Compounds > rifamycins
Page last updated: 2024-11-12

rifamycins

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Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID12314962
SCHEMBL ID22389514
MeSH IDM0019113

Synonyms (3)

Synonym
rifamycins ,
SCHEMBL22389514
[(9e,19e,21e)-2,15,17-trihydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-6,23,27,29-tetraoxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(28),2,4,9,19,21,25-heptaen-13-yl] acetate

Research Excerpts

Overview

Rifamycins are a class of antibiotics that were first discovered in 1957. They are known for their use in treating tuberculosis (TB) Rifampicin is the most commonly prescribed.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Rifamycins are a class of antibiotics that were first discovered in 1957 and are known for their use in treating tuberculosis (TB). "( Rifamycin antibiotics and the mechanisms of their failure.
Adams, RA; Brynildsen, MP; Lemma, AS; Leon, G; Miller, NM; Reyes, SP; Sivaloganathan, DM; Thantrong, CH; Thokkadam, AM; Wan, X, 2021)		2.06
"Rifamycins are a class of antibiotic compounds of which rifampicin is the most commonly prescribed. "( Characterization of three rifamycins via electrospray mass spectrometry and HPLC-thermospray mass spectrometry.
Bloom, J; Churchwell, MI; Getek, TA; Hansen, EB; Holder, CL; Korfmacher, WA; McManus, KT, 1993)		2.03

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Rifamycins have been clinically utilized against mycobacterial infections for more than 50 years; however, their biosynthesis has not been fully elucidated. "( A Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase Mediates Divergent Oxidation of Rifamycin.
Han, L; He, QL; Luo, GC; Peng, SY; Tang, GL; Zhang, K; Zhou, Q, 2021)		2.06

Actions

Rifamycins inhibit RNA polymerase of most bacterial genera. RifamyCins bind to and inhibit DNA polymerase.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Rifamycins inhibit RNA polymerase of most bacterial genera. "( Rifamycins, Alone and in Combination.
Rothstein, DM, 2016)		3.32
"Rifamycins bind to and inhibit DNA polymerase."( Use of a macrocyclic antibiotic, rifamycin B, and indirect detection for the resolution of racemic amino alcohols by CE.
Armstrong, DW; Reid, GL; Rundlett, K, 1994)		1.01

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The oral LD50 value for this species was greater than 2000 mg/kg."( Acute, subacute, chronic toxicity and mutagenicity studies of rifaximin (L/105) in rats.
Bertoli, D; Borelli, G, 1986)		0.27
" Rifaximin was well tolerated; the few treatment-related adverse events showed no consistent pattern or dose relationship."( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of rifaximin in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: a double-blind, randomized, dose-finding multi-centre study.
James, OF; Morgan, MY; Warnes, TW; Williams, R, 2000)		0.31
" Because therapy is directed largely at relieving symptoms and minimising inconvenience, the chosen antibacterial should ideally be both efficacious and pose a low risk of adverse effects."( Safety and tolerability of the antibacterial rifaximin in the treatment of travellers' diarrhoea.
Ericsson, CD, 2006)		0.33
" Rifaximin 1,100 mg once daily was well tolerated with no observed differences in adverse events, whether solicited or unsolicited among the two treatment groups."( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of rifaximin for the prevention of travelers' diarrhea in US military personnel deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Incirlik, Turkey.
Armstrong, AW; Mostafa, M; Nakhla, I; Riddle, MS; Shaheen, H; Tribble, DR; Ulukan, S; Weiner, M, )		0.13
" Adverse effects were similar among patients receiving rifaximin or placebo in all studies."( The efficacy and safety of rifaximin for the irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chey, WD; Kim, HM; Maneerattannaporn, M; Menees, SB, 2012)		0.38
" The profile and rate of adverse events with long-term rifaximin treatment were similar to those of the original RCT."( Rifaximin is safe and well tolerated for long-term maintenance of remission from overt hepatic encephalopathy.
Bass, NM; Bortey, E; Forbes, WP; Frederick, RT; Mullen, KD; Poordad, FF; Sanyal, AJ; Sheikh, MY, 2014)		0.4
"Long-term treatment (≥24 mo) with rifaximin (550 mg, twice daily) appears to provide a continued reduction in the rate of HE-related and all-cause hospitalization, without an increased rate of adverse events."( Rifaximin is safe and well tolerated for long-term maintenance of remission from overt hepatic encephalopathy.
Bass, NM; Bortey, E; Forbes, WP; Frederick, RT; Mullen, KD; Poordad, FF; Sanyal, AJ; Sheikh, MY, 2014)		0.4
"To assess and determine the frequency of rifaximin and placebo adverse events (AEs) in phase 2b and phase 3 non-C IBS trials."( Safety and tolerability of rifaximin for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome without constipation: a pooled analysis of randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.
Bortey, E; Chang, L; Chey, WD; Forbes, WP; Lembo, A; Paterson, C; Pimentel, M; Schoenfeld, P; Yu, J, 2014)		0.4
" The overall treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) and treatment-related TEAE rates were lower in the rifalazil group (68% and 55%) than in the azithromycin group (71% and 62%), respectively."( Randomized, double-blind, multicenter safety and efficacy study of rifalazil compared with azithromycin for treatment of uncomplicated genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women.
Batteiger, BE; Geisler, WM; Hurwitz, SJ; Koltun, WD; Mathew, J; Mayes, A; Morgan, F; Pascual, ML; Sayada, C; Schinazi, RF; Tao, S, 2014)		0.4
"To compare interventions in terms of patients' adverse events and major clinical outcomes."( Systematic review with network meta-analysis: the comparative effectiveness and safety of interventions in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy.
Braddock, M; Chen, YP; Huang, GQ; Huang, S; Lin, YQ; Shi, KQ; Wang, LR; Zheng, MH; Zhu, GQ, 2015)		0.42
" Neomycin appeared to be associated with more adverse events in comparison with non-absorbable disaccharides (OR 10."( Systematic review with network meta-analysis: the comparative effectiveness and safety of interventions in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy.
Braddock, M; Chen, YP; Huang, GQ; Huang, S; Lin, YQ; Shi, KQ; Wang, LR; Zheng, MH; Zhu, GQ, 2015)		0.42
" Rifaximin shows the greatest reduction in blood ammonia concentration, and treatment with neomycin demonstrates a higher probability in causing adverse effects among the five compared interventions."( Systematic review with network meta-analysis: the comparative effectiveness and safety of interventions in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy.
Braddock, M; Chen, YP; Huang, GQ; Huang, S; Lin, YQ; Shi, KQ; Wang, LR; Zheng, MH; Zhu, GQ, 2015)		0.42
" There was no difference among the studied groups regarding the incidence and severity of adverse events reported."( Efficacy and safety of alternating norfloxacin and rifaximin as primary prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic ascites: a prospective randomized open-label comparative multicenter study.
Abdelaziz, A; Abdelrashed, M; Assem, M; El-Azab, G; Elemam, S; Elsabaawy, M; Hamed, W; Khodeer, S, 2016)		0.43
" These properties make rifaximin a safe antibiotic for gut microbiota modulation in patients with IBS."( Rifaximin for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome - a drug safety evaluation.
Cammarota, G; Gasbarrini, A; Lopetuso, L; Pecere, S; Ponziani, FR; Scaldaferri, F, 2016)		0.43
" Adverse event rates were low and similar between groups."( Repeat Treatment With Rifaximin Is Safe and Effective in Patients With Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
Bortey, E; Cash, B; Forbes, WP; Lembo, A; Paterson, C; Pimentel, M; Rao, SS; Schoenfeld, P; Weinstock, LB, 2016)		0.43
"Rifaximin treatment seems to be effective and safe for the treatment of SIBO."( Systematic review with meta-analysis: rifaximin is effective and safe for the treatment of small intestine bacterial overgrowth.
Gatta, L; Scarpignato, C, 2017)		0.46
" About 76% of the patients experienced adverse events (35% diarrhea, 14% nausea and 24% metallic taste), none of which was serious."( Efficacy and safety of rifaximin associated with standard triple therapy (omeprazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin) for H. pylori eradication: A phase IV pilot clinical trial.
Donday, MG; Gisbert, JP; McNicholl, AG; Ramas, M, 2017)		0.46
" We included the following outcomes: recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy, adverse events, mortality rate, and time to the first episode of hepatic encephalopathy from the time of randomization (days)."( Efficacy and Safety of Rifaximin in the Prevention of Recurrent Episodes of Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Abdelsattar, AT; El Mancy, IM; Elmoursi, A; Khalil, F; Mostafa, S; Ramadan, IG; Shabana, H; Zedan, HA, 2023)		0.91
"The meta-analysis showed that in patients allocated to the rifaximin group, the incidence rate of hepatic encephalopathy was significantly lower when compared with those in the control group with no difference in both groups regarding adverse events and mortality rates."( Efficacy and Safety of Rifaximin in the Prevention of Recurrent Episodes of Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Abdelsattar, AT; El Mancy, IM; Elmoursi, A; Khalil, F; Mostafa, S; Ramadan, IG; Shabana, H; Zedan, HA, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" No significant modification of the plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of isoniazid and acetylisoniazid was found."( A study of the effects of rifabutin on isoniazid pharmacokinetics and metabolism in healthy volunteers.
Breda, M; Carpentieri, M; Efthymiopoulos, C; Pianezzola, E; Rimoldi, R; Sassella, D; Strolin Benedetti, M, 1992)		0.28
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of dexamethasone in rabbits were calculated by methods of residuals."( [Effects of rifamdin on pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone].
Jiang, LM, 1990)		0.28
" Compared with a control group, the alteration of the half-life both of NA and R-SV was less marked in GS1 than in GS2."( Impaired plasma clearance of nicotinic acid and rifamycin-SV in Gilbert's syndrome: evidence of a functional heterogeneity.
Bronzino, P; Coltorti, M; Gentile, S; Marmo, R; Persico, M, 1985)		0.27
" MAC organisms were inoculated into tubes containing the medium with or without the addition of test drugs at either 1/10 Cmax, Cmax or C0-8h (average concentrations during the first 8 h) in the blood."( [Anti-Mycobacterium avium complex activities of KRM-1648, clarithromycin and levofloxacin in 7HSF medium at peak or average blood concentrations after their oral administration of clinical dosages].
Akaki, T; Sato, K; Tomioka, H, 1997)		0.3
"An open randomized cross-over study was conducted in 8 healthy male volunteers to study the pharmacokinetic pattern and the safety of a 300-mg single oral dose of a new 3-azinomethyl-rifamycin (USAN rifametane, SPA-S-565) compared with 300 mg of conventional rifampicin."( Phase I pharmacokinetic study of a new 3-azinomethyl-rifamycin (rifametane) as compared to rifampicin.
Ajay, S; Bruzzese, T; Cooverji, ND; Gogtay, N; Gokhale, P; Kshirsagar, NA; Potkar, C, )		0.13
" The two antibiotics showed similar peak of serum concentrations, but rifametane showed a longer half-life and higher AUC values."( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of rifametane, a new 3-azinomethyl-rifamycin derivative, in several animal species.
Ajay, S; Bonabello, A; Bruzzese, T; Cooverj, ND; Mozzi, G; Rimaroli, C, 2000)		0.31
"We performed a pharmacokinetic substudy of patients in a trial of treatment with twice-weekly rifabutin and isoniazid."( Association between acquired rifamycin resistance and the pharmacokinetics of rifabutin and isoniazid among patients with HIV and tuberculosis.
Benator, D; Burman, W; Hodge, T; Jones, B; Khan, A; Peloquin, CA; Silva-Trigo, C; Vernon, A; Weiner, M; Zhao, Z, 2005)		0.33
"A total of 102 (60%) of 169 patients in the treatment trial participated in the pharmacokinetic substudy, including 7 of 8 patients in whom tuberculosis treatment failure or relapse occurred in association with acquired rifamycin-resistant mycobacteria (hereafter, "ARR failure or relapse")."( Association between acquired rifamycin resistance and the pharmacokinetics of rifabutin and isoniazid among patients with HIV and tuberculosis.
Benator, D; Burman, W; Hodge, T; Jones, B; Khan, A; Peloquin, CA; Silva-Trigo, C; Vernon, A; Weiner, M; Zhao, Z, 2005)		0.33
" Plasma concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters were characterized for EE and 2 major metabolites of norgestimate, norgestrel (NG) and 17-deacetyl norgestimate (17-DNGM)."( Absence of effect of oral rifaximin on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate in healthy females.
Bettenhausen, DK; Connolly, M; Forbes, WP; Pentikis, H; Trapnell, CB, 2007)		0.34
" No differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed for EE, NG, or 17-DNGM when a single dose of the OC was administered alone or with rifaximin."( Absence of effect of oral rifaximin on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate in healthy females.
Bettenhausen, DK; Connolly, M; Forbes, WP; Pentikis, H; Trapnell, CB, 2007)		0.34
" Another striking finding was the large reduction of the pharmacokinetic intersubject variability after rifalazil administration with food."( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of rifalazil, a novel antibacterial, in healthy male volunteers.
Cabana, B; Chen, YX; Kivel, N; Michaelis, A, 2007)		0.34
" The geometric mean ratios for the difference between EE alone and following rifalazil for EE Cmax, AUC(0-24) and Cmin were 105."( Lack of effect of rifalazil on ethinyl estradiol pharmacokinetics in healthy postmenopausal women.
Cabana, B; Chen, YX; Gilman, S; Kivel, N; Michaelis, A; Pieniaszek, H, 2007)		0.34
" Serial plasma samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analyses."( The effect of multiple-dose, oral rifaximin on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral midazolam in healthy volunteers.
Bettenhausen, DK; Connolly, M; Forbes, WP; Pentikis, HS; Trapnell, CB, 2007)		0.34
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of single-dose intravenous or oral midazolam were determined alone and after coadministration of rifaximin for 3 and 7 days."( The effect of multiple-dose, oral rifaximin on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral midazolam in healthy volunteers.
Bettenhausen, DK; Connolly, M; Forbes, WP; Pentikis, HS; Trapnell, CB, 2007)		0.34
" Further, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and in vivo studies are warranted to determine its ultimate place in antibacterial therapy."( In vitro pharmacodynamics of novel rifamycin ABI-0043 against Staphylococcus aureus.
Forrest, A; Kelchlin, PA; Smith, PF; Tsuji, BT; Yang, JC, 2008)		0.35
"This review will introduce pharmacokinetic parameters for key anti-TB drugs, as well as the indications and limitations of measuring these parameters in clinical practice."( Understanding pharmacokinetics to improve tuberculosis treatment outcome.
Heysell, SK; Reynolds, J, 2014)		0.4
"Individual pharmacokinetic variability is commonplace, underappreciated and difficult to predict without therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)."( Understanding pharmacokinetics to improve tuberculosis treatment outcome.
Heysell, SK; Reynolds, J, 2014)		0.4
" To help inform such an optimization, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to predict time course, tissue-specific concentrations of RPT and its active metabolite, 25-desacetyl rifapentine (dRPT), in humans after specified administration schedules for RPT."( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rifapentine and 25-Desacetyl Rifapentine Disposition in Humans.
Eppers, GJ; Reisfeld, B; Zurlinden, TJ, 2016)		0.43
" These unique pharmacokinetic properties limit its systemic effects and can correct gut microflora imbalances."( Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of rifaximin for treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
Bruzzese, E; Guarino, A; Pesce, M; Sarnelli, G, 2018)		0.48

