticity in oldest mice: model of partial hepatectomy/liver regeneration.
Cabassi, E; Cipriano, C; Corradi, A; Gasparini, N; Giacconi, R; Mocchegiani, E; Muzzioli, M; Orlando, F, )
" However, due to the low absorption rate of Bi from the gastrointestinal tract, the efficacy of BSN in inducing renal MT is low."( Citrate enhances the protective effect of orally administered bismuth subnitrate against the nephrotoxicity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.
Himeno, S; Imura, N; Kondo, Y; Naganuma, A; Nishimura, T; Satoh, M, 2004)
" Differences in bioavailability and distribution of low-dose Cd given in various diets to newborns could be detected by the proposed piglet model."( A piglet model for studies of gastrointestinal uptake of cadmium in neonates.
Eklund, G; Oskarsson, A; Tallkvist, J, 2004)
" Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, MTmRNA and zinc ion bioavailability were also evaluated and compared with nonagenarians and old patients affected by carotid stenosis."( The -174G/C polymorphism of IL-6 is useful to screen old subjects at risk for atherosclerosis or to reach successful ageing.
Albanese, F; Boccoli, G; Cipriano, C; Franceschi, C; Giacconi, R; Mocchegiani, E; Olivieri, F; Saba, V, 2004)
" In very old mice, this phenomenon allows limited sequester of intracellular zinc from MT leading to good free zinc ion bioavailability for immune efficiency and zinc-dependent PARP-1 activity."( The variations during the circadian cycle of liver CD1d-unrestricted NK1.1+TCR gamma/delta+ cells lead to successful ageing. Role of metallothionein/IL-6/gp130/PARP-1 interplay in very old mice.
Bernardini, G; Cavalieri, E; Ciampa, AR; Cipriano, C; Gasparini, N; Giacconi, R; Malavolta, M; Menegazzi, M; Mocchegiani, E; Muzzioli, M; Suzuki, H, 2004)
" As this method tests bound and unbound zinc, we also investigated free zinc ion bioavailability based on the ratio active thymulin/total thymulin."( Metallothionein isoforms (I+II and III) and interleukin-6 in the hippocampus of old rats: may their concomitant increments lead to neurodegeneration?
Bertoni-Freddari, C; Casoli, T; Cipriano, C; DiStefano, G; Fattoretti, P; Giacconi, R; Malavolta, M; Mocchegiani, E; Muti, E, 2004)
" As a consequence, low zinc ion bioavailability appears for thymic and extrathymic immune efficiency, in particular, of liver NKT cells bearing TCR gd."( Zinc, immune plasticity, aging, and successful aging: role of metallothionein.
Bracci, M; Cipriano, C; Giacconi, R; Malavolta, M; Mocchegiani, E; Muti, E; Muzzioli, M; Rogo, C, 2004)
" The bioavailability of Zn was enhanced as a result of Cd preexposure."( Cd and Zn uptake kinetics in Daphnia magna in relation to Cd exposure history.
Guan, R; Wang, WX, 2004)
" Metallothioneins control the bioavailability of zinc and one isoform, MT1G, was reported down-regulated in prostate cancer."( MT1G hypermethylation is associated with higher tumor stage in prostate cancer.
Carvalho, AL; Costa, VL; Henrique, R; Hoque, MO; Jerónimo, C; Lopes, C; Nomoto, S; Oliveira, J; Sidransky, D; Teixeira, MR, 2005)
" Substantially higher concentrations of both MT and Cd were recorded in mussels inhabiting estuarine locations, possibly indicating a markedly higher Cd bioavailability at these locations."( Evaluation of the Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. digestive gland metallothionein as a biomarker in a long-term field study: seasonal and spatial variability.
Erk, M; Filipović-Marijić, V; Ivanković, D; Pavicić, J; Raspor, B, 2005)
" particulate phase) and to examine metal bioavailability in mussels exposed to municipal effluents."( Exposure of caged mussels to metals in a primary-treated municipal wastewater plume.
Blaise, C; Gagné, F; Gagnon, C; Salazar, MH; Salazar, SM; Saulnier, I; Turcotte, P, 2006)
" Metallothioneins play a key role in Zn-related cell homeostasis due to their high affinity for Zn, which is in turn relevant against oxidative stress and immune responses, including natural killer (NK) cell activity and ageing, since NK activity and Zn ion bioavailability decrease in ageing."( Zinc: a multipurpose trace element.
Dona, A; Maravelias, C; Spiliopoulou, C; Stefanidou, M, 2006)
" Addition of Cu into CdR cell cultures enhanced the expression of LO mRNA, protein and catalytic activities reflecting limitation of Cu bioavailability for LO in these cells."( Inhibition of the expression of lysyl oxidase and its substrates in cadmium-resistant rat fetal lung fibroblasts.
Chou, IN; Gao, S; Li, W; Stone, P; Toselli, P; Zhao, Y, 2006)
" In some cases such as in the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulatus, there is a trade off between bioavailability of toxicants (e."( Pollution biomarkers in estuarine animals: critical review and new perspectives.
Bianchini, A; Ferreira-Cravo, M; Geracitano, LA; Lopes Leães Pinho, G; Lund Amado, L; Martinez Gaspar Martins, C; Martínez, PE; Monserrat, JM; Soares Chaves, I; Ventura-Lima, J, )
" maenas to evaluate bioavailability associated with metals present in dredged material."( The use of a metallothionein-like-proteins (MTLP) kinetic approach for metal bioavailability monitoring in dredged material.
Blasco, J; de la Reguera, DF; DelValls, A; Kalman, J; Martín-Díaz, ML; Riba, I, 2007)
"The bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb from two metal-contaminated sediments (Bidassoa and Dunkerque) was studied using Crassostrea gigas larvae exposed to sediment elutriates."( Bioaccumulation of metals in sediment elutriates and their effects on growth, condition index, and metallothionein contents in oyster larvae.
Amiard, JC; Amiard-Triquet, C; Geffard, A; Geffard, O; His, E, 2007)
" The battery of biomarkers tested resulted in showing and linking the bioavailability of various contaminants and sediment characteristics to the toxicity of the different sediments."( Biomarkers study for sediment quality assessment in spanish ports using the crab Carcinus maenas and the clam Ruditapes philippinarum.
Blasco, J; Delvalls, TA; Martín-Díaz, ML; Sales, D, 2007)
" The low level of 64Cu bound to the LO fraction and the high level of 64Cu bound to the MT fraction provide direct evidence for limitation of Cu bioavailability for LO existing in the CdR cells."( Perturbation of copper (Cu) homeostasis and expression of Cu-binding proteins in cadmium-resistant lung fibroblasts.
Chou, DK; Chou, IN; Gao, S; Li, W; Stone, P; Toselli, P; Zhao, Y, 2007)
" The bioavailability of metals appears to be a major factor in MT synthesis, and the measurement of MT and associated metals is shown to be a useful tool for biological exposure and effects monitoring in pelagic systems."( Hepatic metallothionein and total oxyradical scavenging capacity in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua caged in open sea contamination gradients.
Burt, GR; Chesman, BS; Langston, WJ; O'Hara, S, 2007)
" Bioavailability of organic and inorganic forms of Cd was similar, but subsequent Cd distribution within organs was different."( Comparison of transfer and effects of Cd on rats exposed in a short experimental snail-rat food chain or to CdCl2 dosed food.
Badot, PM; Berthelot, A; Coeurdassier, M; Cosson, RP; de Vaufleury, A; Devaux, S; Gimbert, F; Hispard, F; Martin, H; Richert, L; Scheifler, R, 2008)
" The use of different soft tissues also can solve the problem of defecation to reduce error in interpreting the bioavailability of heavy metals in the intertidal area."( Telescopium telescopium as potential biomonitors of Cu, Zn, and Pb for the tropical intertidal area.
Azlan, A; Ismail, A; Ismail, AR; Noorhaidah, A; Nor Azwady, AA; Siraj, SS; Tan, SG; Yap, CK, 2009)
" This approach should lead to increasing the bioavailability of these trace elements and hence to reducing their emission into the environment."( Isolation and biomass production of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain binding copper and zinc ions.
Delroisse, JM; Delva, J; Delvigne, F; Portetelle, D; Stroobants, A; Vandenbol, M, 2009)
" Temporal changes in environmental bioavailability and biological effects of pollutants were assessed by integrating analyses of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulated in tissues of caged mussels with a wide array of biomarkers reflecting exposure to specific classes of pollutants and different levels of cellular unbalance or toxicity."( Contaminant accumulation and biomarker responses in caged mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, to evaluate bioavailability and toxicological effects of remobilized chemicals during dredging and disposal operations in harbour areas.
Bocchetti, R; Fattorini, D; Macchia, S; Oliviero, L; Pellegrini, D; Pilato, F; Pisanelli, B; Regoli, F, 2008)
" It is essential that these new molecular findings be used to evaluate the bioavailability of and nutritional need for Cu and Zn in livestock."( Transporters in the absorption and utilization of zinc and copper.
Hill, GM; Link, JE, 2009)
" The chemical analysis of these bioindicators establishes, therefore, a sensitive method for the measurement of bioavailability which, over the years, allows for the quantification of the current pollution agents in the environment."( Heavy metals in the fishery products of low Lazio and the use of metallothionein as a biomarker of contamination.
Papetti, P; Rossi, G, 2009)
"An experiment was conducted to estimate relative bioavailability of Zn in 3 organic zinc sources with different chelation strength (Q(f)) compared with ZnSO(4)."( Relative bioavailabilities of organic zinc sources with different chelation strengths for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet.
Huang, YL; Li, SF; Liu, B; Lu, L; Luo, XG, 2009)
" The purpose of this study was to determine the size distribution of CdTe in freshwater, bioavailability and potential toxic effects of cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QD) to the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata."( Effects of cadmium telluride quantum dots on cadmium bioaccumulation and metallothionein production to the freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata.
Gagné, F; Gagnon, C; Peyrot, C; Sauvé, S; Turcotte, P; Willkinson, KJ, 2009)
" The use of the parameter AR, which involves the kinetic patterns of the battery of biomarkers tested, was found to be a powerful and sensitive tool for evaluating the bioavailability and adverse effects of contaminants bound to sediments, enabling polluted and nonpolluted sites to be easily distinguished."( The use of a kinetic biomarker approach for in situ monitoring of littoral sediments using the crab Carcinus maenas.
Blasco, J; DelValls, TA; Martín-Díaz, ML; Sales, D, 2009)
"Internal bioavailability of zinc (Zn) in the liver and intestine of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated following exposure to 150 or 600microgl(-1) waterborne Zn, 45 or 135microg dietary Zng(-1)fishday(-1), and a combination of 150microgl(-1) waterborne and 45microgdietaryZng(-1)fishday(-1) for 40 days."( Internal bioavailability of waterborne and dietary zinc in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Preferential detoxification of dietary zinc.
Kamunde, C; Sappal, R, 2009)
" Using an integrative approach it was established that, although bioaccumulation is in general accordance with sediment contamination, lethality and biomarker responses are not linearly dependent of the cumulative concentrations of sediment contaminants but rather of their bioavailability and synergistic effects in organisms."( Biochemical endpoints on juvenile Solea senegalensis exposed to estuarine sediments: the effect of contaminant mixtures on metallothionein and CYP1A induction.
Caeiro, S; Caetano, M; Costa, MH; Costa, PM; DelValls, TA; Diniz, MS; Ferreira, AM; Lobo, J; Martins, M; Vale, C, 2009)
" Filter-feeding bivalve mollusks such as oysters are valuable model species for characterizing nanoparticle bioavailability and interactions with basic cellular processes."( The effects of silver nanoparticles on oyster embryos.
Bates, TC; Carroll, DL; McCarthy, M; Ringwood, AH, 2010)
"Mice lacking the pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PappA) gene exhibit diminished localized IGF-1 bioavailability and a 30% increase in mean life span."( In vivo analysis of gene expression in long-lived mice lacking the pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PappA) gene.
Bartke, A; Masternak, MM; Swindell, WR, 2010)
" Previous studies provide somewhat limited evidence for bioavailability of Au NPs in food webs, because the spatial distribution within tissues and the speciation of Au was not determined."( Evidence for bioavailability of Au nanoparticles from soil and biodistribution within earthworms (Eisenia fetida).
Bertsch, PM; Hunyadi, SE; Rao, W; Shoults-Wilson, WA; Tsyusko, OV; Unrine, JM, 2010)
" However, the form in which cadmium is presented to consumers can alter the bioavailability and possibly the internal distribution of assimilated Cd."( The influence of metal speciation on the bioavailability and sub-cellular distribution of cadmium to the terrestrial isopod, Porcellio dilatatus.
Calhôa, CF; Mann, RM; Monteiro, MS; Soares, AM, 2011)
" This was done to enhance the scarce knowledge on the bioavailability of metals bound to sediment and their capacity to interact with the bioindicator species."( Effects of "in vivo" exposure to toxic sediments on juveniles of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).
Brundo, MV; D'Agata, A; De Domenico, E; Fasulo, S; Ferrante, M; Gioffrè, G; Giordano, D; Maisano, M; Mauceri, A; Natalotto, A, 2011)
" Hepatic Ag contents and changes in gene expression were monitored to provide insights on bioavailability and mode of action of both forms of silver."( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles to rainbow trout: a toxicogenomic approach.
André, C; Auclair, J; Gagné, F; Gagnon, C; Gélinas, M; Skirrow, R; Turcotte, P; van Aggelen, G, 2012)
" Significantly elevated sediment concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Ag, Zn, and metallothionein were found in one impoundment, Lake Conestee, compared with the reference site, indicating both the presence and bioavailability of these metals."( Assessment of heavy metal and PAH exposure in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in the Reedy River watershed, South Carolina, USA: a multi-season assessment of metallothionein and bile fluorescence.
Klaine, SJ; Otter, RR; Schreiber, EA; van den Hurk, P, 2012)
" However, how such changes in structure potentially affect the bioavailability and toxicity of metal nanoparticles to aquatic organisms remains mostly unknown."( Bioaccumulation and biomarker responses of cubic and octahedral Cu2O micro/nanocrystals in Daphnia magna.
Cui, M; Fan, W; Guo, L; Liu, H; Shi, Z; Wang, X; Yang, X; Zhang, D, 2012)
" Therefore, we concluded that the increased Zn bioavailability in ambient waters not only increased the tissue Zn concentration but also enhanced the overall bioaccumulation of Cd and Cu."( Facilitated bioaccumulation of cadmium and copper in the oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis solely exposed to zinc.
Liu, F; Wang, WX, 2013)
" The authors' results have important implications for bioavailability and environmental assessment of dietary metals."( Bioavailability of purified subcellular metals to a marine fish.
Guo, F; Wang, WX; Yao, J, 2013)
"Manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) can associate with toxicants in the aqueous phase and these associations can influence the environmental fate, transport, and bioavailability of these toxicants in organisms."( Association of Hg2+ with aqueous (C60)n aggregates facilitates increased bioavailability of Hg2+ in Zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Boran, H; Henry, TB; Sutton, P; Wileman, SJ, 2013)
" This study assessed the impact of ozonation and UV oxidative treatment processes on metal forms - particulate, colloidal and permeable fractions - and bioavailability in disinfected wastewaters."( Impacts of municipal wastewater oxidative treatments: changes in metal physical speciation and bioavailability.
Cejka, PJ; Gagné, F; Gagnon, C; Trépanier, S; Turcotte, P, 2014)
" This demonstrates that FIGCS detects bioreactive metals in river waters on exposure in the laboratory or field and can be used for on-site environmental monitoring as well as investigations into bioavailability and toxicity of contaminant mixtures in natural waters."( A primary FIsh Gill Cell System (FIGCS) for environmental monitoring of river waters.
Bury, NR; Chadwick, MA; Hogstrand, C; Minghetti, M; Schnell, S, 2014)
" When orally ingested, colistin is poorly absorbed and is eliminated almost unaltered by the enteric canal into the environment."( Molecular and ultrastructural insights into the earthworm Eisenia fetida of the assessment of ecotoxicity during colistin exposure.
Ding, X; Gao, S; Guo, R; Sun, Y; Zhong, X, 2014)
" DNA binding by anti-DNA antibodies may be commonly enhanced by xenobiotic heavy metals and elevated levels of Zn, thus making them potentially effective tools for assessment of heavy metal bioavailability in aqueous solutions and fluid obtained from metal implant sites."( A plasmid containing the human metallothionein II gene can function as an antibody-assisted electrophoretic biosensor for heavy metals.
Lyon, WJ; Starr, CR; Wooten, DC, 2016)
" Priority and specific chemical levels in sediments along with their bioavailability in mussels, bioassays and a wide array of biomarkers were integrated in a biomarker index (IBR index) and the overall data in a weight of evidence (WOE) model."( Integrated approach to assess ecosystem health in harbor areas.
Bebianno, MJ; Cravo, A; D'Errico, G; Duarte, D; Pereira, CG; Regoli, F; Rey, F, 2015)
"Elevated CO2 levels reduce seawater pH and may affect bioavailability of trace metals in estuaries."( Effects of environmental hypercapnia and metal (Cd and Cu) exposure on acid-base and metal homeostasis of marine bivalves.
Beniash, E; Hawkins, C; Ivanina, AV; Sokolova, IM, )
" This work highlights several methodological and biological aspects to improve our understanding of Hg toxicological bioavailability in aquatic invertebrates."( Mercury tissue residue approach in Chironomus riparius: Involvement of toxicokinetics and comparison of subcellular fractionation methods.
Dominik, J; Ferrari, BJ; Geffard, A; Gimbert, F; Guédron, S, 2016)
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the fate, bioavailability of AgNPs and their effects on fish in presence of municipal effluents."( Fate of silver nanoparticles in wastewater and immunotoxic effects on rainbow trout.