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" However, pronounced antibacterial effects were seen when ethambutol was tested in combination with ciprofloxacin, rifampicin or rifabutin, which corresponded to significantly decreased resistance to these drugs in combination."( Susceptibility of Mycobacterium kansasii to ethambutol and its combination with rifamycins, ciprofloxacin and isoniazid.
Hjelm, U; Hoffner, SE; Kaustová, J; Kubín, M, 1992)		0.51
"The inhibitory and bactericidal, synergistic, and antagonistic activities of rifabutin combined with ciprofloxacin, ethambutol, clofazimine, cefazolin, and amikacin in dual and triple combinations against various human and animal isolates of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were determined."( Antimicrobial activity of rifabutin in combination with two and three other antimicrobial agents against strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.
Chiodini, RJ, 1991)		0.28
"The in vivo activity of amikacin, used alone or in combination with rifabutin or clofazimine or both, was assessed in the treatment of early and established Mycobacterium avium complex infections in beige mice."( In vivo activity of amikacin alone or in combination with clofazimine or rifabutin or both against acute experimental Mycobacterium avium complex infections in beige mice.
Gangadharam, PR; Iseman, MD; Kesavalu, L; Perumal, VK; Podapati, NR, 1988)		0.27
"The bactericidal interactions in vitro of two antibiotics active at the cell wall (teicoplanin and vancomycin) or two inhibitors of DNA gyrase (coumermycin and ciprofloxacin) combined with two inhibitors of protein synthesis (rifampicin and LM 427) were assessed against five Staphylococcus aureus strains."( Comparative in-vitro activities of teicoplanin, vancomycin, coumermycin and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampicin or LM 427, against Staphylococcus aureus.
Joly, P; Van der Auwera, P, 1987)		0.27
" If chemotherapy is initiated 3 wk after challenge (established infections), the activity of this double drug combination is less effective."( Activity of rifabutin alone or in combination with clofazimine or ethambutol or both against acute and chronic experimental Mycobacterium intracellulare infections.
Farhi, DC; Gangadharam, PR; Iseman, MD; Jairam, BT; Nguyen, AK; Perumal, VK; Rao, PN, 1987)		0.27
" capsulatum, when used in combination with amphotericin B or alone, was the same as that reported for the inhibition of the reverse transcriptase of ribonucleic acid tumor viruses."( Effects of rifamycin derivatives, alone and in combination with amphotericin B, against Histoplasma capsulatum.
Cheung, SS; Kobayashi, GS; Medoff, G; Schlessinger, D, 1974)		0.25
" We investigated the activity of three doses of the semisynthetic benzoxazinorifamycin KRM 1648, alone or in combination with ethambutol or clarithromycin, in beige mice challenged with the MAC strain 101."( Activity of KRM 1648 alone or in combination with ethambutol or clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium in beige mouse model of disseminated infection.
Bermudez, LE; Inderlied, CB; Kolonoski, P; Young, LS, 1994)		0.29
"In this study, the in vitro and in vivo anti-Mycobacterium leprae activity of the newly developed benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648, in combination with clofazimine (CFZ) or dapsone (DDS) was evaluated."( Therapeutic efficacy of benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648, in combination with other antimicrobials against Mycobacterium leprae infection induced in nude mice.
Dekio, S; Saito, H; Sato, K; Tomioka, H, 1994)		0.29
"A study was performed on the therapeutic efficacy of KRM-1648 combined with LC9018 in beige mice infected with Mycobacterium intracellulare."( [Therapeutic efficacy of a benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648, combined with a immunopotentiator, LC9018, in Mycobacterium intracellulare infection induced in beige mice].
Hidaka, T; Saito, H; Sato, K; Tomioka, H, 1993)		0.29
" malmoense isolates to a number of antibacterial drugs as well as their possible synergistic interactions when each of them was combined with ethambutol."( Susceptibility of Mycobacterium malmoense to antibacterial drugs and drug combinations.
Hjelm, U; Hoffner, SE; Källenius, G, 1993)		0.29
" When combined with one of the three rifamycin analogs, synergism was obtained with KRM-1648 and rifabutin but not with rifampin."( In vitro activity of levofloxacin, singly and in combination with rifamycin analogs, against Mycobacterium leprae.
Dhople, AM; Ibanez, MA, 1995)		0.29
"The activity of KRM-1648, alone and in combination with isoniazid, was compared with those of isoniazid, rifampin, and the combination of rifampin plus isoniazid in a murine model of tuberculosis."( Activity of KRM-1648 in combination with isoniazid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a murine model.
Cynamon, MH; Klemens, SP, 1996)		0.29
"The in vivo activities of KRM-1648 alone or in combination with both ethambutol (EB) and kanamycin (KM) or clarithromycin (CAM) were tested against Mycobacterium intracellulare infections in beige mice."( Activity of KRM-1648 alone or in combination with both ethambutol and kanamycin or clarithromycin against Mycobacterium intracellulare infections in beige mice.
Amitani, R; Kuze, F; Murayama, T; Suzuki, K; Tanaka, E; Yamamoto, T, 1996)		0.29
"In the present study, we evaluated the in vivo anti-Mycobacterium leprae activities of KRM-1648 (KRM) given at long intervals in combination with ofloxacin (OFLX), clofazimine (CFZ), and dapsone (DDS)."( Studies on therapeutic activity of benzoxazinorifamycin KRM-1648 in combination with other antimicrobial agents and biological response modifiers interferon-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor against M. leprae infection in athymic
Maw, WW; Saito, H; Sato, K; Tomioka, H, 1997)		0.3
"The activity of KRM 1648 (KRM), a new benzoxazinorifamycin, and rifabutin (RBT), alone or in combination with clarithromycin (CLA), was evaluated against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) that multiplied in human alveolar macrophages (AM)."( Activity of KRM 1648 or rifabutin alone or in combination with clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex in human alveolar macrophages.
Amitani, R; Hashimoto, T; Kuze, F; Matsumoto, H; Suzuki, K; Tanaka, E; Tsuyuguchi, K; Yamamoto, T, 1997)		0.3
"According to this human alveolar macrophage model of MAC infection, KRM and RBT in combination with CLA was found to be a promising candidate against human pulmonary MAC infection, and deserves clinical evaluation."( Activity of KRM 1648 or rifabutin alone or in combination with clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex in human alveolar macrophages.
Amitani, R; Hashimoto, T; Kuze, F; Matsumoto, H; Suzuki, K; Tanaka, E; Tsuyuguchi, K; Yamamoto, T, 1997)		0.3
"The effects of half-sized secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor or diclofenac sodium administered alone or in combination with the benzoxazinorifamycin KRM-1648 on the therapeutic efficacy of KRM-1648 against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in mice were studied."( Therapeutic effects of benzoxazinorifamycin KRM-1648 administered alone or in combination with a half-sized secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor or the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium against Mycobacterium avium complex infection i
Kawahara, S; Kawauchi, H; Sano, C; Sato, K; Shimizu, T; Tomioka, H, 1999)		0.3
"Rifalazil (formerly known as KRM-1648) in combination with isoniazid has been found to be more active than rifampin/isoniazid."( Durable cure for tuberculosis: rifalazil in combination with isoniazid in a murine model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
Cynamon, MH; DeStefano, MS; Shoen, CM, 2000)		0.31
"The antimicrobial effect of a benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648, either alone or in combination with ofloxacin, was evaluated in vitro against two type strains and six clinical isolates of Mycobacterium ulcerans."( In vitro activity of KRM-1648, either singly or in combination with ofloxacin, against Mycobacterium ulcerans.
Dhople, AM, 2001)		0.31
" Similar to ofloxacin and levofloxacin, sitafloxacin also exhibited synergistic activity when combined with either rifabutin or KRM-1648, but not with rifampin."( In-vitro activity of sitafloxacin (DU-6859a), either singly or in combination with rifampin analogs, against Mycobacterium leprae.
Dhople, AM; Namba, K, 2003)		0.32
" To address the high-frequency resistance seen with rifamycins, we assessed the ability of rifalazil, alone and in combination with vancomycin, to both kill cells and to suppress the appearance of resistant mutants in log and stationary phase Staphylococcus aureus cultures, using high cell densities in an in vitro kill curve model."( In vitro time-kill activities of rifalazil, alone and in combination with vancomycin, against logarithmic and stationary cultures of Staphylococcus aureus.
Farquhar, R; Murphy, CK; Osburne, MS; Rothstein, DM, 2006)		0.58
" To explore strategies to overcome resistance development, we studied the effects of rifalazil in combination with several different antibiotics in an in vitro time-kill model, against both log phase and stationary phase Staphylococcus aureus cells."( Enhanced activity of rifalazil in combination with levofloxacin, linezolid, or mupirocin against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro.
Murphy, CK; Osburne, MS; Rothstein, DM, 2006)		0.33
"To support drug development, the drug-drug interaction potential (DDI) of an investigational drug (AZX) was assessed against the probe estradiol 17β-glucuronide as well as against simvastatin acid, atorvastatin, pravastatin, pitavastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin and estrone 3-sulfate."( Prediction of the in vivo OATP1B1-mediated drug-drug interaction potential of an investigational drug against a range of statins.
Butters, CJ; Elsby, R; Sharma, P; Smith, V; Surry, D, 2012)		0.38
" However, concomitant treatment of both conditions is complex, mainly due to significant drug-drug interactions between TB and HIV drugs."( Treatment optimization in patients co-infected with HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections: focus on drug-drug interactions with rifamycins.
Carvalho, AC; Matteelli, A; Regazzi, M; Villani, P, 2014)		0.61
" Rifamycin antibiotics are a key component of TB therapy and a common source of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) due to induction of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs)."( Hepatocytic transcriptional signatures predict comparative drug interaction potential of rifamycin antibiotics.
Dyavar, SR; Fletcher, CV; Mykris, TM; Podany, AT; Scarsi, KK; Winchester, LC, 2020)		0.56
" Drug-drug interactions (DDI) caused by rifampicin (RIF) are a major issue."( Model-Based Comparative Analysis of Rifampicin and Rifabutin Drug-Drug Interaction Profile.
Bleyzac, N; Bourguignon, L; France, M; Garreau, R; Goutelle, S; Tod, M; Tuloup, V, 2021)		0.62
" The 29 studies identified examined warfarin (n = 17), direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) (n = 8), and antiplatelet agents (n = 4) combined with rifampin (n = 28) or rifabutin (n = 1)."( Systematic review of drug-drug interactions between rifamycins and anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents and considerations for management.
Canonica, T; Keh, C; Louie, J; MacDougall, C; P Phan, BA, 2022)		0.97

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The relative bioavailability of the capsule dose form (150 mg) and the effect of high-fat food were assessed in a randomized, three-way crossover trial of rifabutin in 12 healthy male volunteers."( Rifabutin absorption in humans: relative bioavailability and food effect.
Bianchine, JR; Lewis, RC; Narang, PK, 1992)		0.28
"25 mg/kg RPE, suggesting that FCE would be a better drug than RPE if its bioavailability could be improved, and that the levels following 16 mg/kg RPE were similar to those found in man after 8 mg/kg RPE taken with a fat-rich meal, suggesting good prospects for effective once-fortnightly human treatment."( Activity of two long-acting rifamycins, rifapentine and FCE 22807, in experimental murine tuberculosis.
Dhillon, J; Dickinson, JM; Guy, JA; Mitchison, DA; Ng, TK, 1992)		0.58
" Serial plasma samples taken under controlled conditions suggested that a decreased rate of absorption was responsible for low one-hour concentrations in one of the subjects."( Ciprofloxacin in patients with mycobacterial infections: experience in 15 patients.
Kahana, LM; Spino, M, 1991)		0.28
" Application of this method to a bioavailability assessment is presented."( A sensitive method for quantitation of rifabutin and its desacetyl metabolite in human biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Hatfield, NZ; Lewis, RC; Narang, PK, 1991)		0.28
" The ig absolute bioavailability ranged from 69-84%."( [Disposition of 3-(N-piperidinomethylarino)methyl-rifamycin SV (FCE 22250) in rats].
Li, D; Liu, L; Sun, SL; Wang, ZY, 1991)		0.28
" Oral bioavailability was 12 to 20%."( Pharmacokinetics of rifabutin.
Bhatia, G; Blaschke, TF; Harkonen, S; Hsieh, M; Merigan, TC; Pauloin, D; Skinner, MH; Torseth, J, 1989)		0.28
" These compounds are zwitterionic in nature and are poorly absorbed through the gastroenteric tract but maintain the ability to cross the bacterial cell wall."( 4-Deoxypyrido[1',2':1,2]imidazo[5,4-c]rifamycin SV derivatives. A new series of semisynthetic rifamycins with high antibacterial activity and low gastroenteric absorption.
Brufani, M; Cellai, L; Marchi, E; Mascellani, G; Montecchi, L; Venturini, AP, 1985)		0.49
" The bioavailability of the active, orally administered rifampicin decreased from 93% after the first single oral dose to 68% after 3 weeks of oral and intravenous rifampicin therapy."( Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous rifampicin during chronic administration.
Eichelbaum, M; Jensen, JC; Loos, U; Mikus, G; Musch, E; Schwabe, HK, 1985)		0.27
" While compounds 1-5 had poor antibacterial activity in vitro, compounds 6-11 were found to be highly active in vitro but poorly absorbed in vivo."( The synthesis of 4-deoxypyrido[1',2'-1,2]imidazo[5,4-c]rifamycin SV derivatives.
Brufani, M; Cellai, L; Marchi, E; Segre, A, 1984)		0.27
" It is well absorbed at the level of duodenum, achieving a repeated entero-hepatic circuit that provides a prolonged efficient concentration of Reprimun in blood serum."( Reprimun--an antibiotic with large spectrum and immunomodulatory properties.
Păunescu, E, )		0.13
" High concentrations of rifaximin were often used to reflect topically achieved levels since this compound is poorly absorbed by oral route."( Antimicrobial activity and spectrum of rifaximin, a new topical rifamycin derivative.
Eliopoulos, GM; Gerlach, EH; Hoban, DJ; Hoover, WW; Jones, RN; Pfaller, MA, 1993)		0.29
" A poorly absorbed drug if effective in treating bacterial diarrhea has pharmacologic and safety advantages over the existing drugs."( Rifaximin: a nonabsorbed antimicrobial in the therapy of travelers' diarrhea.
de la Cabada, FJ; DuPont, HL; DuPont, MW; Ericsson, CD; Jiang, ZD; Mathewson, JJ; Mosavi, A; Palazzini, E, )		0.13
"Rifampicin (RIF) hydrolyzes in acidic medium to form insoluble and poorly absorbed 3-Formyl rifamycin SV (3-FRSV)."( Stability of rifampicin in dissolution medium in presence of isoniazid.
Kotecha, JS; Rathod, IS; Savale, SS; Shah, PB; Shah, SA; Shishoo, CJ, 1999)		0.3
" The data indicate that these inhibitors can be used to determine the in vivo relevance of Oatp1 and Oatp2 for the overall bioavailability and disposition of drugs and other Oatp1/2 substrates."( Rifamycin SV and rifampicin exhibit differential inhibition of the hepatic rat organic anion transporting polypeptides, Oatp1 and Oatp2.
Cattori, V; Fattinger, K; Hagenbuch, B; Meier, PJ; Stieger, B, 2000)		0.31
"Rifaximin is a poorly absorbed rifamycin derivative under investigation for treatment of infectious diarrhea."( Rifaximin versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.
Adachi, JA; Ashley, D; DuPont, HL; DuPont, MW; Ericsson, CD; Jiang, ZD; Martinez-Sandoval, F; Mathewson, JJ; Palazzini, E; Riopel, LM, 2001)		0.31
" The study provides information on the value of the poorly absorbed drug rifaximin in therapy of travelers' diarrhea."( Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli diarrhea in travelers: response to rifaximin therapy.
DuPont, HL; Ericsson, CD; Infante, RM; Jiang, ZD; Ke, S; Riopel, L; Sack, DA; Steffen, R, 2004)		0.32
"Rifaximin is a poorly absorbed rifamycin antimicrobial drug with in vitro activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria."( Rifaximin--a novel antimicrobial for enteric infections.
DuPont, HL; Huang, DB, 2005)		0.33
"Rifaximin is a rifamycin analogue with a broad spectrum of activity similar to that of rifampin; however, because it is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, the focus of its development has been on intestinal infections and diseases."( Rifaximin: a nonabsorbed oral antibiotic.
Baker, DE, 2005)		0.33
" Being virtually nonabsorbed, its bioavailability within the GI tract is rather high with intraluminal and fecal drug concentrations that largely exceed the minimal inhibitory concentration values observed in vitro against a wide range of pathogenic organisms."( Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed antibiotic: pharmacology and clinical potential.
Pelosini, I; Scarpignato, C, 2005)		0.33
"Rifaximin is a poorly absorbed semisynthetic rifamycin derivative with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, both aerobes and anaerobes."( Rifaximin, a peculiar rifamycin derivative: established and potential clinical use outside the gastrointestinal tract.
Pelosini, I; Scarpignato, C, 2005)		0.33
" When therapy with poorly absorbed rifaximin was shown to be as effective as therapy with systemically absorbed drugs in shortening the duration of traveler's diarrhea, without the development of resistant coliform flora, the use of rifaximin for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea was studied."( Antibacterial chemoprophylaxis in the prevention of traveler's diarrhea: evaluation of poorly absorbed oral rifaximin.
de la Cabada, FJ; DuPont, HL; DuPont, MW; Ericsson, CD; Jiang, ZD; Ke, S; Martinez-Sandoval, F; Okhuysen, PC, 2005)		0.33
" Recent evidence suggests a potential role for bacterial overgrowth in some patients with IBS; the study discussed herein provides further support for this concept by describing an amelioration of bloating and flatulence following a short course of the poorly absorbed antibiotic, rifaximin."( Germs, gas and the gut; the evolving role of the enteric flora in IBS.
Quigley, EM, 2006)		0.33
" Being virtually non-absorbed, its bioavailability within the GI tract is rather high with intraluminal and fecal drug concentrations that largely exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration values observed in vitro against a wide range of pathogenic organisms."( Experimental and clinical pharmacology of rifaximin, a gastrointestinal selective antibiotic.
Pelosini, I; Scarpignato, C, 2006)		0.33
" With the advent of poorly absorbed (<0."( Current and future developments in travelers' diarrhea therapy.
DuPont, HL; Koo, HL, 2006)		0.33
" Long term administration of the poorly absorbed antibiotic Rifaximin is safe and well tolerated by the patients, confirming the usefulness of this therapeutic strategy in the overall management of diverticular disease."( Efficacy of long term cyclic administration of the poorly absorbed antibiotic Rifaximin in symptomatic, uncomplicated colonic diverticular disease.
Brandimarte, G; Colecchia, A; Festi, D; Mazzella, G; Pasqui, F; Pistoia, F; Roda, E; Vestito, A, 2007)		0.34
" In addition, the 90% CI for the bioavailability contrasts (OC alone vs OC with rifaximin) for the maximum plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to the last measurable plasma concentration or to infinity for EE, NG, and 17-DNGM all ranged from 86-118%."( Absence of effect of oral rifaximin on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate in healthy females.
Bettenhausen, DK; Connolly, M; Forbes, WP; Pentikis, H; Trapnell, CB, 2007)		0.34
"Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed rifamycin derivative, exhibited time-dependent bactericidal activity and at concentrations as low as 1/32 of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) caused morphological alterations in both susceptible and resistant bacterial strains."( Effects of rifaximin on bacterial virulence mechanisms at supra- and sub-inhibitory concentrations.
Debbia, EA; Maioli, E; Marchese, A; Roveta, S, 2008)		0.35
"Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed rifamycin derivative, is a promising alternative for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections."( Rifampin and rifaximin resistance in clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile.
Galang, MA; Gerding, DN; Hecht, DW; Johnson, S; O'Connor, JR; Sambol, SP; Vedantam, G, 2008)		0.35
" bioavailability in preclinical species and humans."( Involvement of intestinal uptake transporters in the absorption of azithromycin and clarithromycin in the rat.
Davis, CB; Dawson, PA; Garver, E; Han, C; Hugger, ED; Rao, A; Shearn, SP, 2008)		0.35
"Rifaximin is a poorly absorbed semisynthetic antibiotic derivative of rifampin licensed for use in the treatment of traveler's diarrhea."( Pretreatment of epithelial cells with rifaximin alters bacterial attachment and internalization profiles.
Brown, EL; Dupont, HL; Jiang, ZD; Xu, Y; Xue, Q, 2010)		0.36
" Since it is virtually unabsorbed after oral administration, its bioavailability within the GI tract is high, with intraluminal and fecal drug concentrations largely exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentration values observed in vitro against a broad spectrum of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, both aerobes and anaerobes."( Rifaximin in the management of colonic diverticular disease.
Latella, G; Scarpignato, C, 2009)		0.35
" The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect and bioavailability of rifaximin in aqueous solution in the presence and absence of physiologic concentrations of bile acids."( Bile acids improve the antimicrobial effect of rifaximin.
Ajami, N; Darkoh, C; Dial, EJ; DuPont, HL; Jiang, ZD; Lichtenberger, LM, 2010)		0.36
"Rifaximin is a poorly absorbed non-systemic antimicrobial agent used in various gastrointestinal disorders."( Rifaximin intake leads to emergence of rifampin-resistant staphylococci.
Hoenigl, M; Krause, R; Leitner, E; Rohn, A; Salzer, HJ; Valentin, T; Zollner-Schwetz, I, 2011)		0.37
"Rifamycin SV is a broad-spectrum, poorly absorbed antimicrobial agent that, when coupled with MMX technology, is being targeted for the oral treatment of traveler's diarrhea (TD) and Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD)."( In vitro activity and single-step mutational analysis of rifamycin SV tested against enteropathogens associated with traveler's diarrhea and Clostridium difficile.
Biedenbach, DJ; Bozzella, R; Celasco, G; Farrell, DJ; Jones, RN; Moro, L; Putnam, SD, 2011)		0.37
"Rifaximin is a rifampicin derivative, poorly absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract."( Rifaximin disc diffusion test for in vitro susceptibility testing of Clostridium difficile.
Allerberger, F; Blaschitz, M; Fiedler, A; Huhulescu, S; Indra, A; Pecavar, V; Sagel, U; Wewalka, G, 2011)		0.37
" Several randomised trials verified efficacy of a poorly absorbed antibiotic, such as rifaximin-α (rifaximin), in soothing symptoms and preventing diverticulitis."( Meta-analysis: long-term therapy with rifaximin in the management of uncomplicated diverticular disease.
Bianchi, M; Ciaco, A; De Pascalis, B; Dezi, A; Festa, V; Koch, M; Luchetti, R; Mangone, M; Moretti, A; Papi, C; Tornatore, V, 2011)		0.37
" In this patient population it is plausible that rifaximin bioavailability increases enough to induce CYP3A4, leading to clinically significant reductions in the bioavailability of CYP3A4 substrates, including R-warfarin."( Probable interaction between warfarin and rifaximin in a patient treated for small intestine bacterial overgrowth.
Hartig, C; Hoffman, JT; Lang, M; Sonbol, E, 2011)		0.37
" Here, we discuss the results of two identically designed, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (TARGET 1 and TARGET 2) of a poorly absorbed antibiotic, rifaximin, in patients with IBS."( The role of rifaximin therapy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome without constipation.
Rao, SS; Schey, R, 2011)		0.37
" Rifaximin is a poorly absorbed oral antimicrobial agent increasingly used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases that has been demonstrated to act as a gut-specific ligand for the human nuclear receptor pregnane-X receptor (PXR)."( Inhibition of NF-κB by a PXR-dependent pathway mediates counter-regulatory activities of rifaximin on innate immunity in intestinal epithelial cells.
Baldelli, F; Barbanti, M; Claudio, D; Distrutti, E; Fiorucci, S; Mencarelli, A; Palladino, G; Renga, B; Ricci, P, 2011)		0.37
" The latter might be one of the reasons for the auto-induction of RFB metabolism and the consequent lower bioavailability of the drug on repeated administration."( In vitro reaction phenotyping studies on rifamycins to explain the auto-induction of rifabutin metabolism.
Prasad, B; Singh, S, 2012)		0.64
" Rifampicin is also an inducer of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein, which may also lead to decreased bioavailability of concomitantly administered antiretrovirals."( Treatment optimization in patients co-infected with HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections: focus on drug-drug interactions with rifamycins.
Carvalho, AC; Matteelli, A; Regazzi, M; Villani, P, 2014)		0.61
" The branded rifaximin formulation contains the polymorph rifaximin-α, whose systemic bioavailability is very limited."( Is generic rifaximin still a poorly absorbed antibiotic? A comparison of branded and generic formulations in healthy volunteers.
Blandizzi, C; Marzo, A; Scarpignato, C; Viscomi, GC, 2014)		0.4
" Aim of this study was to test the efficacy of liquid levodopa with higher bioavailability in patients with SIBO."( Liquid melevodopa versus standard levodopa in patients with Parkinson disease and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
Bentivoglio, AR; Bove, F; Fasano, A; Fortuna, S; Gabrielli, M; Gasbarrini, A; Marconi, S; Ragazzoni, E; Tortora, A; Zocco, MA, )		0.13
" The current marketed rifaximin formulation contains polymorph alpha, the systemic bioavailability of which is very limited."( Impact of crystal polymorphism on the systemic bioavailability of rifaximin, an antibiotic acting locally in the gastrointestinal tract, in healthy volunteers.
Blandizzi, C; Scarpignato, C; Viscomi, GC, 2015)		0.42
"25) range, indicating higher systemic bioavailability of the amorphous rifaximin."( Impact of crystal polymorphism on the systemic bioavailability of rifaximin, an antibiotic acting locally in the gastrointestinal tract, in healthy volunteers.
Blandizzi, C; Scarpignato, C; Viscomi, GC, 2015)		0.42
" In this regard, care must be taken when using - as a medicinal product - a formulation containing even small amounts of amorphous form, which may alter the peculiar pharmacologic properties of this poorly absorbed antibiotic."( Impact of crystal polymorphism on the systemic bioavailability of rifaximin, an antibiotic acting locally in the gastrointestinal tract, in healthy volunteers.
Blandizzi, C; Scarpignato, C; Viscomi, GC, 2015)		0.42
" To study the influence of the microbiota on the bioavailability of naringenin, a group of animals received the antibiotic rifaximin (50 mg/kg per d) for 5 d, and naringenin permeability was determined in the colon."( High gastrointestinal permeability and local metabolism of naringenin: influence of antibiotic treatment on absorption and metabolism.
Escribano-Ferrer, E; Lamuela-Raventos, RM; Martínez-Huélamo, M; Orrego-Lagarón, N; Vallverdú-Queralt, A, 2015)		0.42
"Rifaximin is a poorly absorbed rifamycin drug with unique pharmacokinetic properties: bile solubility making it highly active against pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacterial flora in the bile-rich small bowel and low water solubility making it active only against highly susceptible bacteria, primarily anaerobes, in the aqueous colon."( Rifaximin: An Antibiotic with Important Biologic Effects.
DuPont, HL, 2015)		0.42
" Rifaximin is a poorly absorbed oral antibiotic proposed to act on the gut microenvironment, used in the treatment of travelers' diarrhea and hepatic encephalopathy."( Rifaximin for the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
Ford, AC; Kane, JS, 2016)		0.43
" Because gut bacterial translocation is their main pathogenic mechanism, prevention of infections is mostly based on the use of orally administered poorly absorbed antibiotics such as norfloxacin (selective intestinal decontamination)."( Novel prevention strategies for bacterial infections in cirrhosis.
Garcia-Tsao, G; Yan, K, 2016)		0.43
" Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed antibiotic that targets gut flora, significantly improved symptoms of HE."( Development of an experimental rat model of hyperammonemic encephalopathy and evaluation of the effects of rifaximin.
Fukui, N; Isobe, M; Okada, M; Saito, T; Suzuki, H; Tamaoki, S, 2016)		0.43
" It is poorly absorbed and thus has a highly favorable safety profile."( Use of rifaximin in gastrointestinal and liver diseases.
Abou Mrad, R; Sharara, AI; Shayto, RH, 2016)		0.43
" The poorly absorbed antibiotic rifaximin seem to be different from the other antibiotics, because it exerts non-traditional effects additional to the bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity on the gut microbiota."( Eubiotic properties of rifaximin: Disruption of the traditional concepts in gut microbiota modulation.
D'Aversa, F; Gasbarrini, A; Pompili, M; Ponziani, FR; Zocco, MA, 2017)		0.46
"Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed antibiotics, has gut-specific therapeutic effects."( Emergence of rifampin-resistant staphylococci after rifaximin administration in cirrhotic patients.
Chang, JY; Joo, YH; Jung, HK; Jung, SA; Kim, SE; Kim, TH; Lee, J; Lee, KE; Lee, KH; Moon, CM; Ryu, MS; Shim, KN; Woo, SY, 2017)		0.46
" Thus, a study was designed to compare this poorly absorbed antibiotic with the systemic agent ciprofloxacin."( Rifamycin SV-MMX® for treatment of travellers' diarrhea: equally effective as ciprofloxacin and not associated with the acquisition of multi-drug resistant bacteria.
Araujo, P; DuPont, HL; Gracias Garcia, ML; Greinwald, R; Jiang, ZD; Nacak, T; Steffen, R; Stiess, M, 2018)		0.48
"The novel multi-matrix formulation of the broad-spectrum, poorly absorbed antibiotic Rifamycin SV was found non-inferior to the systemic antibiotic ciprofloxacin in the oral treatment of non-dysenteric TD with the advantage of a lower risk of ESBL-E."( Rifamycin SV-MMX® for treatment of travellers' diarrhea: equally effective as ciprofloxacin and not associated with the acquisition of multi-drug resistant bacteria.
Araujo, P; DuPont, HL; Gracias Garcia, ML; Greinwald, R; Jiang, ZD; Nacak, T; Steffen, R; Stiess, M, 2018)		0.48