Bruneau, A; Gagné, F; Gagnon, C; Pilote, M; Turcotte, P, 2016)
" Mercury increased expression of mt2 in larval zebrafish, but this response was lessened when zebrafish were exposed to Hg(2+) in the presence of TiO2-NPs, and which suggests that TiO2-NPs alter the bioavailability of Hg(2+) to zebrafish larvae."( Aqueous Hg(2+) associates with TiO2 nanoparticles according to particle size, changes particle agglomeration, and becomes less bioavailable to zebrafish.
Altinok, I; Boran, H; Boyle, D; Henry, TB; Patsiou, D, 2016)
"To understand conditions affecting bioavailability and toxicity of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (cit-AgNP) and dissolved silver at the luminal enterocyte interface, we exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gut cells (RTgutGC) in media of contrasting composition: two amino acid-containing media, one of which was supplemented with proteins, as can be expected during digestion; and two protein and amino acid-free media contrasting low and high chloride content, as can be expected in the lumen of fish adapting to freshwater or seawater, respectively."( Effect of media composition on bioavailability and toxicity of silver and silver nanoparticles in fish intestinal cells (RTgutGC).
Minghetti, M; Schirmer, K, 2016)
" However, these indexes increased with the percentage composition of the nonresidual fractions, indicating that the distribution of Cd chemical fractions is crucial for its bioavailability and biotoxicity."( The Daphnia magna role to predict the cadmium toxicity of sediment: Bioaccumlation and biomarker response.
Duan, Y; Fan, W; Jiang, Y; Li, X; Liu, Y; Peng, W; Ren, J, 2017)
" The subcellular fractionation provided better predictors of biomarkers than the total internal contents hence supporting its use when assessing toxicological bioavailability of metals to earthworms."( Relationships between metal compartmentalization and biomarkers in earthworms exposed to field-contaminated soils.
Beaumelle, L; Hedde, M; Lamy, I; Vandenbulcke, F, 2017)
" Here, we discussed the mechanisms of how ArsR-SmtB family regulates the intracellular bioavailability of metal ions both inside and outside of the host."( Metal homeostasis in bacteria: the role of ArsR-SmtB family of transcriptional repressors in combating varying metal concentrations in the environment.
Patra, S; Saha, A; Saha, RP; Samanta, S; Sarkar, D; Singh, MK, 2017)
" Zn plays an important role for both Ca and Mg bioavailability in oral cavity."( Zinc and Metallothionein in the Development and Progression of Dental Caries.
Hossain, A; Pin, CH; Rahman, MT; Yahya, NA, 2019)
" The purpose of this study was to determine the bioavailability of those REEs and their toxicity on Dreissena polymorpha after exposure to increasing concentration of Sm and Y for 28 days at 15 °C."( Response of the freshwater mussel, Dreissena polymorpha to sub-lethal concentrations of samarium and yttrium after chronic exposure.
Dubé, M; Gagné, F; Gagnon, C; Hanana, H; Turcotte, P, 2018)
"The interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and metals in aquatic environments may modify the bioavailability and toxicity of metals to organisms."( Bioconcentration, depuration and toxicity of Pb in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in zebrafish larvae.
Guo, Y; Han, J; Hu, S; Li, S; Wu, H; Yang, L; Zhou, B, 2019)
" The alteration of them indicated that earthworms could reduce the toxicity and bioavailability of Cd in polluted soil ecosystems through different pathways."( Transcriptome analysis of genes expressed in the earthworm Eisenia fetida in response to cadmium exposure.
Chai, L; Wang, H; Yang, H; Yang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2020)
" The parasites demonstrated the bioavailability of metals derived from Pt mining activities and their ability to resist its toxic effects."( The role of fish helminth parasites in monitoring metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems: a case study in the world's most productive platinum mining region.
Erasmus, JH; Malherbe, W; Nachev, M; Smit, NJ; Sures, B; Wepener, V; Zimmermann, S, 2020)
"Uptake of most metal nanoparticles (NPs) in organisms is assumed to be mainly driven by the bioavailability of the released ions, as has been verified in controlled and short-term exposure tests."( Are long-term exposure studies needed? Short-term toxicokinetic model predicts the uptake of metal nanoparticles in earthworms after nine months.
Baccaro, M; van den Berg, JHJ; van den Brink, NW, 2021)
"In poultry, organic zinc compounds have higher bioavailability than inorganic zinc sources."( Effects of Zinc Lactate Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology, Serum Parameters, and Hepatic Metallothionein of Chinese Yellow-Feathered Broilers.
Li, H; Long, L; Yan, X; Zhang, H; Zhao, X, 2022)
"This study was conducted to determine relative bioavailability (RBV) of basic zinc chloride (BZC) compared to zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZSM) for broilers."( Relative Bioavailability of Broiler Chickens Fed with Zinc Hydroxychloride and Sulfate Sources for Corn-Soybean Meal.
Chen, Y; Huang, M; Yi, J; Yu, L; Zhu, N, 2022)
" Higher levels of MT in both species in GB reflect the consequences of heavy metal exposure in the bay, in spite of their bioavailability being restricted specially by the high organic matter content of GB."( Multibiomarker approach in fish to assess a heavily polluted Brazilian estuary, Guanabara Bay.
Freire, MM; Gomez, C; Linde Arias, AR; Moreira, JC, 2022)
"The bioavailability of metal complexes is poorly understood."( Role of the luminal composition on intestinal metal toxicity, bioavailability and bioreactivity: An in vitro approach based on the cell line RTgutGC.
Black, T; Minghetti, M; Oldham, D; Stewart, TJ, 2023)
" Higher concentrations, of both metals and MTs, were recorded mainly at the western stations indicating higher metal bioavailability than in the eastern part."( Metal and metallothionein concentrations in mesozooplankton from an oligotrophic offshore area in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Cretan Passage/Levantine Sea).
Campillo, JA; Christou, ED; Kontoyiannis, H; Psarra, S; Strogyloudi, E; Zervoudaki, S, 2023)

Dosage Studied

Induction of intestinal metallothionein mRNA was apparent, but not the other organs. In dose-response and time-course studies, approximately 45, 40 and 85% of the Zn, Cu and Cd increments in renal cytosol were bound to metallothsionin. The metallOTHionein fractions, isolated by gel filtration from the kidneys of rats that have been dosed with Cd2+, Hg2+ or Cd1+ yield very different elution profiles.

ExcerptReference
"The effects of dosage and of cadmium pretreatment on the binding of cadmium in rat bile were studied."( Effects of dosage and cadmium pretreatment on the binding of cadmium in rat bile.
Cikrt, M; Havrdová, J, 1979)
" Dosing rats with selenium and cadmium or inclusion of Se or Cd in the diet did not result in altered cadmium binding in tissues, raising some questions concerning the environmental significance of these injection experiments."( Cadmium effects in rats on tissue iron, selenium, and blood pressure; blood and hair cadmium in some oregon residents.
Whanger, PD, 1979)
" Both copper and cadmium from the injected proteins accumulated in the kidneys as metallothionein, but there was no increase in renal zinc concentrations in the rats dosed with zinc-thionein."( Metabolism of 35S-labelled copper-, zinc-and cadmium-thionein in the rat.
Bremner, I; Davies, NT; Hoekstra, WG; Young, BW, 1978)
"Cadmium in the liver and kidney increased with the dosage of this injection."( Zinc distribution and metallothionein in the liver and kidney of mice treated with cadmium.
Sugawara, N, 1978)
"Two epidemiological studies aimed at investigating the dose-response relationship of environmental cadmium exposure were performed in a population living in the Kakehashi River basin, a cadmium-polluted area in Japan."( Dose-response relationship for renal dysfunction in a population environmentally exposed to cadmium.
Kido, T; Nogawa, K; Shaikh, ZA, 1992)
" Similarly, there was a dose-response relationship between loss of gap junction function and increase in ras T24 protein."( Correlation of increased levels of Ha-ras T24 protein with extent of loss of gap junction function in rat liver epithelial cells.
de Feijter, AW; Krizman, DB; Lebovitz, RM; Lieberman, MW; Trosko, JE, 1992)
" A dose-response increase in MT produced by CdCl2 indicated a biphasic response, with low doses producing relatively more hepatic MT than higher doses."( Induction of metallothionein by cadmium-metallothionein in rat liver: a proposed mechanism.
Klaassen, CD; Liu, J; Liu, YP; McKim, JM, 1992)
" Hepatic and renal metallothionein (MT) concentrations were increased with increasing dosage of CdMT, and no differences between strains were demonstrated."( Cd-metallothionein nephrotoxicity in inbred strains of mice.
Cuppage, F; Kershaw, WC; Klaassen, CD; Sendelbach, LE, 1992)
" Analysis of tissue Cd burdens demonstrated a dose-response Cd accumulation in liver and kidney, but only kidney burdens increased substantially with prolonged Cd exposure."( Detection of cadmium exposure in rats by induction of lymphocyte metallothionein gene expression.
Cosma, GN; Currie, D; Garte, SJ; Snyder, CA; Squibb, KS, 1991)
" Concentrations of platinum (Pt) after c-DDP injection in both dosing regimens were approximately 12 micrograms/g in kidney and 2 micrograms/g in liver."( The interactions of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum with metallothionein and glutathione in rat liver and kidney.
Cherian, MG; Suzuki, CA, 1990)
"The dose-response relationship between cadmium (Cd) exposure and renal dysfunction, as measured by urinary Cd and metallothoinein (MT), was evaluated in a population living in the Kakehashi River basin, a Cd-polluted area in Japan."( Dose-response relationship between urinary cadmium and metallothionein in a Japanese population environmentally exposed to cadmium.
Honda, R; Kido, T; Kito, H; Nogawa, K; Shaikh, ZA, 1991)
"An epidemiological study to examine the dose-response relationship for environmental cadmium exposure was performed in 1843 cadmium-exposed and 240 non-exposed inhabitants of the Kakehashi River basin in Ishikawa, Japan."( Dose-response relationship between dietary cadmium intake and metallothioneinuria in a population from a cadmium-polluted area of Japan.
Honda, R; Kido, T; Kito, H; Nogawa, K; Shaikh, ZA, 1991)
" Maternal injection of a teratogenic dosage of Cd (50 mumol Cd/kg body wt) did not induce MT mRNA in day 10 (D10) CD-1 mouse embryos, whereas zinc (Zn) (50 mumol/kg was an effective inducer."( Cadmium teratogenicity and its relationship with metallothionein gene expression in midgestation mouse embryos.
Andrews, GK; De, SK; Dey, SK, 1990)
" In addition, the hepatic MT content was increased by the administration of cysteine in a dose-response manner."( On the metallothionein, glutathione and cysteine relationship in rat liver.
Armario, A; Garvey, JS; Hidalgo, J, 1990)
" A single dose of AZA-C (65 mg/kg, ip) produced increases in hepatic MT concentrations 8 hr after dosing that were still elevated at 48 hr."( Induction of hepatic metallothionein following 5-azacytidine administration.
Poirier, LA; Waalkes, MP, 1985)
" Dose-response studies (250-3000 rad, 72 hr) indicated that similar dose-response relationships for the appearance of MT in the liver and kidney were observed."( Increased metallothionein content in rat liver and kidney following X-irradiation.
Aono, K; Hashimoto, K; Hayashi, H; Kondoh, S; Shiraishi, N; Takeda, Y; Yamamoto, H, 1986)
" MTI and MTII were coordinately induced in both time course and dose-response experiments, although the induction of MTII, up to 30-fold, was three to four times greater than that of MTI."( Coordinate induction of metallothioneins I and II in rodent cells by UV irradiation.
Alamo, I; Fornace, AJ; Schalch, H, 1988)
" HCHO (50 mg/kg) increased hepatic metallothionein as early as 8 hr after dosing with maximal levels (27-fold increase) occurring at 72 hr."( Acute exposure to formaldehyde induces hepatic metallothionein synthesis in mice.
Goering, PL, 1989)
"Previous studies have shown that the disposition of cadmium (Cd) following oral administration is dosage dependent and may possibly be due to dosage-dependent intestinal absorption of Cd."( Dosage-dependent absorption of cadmium in the rat intestine measured in situ.
Goon, D; Klaassen, CD, 1989)
" A dose-response study was made of the mobilization of cadmium from the liver and kidney of cadmium-loaded mice by NaB; this showed that NaB is one of the most effective cadmium mobilizing agents developed to date."( Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and sodium N-benzyl-N-dithiocarboxy-D-glucamine as antagonists for cadmium intoxication.
Basinger, MA; Gale, GR; Holscher, MA; Jones, MM; Jones, SG; Topping, RJ, 1988)
" The same dosage of zinc was not hepatoprotective when given 1 hr after acetaminophen."( Protection by zinc against acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in mice.
Chengelis, CP; Dodd, DC; Kotsonis, FN; Means, JR, 1986)
" The longer observed half-life supports recent findings in man and is more consistent with the monthly maintenance dosing normally used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis."( Gold disposition in the rat: studies of its plasma half-life and its urinary, biliary and fecal elimination pathways.
Massarella, JW; Pearlman, RS, 1987)
" No data indicate an altered pharmacokinetics in resistant individuals, although increased dosage of parenteral gold has been claimed effective in uncontrolled studies."( Mechanisms of gold resistance.
Wollheim, FA, 1988)
" In adult female mice, accumulation was dependent on the dosage level of cadmium and related to the concentration of this metal in liver."( Age-dependent variation for inducibility of metallothionein genes in mouse liver by cadmium.
Huang, PC; Morris, S; Thomas, DJ, 1988)
" Dose-response curves, using clonal and cell count assays, show that the dose levels required to produce inhibition of growth to 50% and 90% of control, respectively, of ADR for Cdr cells (19."( Metallothionein induction and deinduction in human prostatic carcinoma cells: relationship with resistance and sensitivity to adriamycin.
James, GT; Rehman, SM; Webber, MM, 1988)
" Host strains with an amplified, single or deleted CUP1 locus were compared to look for effects of chromosomal CUP1 gene dosage on expression from the episomal CUP1 promoter."( Regulation of the yeast metallothionein gene.
Clark, PE; Debouck, C; Gorman, JA; Lee, MC; Rosenberg, M, 1986)
" However, comparable dose-response curves in mutant and control cells are generated when mouse metallothionein-I mRNA concentrations are measured in cells exposed to varying concentrations of cadmium or copper (metallothionein inducers)."( Metallothionein messenger RNA regulation in the mottled mouse and Menkes kinky hair syndrome.
Karin, M; O'Toole, C; Packman, S; Palmiter, RD, 1987)
" Rats received a single dosage of Cd either orally (1, 10, 100, 1000, or 10,000 micrograms/kg) or intravenously (0."( Dosage-dependent disposition of cadmium administered orally to rats.
Klaassen, CD; Lehman, LD, 1986)
"5-fold increased metallothionein (MT) synthesis compared to wild-type cells in uninduced as well as zinc-treated cells, over a 0- to 160-microM zinc dose-response range."( Metallothionein synthesis and mRNA levels in cultured hepatocytes from lethal milk mutant mice.
Herschman, HR; Piletz, JE, 1987)
" Circulating concentrations of MT progressively increased beginning 2 weeks after Cd treatment and were approximately 10 times control values in rats dosed with Cd for 12 or more weeks."( Cadmium-induced hepatic and renal injury in chronically exposed rats: likely role of hepatic cadmium-metallothionein in nephrotoxicity.
Dudley, RE; Gammal, LM; Klaassen, CD, 1985)
" This dosing regimen compensated for decreased Cd accumulation by A/J testes and established similar concentrations of Cd in testes of both strains (approximately 4 nmol Cd/g tissue)."( Resistance to cadmium-induced necrosis in testes of inbred mice: possible role of a metallothionein-like cadmium-binding protein.
Baggs, RB; Chellman, GJ; Diamond, GL; Shaikh, ZA, 1985)
" In animals that are dosed with either of the heterologous MT preparations, the first dose, although not innocuous, seems to protect the kidneys against further damage by subsequent doses."( The chronic toxicity of equine cadmium metallothionein in the rat.
Holt, D; Sparrow, S; Webb, M, 1985)
" Apical vesiculation in epithelial cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules is apparent within 1 h of dosing and, by 4 h, is extensive in some of these cells that surround the larger arteries in the cortex."( Cadmium-metallothionein-induced nephropathy: a morphological and autoradiographic study of cadmium distribution, the development of tubular damage and subsequent cell regeneration.
Cain, K; Murakami, M; Webb, M, 1983)
" Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analyses revealed a dose-response effect regarding tissue accumulations of Co in blood, bone, brain, hair, small intestine, kidney, liver, and testes."( The effects of chronic cobalt exposure on behavior and metallothionein levels in the adult rat.
Bourgeois, AE; Clark, DE; Hare, MF; Nation, JR, )
" Measurements on the kidneys of animals at early times (15 min-6 hr) after dosing with Au(III) indicate that the Zn content of the (endogenous) metallothionein is depressed during the first hour, shows a transient increase at 2 hr and then falls to a minimum at 6 hr."( Time-dependent uptake and metallothionein-binding of gold, copper and zinc in the rat kidney.
Mogilnicka, EM; Webb, M, 1983)
" The altered dose-response to zinc administration was not due to a change in hepatic zinc, copper, or manganese levels, to a difference in 65Zn uptake, or to an alteration in 65Zn bound to differential centrifugation fractions of adult lm/lm liver."( Induction of metallothionein by zinc in lethal milk mutant mice.
Herschman, HR; Piletz, JE, 1982)
" In vitro cadmium saturation prior to gel filtration revealed that the cadmium-binding capacity of the metallothionein peak was significantly reduced at all dosage levels in the fetus but increased in maternal liver."( Depression of metallothionein in fetal rat liver following maternal cadmium exposure.
Bell, JU; Waalkes, MP, 1980)
"The metallothionein fractions, isolated by gel filtration from the kidneys of rats that have been dosed with Cd2+, Hg2+ or Cd2+ followed by Hg2+, yield very different elution profiles on ion-exchange chromatography."( The in vivo effects of maleate on the cation-distribution in rat kidney metallothionein sub-fractions after induction by cadmium and/or mercury.
Holt, D; Magos, L; Webb, M, 1980)
" In Experiment 3, TNF-alpha dosing from GD 7-12 was associated with high maternal liver Zn and metallothionein concentrations on GD 13 and a high frequency of exencephaly on GD 18."( Tumor necrosis factor-alpha alters maternal and embryonic zinc metabolism and is developmentally toxic in mice.
Ansari, A; Daston, GP; Gershwin, ME; Keen, CL; Rogers, JM; Taubeneck, MW, 1995)
" In sharp contrast, hepatic MT gene expression was highly activated throughout the dosage range."( Minimal basal activity and lack of metal-induced activation of the metallothionein gene correlates with lobe-specific sensitivity to the carcinogenic effects of cadmium in the rat prostate.
Coogan, TP; Shiraishi, N; Waalkes, MP, 1995)
"To determine the maximum allowable intake limits for chronic dietary exposure to cadmium (Cd), the dose-response relationship between total Cd intake and prevalence of renal dysfunction was examined using general linear models considering the effect of age as a confounder."( Dose-response relationship between total cadmium intake and prevalence of renal dysfunction using general linear models.
Hochi, Y; Kido, T; Kito, H; Nogawa, K; Shaikh, ZA, )
" dosage compensation, is the result of a 2-fold hypertranscription of most of these genes in males."( Male-specific lethal 2, a dosage compensation gene of Drosophila, undergoes sex-specific regulation and encodes a protein with a RING finger and a metallothionein-like cysteine cluster.
Eisen, A; Fehr, KC; Fouts, DL; Koonin, EV; Manning, JE; Pannuti, A; Scott, MJ; Wrightsman, R; Yang, Y; Zhou, S, 1995)
" Finally, verapamil, a calcium/potassium channel blocker displaced the dose-response curve for Cd2+ toxicity as well as metallothionein-IIA and heat shock protein 70 gene expression to higher Cd2+ concentrations."( Modulation of stress proteins by Cd2+ in a human T cell line.
Benveniste, J; Davenas, E; Manuel, Y; Morin, L; Pellegrini, O; Thomas, Y; Tsangaris, GT, 1994)
"Rats were dosed with methylmercuric chloride, either by gastric gavage (5 x 10 mg kg-1 body weight over a 15-day period), or in their drinking water (20 mg methylmercuric chloride l-1 for 14 or 42 days)."( The localization of mercury and metallothionein in the cerebellum of rats experimentally exposed to methylmercury.
Jasani, B; Leyshon-Sørland, K; Morgan, AJ, 1994)
" Plasma Zn concentration decreased after alpha-hederin treatment to a level approximately 75% of control at a dosage of 30 mumol/kg and 50% of control at 300 mumol/kg."( Altered Zn status by alpha-hederin in the pregnant rat and its relationship to adverse developmental outcome.
Baines, D; Daston, GP; Keen, CL; Lehman-McKeeman, LD; Overmann, GJ; Rogers, JM; Taubeneck, MW, )
" Because the toxic changes other than in the kidney in Group II were almost equal to or less than that in Group I, in spite of the doubled dosage of Cd, the toxic effects of Cd, except on the kidneys, were considered to be reduced by the pretreatment with Cd."( Acute toxicity of cadmium in rats with or without cadmium pretreatment.
Hiratsuka, H; Iwata, H; Katsuta, O; Matsumoto, J; Umemura, T, 1993)
"The dose-response relationship for environmental cadmium exposure was assessed using logistic regression analysis."( Dose-response relationship between total cadmium intake and metallothioneinuria using logistic regression analysis.
Honda, R; Kido, T; Kito, H; Nogawa, K; Shaikh, ZA, 1993)
" Dose-response experiments showed that an increase in dexamethasone concentration enhances MT accretion asymptotically to a limit, whereas within the concentration range explored zinc produces an exponential augmentation."( Cell- and inducer-specific accretion of human isometallothioneins.
Cavigelli, M; Hunziker, PE; Kägi, JH, 1993)
" A dose-response relationship between cadmium concentration and peak current at -930 mV was observed after exposure of roots of Agrostis at 5 and 10 microM."( Polarography as a tool in peptide and protein analysis: studies on metal-chelating substances induced by cadmium in the algae Pheodactylum tricornutum and the graminae Agrostis capillaris.
Nyberg, S; Zhou, L, 1995)
" In addition, the incidence of micronucleus induction seemed to be reduced by double dosing with K2CrO4 and H2SeO3, compared to single dosing."( Micronucleus induction by chromium and selenium, and suppression by metallothionein inducer.
Itoh, S; Shimada, H, 1996)
" Blood samples were drawn before dosing for analyses of various potential markers of Zn status."( Effect of infant formula zinc and iron level on zinc absorption, zinc status, and immune function in infant rhesus monkeys.
Fletcher, MP; Gershwin, ME; Graham, TW; Lönnerdal, B; Polberger, S; Vruwink, K, 1996)
" However, the intracerebroventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, in a dosage regimen that does not lesion catecholaminergic pathways but causes oxidative stress, enhanced dramatically the level of metallothionein I mRNA in some brain areas such as hippocampus, arcuate nucleus, choroid plexus, and granular layer of cerebellum, but not in the caudate putamen."( 6-Hydroxydopamine-mediated induction of rat brain metallothionein I mRNA.
Cerutis, DR; Ebadi, M; Hao, R; Happe, HK; Murrin, LC; Pfeiffer, RF; Rojas, P, 1996)
"We compared the effects of idiorrhythmic dose-rate feeding and conventional dose-response on the induction of intestinal metallothionein (iMT), expression of aortal heat-shock protein mRNA (HSP70mRNA) induced by restraint stress, and accumulation of Zn in the femur and incisor of young growing male rats."( Idiorrhythmic dose-rate variability in dietary zinc intake generates a different response pattern of zinc metabolism than conventional dose-response feeding.
Blake, MJ; Momcilović, B; Reeves, PG, 1997)
" No malformations were observed with LPS dosing on either gestation day."( In vivo and in vitro developmental toxicity in LPS-induced zinc-deficient rabbits.
Carney, EW; Pitt, JA; Zoellner, MJ, )
" The objective of this study was to determine whether dosing of alpha-hederin throughout organogenesis would result in a sustained elevation of maternal hepatic metallothionein and subsequent developmental abnormalities."( Repeated administration of alpha-hederin results in alterations in maternal zinc status and adverse developmental outcome in the rat.
Baines, D; Daston, GP; Duffy, JY; Keen, CL; Overmann, GJ, 1997)
"Pretreatment of rats with low doses of Cd produces adaptive tolerance to a subsequent high dose of Cd-induced lethality, thus shifting the dose-response curve to the right."( Induction of metallothionein as an adaptive mechanism affecting the magnitude and progression of toxicological injury.
Klaassen, CD; Liu, J, 1998)
" Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were dosed for 10 min with LPS, resulting in an estimated alveolar dose of < 10 ng LPS/mouse, and euthanized 2,6, or 24 h postexposure."( Pulmonary cytokine and chemokine mRNA levels after inhalation of lipopolysaccharide in C57BL/6 mice.
Finkelstein, JN; Gelein, R; Johnston, CJ; Oberdörster, G, 1998)
" This dosing protocol was lethal to over 60% of MT-null mice but did not kill any wild-type mice."( Pulmonary toxicity caused by acute exposure to mercury vapor is enhanced in metallothionein-null mice.
Satoh, M; Shimada, A; Sumi, Y; Tohyama, C; Yasutake, A; Yoshida, M, 1999)
" In dose-response and time-course studies, approximately 45, 40 and 85% of the Zn, Cu and Cd increments in renal cytosol were bound to metallothionein after Zn, Cu and Cd injection, respectively."( The effect of heavy metal-induced metallothionein on Zn, Cu and Cd accumulation in rat kidney.
Kurasaki, M; Okabe, M; Saito, S; Yoshida, K, 1999)
" In dose-response and time-course studies, approximately 60-70% of the Ag increments in hepatic cytosol and approximately 30% of the Ag increments in renal cytosol were bound to metallothionein."( Role of metallothionein on Ag accumulation in hepatic and renal cytosol after Ag injection to rats.
Kurasaki, M; Okabe, M; Saito, S; Yoshida, K, 1999)
" Thus, the induction of hepatic MT-I mRNA expression is dependent on the sex of the mouse, the dosage and the time course of Cd."( Induction of metallothionein mRNA expression in the mouse liver after cadmium injection as measured by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method.
Fujioka, T; Furuta, H; Oda, N; Onodera, K; Sogawa, CA; Sogawa, N, 2000)
"2 mg/kg) dose of Cd, and in one treatment BP was dosed 4 days after Cd."( Interactive effects of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene on metallothionein induction in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus).
Faisal, M; Roberts, MH; van den Hurk, P, )
" After 14 days, Cd accumulation increased with dose but less than 1% of the dosed Cd accumulated in the liver and kidney of rats."( Cadmium in caribou (Rangifer tarandus) kidneys: speciation, effects of preparation and toxicokinetics.
Chan, HM; Kim, C; Leggee, D, 2001)
" At the same time, a number of nonmetallic ligands moderately accelerate the reaction of MT with Nbs2 and hyperbolic dose-response curves were obtained."( The effects of physiologically important nonmetallic ligands in the reactivity of metallothionein towards 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). A new method for the determination of ligand interactions with metallothionein.
Kangur, L; Palumaa, P, 2001)
" The dose-response relationship between internal dose of cadmium and MT expression suggested the validity of MT expression in PBLs as a biomarker of cadmium exposure."( Metallothionein gene expression in peripheral lymphocytes from cadmium-exposed workers.
Jin, T; Lu, J; Nordberg, G; Nordberg, M, 2001)
" In the present study each treatment group was exposed to a combination of one of three doses of As (0, 100, or 1000 microg As/g) and one of two types of diet, no brine shrimp (NS) or with brine shrimp (WS) for a total of eight dosing events."( The accumulation, distribution, and toxicological effects of dietary arsenic exposure in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush).
Baron, CL; Evans, RE; Klaverkamp, JF; Pedlar, RM; Ptashynski, MD; Wautier, KG, 2002)
"The aim of this study was to observe whether a low dosage of zinc induced mouse pancreatic injury."( Pancreatic exocrine damage induced by subcutaneous injection of a low dosage of zinc.
Ichida, S; Minami, T; Namikawa, K; Shimane, M; Tanaka, H, 2001)
" Zinc sulfate was injected intraperitoneally in a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day for 3 days before ethanol treatment."( Metallothionein-independent zinc protection from alcoholic liver injury.
Kang, YJ; Lambert, JC; Saari, JT; Sun, X; Zhou, Z, 2002)
"Rats were given Realgar with dosage of 50, 150, 450 mg."( [Influence of oral administration of realgar on contents of copper, zinc and selenium in rat tissues].
Bao, SF; Cheng, ZJ; Cong, T; Li, Z; Tian, H; Zhao, L, 2001)
" But higher dosage (450 mg."( [Influence of oral administration of realgar on contents of copper, zinc and selenium in rat tissues].
Bao, SF; Cheng, ZJ; Cong, T; Li, Z; Tian, H; Zhao, L, 2001)
" In this way a dose-response relationship could be established under natural conditions."( Metallothionein concentrations in natural populations of gudgeon (Gobio gobio): relationship with metal concentrations in tissues and environment.
Bervoets, L; Blust, R; Van Campenhout, K, 2003)
" Data obtained from the MTT assay indicated a strong dose-response relationship with respect to arsenic trioxide toxicity."( Arsenic trioxide-induced transcriptional activation of stress genes and expression of related proteins in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2).
Dorsey, WC; Tchounwou, PB; Yedjou, CG, 2003)
" With the increase of both the feeding time and dosage of cinnabar the amounts of Hg-binding MT fractions in rat kidney of groups fed cinnabar increased significantly compared with the control group."( Investigation of metal-binding metallothioneins in the tissues of rats after oral intake of cinnabar.
Huang, ZY; Lee, FS; Shen, JC; Wang, XR; Zhuang, ZX, 2004)
" The zebrafish embryogenesis when takes place in a medium containing a dosage of 1000 microM zinc resulted in high mortality, indicating the deleterious effect of zinc on development."( Expression of metallothionein gene during embryonic and early larval development in zebrafish.
Chang, CY; Chen, WY; John, JA; Lin, CH; Lin, HF; Wu, SC, 2004)
" To examine dose-response relationships, the experiment was repeated for DEHP exposures of 50, 200 and 800 mg/kg."( Altered expression of genes related to zinc homeostasis in early mouse embryos exposed to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate.
Jang, B; Knudsen, TB; Lee, J; Park, J, 2004)
"This study was undertaken to gain further insights into the expression of metallothionein (MT) in kidney, to define the necessary dosage of a metal (zinc) to achieve induction of MT and to evaluate the antioxidative potential of MT in comparison to other more common antioxidative therapeutics, like N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), and endogenous molecules, like glutathione."( Induction of metallothionein in proximal tubular cells by zinc and its potential as an endogenous antioxidant.
Alscher, DM; Biegger, D; Braun, N; Fritz, P; Gawronski, K; Kuhlmann, U; Mürdter, TE; Stuelten, C, 2005)
" This dosage was maintained for an additional 16 weeks (cumulative dose 602 g, plasma MT maximum level 12 microg/ml), and then stopped because of sustained signs of hypoadrenalism requiring prednisone replacement."( A six month mitotane course induced sustained correction of hypercortisolism in a young woman with PPNAD and Carney complex.
Campo, M; Cignarelli, M; Giorgino, F; Logoluso, F; Margaglione, M; Marino, A; Picca, G, 2005)
" Metallothioneins, involved in heavy metal binding, were measured by capillary electrophoresis (CE), and showed a dose-response induction."( Zea mays L. protein changes in response to potassium dichromate treatments.
Agradi, E; Eberini, I; Gianazza, E; Grassi, F; Labra, M; Regondi, S; Sozzi, A; Waitt, R, 2006)
" Dose-response relationships between UCd and urinary indicators of renal dysfunction were studied."( Critical exposure level of cadmium for elevated urinary metallothionein--an occupational population study in China.
Chen, L; Huang, B; Jin, T; Nordberg, G; Nordberg, M, 2006)
" Relationships between analyzed and calculated Zn concentrations and toxicity and between analyzed and calculated Cd concentrations and tissue accumulation and MT-2 expression were compared by fitting dose-response models and assessing the fit of the data."( Effect of pH on metal speciation and resulting metal uptake and toxicity for earthworms.
Fishwick, S; Hankard, PK; Lofts, S; McLellan, D; Spurgeon, DJ; Svendsen, C; Toal, M, 2006)
" There was a good dose-response relationship between basal MT-1A expression and UCd."( [Application of metallothionein gene isoforms expression as biomarkers in cadmium exposure].
Chang, XL; Chen, L; Jin, TY; Lei, LJ; Zhou, YF, 2006)
" To determine the role of Zn and MT in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced model of colitis in mice, a DSS dose-response study was conducted in male C57BL/6 wild-type (MT+/+) and MT-null (MT-/-) mice by supplementing 2%, 3%, and 4% DSS in the drinking water for 6 days."( The role of zinc and metallothionein in the dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model.
Ball, JM; Coyle, P; Howarth, GS; Sundar, S; Tran, CD, 2007)
"Transfer and toxic effects of two cadmium (Cd) forms, inorganic (CdCl2 dosed rat food) or organic (contaminated snail-based rat food) were studied in Wistar rat."( Comparison of transfer and effects of Cd on rats exposed in a short experimental snail-rat food chain or to CdCl2 dosed food.
Badot, PM; Berthelot, A; Coeurdassier, M; Cosson, RP; de Vaufleury, A; Devaux, S; Gimbert, F; Hispard, F; Martin, H; Richert, L; Scheifler, R, 2008)
" The treatment with cerebrolysin in dosage of 0,1 ml per 1 kg of body mass, 10 injections every other day, resulted in the normalization (p<0,001) of the T-lymphocyte apoptosis (the increase of Fas and decrease of FasL) and activation of antioxidant protection through the increase of metallotionein-1 expression."( [Cerebrolysin alleviates perinatal CNS disorders through the autoimmune modulation and antioxidant protection].
Gromova, OA; Nikonov, AA; Serkina, EV; Sotnikova, NIu; Torshin, IIu, 2008)
" Induction of intestinal metallothionein mRNA was apparent, however, and a linear dose-response relationship was observed for metallothionein expression and cadmium dose in the intestine, but not the other organs, which showed no induction."( Dietary cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene increased intestinal metallothionein expression in the fish Fundulus heteroclitus.
Mitelberg, A; Perez-Matus, A; Rezvankhah, S; Roesijadi, G; Torruellas, K; Van Veld, PA, 2009)
" Reduced accumulation of Hg2+ in mice dosed with L-arginine was probably related to greater NO production and NO-MTs interactions."( L-arginine reduces mercury accumulation in thymus of mercury-exposed mice: role of nitric oxide synthase activity and metallothioneins.