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Basing their comment on the published literature, they analyze the properties, pharmacology, toxicity, and side-effects of each medication, and define their dosage and modes of administration."( [Principles underlying the use of antituberculosis medication in children (author's transl)].
Besson-Leaud, M; Ollivier, A, )		0.13
" A dose-response experiment was performed with clarithromycin at 50, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of body weight administered daily by gavage to mice infected with approximately 10(7) viable MAC."( Activity of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex infection in beige mice.
Cynamon, MH; DeStefano, MS; Klemens, SP, 1992)		0.28
" Oral administration of rifampin at three times the intra-articular dosage was devoid of any therapeutic activity."( Clinical improvement in ankylosing spondylitis with rifamycin SV infiltrations of peripheral joints.
Caruso, I; Cazzola, M; Santandrea, S, 1992)		0.28
" The weekly dosage of Rifamycin SV was 500 mg; the average duration of treatment was 6 weeks."( The treatment of idiopathic and secondary hydrarthrosis of the knee by intra-articular Rifamycin SV.
Calciolari, CA; Cimino, V; Sarzi Puttini, P; Setti, G; Zanini, A, )		0.13
" A drug is likely to be particularly effective in widely spaced intermittent dosage if it has a long half-life and high bactericidal activity."( In vitro activities against mycobacteria of two long-acting rifamycins, FCE22807 and CGP40/469A (SPA-S-565).
Dickinson, JM; Mitchison, DA, 1990)		0.52
" Six or more patients were studied at each of four different oral dosage levels: 300, 600, 900, and 1,200 mg/day."( Pharmacokinetics of rifabutin.
Bhatia, G; Blaschke, TF; Harkonen, S; Hsieh, M; Merigan, TC; Pauloin, D; Skinner, MH; Torseth, J, 1989)		0.28
" In the same subjects, rifabutin in the proposed therapeutic dosage (300 mg daily) for 7 days also enhanced the metabolic elimination of antipyrine, with preferential stimulation of the demethylation pathway, and increased the excretion of 6-beta-hydroxycortisol, but the magnitude of the effects was significantly less than after rifampicin."( Comparative effects of rifabutin and rifampicin on hepatic microsomal enzyme activity in normal subjects.
Frigo, GM; Grimaldi, R; Mönig, H; Ohnhaus, EE; Perucca, E; Sardi, A, 1988)		0.27
" Therapeutic activities of R-76-1 versus RMP and DL 473 versus RMP were compared, respectively, in the experimental infection of mice with Mycobacterium lepraemurium by different treatment schedules (immediate and delayed) and dosage regimens."( Antimycobacterial activities of two newer ansamycins, R-76-1 and DL 473.
Chen, JK; Hou, YH; Ji, BH; Lu, XZ; Ni, GX; Tang, QK; Wang, SY; Zhou, DH, 1986)		0.27
" Rifaximin proved to be active on both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and is thus effective, even at the dosage used, in the treatment of HE."( A non-absorbable rifamycin for treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.
Celle, G; De Leo, C; Eftimiadi, C; Rovida, S; Schito, GC; Sukkar, GS; Testa, R, 1985)		0.27
" Also in dogs, after oral administration of L/105 in a single dose (25 mg/kg) and a multiple dosage (10 mg/kg/day, for 8 days), no traces of the compound were detected in the serum."( Pharmacokinetics of L/105, a new rifamycin, in rats and dogs, after oral administration.
Venturini, AP, 1983)		0.27
" PMNs from the two sources were characterized by different responsiveness to this pharmacological agent: blood cells activated chemotaxis in a dose-response way during rifamycin therapy, whereas synovial polymorphs did not modify their locomotor behaviour."( Chemotactic behaviour of peripheral and synovial neutrophils during rifamycin SV therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.
Dovigo, L; Marangoni, C; Spisani, S; Traniello, S, 1984)		0.27
" The patients were treated for 15 consecutive days with rifaximin, an antibiotic which is not absorbed by the intestinal wall, at a dosage of 1200 mg/day in association with sufficient lactulose to induce 2 or 3 evacuations per day."( Rifaximin in the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy.
Ferrieri, A; Massimetti, A; Puxeddu, A; Quartini, M, 1995)		0.29
" bovis Ravenel infection, three rifamycin derivatives gave "distinctive dose-response curves" in the correlation of dose sizes with the mean survival times or "log10CFU/lungs reductions"."( [Therapeutic efficacy of benzoxazinorifamycin KRM-1648 against experimental murine tuberculosis: (1). A study on the efficacy of short course treatment with the intratracheal and intravenous infection model].
Doi, N, 1998)		0.3
" Thus, lower concentration of RIF may be available for absorption leading to poor bioavailability of RIF from combination dosage forms (RIF+INH) as compared to formulations containing only RIF."( Stability of rifampicin in dissolution medium in presence of isoniazid.
Kotecha, JS; Rathod, IS; Savale, SS; Shah, PB; Shah, SA; Shishoo, CJ, 1999)		0.3
" If the allergen is to be identified, the testing dosage should be less than 10 per cent of the original dosage, along with prepared procedures for emergen tresale."( [Report on side effects of antituberculous agents].
, 1998)		0.3
" The addition of GE23077 to plasmolyzed cells resulted in an immediate and specific inhibition of intracellular RNA biosynthesis, in a dose-response manner, strongly suggesting that cell penetration is the main obstacle for effective antimicrobial activity of the antibiotic."( Mode of action of the microbial metabolite GE23077, a novel potent and selective inhibitor of bacterial RNA polymerase.
Corti, E; Miele, A; Monti, F; Sarubbi, E; Selva, E, 2004)		0.32
"To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions and precautions, and dosing recommendations of rifaximin, a new nonabsorbed antimicrobial agent for travelers' diarrhea."( Rifaximin: a new treatment for travelers' diarrhea.
Pakyz, AL, 2005)		0.33
" Mesalazine is as effective as rifaximin (higher dosage schedule) for diminishing some symptoms, but it appears to be better than rifaximin for improving the global score in those patients."( Efficacy of mesalazine in the treatment of symptomatic diverticular disease.
Aragona, G; Cavallaro, LG; Cavestro, GM; Comparato, G; Di Mario, F; Fanigliulo, L; Franzé, A; Gnocchi, A; Iori, V; Leandro, G; Maino, M; Mazzocchi, G; Moussa, AM, 2005)		0.33
"We examined the possibility of reducing relapse by increasing dosing schedules."( Dosing schedules of 6-month regimens and relapse for pulmonary tuberculosis.
Chan, SL; Chang, KC; Leung, CC; Tam, CM; Yew, WW, 2006)		0.33
"We conducted a systematic review of published clinical trials involving adult cohorts with pulmonary tuberculosis treated using 6-mo rifamycin-containing regimens, which were grouped under seven categories ordered by dosing schedules."( Dosing schedules of 6-month regimens and relapse for pulmonary tuberculosis.
Chan, SL; Chang, KC; Leung, CC; Tam, CM; Yew, WW, 2006)		0.33
" aureus septicemia model following administration by either oral or parenteral dosing routes."( Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of a novel series of rifabutin-like spirorifamycins.
Chapo, K; Combrink, KD; Ding, CZ; Kim, IH; Ma, Z; Morris, TW; Pulse, M; Renick, P; Simecka, JW; Yan, D, 2007)		0.57
"Administration of a 3 day dosing regimen of oral rifaximin was well tolerated and did not alter the pharmacokinetics of a commonly used combination OC containing EE and norgestimate."( Absence of effect of oral rifaximin on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate in healthy females.
Bettenhausen, DK; Connolly, M; Forbes, WP; Pentikis, H; Trapnell, CB, 2007)		0.34
"Consenting adults with acute diarrhea (> or =3 unformed stools in 24 hours with > or =1 symptom of enteric infection) were randomized to receive rifaximin 200 mg 3 times daily for 3 days; loperamide 4 mg initially followed by 2 mg after each unformed stool; or a combination of both drugs using the same dosing regimen."( Treatment of travelers' diarrhea: randomized trial comparing rifaximin, rifaximin plus loperamide, and loperamide alone.
Adachi, JA; Belkind-Gerson, J; De La Cabada, FJ; Dupont, HL; Dupont, MW; Ericsson, CD; Huang, DB; Jaini, S; Jiang, ZD; Ke, S; Martinez Sandoval, F; Okhuysen, PC; Taylor, DN, 2007)		0.34
" The ability to measure rifampicin drug concentrations in both plasma and in cells may be useful in evaluating the suitability of dosage regimens for populations and individuals."( A rapid and sensitive HPLC-MS method for the detection of plasma and cellular rifampicin.
Ardrey, A; Ashleigh, S; Back, DJ; Chaponda, M; Davies, G; Hartkoorn, RC; Khoo, S; Tjia, JF; Waitt, CJ; Ward, SA, 2007)		0.34
" Directly observed therapy short course (DOTS) effectiveness requires that each drug's effects persist equally throughout the dosing interval."( Acquired rifamycin resistance: pharmacology and biology.
Fourie, PB; Wallis, RS; Weyer, K, 2008)		0.35
" Other possible improvements may come from inhaled delivery or split dosing (linezolid) of anti-TB drugs for which toxicity (ethionamide) or lack of absorption (aminoglycosides and polypeptides) precludes delivery of maximally effective, oral doses, once daily."( Tuberculosis pharmacotherapy: strategies to optimize patient care.
McGee, B; Mitnick, CD; Peloquin, CA, 2009)		0.35
" To perform the immediate effect analysis (GPi or zero time), of each mixture either at room or refrigerator temperature, the preparation procedure was similar, although GPR, iodoform, Rifocort and camphorated paramonochlorophenol were stored in the refrigerator and then taken out, dosed and manipulated, and had their immediate effect tested after a 1-week period at storage of 4 degrees C average temperature."( Antimicrobial action of a filling paste used in pulp therapy in primary teeth under different storage conditions.
Ferreira, FV; Friedrich, RS; Guedes-Pinto, AC; Praetzel, JR; Weiss, RN, 2008)		0.35
" Further studies are needed to evaluate efficacy and optimal dosing of rifaximin in this population."( Use and safety of rifaximin in children with inflammatory bowel disease.
Gulati, R; Hupertz, V; Mohr, F; Muniyappa, P, 2009)		0.35
" The results demonstrated that simultaneous administration of α-AMA and each of tested antidotes (BPCN, CEFT, RIFSV) effectively protected human hepatocytes; however, in the group dosed with BPCN, the highest hepatocyte viability was observed."( Comparative antidotal efficacy of benzylpenicillin, ceftazidime and rifamycin in cultured human hepatocytes intoxicated with α-amanitin.
Dziędgiel, P; Gomułkiewicz, A; Magdalan, J; Ostrowska, A; Piotrowska, A; Szeląg, A, 2009)		0.35
" The study provides data showing that bile acids solubilize rifaximin on a dose-response basis, increasing the drug's bioavailability and antimicrobial effect."( Bile acids improve the antimicrobial effect of rifaximin.
Ajami, N; Darkoh, C; Dial, EJ; DuPont, HL; Jiang, ZD; Lichtenberger, LM, 2010)		0.36
" Animals received methylcellulose, neomycin (179 mg/kg/d) or variably dosed rifaximin (150-2000 mg/kg/d) one hour after irradiation and daily throughout the study period."( Rifaximin diminishes neutropenia following potentially lethal whole-body radiation.
Brawner, WR; Faircloth, J; Jahraus, CD; Powell, C; Ramos, M; Rynders, P; Schemera, B, 2010)		0.36
"2 and remained suppressed throughout the duration of her rifaximin regimen despite incremental warfarin dosage increases (highest dose, 15 mg/day for 2 days, followed by 11."( Probable interaction between warfarin and rifaximin in a patient treated for small intestine bacterial overgrowth.
Hartig, C; Hoffman, JT; Lang, M; Sonbol, E, 2011)		0.37
"At the end of the 12-week treatment period, 62% of patients who received the 800-mg dosage of rifaximin-EIR (61 of 98) were in remission, compared with 43% of patients who received placebo (43 of 101) (P = ."( Rifaximin-extended intestinal release induces remission in patients with moderately active Crohn's disease.
Danese, S; Gionchetti, P; Grimaldi, M; Lochs, H; Prantera, C; Scribano, ML, 2012)		0.38
" The optimal dosage still needs to be better defined."( Rifaximin in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Guslandi, M, 2011)		0.37
" High dosage rifampicin may be better able than RPT to cause high peaks."( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters and the choice of high-dosage rifamycins.
Mitchison, DA, 2012)		0.61
" Rifaximin at a dosage of 25 mg for 5 days modulated the vaginal proteome, counteracting the alterations associated with the BV condition."( Proteome profiles of vaginal fluids from women affected by bacterial vaginosis and healthy controls: outcomes of rifaximin treatment.
Brigidi, P; Calanni, F; Cruciani, F; Donders, G; Turroni, S; Vitali, B; Wasinger, V, 2013)		0.39
" Limitations of evidence for probiotics include small populations analyzed and lack of clarity in optimal dosing regimen; antimicrobial evidence would benefit from better understanding of the effects of repeated treatment in patients with IBS."( Emerging role of probiotics and antimicrobials in the management of irritable bowel syndrome.
Cash, BD, 2014)		0.4
" Based on these results, it is anticipated that the PBPK model developed in this study will be useful in evaluating dosing regimens for RPT and for characterizing tissue-level doses that could be predictors of problems related to efficacy or safety."( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rifapentine and 25-Desacetyl Rifapentine Disposition in Humans.
Eppers, GJ; Reisfeld, B; Zurlinden, TJ, 2016)		0.43
" The study purpose was to determine efficacy of traditional rifaximin dosing (400 mg three times daily) compared with newer dosing (550 mg twice daily) via readmission rates for the prevention of recurrent HE."( Retrospective cross-sectional pilot study of rifaximin dosing for the prevention of recurrent hepatic encephalopathy.
Likar, E; Lyon, KC; Martello, JL; Regier, M, 2017)		0.46
" We need new strategies to rapidly assess the use of rifamycins, new anti-tuberculosis drugs and antiretroviral drugs together as information on safety and dosing of individual drugs becomes available."( Antiretroviral treatment in HIV-infected children who require a rifamycin-containing regimen for tuberculosis.
Cotton, MF; Decloedt, EH; Frigati, L; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, A; Lallemant, M; Rabie, H; Schaaf, HS, 2017)		0.7
" Future studies should study the most effective dosing regimen for rifaximin chemoprophylaxis, as well as profile local antimicrobial resistance/susceptibility data in less developed regions to further guide rifaximin use."( A meta-analysis of the use of rifaximin to prevent travellers' diarrhoea.
Chan, HW; Ho, CYX; Ng, QX; Shin, D; Venkatanarayanan, N, 2017)		0.46
" Further research is needed to focus on specific mitigation strategies beyond opioid agent selection, such as dosing adjustment recommendations."( Clinical outcomes of concomitant rifamycin and opioid therapy: A systematic review.
Covvey, JR; Kinney, EM; Nemecek, BD; Vijapurapu, S, 2021)		0.62
" These analyses evaluate dosing for prevention of cirrhosis complication-related hospitalizations/mortality and overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) treatment."( Dosing of Rifaximin Soluble Solid Dispersion Tablets in Adults With Cirrhosis: 2 Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trials.
Bajaj, JS; Hassanein, TI; Heimanson, Z; Israel, RJ; Pyrsopoulos, NT; Rahimi, RS; Rockey, DC; Sanyal, AJ, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (2,133)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990764 (35.82)18.7374
1990's288 (13.50)18.2507
2000's389 (18.24)29.6817
2010's598 (28.04)24.3611
2020's94 (4.41)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 64.48