Bonacucina, V; Bracci, M; Malavolta, M; Mocchegiani, E; Santarelli, L; Tomasetti, M, 2008)
" Syrian hamsters were dosed with pyridine (400mg/kg) intraperitoneally with and without silymarin (200mg/kg daily by gavage) for 4 days."( Pyridine induction of cytochrome P450 1A1, iNOS and metallothionein in Syrian hamsters and protective effects of silymarin.
Citil, M; Erginsoy, S; Karapehlivan, M; Sozmen, M; Tunca, R; Yapar, K, 2009)
" Dose-response relationships were shown between UCd and the prevalence of increased levels of biomarkers in urine of renal tubular dysfunction such as urinary beta-2-microglobulin or N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase - NAG or urinary albumin, a biomarker of glomerular kidney dysfunction."( Prevalence of kidney dysfunction in humans - relationship to cadmium dose, metallothionein, immunological and metabolic factors.
Chen, L; Hong, F; Jin, T; Lei, L; Lu, J; Nordberg, GF; Nordberg, M; Wu, X, 2009)
" Once-daily dosing with EGCG increased hepatotoxic response."( Hepatotoxicity of high oral dose (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice.
Ju, J; Kennett, MJ; Lambert, JD; Reuhl, KR; Sang, S; Yang, CS, 2010)
" The high similarities in gene structures and functions indicate that MTT2 and MTT4 were generated by recent gene duplication following the dosage balance model."( [Function comparison and evolution analysis of metallothionein gene MTT2 and MTT4 in Tetrahymena thermophila].
Chang, Y; Feng, LF; Miao, W; Xiong, J, 2011)
" We found dose-response relationships between UCd and the prevalence of increased levels of biomarkers of renal tubular dysfunction (urinary beta-2-microglobulin, B2M, or N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase - NAG) or urinary albumin (UAlb), a biomarker of glomerular kidney dysfunction."( Kidney dysfunction and cadmium exposure--factors influencing dose-response relationships.
Bergdahl, IA; Chen, L; Hong, F; Jin, T; Lei, L; Liang, Y; Lu, J; Nordberg, G; Nordberg, M; Wu, X, 2012)
" There was a significant dose-response relationship between the Zn accumulations in the midgut of the larvae and the Zn concentrations in the diet."( Response of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura to zinc stress: Zn accumulation, metallothionein and cell ultrastructure of the midgut.
Shu, Y; Wang, J; Zhang, G, 2012)
" Taken together, low-dose arsenite extends lifespan, providing evidence for nonlinear dose-response characteristics of toxin-mediated stress resistance and longevity in a multicellular organism."( Mitochondrial hormesis links low-dose arsenite exposure to lifespan extension.
Einax, JW; Fazius, E; Groth, M; Guthke, R; Kuhlow, D; Pick, D; Platzer, M; Priebe, S; Ristow, M; Schmeisser, K; Schmeisser, S; Weimer, S; Zarse, K, 2013)
" All dose-response associations between Hg exposure and test performance were restricted to boys and were in the direction of impaired performance."( Modification of neurobehavioral effects of mercury by genetic polymorphisms of metallothionein in children.
Farin, FM; Heyer, NJ; Martin, MD; Pillai, PB; Russo, JE; Woods, JS, )
" Moreover, we observed a decrease of total lipid content and an increase of glycogen content as a function of a dose-response relationship, while no variation in protein concentrations was observed."( Biochemical and morphological responses in Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae) larvae exposed to lead-spiked sediment.
Arambourou, H; Beisel, JN; Branchu, P; Gismondi, E, 2013)
" To establish whether these receptors are implicated in ALS, we generated mice expressing half dosage of mGluR1 in the SOD1(G93A) background (SOD1(G93A)Grm1(crv4/+)), by crossing the SOD1(G93A) mutant mouse with the Grm1(crv4/+) mouse, lacking mGluR1 because of a spontaneous recessive mutation."( Knocking down metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 improves survival and disease progression in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Bonanno, G; Bonifacino, T; Carminati, E; Conti, F; Giribaldi, F; Melone, M; Milanese, M; Musante, I; Puliti, A; Rossi, PI; Vergani, L; Voci, A, 2014)
" The MT expression was induced in a dose-response and time-dependent manner upon various metal treatments."( Heavy metal-induced metallothionein expression is regulated by specific protein phosphatase 2A complexes.
Bai, Q; Chen, L; Chen, W; Gao, C; He, Z; Li, D; Li, J; Liu, C; Ma, L; Qu, W; Wei, Q; Xiao, Y; Zeng, X; Zhang, A; Zhang, J; Zhang, Z; Zhu, X; Zhuang, Z, 2014)
" Earthworms from both sites were also experimentally exposed to different concentrations of Cu (control, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg) or Zn (control, 75, 150 or 300 mg/kg) for 7, 14 or 28 days to determine if there is a time related dose-response in gene expression."( Metallothionein gene expression differs in earthworm populations with different exposure history.
Haimi, J; Knott, KE; Mustonen, M; Väisänen, A, 2014)
" The results of the activities changes of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TB), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in plasma showed that the hepatotoxicity of coexposure was lower than that of single exposure, and the hepatotoxicity and accumulation of oMWCNTs in livers depended strongly on the exposure dosage of oMWCNTs."( The effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on hepatotoxicity of Cd2+ in accumulated cadmium-metallothione in mice.
Juanjuan, B; Longlong, T; Peng, L; Wangsuo, W; Wei, Q; Zhan, L, 2014)
" Three different models of multiple linear regression (the cre-corrected, un-corrected and cre-adjusted model) were used to model the dose-response relationships between U-Cd and nine urine markers."( Associations between Urinary Excretion of Cadmium and Renal Biomarkers in Nonsmoking Females: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Areas of South China.
Chen, WC; Huang, Q; Huang, R; Li, ZX; Liang, XX; Ong, CN; Tan, CS; Tan, JB; Wang, J; Wang, P; Wu, SX; Wu, YN; Yang, XF; Zhang, YR, 2015)
" In addition, the contents of total arsenic and arsenic species in earthworms were also determined to investigate the effects of bioaccumulation and biotransformation of arsenic on biomarkers and to evaluate the dose-response relationships."( Toxicological and biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to contaminated soil: Effects of arsenic species.
Cui, Z; Liu, L; Ma, Q; Wang, Z; Xu, X, 2016)
" Dose-response curves were generated measuring cell metabolic activity, membrane and lysosome integrity over a period of 72 hours."( Effect of media composition on bioavailability and toxicity of silver and silver nanoparticles in fish intestinal cells (RTgutGC).
Minghetti, M; Schirmer, K, 2016)
" Each daily dosage of Zn was calculated as being equal to the body weight in kg plus 15-20 mg."( The role of zinc supplementation on the metallothionein system in children with autism spectrum disorder.
Anwar, M; Bjørklund, G; Chirumbolo, S; Doşa, MD; Elsaeid, A; Gaber, A; Gebril, OH; Meguid, NA, 2019)
" In order to gain molecular insights into the zinc homeostasis of breast and prostate cancer cells, this study profiled the expression of 28 genes, including 14 zinc importer genes (SLC39A1-14) that encode Zrt/Irt-like proteins 1-14 to transport Zn2+ into the cytoplasm, 10 zinc exporter genes (SLC30A1-10) which encode Zn2+ transporters 1-10 to transport Zn2+ out of the cytoplasm, and 4 metallothionein genes (MT1B, MT1F, MT1X, MT2A) in breast (MCF10A, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) and prostate (RWPE-1, PC3, DU145) cell lines in response to extracellular zinc exposures at a mild cytotoxic dosage and a benign dosage."( Expression profiles of the genes associated with zinc homeostasis in normal and cancerous breast and prostate cells.
Barman, SK; Mahns, DA; Malladi, CS; Veljanoski, F; Wu, MJ; Zaman, MS, 2022)
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (9,034)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901720 (19.04)18.7374
1990's2344 (25.95)18.2507
2000's2525 (27.95)29.6817
2010's2024 (22.40)24.3611
2020's421 (4.66)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials41 (0.44%)5.53%
Reviews678 (7.22%)6.00%
Case Studies23 (0.24%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.02%)0.25%
Other8,646 (92.08%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
alpha-ketobutyric acid
alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.		2.06102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
short-chain fatty acid
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.0510non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.520amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		210monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.03104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		3.4780monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.4120aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
adenine
[no description available]		3.61906-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.4120azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		3.0340arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		1.9810acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzene
[no description available]		2.0110aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		1.9710benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		2.4220amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		8.85120fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		2.6830amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		7.2110carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		1.9810monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		7.5520amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.9940alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		2.0110cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		4.4970tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		7.491630halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.3820chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		3.150monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		1.9810trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		3.1210gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
dihydrolipoic acid
dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.		210thio-fatty acidantioxidant;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		5.1450(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		1.9710glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		6.8981aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.72302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		2.0210alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		3.78110sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		6.9710aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		5.18150alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.9640alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2.5220carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		7.0110aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		3.0850elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.4720indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.0710diatomic iodinenutrient
potassium
liver regeneration factor 1: a leucine-zipper protein that is rapidly & highly induced in regenerating liver; MW 21 kDa; amino acid sequence given in first source. potassium(1+) : A monoatomic monocation obtained from potassium.		1.9810alkali metal cation;
elemental potassium;
monoatomic monocation;
monovalent inorganic cation		cofactor;
human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.0310hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		1.9810aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		4.3960dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methylmercaptan
methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810alkanethiolhuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		3.2460alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		6.0461inositol phosphate
melatonin
[no description available]		5.88170acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		6.53600metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.8630pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		8.830pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		5.62240monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		2.0210nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.6590monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		2.1710oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.67304-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.6530acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.0310long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		7.0510aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		1.9710phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		7.3820phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		1.9810glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.8840propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		1.9810saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
putrescine
[no description available]		2.4320alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazole
1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.		1.9610pyrazole
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		7.0510azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		3.4820methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.4720hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		2.0310benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.05102-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		7.0510pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		1.9710divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
dithionite
Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.		1.9710sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		7.7230N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenic acid
Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.		2.0310selenium oxoacid
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		4.1750selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		2.4720divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		2.4520polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		3.1150polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		1.9810alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		2.610sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		9.570amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		1.9910primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		7.4320pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.0710methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.2110pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		7.8330uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		3.5280isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.1310benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		2.6830xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		2.1110phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		2.3920phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		2.9840hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets		1.9810
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.4120aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		3.4170methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		2.0310chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.7230dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		4.06150alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
pyrithione
pyrithione: split from cephalosporin molecule; some metal complexes of this have fumarate reductase inhibitory activity and may be useful against trypanosomes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyrithione : A pyridinethione that is pyridine-2(1H)-thione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a Zn(2+) ionophore; the zinc salt is used as an antifungal and antibacterial agent.		2.0410monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinethione		ionophore
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.		2.0210benzodioxoles
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.420aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		1.9710benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		7.6930ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.		1.9610chlorine molecular entity;
mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.420guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.69301-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
5-methoxytryptamine
5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.		2.0210aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
tryptamines		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
serotonergic agonist
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		7.4420monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		1.9810acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator		2.4420monoazo compound
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		4.14160acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.4420monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		1.9710N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		2.3920dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.1510carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.0510dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.1510acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		7.4820benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atrazine
[no description available]		210chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
azobenzene
azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.		2.0610azobenzenes
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		6.9710barbituratesdrug allergen
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		4.39200ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.0210benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
butylbenzyl phthalate
spatozoate: structure in first source		210benzyl ester
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.420pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
diminazene
Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.		2.0510carboxamidine;
triazene derivative		antiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
beta-naphthoflavone
beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.		7.9140extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		2.0510methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
cacodylic acid
dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.		3.2860organoarsenic compoundxenobiotic metabolite
caffeine
[no description available]		7.9140purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.6190aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium
calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.		1.9810imidazolium ionapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.6120dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		7.7330N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		2.0610carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		2.3110pyridinium ion
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.4120benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		4.6890aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.420aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		2.3920organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		8.1650chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
cilostazol
[no description available]		2.9640lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		1.9710aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
platinum tetrachloride
platinum chloride: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF; structure in first source: K2PtCl; see also platinum tetrachloride. platinum dichloride : A platinum coordination entity consisting of platinum(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.		1.9710platinum coordination entitycatalyst;
reagent
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		1.9910amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.520monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		1.9810aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid
Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.		7.4120aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		2.21101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		1.9910aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
cystamine
[no description available]		210organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		7.01104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		4.4670acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		2.0510dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		1.9710organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.0610benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		2.5220amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.		4.0630chlorophenylethylene;
monochlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.0110benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		2.0710alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethyl pyrocarbonate
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.		2.0710acyclic carboxylic anhydride
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.85120pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		5.44120dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethoate
Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		8.0240monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.0110ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0110organic cation
disulfiram
[no description available]		7.4110organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		7.9140branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		1.9810
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		6.9910benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.2510trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.9340
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		1.9810aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		1.9810ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.0110aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fipronil
fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfoxide
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.9840conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		3.2760nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.3110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		6.9710chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		3.2360
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.3720dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		1.9810piperidines
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		7.7530glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		2.6620methoxybenzenes
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		2.9340carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
gyki 52466
GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.1310benzodiazepine
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide
[no description available]		1.9710isoquinolines;
sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.6830isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004
N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source		1.9810isoquinolines
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		1.9510barbiturates
beta-thujaplicin
beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.		7.4120cyclic ketone;
enol;
monoterpenoid		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiplasmodial drug;
plant metabolite
alpha-methylhistamine
alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.		2.0110aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		animal metabolite;
H3-receptor agonist
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		2.6930acetamides
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.420phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.8840one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hypericin
[no description available]		7.0310
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.8830monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
ifosfamide
[no description available]		1.9710ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		8.3970aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		8.2260
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.41203-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		7.0510organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.830carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.2560catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		1.9810cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.0610dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.4420furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		1.9710benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		7.110fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		2.4420biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		210chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		7.0110diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		7.6830nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.42201,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
methoxychlor
Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.		2.0110organochlorine insecticide
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.4120aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		7.6830methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		2.0510aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
n-methyl-d-glucamine dithiocarbamate
N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate: antidote for cadmium intoxication; repeated administration can result in reduction in cadmium levels of kidney & liver; structure given in first source		1.9610
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		2.2510benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		2.0210diarylmethane
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		2.7130ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
n(1),n(11)-diethylnorspermine
N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine: structure given in first source		210
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		8.7100maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
activins
Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.		2.9640
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		2.5320C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		7.0310aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		710nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		210isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		7.08103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		3.81110benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		3401,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
p-fluorophenylalanine
p-Fluorophenylalanine: 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.. 4-fluorophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		1.9610fluoroamino acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine derivative
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.8940aromatic amine
pd 169316
2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor		2.0310imidazoles
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.7130aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		2.0510aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		2.0210oxopurine
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		3.85120barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		3.53112,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phloretin
[no description available]		210dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.3920benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.0210phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		3.0750naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0710secondary carboxamide
ro 31-8220
Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor		2.0310imidothiocarbamic ester;
indoles;
maleimides		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		1.9810methoxybenzenes
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		2.17102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		7.2510ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7130morpholines
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		7.8840haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		1.9710aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.110isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		1.9810pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		3.1950isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source		2.3820
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		1.9910phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		2.0510sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		1.9810N-acyl-amino acid
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810trihydroxybenzoic acid
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.		5.74260N-substituted diamine;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		apoptosis inducer;
chelator;
copper chelator
bromoform
bromoform: structure		1.9810bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes
triclosan
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		9.1950polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		1.9810N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
urethane
[no description available]		2.6630carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
vinca
Vinca: A plant genus of the family Apocynaceae.		2.0510alkaloid
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		2.6830
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.0110aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		6.85850inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		4.790mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		4.4723011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		3.075011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		1.9710alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.6630imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.4880glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		7.3920pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		9.29190pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		3.11504-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.26602-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.0810ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		7.69303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.974011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		6.33210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.713017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		1.981017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		7.41202-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.1110organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		5.481202-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		3.79110nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		1.9610dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		5.54220chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		3.1150alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		3.6190L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.		2.9240C-nitro compound;
quinoline N-oxide		carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		1.9510C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		3.6190aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		10.2141amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		4.13160aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		1.9810pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol
[no description available]		1.9610tertiary alcohol
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		3.4270glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		3.175017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		3.150ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		3.150adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		1.9610uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		2.3110kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		3.2460pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		7.9340D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.6290monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.4220amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		6.81490ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)		2.4220azobenzenes
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		5.94330amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		2.0410amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		210adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		1.9710organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		3.4780amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		2.3820methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.4120nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		21017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.4120lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		5.18150aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.3820amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.011020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		7.3820alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cytidine
[no description available]		2.1110cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		11.8490antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		1.9710psoralensplant metabolite
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.420diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		7.940chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.1510organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
mannitol
[no description available]		2.4420mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.3920beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		4.44220nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		7.4620C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		2.3820amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-thiomalic acid
[no description available]		2.0110C4-dicarboxylic acid
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		6.16240amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		1.971020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.9240amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.9140erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		8.3970arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		9.6180alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.4120aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		9.29190alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.8740monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		1.971011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
gibberellic acid
gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		2.0710C19-gibberellin;
gibberellin monocarboxylic acid;
lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.420benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
dimethyl sulfate
dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.		2.3820alkyl sulfatealkylating agent;
immunosuppressive agent
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		2.1710
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.7730acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
2,2-dichloroacetyl chloride
dichloroacetyl chloride : The acyl chloride obtained by displacement of the hydroxy group of dichloroacetic acid by chloride.		2.0410acyl chloridehapten
tetrabromobisphenol a
tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.		2.1510brominated flame retardant;
bromobisphenol
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		210bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		1.9910amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
skatole
[no description available]		2.6730methylindolehuman metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		2.08106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		3.3460organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid
8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		2.4120organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		2.0110
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		210pyrrolidin-2-ones
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.0110xanthene
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.4620butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		210phosphonic ester
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		1.97105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.0110trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-diethylaminoethanol
2-diethylaminoethanol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 2-diethylaminoethanol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.		1.9710ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		6.9710styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		1.9810phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
2-ethylhexanol
[no description available]		1.9910primary alcoholplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
acrolein
[no description available]		2.4620enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
ethylmercuric chloride
Ethylmercuric Chloride: A highly toxic compound used as a fungicide for treating seeds.. ethylmercuric chloride : A highly toxic organomercury compound which is used as a fungicide for treating seeds.		6.9610chlorine molecular entity;
organomercury compound		fungicide
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.6830alkane
melamine
melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.		7.1110triamino-1,3,5-triazinexenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene
[no description available]		7.3820bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
thiophenol
thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.		2.0210aryl thiol
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		1.9810short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
methyl cellosolve
methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710glycol etherprotic solvent;
solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.7330pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		2.7530mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		7.6830alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexene
cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.		2.0110cycloalkene
1-hexanol
1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		1.9910hexanol;
primary alcohol		alarm pheromone;
antibacterial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
diethylenetriamine
diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810polyazaalkane;
triamine
diethanolamine
diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.		2.0210ethanolamineshuman xenobiotic metabolite
tetraethylenepentamine
[no description available]		2.0510polyazaalkanecopper chelator
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.9240diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.940aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
tetralin
tetralin: structure given in first source. tetralin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.		2.0110ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon;
tetralins
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.4420methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.0310anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.3920hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
2-ethylhexanoic acid
2-ethylhexanoic acid: structure in first source; wood preservative; 2-ethylhexanoic acid is active ingredient in Sinesto B		1.9910branched-chain fatty acid
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		2.0110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		5.54220NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
monomethylarsonic acid
monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source		2.7430arsonic acids;
one-carbon compound;
organoarsonic acid
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.3820purine nucleoside
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		3.69100dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.1110organic molecular entity
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		2.3720cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		3.1250catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		2.0310ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
benzo(k)fluoranthene
[no description available]		2.110naphthalenes
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		1.9910acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		3.0710indazole
triethylenediamine
triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.		210bridged compound;
diamine;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent;
tertiary amino compound		antioxidant;
catalyst;
reagent
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		1.9810adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.9640cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.940isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		4.981201,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		6.9610organic cation
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.730azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate
thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.		7.0110pseudohalide anion;
sulfur molecular entity		human metabolite
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		4.58260N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
6-aminonicotinamide
6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.		4.6180aminopyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary amino compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
teratogenic agent
flurothyl
Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.		2.1310ether
perfluorodecanoic acid
perfluorodecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.		1.9810fluoroalkanoic acidenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cuprizone
[no description available]		7.4720organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nickel acetate
[no description available]		2.0310
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		3.8221monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		1.9610calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		4.0640
cepharanthine
cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.		2.0810bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate
Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.. 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.		1.9710acyl sulfate;
adenosine bisphosphate;
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
flavanone
flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.		2.3110flavanones
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		3.81110dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
butenolide
butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.4620butenolide
phorone
phorone: an industrial solvent; structure		2.3820dialkenyl ketone
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		3.5220thiazolidine
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		210ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.		1.9610
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		3.79110hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		1.9910organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.3920furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.17103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		1.971017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		2.894017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.420
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.1110gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		2.7430organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		6.0951C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
tropolone
Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.		2.4120alpha-hydroxy ketone;
cyclic ketone;
enol		bacterial metabolite;
fungicide;
toxin
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		2.4220amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
maleimide
[no description available]		2.0110dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		12.961042dialdehydebiomarker
cadmium acetate
cadmium acetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7530
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.7130arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.4220organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		8.9120hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		1.9910diester;
organosulfonic acid
dimethyl mercury
[no description available]		3.0910methylmercury compound
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		1.991020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		5.36180acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		7.3820cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.		1.97102'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		fundamental metabolite
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		210delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		3.2460N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide
[no description available]		210
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.6930N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tempidon
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source		210piperidones
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.0110pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gallium arsenide
[no description available]		6.9910
cadmium oxide
cadmium oxide: causes severe lung damage; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7430
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		2.4820cadmium molecular entity
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4320alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		4.47210zinc molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide
[no description available]		2.4110vanadium oxide
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		3.2860
ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.		1.9710inorganic hydroxy compoundfood acidity regulator
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		1.9810enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		8.07291alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pseudouridine
[no description available]		2.0610pseudouridinesfundamental metabolite
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0110selenoamino acid;
selenomethionines		plant metabolite
2,4-dinitrothiocyanatobenzene
2,4-dinitro-1-thiocyanatobenzene : A thiocyanate compound having a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom.		210C-nitro compound;
thiocyanates		hapten;
tolerogen
diphenyldiselenide
diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source		2.0310
digoxigenin
Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.		6.981012beta-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol		hapten;
plant metabolite
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		5.71260organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
2-tert-butylhydroquinone
2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.		2.9340hydroquinonesfood antioxidant
siduron
[no description available]		2.1710ureas
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		5.21160methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
methiocarb
Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
carbamate ester;
methyl sulfide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
molluscicide;
xenobiotic
diallyl trisulfide
[no description available]		7.1310organic trisulfideanti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
insecticide;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
octachloronaphthalene
Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.		3.6990
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.01102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		2.2510organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate
Nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate: Also called 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetate. A haptenic determinant that can be radiolabeled and used as salts and derivatives for investigations of immunogenic specificity studies.. (4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)acetic acid : A member of the class of phenylacetic acids that is phenylacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted by iodo, hydroxy and nitro groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively.		1.98102-nitrophenols;
organoiodine compound;
phenylacetic acids		antigen
thymine glycol
thymine glycol: forms photodimers (thymine dimers) under UV; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9910hydroxypyrimidine
copper(ii) nitrate
copper(II) nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having copper(2+) as the couterion.		2.0510inorganic nitrate salt
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source		210primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.6930fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.4320thujeneplant metabolite
1-octen-3-ol
1-octen-3-ol: main flavor component of mushrooms; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; bait for insect vectors (tsetse, sandflies, mosquitoes). oct-1-en-3-ol : An alkenyl alcohol with a structure based on a C8 unbranched chain with the hydroxy group at C-2 and unsaturation at C-1-C-2. It is a major volatile compound present in many mushrooms and fungi.		2.0810alkenyl alcohol;
medium-chain fatty alcohol		antimicrobial agent;
fungal metabolite;
insect attractant;
volatile oil component
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		4.241801,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
ecdysone
[no description available]		2.211014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
6-oxo steroid;
ecdysteroid		prohormone
bpmc
BPMC: structure. fenobucarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 2-sec-butylphenol with methylcarbamic acid.		1.9710carbamate esteragrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
insecticide
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine
Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.		3.150nitrosamine;
primary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
cladribine
[no description available]		1.9810organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		5.95340diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
acetoxyacetylaminofluorene
Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.. N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene : A 2-acetamidofluorene compound in which the parent 2-acetamidofluorene is substituted on nitrogen by an acetoxy group.		1.96102-acetamidofluorenescarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
methyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfonate
[no description available]		1.9710
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.7230amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
lanthanum
[no description available]		7.0610f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		8.16461elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		9.652470elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		6.61280chromium group element atommicronutrient
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.9540metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		5.98350elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
plutonium
Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.		1.9510actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		7.5720manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		2.0310cobalt group element atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.1710f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		7.85970copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		3.4980manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		3.0810f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		5.16130titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		2.420chromium group element atommicronutrient
americium
Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		2.3920actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		210monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		15.712,5381cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.4320f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		7.2380chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		8.8330f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		8.150f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		7.34590copper group element atom;
elemental gold
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		4.5670actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		3.1550elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		2.0110monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		2.1710d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		2.5220aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		4.13160copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		6.21440mercury coordination entitysensitiser
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		7.7330D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		1.9810chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.9240delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.6730iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		3.2560nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		2.0410iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		14.221083metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		1.9710calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		1.9710calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		1.9710calcium phosphate
lead chloride
lead chloride: RN in 9th CI Form Index for cotunnite: 14639-87-3; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-Cl2. lead(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.		2.3920inorganic chloride;
lead coordination entity
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		2.6830chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		5.3530metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		9.22170inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9710inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
sodium chromate(vi)
sodium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with (MF) CR-H2-O4.Na. sodium chromate : An inorganic sodium salt consisting of sodium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.3920inorganic sodium saltcarcinogenic agent;
diagnostic agent;
oxidising agent;
poison
potassium dichromate
Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.		2.0310potassium saltallergen;
oxidising agent;
sensitiser
zinc nitrate
[no description available]		2.9140
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.0310dihydrogen
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		2.0110diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
nickel sulfate
nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.		2.4420metal sulfateallergen
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		3.0910
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		3.73100elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
lead nitrate
lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate		2.4220inorganic nitrate salt;
lead coordination entity
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.150inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		8.572880cadmium coordination entity
cadmium sulfate
cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4		3.77110cadmium salt
cadmium nitrate
cadmium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd. cadmium nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having Cd(2+) as the counterion.		2.0510cadmium salt;
inorganic nitrate salt		carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
hepatotoxic agent
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		2.1510barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		3.9940
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		6.9610S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
nickel nitrate
nickel nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-(HNO3)2		2.0410
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		3.91110titanium oxidesfood colouring
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.110
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		2.420selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
ferric nitrilotriacetate
ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)		4.98120iron chelatecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		5.02410acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.		7.7330phosphonic acidsplant growth regulator
gold tetrachloride, acid
gold tetrachloride, acid: used in root canal therapy; RN given refers to (SP-4-1)		2.0110
stilbene oxide
stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		6.9810epoxide
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		4.2160chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
iodine
[no description available]		2.1110halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		7.4120aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		3.2560L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
mercuric oxide
mercuric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Hg-O		1.9610
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		4.24180benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		2.5820chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		1.971011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4120bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		2.1310ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.0210C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		210
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		2.68303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
dihydroxyethyldithiocarbamate
dihydroxyethyldithiocarbamate: mobilizes metallothionein-bound cadmium from tissue; increases biliary excretion of cadmium in rats		1.9610
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		6.47240
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		3.150glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		2.6930pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
vanadyl sulfate
[no description available]		2.0410metal sulfate;
vanadium coordination entity
ferrozine
Ferrozine: A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron.		1.9610
prednimustine
Prednimustine: Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.		8.7630corticosteroid hormone
dimethyl suberimidate
Dimethyl Suberimidate: The methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. Each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine.		1.9610
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		7.9240taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		4.3560beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
isoproturon
isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.71303-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureaagrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
promegestone
Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.		1.971020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		antineoplastic agent;
progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		2.1101-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.4120butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
2,3,4,2',3',4'-hexachlorobiphenyl
[no description available]		2.0510
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.110aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		7.4220pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
lonidamine
lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.		3.0710dichlorobenzene;
indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
antispermatogenic agent;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.9740alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.7430aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.7330chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
metalaxyl
metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.		2.1110alanine derivative;
aromatic amide;
carboxamide;
ether;
methyl ester
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).		210ketone;
nitrosamine		carcinogenic agent
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.4820alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		7.0510diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		3.2660acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
pimonidazole
pimonidazole: structure given in first source		3.821
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		2.1110aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		1.9810delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.		2.0110imidazoquinolinecarcinogenic agent
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		7.31103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.0610hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.38703-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		2.0610aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.4220
n 0437, (-)-isomer
rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.2510tetralins
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		2.0110organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
atorvastatin
[no description available]		2.4820aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
irinotecan
[no description available]		7.0210carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		7.6830adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
ferric citrate
ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).		210iron chelateanti-anaemic agent;
nutraceutical
sodium molybdate(vi)
sodium molybdate(VI): RN given refers to molybdic acid, di-Na salt. sodium molybdate (anhydrous) : An inorganic sodium salt having molybdate as the counterion.		2.6630inorganic sodium saltpoison
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		8.150gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
lead selenide
[no description available]		2.1510
gallium nitrate
gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4420
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.0310trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
cupric nitrilotriacetate
cupric nitrilotriacetate: RN given returns to parent cpd		7.4120
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		2.0310
isothiocyanic acid
[no description available]		2.110hydracid;
one-carbon compound
cuprous chloride
cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.		2.6630copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		agrochemical;
molluscicide
carbogen
carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2		1.9910
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		5.72260hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl
3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.		2.1310pentachlorobiphenyl;
trichlorobenzene
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		1.98102-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.01102-benzofuransfluorochrome
ursolic acid
[no description available]		7.4720hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		4.6180organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
allicin
[no description available]		2.0210botanical anti-fungal agent;
sulfoxide		antibacterial agent
5-methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.		2.3720methylcytosine;
pyrimidines		human metabolite
thionine
thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.		210
thymine arabinoside
thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus		1.9710N-glycosyl compound
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		2.7530flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
alpha-terthienyl
[no description available]		2.610terthiophene
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.1150
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		210xanthene dyefluorochrome
25-hydroxycholesterol
[no description available]		1.991025-hydroxy steroid;
oxysterol		human metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate		1.9910
bathocuproine
bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
nile red
nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.		2.0610aromatic amine;
cyclic ketone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name		1.9710
o-(6)-methylguanine
O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.		1.9810methylguaninemutagen
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		2.2110dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		2.9140nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		9.21170glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		3.71100phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.48201,2,3-triazole
azauracil
azauracil: minor descriptor (64-72); major descriptor (73-86); on line search URACIL (66-74); URACIL/AA (75-86); INDEX MEDICUS search URACIL (64-72); AZAURACIL (73-86). 6-azauracil : A 1,2,4-triazine compound having oxo-substituents at the 3- and 5-positions.		2.21101,2,4-triazines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
pirinixil
pirinixil: structure		210
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		2.2110razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		2.0610conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
leupeptin
[no description available]		1.9810aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
pacein
PAcein: structure. pacein : A member of the class of benzofurans that is dibenzo[b,d]furan-3,7-dione bearing two methyl substituents at positions 1 and 9 as well as two 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylanilino substituents at positions 2 and 8.. orcein : A variable mixture of several compounds isolated from lichens, the eight most abundant being alpha-aminoorcein, alpha-hydroxyorcein, beta-aminoorcein, gamma-aminoorcein, beta-hydroxyorcein, gamma-hydroxyorcein, beta-aminoorceimine and beta-aminoorceimine (all are phenoxazine-based). It is used for the demonstration of elastic fibres as well as to stain the rough endoplasmic reticulum of hepatitis B infected liver cells.		2.8840
4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine
4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine: adenine analog which suppresses growth of E coli & Bacillus cereus; inhibits cell growth & purine biosynthesis in rat hepatoma		2.3920
dichloroacetic anhydride
dichloroacetic anhydride: metabolite of trichloroethene		2.0410
3-bromopropylamine
3-bromopropylamine: an alkylating agent used for identifying cysteine residues		1.9810
gallium phosphide
[no description available]		2.0410
acetaminophen cysteine
acetaminophen cysteine: an acetaminophen metabolite		2.110S-conjugate
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		2.4620bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
n-acetyltyrosine, (dl)-isomer
N-acetyltyrosine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyltyrosine : An N-acetyl-amino acid that is tyrosine with an amine hydrogen substituted by an acetyl group.		210N-acetyl-amino acid;
phenols;
tyrosine derivative		human urinary metabolite
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		7.45203-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		3.79110iditolfungal metabolite
equol
Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.		2.0310hydroxyisoflavans
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		8.3760
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile): free radical initiator in liposome systems		1.9910
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		4.5351amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methylglucoside
[no description available]		1.9810
salsolinol
salsolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; EP to SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); on-line search SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); Index Medicus search ISOQUINOLINES (78-82). (S)-salsolinol : A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.		7.02101-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diolhuman urinary metabolite
1,5-i-aedans
1,5-I-AEDANS: fluorescent probes which are sulfhydryl reagents; combine reactivity of iodoacetamide toward sulfhydryl groups with spectral properties of naphthalenesulfonic acids; structure. 5-{[2-(iodoacetamido)ethyl]amino}naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : An aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid fluorophore with a structure consisting of ethylenediamine substituted on the nitrogens with iodoacetyl and 5-sulfonyl-1-naphthyl groups.		2.0210aminonaphthalenesulfonic acidfluorescent probe
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.		2.66303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		protein kinase agonist
tetrakis-mu-acetylsalicylato-dicopper(ii)
tetrakis-mu-acetylsalicylato-dicopper(II): used in treatment of arthritis		2.0310
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		3.5320
1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol
1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol: used to locate cadmium not bound to metallothionein		1.9710
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		2.9240
phosphoramide mustard
[no description available]		710nitrogen mustard;
phosphorodiamide
n-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate
N-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate: acylates free amino groups on proteins		1.9710
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure		2.1110pyrimidine ribonucleosides
8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate
[no description available]		1.9810
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		7.21400cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		2.472017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
hydrogen sulfite
[no description available]		2.0110sulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ici 164384
ICI 164384: structure given in first source. ICI-164384 : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.		1.971017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist
copper
cuprous ion: RN given refers to Cu(1+)		2.0410copper cation;
monoatomic monocation		cofactor
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		2.420glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.0110xanthene dyefluorochrome
dihydrorhodamine 123
dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes		210
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		1.9710
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane
(1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer		2.0210
n-benzylglucamine dithiocarbamate
N-benzylglucamine dithiocarbamate: structure given in first source		3.2360
s-ethyl glutathione
[no description available]		2.4220oligopeptide
bismuth nitrate
[no description available]		8.86120
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		2.0610alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
phorbol-12-myristate
[no description available]		2.4820
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		2.0610proanthocyanidin
cobaltiprotoporphyrin
cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX		1.9810
s-nitrosomercaptoethanol
S-nitrosomercaptoethanol: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor. It is an anti-infective agent and inhibits Bacillus cereus spore outgrowth.		2.420
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		3.77302-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.8940
monobromobimane
monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.		7.0310organobromine compound;
pyrazolopyrazole		fluorochrome
glutathione monoisopropyl ester
glutathione monoisopropyl ester: prevents mitochondrial damage in muscle after marked depletion of glutathione		1.9710
opc 21268
OPC 21268: structure given in first source; vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist		2.0210
tanshinone
tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent		2.4720abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
trypanothione
trypanothione disulfide : An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)-spermidine from the insect-parasitic trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata.		7.0210organic disulfide
selenocystamine
selenocystamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210organoselenium compound
n-(2,3-dimercaptopropyl)phthalamidic acid
N-(2,3-dimercaptopropyl)phthalamidic acid: structure given in first source		1.9710
n-(4-methoxybenzyl)glucamine dithiocarbamate
N-(4-methoxybenzyl)glucamine dithiocarbamate: reduces cadmium level in body; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.6730
mozavaptan
mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0110benzamidesaquaretic
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.		2.0210phosphine derivative;
tricarboxylic acid		reducing agent
n-4-hydroxymethylbenzylglucamine dithiocarbamate
N-4-hydroxymethylbenzylglucamine dithiocarbamate: cadmium chelating agent; structure given in first source		1.9710
7-fluorobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-sulfonate
7-fluorobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-sulfonate: fluorogenic reagent for thiols; structure given in first source; RN given refers to ammonium salt; RN for parent cpd not in Chemline 9/84		1.9910
alliin
alliin: nutritional supplement in diet; possible therapeutic use in anemia and splenic hypertrophy; structure. alliin : An L-alanine derivative in which one of the methyl hydrogens of L-alanine has been replaced by an (S)-allylsulfinyl group.		2.0210alpha-amino acid
2-n-(4-(1-azitrifluoroethyl)benzoyl)-1,3-bis-(mannos-4-yloxy)-2-propylamine
2-N-(4-(1-azitrifluoroethyl)benzoyl)-1,3-bis-(mannos-4-yloxy)-2-propylamine: an azi-ethyl-benzoyl-propylamine with mannose attached at two locations of the propylamine		1.9810
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		3.5480nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		2.5220fullerenegeroprotector
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.4110methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ribulose-1,5 diphosphate
ribulose-1,5 diphosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate : A ribulose phosphate that is D-ribulose attached to phosphate groups at positions 1 and 5. It is an intermediate in photosynthesis.		1.9810ribulose phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
3,5-diiodothyronine
3,5-diiodothyronine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
myelopeptide 1
myelopeptides: RN refers to myelopeptide 1; immune system peptides from bone marrow; act as analgesics and immunoregulators; MP-1 to MP-4 have been sequenced		210
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine
2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors		2.0510
2-(2-(5-carboxy)oxazole)-5-hydroxy-6-aminobenzofuran-n,n,o-triacetic acid
2-(2-(5-carboxy)oxazole)-5-hydroxy-6-aminobenzofuran-N,N,O-triacetic acid: structure given in first source		210
antibiotic g 418
antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea		2.3820
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.		2.0110dichlorobenzene;
differentiation-inducing factor;
monomethoxybenzene;
resorcinols		eukaryotic metabolite;
signalling molecule
6-methoxy-n-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium
6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium: structure given in first source		1.9810
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		1.9810dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
copper bleomycin
copper bleomycin: Merck reference is for bleomycins		1.9710
hypothiocyanite ion
hypothiocyanite ion: structure		1.9910
n-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)maleimide n-hydroxysuccinimide ester
N-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)maleimide N-hydroxysuccinimide ester: used in the preparation of rabbit Fab'-peroxidase conjugates. succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate : An N-hydroxysuccinimide ester derived from 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid.		1.9710maleimides;
N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
4-carboxamidopiperidine-n-dithiocarboxylate
4-carboxamidopiperidine-N-dithiocarboxylate: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd; cadmium antagonist		1.9610
glicentin
Glicentin: A 69-amino acid peptide derived from the N-terminal of PROGLUCAGON. It is mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. Further processing of glicentin yield a 30-amino acid N-terminal peptide (glicentin-related polypeptide) and a 37-amino acid peptide OXYNTOMODULIN. Both glicentin and oxyntomodulin can reduce digestive secretions and delay gastric emptying.		1.9910
6-iodoacetamidofluorescein
[no description available]		2.0210
methotrexate
[no description available]		3.6190dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
dihydroethidium
dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer		2.0110
delphinidin
delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.		2.05105-hydroxyanthocyanidinantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
plant metabolite
xaliproden
xaliproden : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl group and at position 4 by a m-trifluoromethylphenyl group.		2.1310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		serotonergic agonist