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index64.48 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.85 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.58 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index113.64 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (64.48)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials203 (8.63%)5.53%
Reviews344 (14.63%)6.00%
Case Studies87 (3.70%)4.05%
Observational7 (0.30%)0.25%
Other1,710 (72.74%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (19)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Conjunctivitis Incidence in the Newborn Within the First Week of Life: Impact of the Prophylactic Use of Rifamycine(CRY NOT). [NCT03528915]881 participants (Actual)Observational2015-09-09Completed
Efficacy and Safety of CB-01-11 200mg Tablets in Infectious Diarrhoea. A Pilot, Dose Finding, Double-blind, Randomized, Multicentre Study [NCT03447821]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
A Phase 1b/2a, Single-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetic Characteristics and Preliminary Efficacy of Multiple Ascending Doses of TNP-2092 Capsules in Liver Cirrhosis Patients Wi [NCT06135675]Phase 1/Phase 236 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-27Completed
Evaluation of the Effects of Irrigation of the Extraction Socket With Rifamycine on Postoperative Pain, Edema and Trismus in Impacted Lower Third Molar Surgery [NCT04349579]Phase 435 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-15Active, not recruiting
Phase I Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Sulforaphane as an Antagonist to Human PXR-mediated Drug-drug Interactions [NCT00621309]Phase 129 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
A Phase 2a Study of the Early Bactericidal Activity of Rifampin (RIF) in Combination With Meropenem Plus Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Among Adults With Rifampin-resistant or Rifampin-susceptible Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT03174184]Phase 2112 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-23Completed
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Rifamycin SV MMX for the Treatment of Traveler's Diarrhea [NCT01142089]Phase 3264 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-27Completed
A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Rifamycin SV MXX in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy (RIVET Trial) [NCT04082780]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-09-01Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Multi-centre, Comparative Parallel-group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Oral Rifamycin SV-MMX® 400 mg b.i.d. vs. Rifamycin SV-MMX® 600 mg t.i.d. vs. Placebo in the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Diverticuliti [NCT01847664]Phase 2204 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
A Randomized Open Label Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of AEMCOLO (Rifamycin SV MMX) in the Treatment of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) [NCT04501380]Phase 230 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-06-30Enrolling by invitation
A Randomised, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Multi-centre, Comparative Parallel-group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Daily Rifamycin SV-MMX® 400 mg b.i.d. vs. Ciprofloxacin 500 mg b.i.d. in the Treatment of Acute Infectious Diarrhoea in Tr [NCT01208922]Phase 3835 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
Pharmacokinetics and Safety Study of Rifamycin SV-MMX® 600 mg Tablets After Single and Multiple t.i.d. Doses in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers. Single and Multiple Dose, Open Label, Pharmacokinetics and Safety Study [NCT02969252]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Double Blind, Multi-center Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of 100 mg Twice Daily Rifamycin SV MMX® Added to Standard ORT Versus Placebo Plus ORT, in the Treatment of Traveler's Diarrhea in Children Age 6 to 11 Years [NCT04026984]Phase 2142 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-06-30Not yet recruiting
Immune Activation and Drug Absorption in HIV-Infected Patients [NCT01845298]7 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
A Phase I/II Trial of the Pharmacokinetics, Tolerability, and Safety of Once-Weekly Rifapentine and Isoniazid in HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected Pregnant and Postpartum Women With Latent Tuberculosis Infection [NCT02651259]Phase 1/Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-13Completed
A Pragmatic Trial With Optimized Dose of Rifampicin and Moxifloxacin for the Treatment of Drug Susceptible Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT05575518]Phase 3414 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-11Recruiting
The Safety, Completion Rate and Prevention Effect by Rifamycin-containing Regimens for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Patients With Kidney Transplantation: a Prospective Intervention Pilot Study [NCT05588492]Phase 4500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-01Recruiting
A Phase II, Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Proof of Concept Study of Efficacy and Safety of Rifamycin SV-MMX® 600 mg Tablets Administered Three or Two Times Daily to Patients With Diarrhoea-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome [NCT03099785]Phase 2279 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-18Completed
Double Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of 400 mg Twice Daily Rifamycin SV MMX® Added to Standard Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) Versus Placebo Plus ORT, in the Treatment of Traveler's Diarrhea in Children Age 12 to 17 Years [NCT04027894]Phase 2142 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-31Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00621309 (1) [back to overview]Midazolam Clearance (Pharmacokinetic Measure of Cytochrome P450 3A4 Activity)
NCT01142089 (2) [back to overview]Time to Last Unformed Stool (TLUS)
NCT01142089 (2) [back to overview]Clinical Cure
NCT01208922 (2) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Clinical Cure
NCT01208922 (2) [back to overview]Time to Last Unformed Stool (TLUS)
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Cord Blood Concentrations of Rifapentine (RPT) Among Infants
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations of Rifapentine (RPT) Among Infants
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Volume of Distribution of INH
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Volume of Distribution Relative to Bioavailability (Vc/F) for Rifapentine (RPT)
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC0-24) for RPT and Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC0-24) for Des-RPT Pregnant Women in 2nd and 3rd Trimester
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Clearance (CL/F) of INH
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Maximum Concentration (Cmax) for RPT Maximum Concentration (Cmax) for Des-RPT Pregnant Women in 2nd and 3rd Trimester
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Absorption (ka) of INH
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Absorption Rate Constant (ka) for Rifapentine (RPT)
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Clearance Relative to Bioavailability (CL/F) for Rifapentine (RPT)
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Clearance Relative to Bioavailability (CL/F) for Rifapentine (RPT) for Intensive and Sparse PK
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Clearance Relative to Bioavailability (CLmet/F) for Desacetyl Rifapentine (Des-RPT)
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Cord Blood Concentrations of Desacetyl Rifapentine (Des-RPT) Among Infants
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Maximum Concentration (Cmin) for RPT and Maximum Concentration (Cmin) for Des-RPT Pregnant Women in 2nd and 3rd Trimester
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Incidence of Related Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) in Pregnant and Postpartum Women Taking Once-weekly RPT + INH
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Number of Infants With Active TB up to 24 Weeks of Life
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Number of Mothers With Active TB up to 24 Weeks Postpartum
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Discontinuation of Study Drug Due to Intolerance (Tolerability of Study Drug Regimen - i.e., RPT, INH, and Pyridoxine)
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With All AEs Leading to Permanent Discontinuation of Study Drug Regimen (i.e., RPT, INH, and Pyridoxine)
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With All Grade 3 and 4 AEs
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With All Serious AEs
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Grade 2 Adverse Events (AEs) Judged to be Related to Study Drug Regimen
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Related Serious Adverse Events (AEs) in Infants Born to Women Taking Once-weekly RPT + INH
NCT02651259 (24) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations of Desacetyl Rifapentine (Des-RPT) Among Infants
NCT03174184 (5) [back to overview]AUC for Rifampin
NCT03174184 (5) [back to overview]Distribution of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Rifampin
NCT03174184 (5) [back to overview]Estimate of the 14-day Early Bactericidal Activity (EBA), Based on Colony Forming Unit Counts, of the Combination of Meropenem and Amoxicillin/Clavulanate, Without Versus With Rifampin
NCT03174184 (5) [back to overview]Estimate the Antimycobacterial Activity Based on Liquid Culture Time-to-positivity
NCT03174184 (5) [back to overview]Frequency of Grade 2 or Higher Adverse Events
NCT03447821 (2) [back to overview]The Number of Unformed Stools Passed Per 24-h Interval
NCT03447821 (2) [back to overview]Time to Last Unformed Stool (TLUS)

Midazolam Clearance (Pharmacokinetic Measure of Cytochrome P450 3A4 Activity)

(NCT00621309)
Timeframe: 7 days

,,
Interventionng*min/ml (Mean)
MDZ AUC Day 1MDZ AUC Day 8
Broccoli Sprout Extract Alone541558
Broccoli Sprout Extract Plus Rifampin552135
Rifampicin Alone604156

[back to top]

Time to Last Unformed Stool (TLUS)

"The primary endpoint is TLUS defined as the interval in hours between the first dose of study drug and the last unformed stool passed just before the start of Clinical Cure. An unformed stool is defined as either a soft or watery stool. TLUS will be calculated for each patient in the following manner:~Step 1: Identify when the patient achieves Clinical Cure.~Step 2: Moving backwards from this time, identify the time of the last unformed stool.~Step 3: The TLUS equals the time from the first dose of study drug to the time of the last unformed stool identified in Step 2." (NCT01142089)
Timeframe: 24 hours

,
InterventionTLUS (hours) (Mean)
25th percentile50th percentile75th percentile
Placebo37.468NA
Rifamycin SV MMX21.4672.2

[back to top]

Clinical Cure

"Clinical Cure is defined as either of the following:~Passage of two or fewer soft stools and no watery stools, no fever (>100.4 ºF or 38 ºC), and no signs or symptoms of enteric infection (other than mild excess gas/flatulence) during a 24 hour interval in the 120-hr data collection period after the first dose of study drug~Passage of no stools or only formed stools and no fever during a 48-hour interval in the 120-hr data collection period after the first dose of study drug, with or without other signs or symptoms of enteric infection" (NCT01142089)
Timeframe: 24 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo35
Rifamycin SV MMX162

[back to top]

Number of Patients With Clinical Cure

Clinical Cure Rate: 24-hour period with no clinical symptoms except mild flatulence, no fever, no watery stools and no more than 2 soft stools OR 48-hour period with no stools or only formed stools, and no fever, with our without symptoms of enteric infection. (NCT01208922)
Timeframe: 5 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A357
Group B352

[back to top]

Time to Last Unformed Stool (TLUS)

Time to Last Unformed Stool (TLUS), defined as the interval in hours between the first dose of study drug and the last unformed stool passed, after which clinical cure was declared. (NCT01208922)
Timeframe: 5 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Group A44.3
Group B40.3

[back to top]

Cord Blood Concentrations of Rifapentine (RPT) Among Infants

Cord blood concentrations were summarized using using R (version 3.5.1). (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: at delivery - (within 3 days of life for infants)

Interventionmcg/mL (Mean)
All Cohorts2.97

[back to top]

Plasma Concentrations of Rifapentine (RPT) Among Infants

Plasma concentrations were summarized using using R (version 3.5.1). (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: at delivery - (within 3 days of life for infants).

Interventionmcg/mL (Mean)
All Cohorts2.47

[back to top]

Volume of Distribution of INH

"PK parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using a nonlinear mixed effects model (version 7.4; ICON PLC, Dublin, Ireland).~• Estimated a single INH Vc/F for the whole population" (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Data used in the population PK analysis included the intensive PK visit (pre-dose (t0) and 0.5, 1, 2. 4, 5, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours post-dose) and sparse PK visit (1, 4, 24, 48 hours post-dose).

InterventionL (Mean)
All Cohorts107

[back to top]

Volume of Distribution Relative to Bioavailability (Vc/F) for Rifapentine (RPT)

"PK parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using a nonlinear mixed effects model (version 7.4; ICON PLC, Dublin, Ireland).~Developed a 1 compartment PK model with transit compartments for oral absorption~Estimated a single RPT Vc/F for for the whole population Note: that the mean stated below is actually the value that is obtained from a population analysis and represents a population estimate with the relative standard error" (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Data used in the population PK analysis included the intensive PK visit (pre-dose (t0) and 0.5, 1, 2. 4, 5, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours post-dose) and sparse PK visit (1, 4, 24, 48 hours post-dose).

InterventionL (Mean)
All Cohorts30.1

[back to top]

Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC0-24) for RPT and Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC0-24) for Des-RPT Pregnant Women in 2nd and 3rd Trimester

"PK parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using a nonlinear mixed effects model (version 7.4; ICON PLC, Dublin, Ireland).~Developed a 1 compartment PK model with transit compartments for oral absorption~Obtained AUC by model-based integration" (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Data used in the population PK analysis included the intensive PK visit (pre-dose (t0) and 0.5, 1, 2. 4, 5, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours post-dose) and sparse PK visit (1, 4, 24, 48 hours post-dose).

,
Interventionhour*mg/L (Mean)
AUC (0-24) for RPTAUC (0-24) for des-RPT
Cohort 1 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Second Trimester)424.7158.7
Cohort 2 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Third Trimester)406.8153.7

[back to top]

Clearance (CL/F) of INH

"PK parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using a nonlinear mixed effects model (version 7.4; ICON PLC, Dublin, Ireland).~Developed a 1 compartment PK model with 2 mixtures to characterize subpopulations based on acetylation status~Estimated a separate INH CL/F based on acetylation status (fast, slow)" (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Data used in the population PK analysis included the intensive PK visit (pre-dose (t0) and 0.5, 1, 2. 4, 5, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours post-dose) and sparse PK visit (1, 4, 24, 48 hours post-dose).

InterventionL/hr (Mean)
CL/F (slow acetylators)CL/F (fast acetylators)
All Cohorts8.9832.7

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Maximum Concentration (Cmax) for RPT Maximum Concentration (Cmax) for Des-RPT Pregnant Women in 2nd and 3rd Trimester

"PK parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using a nonlinear mixed effects model (version 7.4; ICON PLC, Dublin, Ireland).~Developed a 1 compartment PK model with transit compartments for oral absorption~Obtained Cmax by model-based estimation" (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Data used in the population PK analysis included the intensive PK visit (pre-dose (t0) and 0.5, 1, 2. 4, 5, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours post-dose) and sparse PK visit (1, 4, 24, 48 hours post-dose).

,
Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Cmax for RPTCmax for des-RPT
Cohort 1 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Second Trimester)30.28.76
Cohort 2 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Third Trimester)28.68.50

[back to top]

Absorption (ka) of INH

"PK parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using a nonlinear mixed effects model (version 7.4; ICON PLC, Dublin, Ireland).~• Estimated a single absorption rate constant (ka) for the whole population" (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Data used in the population PK analysis included the intensive PK visit (pre-dose (t0) and 0.5, 1, 2. 4, 5, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours post-dose) and sparse PK visit (1, 4, 24, 48 hours post-dose).

Interventionhr-1 (Mean)
All Cohorts1.74

[back to top]

Absorption Rate Constant (ka) for Rifapentine (RPT)

"PK parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using a nonlinear mixed effects model (version 7.4; ICON PLC, Dublin, Ireland).~Developed a 1 compartment PK model with transit compartments for oral absorption~Estimated the transit compartment rate constant (ktr), which is synonymous with the absorption constant (ka), for the whole population Note that the mean stated below is actually the value that is obtained from a population analysis and represents a population estimate" (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Data used in the population PK analysis included the intensive PK visit (pre-dose (t0) and 0.5, 1, 2. 4, 5, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours post-dose) and sparse PK visit (1, 4, 24, 48 hours post-dose).

Interventionhr-1 (Mean)
All Cohorts1.43

[back to top]

Clearance Relative to Bioavailability (CL/F) for Rifapentine (RPT)

"PK parameters from postpartum women were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using a nonlinear mixed effects model (version 7.4; ICON PLC, Dublin, Ireland).~Developed a 1 compartment PK model with transit compartments for oral absorption~Calculated an average CL for all post-partum individuals" (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Data used in the population PK analysis for postpartum women included the intensive PK visit (pre-dose (t0) and 0.5, 1, 2. 4, 5, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours post-dose) and sparse PK visit (1, 4, 24, 48 hours post-dose).

InterventionL/hr (Mean)
All Cohorts1.64

[back to top]

Clearance Relative to Bioavailability (CL/F) for Rifapentine (RPT) for Intensive and Sparse PK

"PK parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using a nonlinear mixed effects model (version 7.4; ICON PLC, Dublin, Ireland).~Developed a 1 compartment PK model with transit compartments for oral absorption~Calculated an average CL for all women in the 2nd trimester (cohort I) and all women in the 3rd trimester (cohort II)" (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Data used in the population PK analysis included the intensive PK visit (pre-dose (t0) and 0.5, 1, 2. 4, 5, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours post-dose) and sparse PK visit (1, 4, 24, 48 hours post-dose).