n-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.0110
zinquin
zinquin: zinquin is an ethyl ester in second source; specific chelator for zinc(II)		8.2560
4-hydroxy-equilenin
4-hydroxy-equilenin: structure given in first source; is the major catechol metabolite of the equine estrogens EQUILENIN and EQUILIN; induces DNA damage		2.0210
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.0110D-xylose
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		8.2560amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(2+) ion
bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(2+) ion: RN given refers to (Cu+2) cation		2.4420
diamsar chelate
diamsar chelate: structure given in first source; chelating agent, coordinate with metal being chelated		1.9710
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.4620secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
jm 221
JM 221: structure given in first source		1.9810
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		7.08109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
zinc glycinate
zinc glycinate: glycoprotein marker of gastrointestinal cancer		3.5520
cysteinylcysteine
cysteinylcysteine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. Cys-Cys : A dipeptide formed from two L-cysteine residues.		2.0710dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		5.96340oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		2.6730chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
diamminediaqua platinum(ii)
diamminediaqua platinum(II): RN given refers to (SP-4-1)-isomer; hydrolysis product of cisplatin		1.9710
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		2.1110
n,n'-bis(2-pyridylmethylene)-1,4-butanediamine (n,n',n'',n''')-cu(ii)diperchlorate
[no description available]		1.9810
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		2.1510carbodiimide
methanearsonous acid
methanearsonous acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylarsonous acid : A one-carbon compound that is arsonous acid in which the hydrogen attached to arsenic is replaced by a methyl group.		2.4220arsonous acids;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
poison
n(6)-benzyl-cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate
[no description available]		1.9810
dopamine quinone
dopamine quinone: product of the autoxidation of dopamine. dopaminoquinone : A member of the class of 1,2-benzoquinones that is 1,2-benzoquinone in which a hydrogen at para to one of the oxo groups has been replaced by a 2-aminoethyl group.		2.45201,2-benzoquinones;
primary amino compound		metabolite
lhrh, lys(6)-
[no description available]		1.9910
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		1.9710
aminochrome 1
dopaminechrome: structure given in first source. dopaminechrome (enol form) : A member of the class of indolones that is 3,5-dihydro-2H-indole substituted by an oxo group at position 5 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. dopaminechrome (keto form) : A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.		210indoledione;
orthoquinones		neurotoxin
bathocuproine disulfonate
bathocuproine sulfonate: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd. bathocuproine disulfonic acid : A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.. copper chelator : A chelator that is any compound containing a ligand (typically organic) which is able to form a bond to a central copper atom at two or more points.		2.9240arenesulfonic acid;
phenanthrolines		chelator
3-methyleneindolenine
3-methyleneindolenine: structure given in first source. 3-methyleneindolenine : An indole that consists of 3H-indole bearing a methylene substituent at position 3.		1.9910indolesmetabolite
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.9140biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		3.580amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
cadystin protein, s pombe
cadystin protein, S pombe: small cadmium-binding peptides synthesized by Schizosaccharomyces pombe in response to cadmium; structure (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Gly; cadmium complex contains labile sulfur. phytochelatin 3 : A phytochelatin that is a heptapeptide consisting of 3 units of gamma-Glu-Cys, with a glycyl unit at the C-terminus.		1.9710oligopeptide;
phytochelatin
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		2.7330
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		7.0610piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.5420imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
nickel monoxide
[no description available]		2.1710
dimethylarsinous acid
dimethylarsinous acid: a reactive organic intermediate of dimethylarsinic acid involved in toxicity		2.0110methylarsinous acid
propargylglycine
propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.4980
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.3820aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
iodoacetamidoeosin
iodoacetamidoeosin: structure		2.0410
annetocin
annetocin: an oxytocin-vasopressin related peptide from Eisenia foetida; potentiates spontaneous contractions of the gut , pulsatory contractions & bladder-shaking movement of the nephridia		2.0710
cadmium metallothionein
cadmium-binding protein: metallothionein which serves in a metal-sequestering mechanism		9.362920
cynarine
1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid: structure in first source. 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid : An alkyl caffeate ester obtained by the formal condensation of hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 of ()-quinic acid with two molecules of trans-caffeic acid.		2.1710
n-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide
N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide: structure in first source. fenhexamid : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2,3-dichlorophenol.		2.0210anilide fungicide;
aromatic amide;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
phenols		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.72 (methylsterol monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		210benzodioxoles
sorafenib
[no description available]		2.8730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		1.9610alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.0110bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
cortisone
[no description available]		2.894011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.231702-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
mitopodozide
mitopodozide: an ethylhydrazide derivative of podophyllic acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;		1.9910lignan
acivicin
[no description available]		2.6730isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.1110acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
methylmercuric chloride
methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		3.87120chlorine molecular entity;
mercury coordination entity;
one-carbon compound
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		1.9810
carboplatin
[no description available]		4.79100
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.0510inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		3.4370
arabinose
[no description available]		1.9710L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hexacyanoferrate iii
hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
elastin
[no description available]		2.4320oligopeptide
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		9.1731amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		7.5520(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		210
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		2.940heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
laminaran
beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.		210
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.683011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		2.6630puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		1.9910tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
homoglutathione
[no description available]		2.0210gamma-glutamylcysteine
dehydroascorbic acid
Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.		2.4120dehydroascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
mouse metabolite
beta-hederin
beta-hederin: derived from beta-amyrin; other hederigenin based saponins are available		3.0950triterpenoid
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		3.0140isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
diprenorphine
Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.		2.0110morphinane alkaloid
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		3.9120arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		210cyclodextrin
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		2.9340antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		3.87120retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
equilenin
Equilenin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of five double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of equilenin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.. equilenin : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estrone which carries two double bonds at positions 6 and 8. It is found in the urine of pregnant mare's and extensively used for estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.		2.021017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		antioxidant;
mammalian metabolite
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.9540icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		3.5820resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		9.7971retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		1.9910microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.4220octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		2.2110D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.0210benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.1510icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
keratan sulfate
Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.		2.0810
epothilone b
[no description available]		2.0210epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
microtubule-stabilising agent
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		1.9810adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.4120olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
epothilone a
Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).		2.0210epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
afimoxifene
afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.		1.9710phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
metabolite
decitabine
[no description available]		3.1502'-deoxyribonucleoside
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		6.15430actinomycinmutagen
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		7.6930tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		5.16150L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
l 743,872
[no description available]		2.0410
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		7.4820flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
n,n'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid
N,N'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid: from Actinomycetes MG417-CF17; structure given in first source		2.110
ammonium metavanadate
[no description available]		2.0310
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		710
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.7330one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		1.9710acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl
Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl: Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent.. 4-oxo-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an oxo group at position 4.		210aminoxyls;
piperidones		radical scavenger
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		5.121402-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
elaidic acid
[no description available]		2.1110octadec-9-enoic acidfood component
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		2.1104-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
glycosides
[no description available]		2.9340
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		7.25420isomethyleugenol
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		3.8230stilbene
isoliquiritigenin
[no description available]		7.0310chalconesantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
GABA modulator;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor antagonist
picibanil
Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.		1.9710penicillinate anion
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		7.4110olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.5990vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
bucillamine
[no description available]		1.9910organic molecular entity
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		3.150pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.110
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.0810
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		1.9710aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
armepavine
armepavine: reticuline-like; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.4820caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		710urocanic acidhuman metabolite
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		4.9281N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		3.4770aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
rhodanine
2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure		3.5220thiazolidinone
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		3.5110monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		210
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.0140cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		7.6830barbituratesallergen;
reagent
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		1.9610one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.4220cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		3.2760thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
unithiol
Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.		4.5140
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		1.9910aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		2.3110
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		4.3260dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
tamoxifen
[no description available]		9.1950stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nadp
[no description available]		4.4970
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		3.1350
rubeanic acid
rubeanic acid: indicator for copper, cobalt, & nickel; structure		1.9610
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		7.9440
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		3.1250cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		7.4120nitrogen oxide
triethyl phosphine gold
triethyl phosphine gold: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		3.0610
hydroxylysine
Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.97105-hydroxylysine;
hydroxy-L-lysine		human metabolite
dihydroteleocidin b
dihydroteleocidin B: structure		1.9610
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source		210
didimethylsulfoxide dichloroplatinum(ii)
[no description available]		1.9710
cystine
[no description available]		5.51220
oxalylglycine
oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.		2.4620amino dicarboxylic acid;
N-acylglycine		EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		2.0610
cactinomycin
cactinomycin: a mixture of dactinomycin, actinomycin C2, and actinomycin C3		1.9810
amanitins
Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.		2.6630
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		5.8771
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		8.71100organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.4920
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.3920
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor		2.0310benzamides;
benzodioxoles;
imidazoles;
pyridines		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tetrathiomolybdate
tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure		5.8170
diethyl maleate
diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.		3.85120ethyl ester;
maleate ester		glutathione depleting agent
quercetin
[no description available]		3.821107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		4.5351biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		4.0140prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.0110trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		7.74303'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.69100D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		3.3770
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		210carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		1.9710retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		3.0610hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.420D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.4220disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		1.9910prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		3.921linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
genistein
[no description available]		8.62907-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.073111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		2.1110oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
fucoxanthin
fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.		2.0810
mezerein
mezerein: toxic component of plant Daphne mezereum with anti-leukemic activity against P-388 & P-1210 in mice; can act as a tumor promoter; RN given refers to (12beta(E,E))-isomer; structure		1.9610diterpenoid
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		2.4820macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
baicalein
[no description available]		2.0210trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
mangiferin
shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source		2.0610C-glycosyl compound;
xanthones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.02107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
retrorsine
retrorsine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9910macrolide
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.1710alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		710aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		4.0440ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		2.0210F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		7.3820retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
cis-vaccenic acid
cis-vaccenic acid: isomer of oleic acid. vaccenic acid : An octadecenoic acid having a double bond at position 11; and which can occur in cis- or trans- configurations.. cis-vaccenic acid : The cis isomer of vaccenic acid.		2.0510vaccenic acid
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		2.420thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-hexenal
4-hydroxy-2-hexenal: metabolite from senecionine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210fatty aldehyde
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.54804-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
diminazene aceturate
diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.		2.0510N-acetylglycinate saltantiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.420morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.1650antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
gamma-cyclodextrin
gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		710cyclodextrin
brefeldin a
[no description available]		1.9910macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.6930morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
oregon green 488 carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0610xanthene dyeepitope;
fluorochrome
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		3.782111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
kallidin
Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.		1.9910peptide
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		1.9910cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
5'-chloro-5'-deoxyadenosine
[no description available]		1.9810adenosines
ag-490
[no description available]		2.4920catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
ergothioneine
ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.		7.251601,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
amino-acid betaine;
L-histidine derivative;
sulfur-containing amino acid		antioxidant;
chelator;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		8.511430carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		2.4620carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.		2.0310cyanine dye;
indolium ion		fluorochrome
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		7.92401,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		3.7930metalloid atom;
pnictogen
triphenyltin
triphenyltin: triphenyltin derivatives widely used as pesticides; all of first source is triphenyltin cpds		2.2110
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		3.8110boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		7.6930alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		5.03410metal atom;
pnictogen
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		2.8430boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		8.651130metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		6.9610boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.420cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		2.9440boron group element atom
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		7.69450chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
diphenylhexatriene
Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.		1.9710alkatrienefluorochrome
deoxyribose
[no description available]		210deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		1.9510butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		9.862270cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		2.7630carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		4.4870monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.4720
pepstatin
pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin		1.9810pentapeptide;
secondary carboxamide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
monodehydroascorbate
semidehydroascorbic acid: structure		210organic radicalmouse metabolite
dermorphin
dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin		2.0110oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		2.0110
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		8.52802-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.7430cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		1.9910ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		10.22950chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
selenocysteine
Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.		1.9710
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		8.84110chalcogen;
metalloid atom
polonium
Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).		8.830chalcogen;
metal atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		2.1510
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd		2.0310organic anion
aluminum citrate
[no description available]		2.110
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.0510maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		210amidobenzoic acid
hygromycin a
hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B		1.9810hydroxycinnamic acidmetabolite
involucrin
involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor		3.821
myxothiazol
myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.		2.0610
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.1310phosphatidylethanolamine
2-mercapto-3-furan-2-ylpropenoic acid
2-mercapto-3-furan-2-ylpropenoic acid: thiol antidote in mercury poisoning		2.6630
zy 17617b
CGS 9343B: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
manganese phosphate
manganese phosphate: a reddish-white fine crystalline powder relatively insoluble in water		7.0110
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		210
beta-escin
[no description available]		3.580
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.4320nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		1.9910imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		7.0210nitrofuran antibiotic
epostane
[no description available]		2.0110
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		2.6930ammonium ion derivative
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.0310penicillanic acids
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.4920
s-nitrosocysteine
S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.		2.4120L-cysteine derivative;
nitrosothio compound		hematologic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
lenvatinib
lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.		2.2510aromatic amide;
aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist;
orphan drug;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
4-anisyltetrazolium blue
tetrazolium blue : An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium blue(1+) as the counterion.		1.9910organic chloride saltdye
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		4.25170aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
shu 9119
SHU 9119: an agouti mimetic; structure in first source		2.4420
gw0742
GW 610742: structure in first source		2.0410monocarboxylic acid
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate		210
cystathionine
Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.		7.4620cysteine derivative
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		4.5670
2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde
2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde: induces apoptosis in cancer cells; possible antineoplastic agent		7.4620
4,5-diaminofluorescein
4,5-diaminofluorescein: structure in first source		2.0110
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		1.9910D-ribose;
ribopyranose
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		1.9910alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure in first source		2.0110purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
5,5'-difluoro-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
5,5'-difluoro-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source		210
pirarubicin
[no description available]		2.0110anthracycline
potassium cyanate
potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO		1.9710cyanate salt;
one-carbon compound		herbicide
carfilzomib
[no description available]		2.110epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		3.7100
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		3.68100benzoxazole
s-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a
myristoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of myristic acid.		2.452011,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA;
long-chain fatty acyl-CoA		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		2101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		1.9810
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		2.940
podophyllin
Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.		1.9910
titanocene
titanocene: C10-H10-Ti. titanocene : A bis(eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)metal(II) having Ti(II) as the metal(II) species. The parent of the class of titanonocenes.		3.1510
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		3.73100
ptaquiloside
ptaquiloside: a norsesquiterpene from bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum); not a pteridine; can be activated to alkylate DNA		7.0810
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.4320organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		3.73100
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.6830oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.6930polypeptide
hes1 protein, human
HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524		2.0510
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		210
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		5.94200peptide hormone
thymosin beta(4)
thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity		1.9910
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		4.1950
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		2.0210
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		2.0510
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		4.89110
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		3.5520
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		7.9940glycoside
perovskite
calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.		2.2110
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		3.1350
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		4.28170chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		2.9640alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		9.8860
s-nitrosopenicillamine
S-nitrosopenicillamine: activates bovine coronary arterial & rat hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase		1.9810
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		2.9440
chitosan
[no description available]		2.9340
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor		210
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		4.58803',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate
[no description available]		1.9610
potassium bromate
potassium bromate: used as bread improver		2.4620bromate salt;
potassium salt		flour treatment agent
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		2.110
arginine
Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.		1.9910
hygromycin b
[no description available]		2.3920
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		2.4920
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		2.0110organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
asta z 7557
Asta Z 7557: metabolite of cyclophosphamide		1.9710
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		210
lhrh, n-ac-(4-cl-phe)(1)-(4-clphe)(2)-(3-benzo(b)thi-ala)(3)-lys(6)-alanh2(10)-
Org 30850: gonadorelin antagonist		1.9910
alexa fluor 546
Alexa fluor 546: a fluorescent dye		2.0710organic heteropentacyclic compoundfluorochrome
glycolipids
[no description available]		1.9710
elafin
Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.		2.2110
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.9140
debromoaplysiatoxin
debromoaplysiatoxin: sea algae toxin from lyngbya majuscula.; structure. debromoaplysiatoxin : A member of the class of aplysiatoxins that has the structure of the parent aplysiatoxin, but is lacking the bromo substituent on the benzene ring at the position para to the phenolic hydroxy group. It is a cyanotoxin produced by several species of freshwater and marine cyanobacteria, as well as algae and molluscs.		1.9610aplysiatoxins;
cyclic hemiketal;
ether;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
spiroketal		algal metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		1.9910
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		8.3260
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.110
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		2.4220
aplysiatoxin
aplysiatoxin: structure. aplysiatoxin : The parent member of the class of aplysiatoxins. It is a cyanotoxin produced by several species of freshwater and marine cyanobacteria, as well as algae and molluscs.		1.9610aplysiatoxins;
bromophenol;
cyclic hemiketal;
ether;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
spiroketal		algal metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		2.6830
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		5.03130
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		2.1310
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		6.82340ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		6.9710carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.420
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		7.0510
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		3.2460monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		210hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.110benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
antimycin
[no description available]		210
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		8.79110
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		2.4110aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		2.4110
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		4.22170
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		3.5120
chromated copper arsenate
chromated copper arsenate: wood preservative; serves as substrate for trimethylarsine biosynthesis; RN given refers to (Cu(+2)[2:3] salt)		2.0110
saxitoxin
Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.		2.0510alkaloid;
carbamate ester;
guanidines;
ketone hydrate;
paralytic shellfish toxin;
pyrrolopurine		cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
sodium channel blocker;
toxin
pyrethrins
[no description available]		3.1450
thymic factor, circulating
Thymic Factor, Circulating: A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.		3.0950
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.4120
cobra cardiotoxin proteins
Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins: Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.		2.110
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		3.7830
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		8.2860
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		3.9940
fulvotomentoside a
fulvotomentoside A: isolated from Lonicera fulvotomentosa; structure given in first source		1.9810
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		2.4220
s-nitroglutathione
S-nitroglutathione: structure in first source		2.0410
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.6730
bassianolide
bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.		4.45210cyclodepsipeptide;
cyclooctadepsipeptide		antineoplastic agent;
fungal metabolite;
insecticide
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		2.0510angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.0410
jm 335
JM 335: JM149 is the cis congener of JM335; structure given in first source		1.9810
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		2.2510
gibberellins
[no description available]		2.0710
t-2 toxin
T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.		2.0510
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		3.8121
oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.		1.9910
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		9.13160
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.420
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		4.1950
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		2.4120
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		6.97210
kutkin
kutkin: alcoholic extract of the root and rrhizome of Picrorhiza kurrooa; has heptatoprotective activity; contains picroside I, kutkoside, and a small amount of other minor glycosides of P. kurrooa		2.4420
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.4620
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.7930
tetra(4-n-methylpyridyl)porphine
tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine: structure in first source		1.9710
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2105-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.91403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		9.28180purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		7.0410guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		5.7712-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		2.3720nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		1.9710inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin
sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).		2.05105,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterincoenzyme;
cofactor;
diagnostic agent;
human metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		5.2262folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		2.5120
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		2.0110nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.1510
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		3.0440cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		1.9810dacarbazine
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2.41202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.110pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		2.0810triazolopyrimidines
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		8.68100nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.		210
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0810citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-monophosphate
[no description available]		1.9810
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		2.7330oxopurine
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.4220
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		4.12160nitroso compoundalkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		4.23170guanosinesbiomarker
cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine
cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine: also referred to as CpG		2.6930(3'->5')-dinucleotide
cyanine dye 3
cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source		2.4620
eye
[no description available]		5120
amyloid beta-peptides
[no description available]		2.0710
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.6730
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		210
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		1.9910
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		5.64140
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Anoxemia
[description not available]		08.16391
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		08.16391
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		06.74880
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		08.161080
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		06.74880
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		08.161080
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		07.84250
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		07.33390
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		07.5210
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		07.33390
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		07.5210
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		07.84250
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		010.582010
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		03.4220
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		04.1660
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		012.95904