InterventionL/hr (Mean)
Cohort 1 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Second Trimester)1.4
Cohort 2 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Third Trimester)1.50

[back to top]

Clearance Relative to Bioavailability (CLmet/F) for Desacetyl Rifapentine (Des-RPT)

"PK parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using a nonlinear mixed effects model (version 7.4; ICON PLC, Dublin, Ireland).~Developed a 1 compartment PK model with transit compartments for oral absorption and a separate compartment for metabolite formation~Estimated a single des-RPT CLmet/F for the whole population Note: that the mean stated below is actually the value that is obtained from a population analysis and represents a population estimate with the relative standard error" (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Data used in the population PK analysis included the intensive PK visit (pre-dose (t0) and 0.5, 1, 2. 4, 5, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours post-dose) and sparse PK visit (1, 4, 24, 48 hours post-dose).

InterventionL/hr (Mean)
All Cohorts2.82

[back to top]

Cord Blood Concentrations of Desacetyl Rifapentine (Des-RPT) Among Infants

Cord blood concentrations were summarized using using R (version 3.5.1). (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: at delivery (within 3 days of life for infants).

Interventionmcg/mL (Mean)
All Cohorts3.24

[back to top]

Maximum Concentration (Cmin) for RPT and Maximum Concentration (Cmin) for Des-RPT Pregnant Women in 2nd and 3rd Trimester

"PK parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using a nonlinear mixed effects model (version 7.4; ICON PLC, Dublin, Ireland).~Developed a 1 compartment PK model with transit compartments for oral absorption~Obtained Cmin by model-based estimation" (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Data used in the population PK analysis included the intensive PK visit (pre-dose (t0) and 0.5, 1, 2. 4, 5, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours post-dose) and sparse PK visit (1, 4, 24, 48 hours post-dose).

,
Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Cmin for RPTCmin for des-RPT
Cohort 1 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Second Trimester)1.451.06
Cohort 2 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Third Trimester)1.581.20

[back to top] [back to top]

Number of Infants With Active TB up to 24 Weeks of Life

Based on site-specified confirmatory TB test. If women and infants were diagnosed with active TB during study they would be referred to local care for TB management and treatment. (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Measured from birth through participants' last study visit at 24 weeks after delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cohort 1(Infants Born to Women Enrolled in Second Trimester)0
Cohort 2 (Infants Born to Women Enrolled in Third Trimester)0

[back to top]

Number of Mothers With Active TB up to 24 Weeks Postpartum

Based on site-specified confirmatory TB test. If women and infants were diagnosed with active TB during study they would be referred to local care for TB management and treatment. (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through participants' last study visit at 24 weeks after delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cohort 1 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Second Trimester)0
Cohort 2 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Third Trimester)0

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Number of Participants With Discontinuation of Study Drug Due to Intolerance (Tolerability of Study Drug Regimen - i.e., RPT, INH, and Pyridoxine)

At entry and follow-up, all lab results, sign and symptoms, and diagnoses will be recorded. Also, during follow-up grade 2 events related to pregnancy complications, hepatotoxicity, hemorrhage, or peripheral neuropathy, and all grade 3 or events that result in discontinuation of study drug regimen, and that meet criteria for EAE reporting will be further evaluated and recorded. The DAIDS Table for Grading Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events (V 2.0) and Expedited AE Manual (V 2.0) were used. (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through participants' last study visit at 24 weeks after delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cohort 1 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Second Trimester)0
Cohort 2 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Third Trimester)0

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Percentage of Participants With All AEs Leading to Permanent Discontinuation of Study Drug Regimen (i.e., RPT, INH, and Pyridoxine)

At entry and follow-up, all lab results, sign and symptoms, and diagnoses were recorded. Also, during follow-up grade 2 events related to pregnancy complications, hepatotoxicity, hemorrhage, or peripheral neuropathy, and all grade 3 or events that resulted in discontinuation of study drug regimen, and that met criteria for EAE reporting would further be evaluated and recorded. The DAIDS Table for Grading Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events (V 2.0) and Expedited AE Manual (V 2.0) were used. (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through participants' last study treatment dispensation (approximately for 12 weeks)

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Cohort 1 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Second Trimester)0
Cohort 2 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Third Trimester)0

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Percentage of Participants With All Grade 3 and 4 AEs

At entry and follow-up, all lab results, sign and symptoms, and diagnoses were recorded. Also, during follow-up grade 2 events related to pregnancy complications, hepatotoxicity, hemorrhage, or peripheral neuropathy, and all grade 3 or events that resulted in discontinuation of study drug regimen, and that met criteria for EAE reporting would further be evaluated and recorded. The DAIDS Table for Grading Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events (V 2.0) and Expedited AE Manual (V 2.0) were used. (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through participants' last study visit at 24 weeks after delivery

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Cohort 1 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Second Trimester)20
Cohort 2 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Third Trimester)16

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Percentage of Participants With All Serious AEs

At entry and follow-up, all lab results, sign and symptoms, and diagnoses were recorded. Also, during follow-up grade 2 events related to pregnancy complications, hepatotoxicity, hemorrhage, or peripheral neuropathy, and all grade 3 or events that resulted in discontinuation of study drug regimen, and that met criteria for EAE reporting would further be evaluated and recorded. The DAIDS Table for Grading Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events (V 2.0) and Expedited AE Manual (V 2.0) were used. (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through participants' last study visit at 24 weeks after delivery

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Cohort 1 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Second Trimester)8
Cohort 2 (Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Third Trimester)12

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Plasma Concentrations of Desacetyl Rifapentine (Des-RPT) Among Infants

Plasma blood concentrations were summarized using using R (version 3.5.1). (NCT02651259)
Timeframe: at delivery - (within 3 days of life for infants).

Interventionmcg/mL (Mean)
All Cohorts5.31

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AUC for Rifampin

Rifampin AUC0-last in Arms A and C (NCT03174184)
Timeframe: 14 days

Interventionh*mg/L (Mean)
Rifampin Resistant A105
Rifampin Susceptible C109

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Distribution of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Rifampin

The distribution of rifampin MIC in the drug-resistant arms (NCT03174184)
Timeframe: 14 days

Interventionmcg/mL (Median)
Rifampin Resistant A1.28
Rifampin Resistant B1.28

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Estimate of the 14-day Early Bactericidal Activity (EBA), Based on Colony Forming Unit Counts, of the Combination of Meropenem and Amoxicillin/Clavulanate, Without Versus With Rifampin

The Early Bactericidal Activity (EBA) over a 14 days period (EBA0-14), as determined by the median rate of change in log10 Colony Forming Units (CFU) per mL sputum. A non-linear mixed effects model of log10 CFU/mL sputum on time was developed using aggregated participant data for each treatment arm. A basic model was developed based on mono- or bi-exponential bacterial killing functions. Afterwards, covariate modelling to identify relationships between demographics, disease severity, secondary pharmacokinetic summary indices (area under the curve from time 0 to last measured concentration (AUC0-last) and maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), and model parameters describing log10 CFU/mL sputum over time was performed. Finally, the treatment regimen was tested using different functions supported by the graphical analysis. (NCT03174184)
Timeframe: 14 days

Interventionrate of change in log10 CFU/mL/day (Mean)
Rifampin Resistant A-0.06
Rifampin Resistant B-0.11
Rifampin Susceptible C-0.14
Rifampin Susceptible D-0.12
Rifampin Susceptible E-0.05
Rifampin Susceptible F-0.02

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Estimate the Antimycobacterial Activity Based on Liquid Culture Time-to-positivity

Change in time-to-positivity in Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) liquid media over 14 days of treatment (EBA0-14(TTP)) (time to positivity) for the study treatments. The Early Bactericidal Activity (EBA) over a 14 days period (EBA0-14), as determined by the median rate of change in TTP (expressed in log10 hours/day). A non-linear mixed effects model of log10 hours/day on time was developed using aggregated participant data for each treatment arm. A basic model was developed based on mono- or bi-exponential bacterial killing functions. Afterwards, covariate modelling to identify relationships between demographics, disease severity, secondary pharmacokinetic summary indices (area under the curve from time 0 to last measured concentration (AUC0-last) and maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), and model parameters describing TTP over time was performed. Finally, the treatment regimen was tested using different functions supported by the graphical analysis. (NCT03174184)
Timeframe: 14 days

Interventionrate of change in log10 hours/day (Mean)
Rifampin Resistant A0.19
Rifampin Resistant B0.31
Rifampin Susceptible C0.53
Rifampin Susceptible D0.20
Rifampin Susceptible E0.09
Rifampin Susceptible F0.09

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Frequency of Grade 2 or Higher Adverse Events

Grade 2 or higher Adverse Events (AE) that constitute any untoward medical occurrence in a study participant and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. An adverse event can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not related to the medicinal product. (NCT03174184)
Timeframe: From the time a study participant receives the first dose of study drug through the final study visit, up to 28 days

InterventionEvents (Number)
Rifampin Resistant A28
Rifampin Resistant B15
Rifampin Susceptible C5
Rifampin Susceptible D8
Rifampin Susceptible E3
Rifampin Susceptible F7

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The Number of Unformed Stools Passed Per 24-h Interval

The number of unformed stools passed per 24-h interval, after dosing (NCT03447821)
Timeframe: 192 hours

,,
InterventionUnformed stools (Mean)
0-24 h24-48 h48-72 h72-96 h96-120 h120-144 h144-168 h168-192 h
1200 mg Rifamycin SV Dosage4.732.641.71.80.75111
400 mg Rifamycin SV Dosage5.232.152.091.51.5330
800 mg Rifamycin SV Dosage4.671.51.291.671.50.511

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Time to Last Unformed Stool (TLUS)

The safety and preliminary efficacy data of the three doses of the new rifamycin SV formulation tested based upon the time elapsed from the ingestion of the 1st dose of study medication to the passage of the last unformed stool (TLUS) (NCT03447821)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days

Interventionhours (Mean)
400 mg Rifamycin SV Dosage59.3
800 mg Rifamycin SV Dosage51.4
1200 mg Rifamycin SV Dosage57.4