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		012.95904
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		09.841370
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		010.05710
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		015.05710
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		03.73100
Ectoparasitic Infestations
Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.		02.4110
Malnourishment
[description not available]		03.7130
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		03.7130
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		08.13551
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		08.13551
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		012.532323
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.4110
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.4110
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		05.9491
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		05.9491
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.6120
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.8430
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.4110
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		07.5320
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.6120
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		07.9340
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		04.69280
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		04.42200
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		03.6790
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		08.3260
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		04.69280
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		04.42200
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		03.6790
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		03.2660
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		03.2660
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		09.85711
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		08.19540
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		09.85711
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		08.19540
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.4110
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.4110
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.6920
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.7930
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		07.6920
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.7930
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		06.43410
Cancer of the Urinary Tract
[description not available]		02.4420
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		06.43410
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		04.4210
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		08.8830
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		010.09770
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		010.09770
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		08.32191
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		08.32191
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		08.63400
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		08.63400
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		03.82110
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		05.14170
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		03.82110
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		05.14170
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		05.4251
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		04.3870
Cadmium Poisoning
Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.		09.661540
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		04.3870
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.7430
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		012.5220
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		03.7430
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		02.8830
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		05.55110
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		02.8830
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.5420
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.5420
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.8530
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		02.8530
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		02.8530
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		02.8530
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.		06.1150
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		06.2220
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		06.64370
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		06.64370
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		06.8430
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		06.8430
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		07.610
Infusion Site Adverse Event
[description not available]		02.610
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.8220
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.86120
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.5420
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		06.89240
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		06.89240
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		03.4470
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		03.4470
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.5390
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		04.5390
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		03.5210
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		012.08460
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		06.48120
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		06.55330
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		06.55330
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		010.01324
Prediabetes
[description not available]		02.7220
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		010.01324
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.7220
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		04.76300
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		09.76300
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		04.93140
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		04.93140
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.2860
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		03.2860
Periimplantitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		02.2110
Peri-Implantitis
An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.		02.2110
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		06.6780
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		06.6780
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		05.88160
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		06.31131
Stasis Ulcer
[description not available]		04.5511
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		06.31131
Varicose Ulcer
Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.		04.5511
Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical
[description not available]		02.2110
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.		02.2110
Metastase
[description not available]		05.23110
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		02.4320
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		02.4320
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		05.23110
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.2110
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.5520
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.5520
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		010.22631
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.6330
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		08.6330
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.2510
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.8130
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.8130
Azoospermia
A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).		02.2510
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid
A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)		02.2510
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		0340
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		0340
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		06.89251
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		06.89251
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		03.4470
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		08.62940
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		04.8450
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		08.5320
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		04.8450
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		03.5320
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		03.1710
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		05.2350
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		05.92150
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		03.5380
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		05.92150
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		03.5380
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		06.66500
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		06.84141
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		06.84141
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.2510
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.4620
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.730
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.730
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		03.3920
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		03.3920
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		06.36380
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		06.36380
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		04.3170
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		03.3360
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		03.150
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		05.42140
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		010.42140
Binge Alcohol Consumption
[description not available]		02.2510
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		03.6390
Alcoholic Fatty Liver
[description not available]		02.2510
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		03.6390
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		09.21352
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		07.8450
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		04.5990
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		07.67570
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		04.0450
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial
[description not available]		02.2510
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		04.0450
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.		02.2510
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		04.6760
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		08.171530
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		03.4420
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.5920
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		03.4420
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.4620
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.4620
Adult Periodontitis
[description not available]		02.3110
Malignant Mesothelioma
[description not available]		02.2510
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		02.4620
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		02.5120
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		07.5120
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		05.91241
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		05.91241
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.1710
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.1710
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		06.02260
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		06.02260
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.8330
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		06.4491
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		03.77100
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.8330
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		06.4491
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		03.77100
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		04.13160
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		02.3110
Genome Instability
[description not available]		04.2131
Feminization
Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.		02.3110
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.5120
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.5120
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.5720
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		05.3200
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		05.3200
Parodontosis
[description not available]		03.2310
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		08.2310
Neurogenic Inflammation
Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.		02.3110
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.3110
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.8430
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.8430
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		04.3270
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		04.6460
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		05.2580
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		04.3270
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		04.6460
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		05.2580
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		04.9170
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.3110
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.3110
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.6390
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		03.6390
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		04.0150
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		04.0150
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		06.26150
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.3110
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		04.3170
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		04.3170
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.8730
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.8730
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		010.44100
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		05.36210
HPV Infection
[description not available]		04.1930
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		03.7330
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus
[description not available]		03.0610
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		03.0610
Papilloma, Inverted
A mucosal tumor of the urinary bladder or nasal cavity in which proliferating epithelium is invaginated beneath the surface and is more smoothly rounded than in other papillomas. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.7330
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		04.1930
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		04.1760
Carditis
[description not available]		02.1510
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		04.1760
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.1510
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.7930
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		07.7930
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		06.03270
Nevi, Melanocytic
[description not available]		02.4520
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		06.76410
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		06.03270
Nevus, Pigmented
A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.		02.4520
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		06.76410
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		05.08150
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		05.08150
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		02.5220
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.95130
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.9940
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		03.74100
Nodular Goiter
[description not available]		02.5720
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.95130
Goiter, Nodular
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.		02.5720
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		03.74100
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		04.5690
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		04.5690
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		04.6960
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		02.1510
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		03.5680
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		03.5680
Cortical Lewy Body Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Lewy Body Disease
A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)		02.1710
Infection
[description not available]		05.0970
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		05.0970
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		04.3770
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		09.3770
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		010.9490
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		05.9490
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		05.18180
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.4820
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.4820
Bruise
[description not available]		02.1510
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		02.1510
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.1710
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		07.1710
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders
[description not available]		02.5320
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		07.1710
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.1710
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.1710
Lichen Planus, Oral
Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)		02.5320
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		05.82350
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		03.1210
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		08.1210
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.1710
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.1710
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		02.5220
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		02.5220
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		02.1710
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		010.0650
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		03.0910
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		010.0650
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		03.0910
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		03.6230
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		03.6230
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.1710
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.7430
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.1710
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.7430
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		03.5180
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		02.1710
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		02.1710
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		02.1710
Palsy
[description not available]		02.1710
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		02.1710
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		03.1550
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		03.1550
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		06.9992
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		04.260
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		011.9992
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		02.7230
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		02.1710
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		08.1450
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		03.1450
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		02.5220
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		02.5220
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.9740
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9740
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		05.29200
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		03.5280
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		03.5280
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.9440
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		02.9440
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		03.360
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		03.73100
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		03.9120
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		03.9120
Fibroadenoma
An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		07.4920
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.1650
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		03.1650
Disseminated Fusariosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Fusariosis
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.		02.2110
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		03.71100
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		03.71100
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		02.2110
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.2110
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.2510
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.2510
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		04.9380
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		04.9380
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		03.86120
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		02.0810
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		02.0810
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
[description not available]		02.4920
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses
A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.		02.4920
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.9240
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		05.74200
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.0810
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		010.74200
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		04.64100
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		04.3540
Pigmentary Retinopathy
[description not available]		03.3920
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		04.64100
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		09.3540
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.		03.3920
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		04.3270
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		04.3270
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		08.89120
Autism
[description not available]		04.3470
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.5120
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		04.3470
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		02.4720
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		02.4720
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.58170
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.0810
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.0810
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		011.51440
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.1450
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.1450
Helminthiasis, Animal
Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.		02.0810
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.9640
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		07.9640
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		02.0810
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		08.3160
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		03.3160
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		02.0810
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.7430
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.520
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		07.72601
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.520
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		07.72601
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		03.2460
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.5390
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		04.5390
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		05.32210
Adenocystic Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.7230
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		03.1250
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7230
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		03.1250
Dental Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.7730
Odontogenic Tumor, Squamous
A well-differentiated, benign, hamartomatous proliferation of odontogenic epithelium, probably arising from the rests of Malassez.		02.110
Ameloblastoma
An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.		08.7130
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		02.0810
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		02.0810
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.7530
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.7530
ARSA Deficiency
[description not available]		02.110
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic
An autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS) in the nervous system and other organs. Pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the GLIAL CELLS. There are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms.		02.110
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		03.1350
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		03.1350
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		04140
Diathesis
[description not available]		04.1860
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		03.3970
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		02.4920
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.110
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.4620
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		07.4620
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.110
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		02.110
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.110
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		04.65100
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.110
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		09.65100
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		08.88120
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		03.88120
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.		02.110
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		03.2960
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		03.2960
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.0950
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		03.0950
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.5220
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.4320
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		02.4320
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		04.0550
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		04.0550
Congenital Hypocupremia
[description not available]		08.15500
Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome
An inherited disorder of copper metabolism transmitted as an X-linked trait and characterized by the infantile onset of HYPOTHERMIA, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, SEIZURES, bony deformities, pili torti (twisted hair), and severely impaired intellectual development. Defective copper transport across plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes results in copper being unavailable for the synthesis of several copper containing enzymes, including PROTEIN-LYSINE 6-OXIDASE; CERULOPLASMIN; and SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. Pathologic changes include defects in arterial elastin, neuronal loss, and gliosis. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p125)		013.15500
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		02.4620
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		02.4620
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		07.14240
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal
[description not available]		02.1110
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)		02.1110
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.1110
Salivary Gland Diseases
Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.		02.110
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		07.110
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.110
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		02.9440
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		05.73200
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		02.9440
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		05.73200
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		02.1110
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		09.25180
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.6761
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		04.0150
Keratocysts
[description not available]		02.4920
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		09.0150
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		03.1250
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		03.1250
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.730
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		07.730
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		03.3160
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		02.1110
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		02.1110
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		06.95121
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		06.95121
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.7130
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		02.7130
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		03.690
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		02.1110
Aura
[description not available]		03.3970
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		03.3970
Ache
[description not available]		03.0310
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		03.0310
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Rett Syndrome
An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)		07.1310
Aberrant Crypt Foci
Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.		02.1110
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		03.470
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		03.470
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		08.96130
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		04.5490
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		04.5490
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		03.6230
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		03.6230
Mycosis Fungoides
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.		02.1310
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		04.62100
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		02.1310
Dementias, Transmissible
[description not available]		03.0410
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		04.550
Acrodermatitis
Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.		04.3830
Exertional Heat Illness
[description not available]		02.4520
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		04.1860
Dry Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		02.1310
Geographic Atrophy
A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.		02.1310
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1310
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.9340
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.9340
Cancer of Jaw
[description not available]		03.0610
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.9660
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.9660
Microsatellite Instability
The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.		02.7730
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis
[description not available]		02.1310
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis
A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.		02.1310
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		04.3570
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		04.3370
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		04.3570
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		02.1510
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.1310
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.1310
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.7830
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.7830
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		08.470
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		03.470
Cancer of Lip
[description not available]		02.1510
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.		02.1510
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.4520
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		07.4520
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		04.13160
Ganglioneuroblastoma
A moderately malignant neoplasm composed of primitive neuroectodermal cells dispersed in myxomatous or fibrous stroma intermixed with mature ganglion cells. It may undergo transformation into a neuroblastoma. It arises from the sympathetic trunk or less frequently from the adrenal medulla, cerebral cortex, and other locations. Cervical ganglioneuroblastomas may be associated with HORNER SYNDROME and the tumor may occasionally secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide, resulting in chronic diarrhea.		02.0410
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		02.9440
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		07.7330
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		03.4980
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		03.4980
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		02.0410
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		02.0410
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.0410
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		07.0410
Parasitic Diseases, Animal
Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.		02.0410
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4120
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.7430
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		07.7430
Cerebral Malaria
[description not available]		07.4420
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		04.6760
Placental Abruption
[description not available]		07.0410
Abruptio Placentae
Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.		02.0410
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		02.0410
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		02.0410
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		02.9640
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		02.9640
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		02.4620
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		05.5160
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.4520
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		02.4520
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		02.0410
Adipocere
[description not available]		02.6730
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		02.0410
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.0410
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		02.0410
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.0410
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		04.1231
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		04.1231
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		04.8250
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		02.8940
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		02.8940
MODS
[description not available]		03.3620
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		02.9610
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		03.3620
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.7130
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		07.7130
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		05.89170
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		05.89170
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		05.84221
Barrett Epithelium
[description not available]		02.9340
Barrett Esophagus
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.		02.9340
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		03.86120
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		06.88660
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.		02.0510
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		03.6130
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		03.6130
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.5990
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.5990
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		03.8521
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		04.2840
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.9640
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.0510
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.7530
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.7530
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.0510
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		02.0510
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		02.0510
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.4420
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.4420
Keratosis, Oral
[description not available]		02.4520
Leukoplakia, Oral
A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.4520
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		03.3870
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		08.3870
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		03.2660
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		03.2660
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		02.0510
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		02.0510
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		04.7870
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		04.7870
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.0510
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		02.4520
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		08.94130
Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
[description not available]		07.0510
Klatskin Tumor
Cholangiocarcinoma arising near or at the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts (COMMON HEPATIC DUCT). These tumors are generally small, sharply localized, and seldom metastasizing.		07.0510
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.07150
Chromosomal Instability
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.		02.0510
Neoplasms, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0510
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.5990
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		03.5990
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.7230
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.0510
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.0510
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.7230
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.7330
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		07.7330
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		03.3520
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		03.3520
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		07.7130
Central Nervous System Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0510
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.		02.0510
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		03.150
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		03.150
Pyrexia
[description not available]		03.3220
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.4720
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		03.3220
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		07.4720
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.0510
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		02.0510
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		07.4420
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.0510
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		02.0510
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.0510
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		03.2560
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		03.2560
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		03.690
Dermatoses
[description not available]		04.6360
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		04.6360
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		04.3170
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.0510
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.0510
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.4520
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.4520
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		04.1760
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.7230
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		04.1760
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		02.7230
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		04.0930
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		04.0930
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		07.4520
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		03.3520
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		03.3520
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		03.3670
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		08.3670
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		02.0510
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		04.5190
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.4820
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		02.4420
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0610
Dwarfism, Pituitary
A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.		02.0610
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.9440
Anaplastic Ependymoma
[description not available]		02.4220
Ependymoma
Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)		02.4220
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia
A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.		02.4320
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.		02.4320
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		04.1330
Periapical Cyst
[description not available]		02.0610
Dentigerous Cyst
Most common follicular odontogenic cyst. Occurs in relation to a partially erupted or unerupted tooth with at least the crown of the tooth to which the cyst is attached protruding into the cystic cavity. May give rise to an ameloblastoma and, in rare instances, undergo malignant transformation.		02.0610
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		02.0510
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.9340
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		02.9340
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		02.0610
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Infections, Rhabdoviridae
[description not available]		02.0610
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		03.8421
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		08.8421
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4120
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.4120
Carcinoma, Embryonal
A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)		03.6130
Acinar Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell
A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)		02.0610
Bone Diseases, Developmental
Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.		02.9810
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.6930
Retinoblastoma
A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)		02.6930
Anemia, Macrocytic
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).		02.0610
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		02.0610
Myelopathy
[description not available]		02.0610
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.4420
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		02.0610
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.9910
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.9910
Ductal Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.4820
Carcinoma, Ductal
Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.		02.4820
Encephalopathy, Mercury
[description not available]		02.9640
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		02.0610
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		03.470
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		03.470
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		05.0550
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.0710
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		02.9340
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.0710
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		02.0710
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		02.0710
Generalized Resistance to Thyroid Hormone
[description not available]		02.0710
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		02.4820
Causalgia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4820
Causalgia
A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)		02.4820
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		02.4820
Medial Neuropathy, Distal
[description not available]		02.0710
Varices
[description not available]		03.4611
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		08.4611
Actinic Keratosis
[description not available]		07.0710
Keratosis, Actinic
White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.		02.0710
Hepatic Insufficiency
Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		02.0710
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		02.0710
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0710
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		02.0710
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		02.0710
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		02.0810
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		02.0810
Gambling, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0810
Gambling
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.		02.0810
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.9910
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.9910
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.0710
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		02.0710
Flavobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.		02.0810
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous
Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.		02.0710
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		02.9340
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		02.9340
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		02.7130
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		02.7130
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		03.8540
Aural Cholesteatoma
[description not available]		02.0710
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		02.0810
Adenoma, Pleomorphic
A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0810
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.940
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		0310
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		0310
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.0810
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		02.0810
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.0810
Leanness
[description not available]		02.4420
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.0810
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.9210
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.9210
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.4120
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		02.4120
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.4120
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.0110
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
[description not available]		07.4320
Embryopathies
[description not available]		03.3120
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.0110
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		03.3220
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		03.3220
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		07.730
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.730
Synovioma
[description not available]		02.0110
Sarcoma, Synovial
A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)		02.0110
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6730
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		0210
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.420
Theca Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.0110
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		02.420
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		02.0110
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		07.04170
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.6830
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		03.8121
Blood Vessel Tumors
[description not available]		02.0110
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		08.8121
Wallerian Degeneration
Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.		02.0110
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.0950
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		03.0950
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.0110
Carcinoma, Large Cell
A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0110
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		03.3670
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		03.3670
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		02.4220
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		04.3240
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		04.3240
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.0110
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.0210
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.0210
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.0210
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		02.4220
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		02.0210
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		02.0210
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		02.0210
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.7230
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		02.0210
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.7230
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		02.4320
Inflammatory Pseudotumor
[description not available]		02.0210
Granuloma, Plasma Cell
A slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells.		02.0210
Pancreatic Cyst
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)		02.0210
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.0210
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.0210
Infections, Reoviridae
[description not available]		02.0210
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0210
Chloasma
[description not available]		02.0210
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		02.0210
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.940
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		07.940
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		02.0210
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		01.9810
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		01.9810
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		02.9310
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		02.9310
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.1150
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		02.4220
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.420
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.420
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		05.0770
Chronic Bronchitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.0210
Bronchitis, Chronic
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.		02.0210
Anemia, Sideroblastic
Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.		02.0210
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.4120
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.4120
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		03.6330
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		03.6330
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		02.4120
Argyria
A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0210
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		02.9140
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		03.6130
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine
[description not available]		02.0210
Adrenal Cortex Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		02.0210
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		03.3520
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		03.3320
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		03.3220
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.6930
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.6930
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia
[description not available]		02.4320
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.		02.4320
Manganese Poisoning
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)		02.9340
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		09.07150
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		03.3870
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		03.3870
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy
[description not available]		07.4320
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		03.5830
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		03.5830
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		07.940
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		04.12160
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.7130
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		02.7130
Brain Atrophy, Circumscribed Lobar
[description not available]		02.0210
Amentia
[description not available]		02.0210
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		07.0210
Pick Disease of the Brain
A rare form of DEMENTIA that is sometimes familial. Clinical features include APHASIA; APRAXIA; CONFUSION; ANOMIA; memory loss; and personality deterioration. This pattern is consistent with the pathologic findings of circumscribed atrophy of the poles of the FRONTAL LOBE and TEMPORAL LOBE. Neuronal loss is maximal in the HIPPOCAMPUS, entorhinal cortex, and AMYGDALA. Some ballooned cortical neurons contain argentophylic (Pick) bodies. (From Brain Pathol 1998 Apr;8(2):339-54; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1057-9)		02.0210
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		02.0310
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		02.0310
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		02.0310
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		02.0310
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.4220
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.4220
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		02.4120
Ectopic Pregnancy
[description not available]		07.4420
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		02.4120
Pregnancy, Ectopic
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (		02.4420
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3320
Cystadenoma, Mucinous
A multilocular tumor with mucin secreting epithelium. They are most often found in the ovary, but are also found in the pancreas, appendix, and rarely, retroperitoneal and in the urinary bladder. They are considered to have low-grade malignant potential.		02.4220
Cystadenoma, Serous
A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)		02.4220
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		03.3320
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
[description not available]		02.0210
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.		02.0210
Oligohydramnios
A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.		02.0210
Borna Disease
An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by BORNA DISEASE VIRUS.		02.0310
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		03.77110
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Ataxia Telangiectasia
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).		02.0310
Fusobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.		02.0310
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		07.7130
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		02.7130
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.9310
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		02.9310
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.0310
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.0310
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.0310
ACA Infarct
[description not available]		02.0310
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		04.3141
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.0310
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.0310
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.0310
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.0310
Rida
[description not available]		02.9140
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.9510
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		02.0310
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		02.0310
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		02.3920
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		02.3920
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		02.0310
Essential Polyarteritis
[description not available]		02.0310
Cryoglobulinemia
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.		02.0310
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.0310
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		03.630
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.420
Chondromalacia
Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.		02.0310
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		02.0310
Cartilage Diseases
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).		02.0310
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		02.6930
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.6930
Cranial Nerve II Injuries
[description not available]		02.0310
Dentin, Secondary
Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.		02.0310
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		02.0410
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		02.0410
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		02.0410
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.0410
Adnexal Diseases
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).		02.0410
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.0410
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		02.0410
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		02.0410
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.0410
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.0410
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		04.17170
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		06.37290
Cutis Elastica
[description not available]		01.9610
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.		01.9610
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		02.8840
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		07.8840
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		01.9610
Oliguria
Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.		01.9610
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		05.1880
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.8810
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Dysfunctions in the metabolism of metals resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		05.1880
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.8810
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.8810
Marasmus
[description not available]		03.0750
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		03.0750
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		01.9610
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		01.9610
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		01.9610
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.940
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		02.8710
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		02.8710
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		03.8140
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		02.6730
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		03.3670
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		02.8840
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		02.8840
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		02.6630
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		02.6630
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.8840
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.8840
Genito-urinary Cancer
[description not available]		01.9810
Urogenital Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.		01.9810
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.3920
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		02.3920
Angioma, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.9140
Bednar Tumor
[description not available]		01.9810
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)		02.9140
Dermatofibrosarcoma
A sarcoma of the deep layers of the skin. The tumors are locally aggressive tends to recur but rarely metastatic. It can be classified into variants depending on the cell type tumors are derived from or by its characteristics: Pigmented variant from MELANIN-containing DERMAL DENDRITIC CELLS; Myxoid variant, myxoid STROMAL CELLS; Giant cell variant characterized by GIANT CELLS in the tumors; and Fibrosarcomatous variant chracterized by tumor areas histologically indistinguishable from FIBROSARCOMA.		01.9810
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		01.9810
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		01.9810
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		01.9810
Scrotal Hydrocele
[description not available]		01.9810
Epididymal Cyst
[description not available]		01.9810
Ph 1 Chromosome
[description not available]		01.9810
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		01.9810
Teratocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.420
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.6930
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.6930
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.8940
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.3820
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.3820
Abortion, Veterinary
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.		01.9810
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		02.8940
Carcinoma, Lobular
A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.		01.9810
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		01.9810
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		02.9140
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		02.9140
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.420
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.420
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenosis of Breast
[description not available]		01.9810
Papilloma, Intraductal
A small, often impalpable benign papilloma arising in a lactiferous duct and frequently causing bleeding from the nipple. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		01.9810
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.		01.9810
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		01.9810
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		01.9810
Christmas Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemophilia B
A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)		01.9810
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.6730
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.6730
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		01.9810
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		01.9810
Albers-Schoenberg Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Osteopetrosis
Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).		01.9810
Germinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)		03.8240
Mole, Skin
[description not available]		01.9810
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3820
Rheumatism
[description not available]		02.6730
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		02.3820
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		02.6730
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.3820
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		02.3820
Cockayne Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms.		01.9810
Icterus
[description not available]		03.0850
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		03.0850
Amyloid Neuropathies
Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)		01.9810
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		01.9810
Interstitial Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.3820
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		02.3820
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		02.3820
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.6730
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		01.9810
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		03.2920
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		03.2920
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.		01.9810
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		01.9810
Toxoplasmosis, Animal
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.		01.9810
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.3820
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.3820
Blast Phase
[description not available]		01.9810
Blast Crisis
An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.		01.9810
Nevus, Epithelioid and Spindle Cell
A benign compound nevus occurring most often in children before puberty, composed of spindle and epithelioid cells located mainly in the dermis, sometimes in association with large atypical cells and multinucleate cells, and having a close histopathological resemblance to malignant melanoma. The tumor presents as a smooth to slightly scaly, round to oval, raised, firm papule or nodule, ranging in color from pink-tan to purplish red, often with surface telangiectasia. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		03.320
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		02.3820
Cancer of Muscle
[description not available]		01.9910
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		06.9910
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		02.420
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.420
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.420
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		01.9810
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.6630
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		07.6630
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		03.4880
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		03.4880
Seminoma
A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9110
Deficiency, Pyridoxine
[description not available]		01.9910
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.7721
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		03.7721
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		02.6830
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		01.9910
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		02.6730
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4
[description not available]		02.3920
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.		02.3920
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		01.9910
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		01.9910
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		01.9910
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		01.9910
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		01.9910
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		01.9910
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		01.9910
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.420
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		02.420
Encephalitis, Viral
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.		01.9910
Canine Distemper
[description not available]		01.9910
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Acquired Encephalocele
[description not available]		01.9910
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Absence Status
[description not available]		01.9910
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		01.9910
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		02.3920
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		01.9910
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		03.8140
Arthropathies
[description not available]		01.9910
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		01.9910
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		01.9910
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		08.8140
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		01.9910
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		01.9910
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		01.9910
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		01.9910
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.		01.9910
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		06.9910
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		01.9910
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		01.9910
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		01.9910
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Complex and Mixed Neoplasms
[description not available]		0210
Mixed Tumor, Malignant
A malignant tumor composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		0210
Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed
Neoplasms composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue.		0210
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		0210
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		0210
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		0210
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		0210
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		07.6730
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.6730
Wasting Disease
[description not available]		02.420
Bleeding
[description not available]		0210
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		0210
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		0210
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		0210
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		0210
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		0210
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.		0210
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous
A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)		0210
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		0210
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		0210
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.420
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.420
Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous
A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)		0210
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		0210
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		0210
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		0210
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		0210
Carcinoma, Colloid
[description not available]		0210
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		0210
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		0210
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		0210
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		0210
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		0210
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		0210
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		03.320
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		03.320
Cancer of Endocrine Gland
[description not available]		0210
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.		0210
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		02.3920
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		0210
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		02.4120
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		0210
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		0210
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		0210
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		0710
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic
[description not available]		0210
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		02.4120
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		0210
Myoepithelial Tumor
[description not available]		03.7921
Myoepithelioma
A usually benign tumor made up predominantly of myoepithelial cells.		03.7921
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		0210
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		0210
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		0210
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		0710
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		0210
Pterygium
An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0710
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		0210
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		0210
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0710
Epulides
[description not available]		0210
Gingival Diseases
Diseases involving the GINGIVA.		0210
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.0110
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0110
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		02.0110
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		01.9510
Francisella tularensis Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Tularemia
A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.		01.9510
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		01.9810
Gastritis, Familial Giant Hypertrophic
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		06.9810
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		01.9810
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		06.9810
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		01.9810
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		06.9810
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		02.3820
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		01.9810
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.3820
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		02.3820
Atresia, Biliary
[description not available]		01.9710
Biliary Atresia
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.		01.9710
Albinism
General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.		02.6630
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		01.9710
Gigantism
The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.		06.9710
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		01.9710
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		01.9710
Intestinal Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		01.9710
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		01.9710
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		01.9710
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.		01.9710
Freemartinism
A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (TWIN, DIZYGOTIC) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in CATTLE. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female FETUSES permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, TESTICULAR HORMONES from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric female(CHIMERISM).		01.9710
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder
[description not available]		01.9710
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		01.9610
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		01.9710
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		01.9710
Thalassemias
[description not available]		01.9710
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		01.9710
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		01.9710
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		01.9710
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		01.9710
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		02.3720
Lipidoses
Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.		01.9610
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.8810
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.8810
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		02.8810
Chromosomal Fragility
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		01.9710
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		02.8810
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		02.8810
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		04.3630
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		04.3630
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		01.9610
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		02.8810
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.8810