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		2.0210C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
3-phenylpropionic acid
3-phenylpropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-phenylpropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.		2.0110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid		antifungal agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.0110monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.110monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.88406-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		13.78397azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
cadaverine
[no description available]		1.9810alkane-alpha,omega-diamineDaphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		2.4420amino-acid anion
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		1.9810monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		5.0821amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		8.4785alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.4120chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
octane
Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.		1.9510alkanexenobiotic
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		3.1810benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		1.9310medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hippuric acid
hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.		2.1110N-acylglycinehuman blood serum metabolite;
uremic toxin
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		3.9820monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.74302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.3620sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
glycine
[no description available]		2.0510alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		5.0550alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
histamine
[no description available]		3.2110aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		9.85179elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.4220cyclitol;
hexol
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		2.4120pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		4.680monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.0610monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		1.9710aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		1.9710C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		3.3510phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		1.9810glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.0610saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pteridines
[no description available]		2.0110azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		7.69162monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		1.9310azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		3.7630methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		1.9910aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine phosphate
pyridoxamine phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate : A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine.		1.9910aminoalkylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6 phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		1.9510N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
spermine
[no description available]		1.9510polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.4220alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		2.0210sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		3.1310amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		2.3520pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		1.9510methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine
trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.		2.1510tertiary amine oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
osmolyte
trimethylamine
[no description available]		2.1510methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		3.2160pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.3520isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		210methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
6-acetylaminocaproic acid
6-acetylaminocaproic acid: wound-healing agent component of plasmutan		1.9610medium-chain fatty acid
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		7.0390imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		4.2530adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		1.9510acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
theophylline
[no description available]		3.0610dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		3.1210dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		7.3820pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.0110ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		2.3620monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		3.0610aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.6630barbituratesdrug allergen
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		6.3641bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		1.9510hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		3.1110pyridinium ion
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.3520aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.2730organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		17.88447aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		9.61202monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		3.4620aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		2.0610piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cystamine
[no description available]		3.0510organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dapsone
[no description available]		4.3260substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
dequalinium
Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.		3.5311quinolinium ionantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		2.0710dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		4.131amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ebastine
[no description available]		3.2510organic molecular entity
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.9140
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		210ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		1.9510aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		2.0410piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		1.9710difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		1.9510aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		4.0620ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.3920nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		3.9820carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		3.8521nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.4720aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		5.71160
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.0510aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		210monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		210carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		3.3510phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		3.4680phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		3.7530one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.1710monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		4.0740aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
indoprofen
Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.		210gamma-lactam;
isoindoles;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0210
iopanoic acid
Iopanoic Acid: Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.		1.9510monocarboxylic acid
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		14.226313carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		1.9510secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.4220dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		1.9610benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		7.7261monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
mebeverine
mebeverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1310methoxybenzoic acid
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		1.9510nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
memantine
[no description available]		4.0420adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.02101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
merbromin
Merbromin: A once-popular mercury containing topical antiseptic.. merbromin : An organic sodium salt that is 2,7-dibromo-4-hydroxymercurifluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		1.9610
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		12.72343amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.1510methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		2.4920aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		9.65222C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		1.9510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		3.8221imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		5.3121amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
monodansylcadaverine
monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.		1.9810aminonaphthalene;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
protective agent
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		3.7630maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.45201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		6.2643fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		9.22933-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		5.2743aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.3520phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.0450aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		2.37201,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		1.9710benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		1.9710aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.1910oxopurine
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		3.2110acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.3620barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phloretin
[no description available]		2.0710dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
piperazine
[no description available]		7.1710azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.3620inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.6530benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		3.5311naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.3420aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		2.3420pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		1.9710fluoride saltmutagen
streptonigrin
[no description available]		3.0410pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		4.6550isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine
Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		1.9410pyridazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.1310
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		1.9710isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		3.46802-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		4.2930naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.0410diarylmethane
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.4820phthalimides;
piperidones
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		2.1510phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		1.9510aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		4.3330imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		7.3620N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		4.6550aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		3.1310monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.1710mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		6.928111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		210alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		3.4520beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
thymidine
[no description available]		5.44120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzimidazole
1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.		2.110benzimidazole;
polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.39204-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		1.95102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.12103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		3.4211corticosteroid hormone
aldosterone
[no description available]		4.431111beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.071017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fluprednisolone
Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.		2.1110fluorinated steroid
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole
Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.		1.9510
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		3.05102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		1.9510N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		5.35110penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.3520organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
amifampridine
Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.		2.2510aminopyridine
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		1.97102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		210dialkyl phosphate
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.6930alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		7.88570C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		210aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.6430pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		4.4551glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		4.633217-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		210bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		1.9510ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.0210aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		2.352017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		1.9510adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.3520azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		6.3641tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		3.82120uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine monophosphate
Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.		2.6530pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.83120kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		8.12180monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		1.9510ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
phlorhizin
[no description available]		2.0710aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.8940adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		8.3370penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		2.6530penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.8640amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		1.9810methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.3620pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.4220
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		7.62130amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.0610alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cytidine
[no description available]		1.9510cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate
Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9510cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		2.8640penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		3.9640antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.0710chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.3520formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		4.43514-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.4780beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		3.4311mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.3520beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		4.1320non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		210amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.0750erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		1.9410aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		210arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
iodoform
[no description available]		6.5551iodomethanes
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		1.9810
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		3.061012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		3.0950amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		2.3420penicillin allergen;
penicillin
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		4.9952pyrrolidin-2-ones
proflavine
Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.		1.9510aminoacridinesantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
chromophore;
intercalator
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.1110xanthene
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.3920benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0410butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
3-hydroxybenzoic acid
3-hydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.		210monohydroxybenzoic acidbacterial metabolite;
plant metabolite
vinyl acetate
[no description available]		210acetate ester
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.3520cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		6.1950pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		4.6930mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		12.77335aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
3-nitrobenzoic acid
3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0610
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		2.8840alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		1.9810purine nucleoside
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		1.9510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.2510catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		3.0550acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		4.520adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		3.09101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		7.45911,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		1.9610organic cation
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.8640azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		1.9610bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ketene
ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.		210ketene
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0710bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		1.9510thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.0210hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		1.9510isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
melarsoprol
Melarsoprol: Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.		1.9610triazines
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		210
1,3-propanediol
propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.		2.0610propane-1,3-diolsmetabolite;
protic solvent
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		1.9810organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		1.951017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		7.77120C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.4220dialdehydebiomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.0110arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		1.9810organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		1.9510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		2.1110phenoxazine
glycerylphosphorylcholine
Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)		2.0810glycerophosphocholine
toyocamycin
Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.		2.1310antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
nitrile;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.8230acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		7.52390cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
nitrosoguanidines
Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.		2.8640
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		1.9510delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
norgestrienone
Norgestrienone: A synthetic steroid with progestational and contraceptive activities.		1.9510steroidestrogen
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		1.9510pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		1.9510pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		14.63373ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9410alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.4720zinc molecular entity
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		11.93300glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		3.5120enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.110aliphatic nitrile
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		1.9510cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		3.4720organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		210aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
ethamsylate
Ethamsylate: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.		1.9510organosulfur compound;
sulfonic acid derivative
4-nitroimidazole
5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.		3.1710C-nitro compound;
imidazoles
ornithylaspartate
ornithylaspartate: used therapeutically in hepatic coma		5.6870
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		1.9510D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		1.95101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
streptomycin
[no description available]		8.73343antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		1.9810organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
nifuratel
Nifuratel: Local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally.		3.4311
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		1.9710penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.		3.3411
6-n-hydroxylaminopurine
N(6)-hydroxyadenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurinnes that is adenine in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.15106-aminopurines;
hydroxylamines;
nucleobase analogue		mutagen;
teratogenic agent
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		2.4720cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		3.1310f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		5.35190elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		1.9510chromium group element atommicronutrient
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.0210metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		2.0610cobalt group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		1.9610f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.0310titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		4.630chromium group element atommicronutrient
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.3110cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		1.9710copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		1.9810pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		1.9610inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.4520delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.0710metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		3.2820calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		210diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.3620
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		1.9510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		210acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		4.3160aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		1.9510cephalosporinantibacterial drug
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.5790benzenes;
phenyl acetates
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		4.281111beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
thymolphthalein
Thymolphthalein: Used as a pH indicator and as a reagent for blood after decolorizing the alkaline solution by boiling with zinc dust.		1.9710terpene lactone
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.0610bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
megalomicin a
megalomicin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.0510amino oligosaccharide
androstane-3,17-diol
Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.		1.951017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0210
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		2.1110organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		1.9610glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		2.110
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.3920beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.0810inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		2.3920pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		5.0852penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		4.540azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		3.0510amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.4420amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		2.0110penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		3.47201-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		4.2970alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		6.9161benzamides;
carboxylic ester
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		2.6630cephalosporinantibacterial drug
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		3.3611fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.17103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		1.9810aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
temafloxacin
temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.3820amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.940fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		3.1210duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.1310
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		1.9610aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
colestipol
Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.		2.1310
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.8840hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		6.9910
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.4520organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
amprenavir
[no description available]		2.110carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
2',3'-dideoxythymidine triphosphate
ddTTP : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having thymine as the nucleobase.		1.9910pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
thymidine phosphate
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		2.2510flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		210xanthene dyefluorochrome
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.		1.9710phosphatidylglycerol
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		5.94110cephalosporinfungal metabolite
thymol blue
thymol blue: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.1110sulfonamide
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		2.8740phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.17101,2,3-triazole
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		3.48112-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene
1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene : A methoxybenzene carrying methoxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5. It has been found to be a biomarker of flavonoid consumption in humans.		3.1810methoxybenzenesbiomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.1310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.110cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
camphorated parachlorophenol
camphorated parachlorophenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; Walkhoff solution is a 3% solution of camphorated parachlorophenol		6.3641
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		2.0210nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
trichlorosucrose
trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.		3.4311disaccharide derivative;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
acetylisoniazid
acetylisoniazid: Antitubercular Agent. N'-acetylisoniazid : A carbohydrazide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of isonicotinic acid with hydrazine and subsequent acetylation of the monosubstituted nitrogen atom.		1.9810carbohydrazidemetabolite
octylonium
octylonium: RN given refers to bromide; structure		3.2510benzamides
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		5.6850carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		1.9810hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
[no description available]		2.0610
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		9.15274macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
coenzyme a
[no description available]		1.9310adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		1.9510cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam: metabolite of midazolam. 1-hydroxymidazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.		3.4211aromatic primary alcohol;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		drug metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
ramosetron
[no description available]		2.1310indoles
monobromobimane
monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.4420organobromine compound;
pyrazolopyrazole		fluorochrome
monochlorobimane
monochlorobimane: marker for glutathione		2.0710organochlorine compound;
pyrazolopyrazole		fluorochrome
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		1.9310fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
renzapride
[no description available]		3.1810
6-deoxyerythronolide b
6-deoxyerythronolide B: Streptomyces erythreus metabolite; presumed intermediate in biosynthesis of erythromycins; structure given in first source		3.1910erythronolide
3-formylrifamycin sv
[no description available]		4.7771
cephamycin c
cephamycin C: produced from O-carbamoyldeacetylcephalosporin in C by cell-free extracts of Streptomyces clavuligerus; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. cephamycin C : One of three naturally occurring cephamycin antibiotics, differing from the A and B forms in its carbamoyloxymethyl substituent at C-3.		2.0210
antibiotic g 418
antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea		3.0510
methotrexate
[no description available]		1.9510dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid
3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid: direct precursor of 7-carbon amino starter-unit for biosyn of ansamycins. 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 3-hydroxybenzoic acid carrying an additional amino substitutent at position 4.		4.81100aminobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.4120penicillanic acids
carbapenems
[no description available]		4.9620
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.1110amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		7.21629-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
4-hydroxyhippuric acid
p-hydroxyhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-hydroxy derivative of hippuric acid.		2.1110N-acylglycinehuman blood serum metabolite
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		9.1140aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.8940oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
lactitol
lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.		8.0852glycosyl alditolcathartic;
excipient;
laxative
pirlimycin
pirlimycin: RN given refers to (mono-HCl(2S-cis)-isomer)		1.9610
lubiprostone
[no description available]		4.6140
atazanavir sulfate
Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.		2.110organic sulfate salt
torcetrapib
[no description available]		2.0410(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
carbamate ester;
quinolines		anticholesteremic drug;
CETP inhibitor
ammonium tungsten antimonate hydroxide oxide
ammonium tungsten antimonate hydroxide oxide: heteropolyanion mineral active in protecting against murine leukemia & sarcoma viruses; central cage ion is sodium in HPA 23 & potassium in HPA 39		3.9820
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		6.3571amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
lanthanum carbonate
lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease		3.1310
3'-(1-butylphosphoryl)adenosine
3'-(1-butylphosphoryl)adenosine: regulatory substance inducing production of rifamycin in Nocardia sp; structure given in first source		2.6630
gabaculine
gabaculine: potent inhibitor of aminobutyrate aminotransferase from Streptomyces toyocaensis.; also inhibits a variety of PLP-dependent aminotransferases; structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (S)-gabaculine : The (S)-enantiomer of gabaculine.		1.99105-aminocyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acidbacterial metabolite;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		1.9310
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		1.9410acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		2.1510N-acyl-amino acid
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		1.9510alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.1110bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		1.9510monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		3.620
rifamycin o
[no description available]		8.5790
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		4.5240
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		1.99101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
lanatosides
Lanatosides: Glycosides from DIGITALIS lanata leaf. Lanatoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures of lanatosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670)		1.9410
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		4.3122
sorbose
sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.		1.9510L-sorbose;
sorbopyranose
arabinose
[no description available]		1.9410L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.4420D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		3.6520(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		1.9710
puromycin
[no description available]		1.9510puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		1.9610bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
fructans
(2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.		1.9410
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0110cellotriose
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.0710alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.04101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		210cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
mycothiol
mycothiol: a glyco-inositol-cysteine found in MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS which conjugates exogenous compounds for detoxication; it is a microbe counterpart to eucaryotic GLUTATHIONE; acted on by mycothiol disulfide reductase and mycothiol S-conjugate amidase and MDF dehydrogenase;. mycothiol S-conjugate : Any S-conjugate of mycothiol.. mycothiol : A pseudodisaccharide, 1D-myo-inosityl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, in which the hydroxy group at the 2-position of the glucose moiety is replaced by an (N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amido group.		2.4220
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.4320L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.8810
linezolid
[no description available]		2.7830acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		1.9810homodetic cyclic peptide
indican
[no description available]		2.1310beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
acriflavine
Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.		1.9510
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		1.9710tripeptide
phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide
phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide: a drug efflux pump inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810peptide
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		2.0510
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.12103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
sultamicillin
sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam		1.9710penicillanic acid ester
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.7730cyclodextrin
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		1.9810microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		3.0910macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
sr 12813
SR 12813: structure given in first source. SR12813 : An organic phosphonate that is the tetraethyl ester of [2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethene-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid).		2.110organic phosphonate;
phenols		pregnane X receptor agonist
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.02102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.520alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		10.7110
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		7.730epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		8.79132macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
obeticholic acid
obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.		2.07103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		farnesoid X receptor agonist;
hepatoprotective agent
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.1110olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
pa 824
pretomanid: nitroimidazopyran derived from 5-nitroimidazoles; a prodrug that requires activation by a bacterial F420-depedent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd) and nitroreductase to activate components that then inhibit bacterial mycolic acid and protein synthesis; structure in first source		3.8730
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		7.34390actinomycinmutagen
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		3.7630tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
u 100480
U 100480: structure given in first source		3.5320
abt 492
WQ 3034: structure in first source		210
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.1710one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
glycosides
[no description available]		3.4920
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		3.4520isomethyleugenol
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		2.3520diphosphate ion
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		1.9710penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
sorangicin a
sorangicin A: RNA polymerase inhibitor; isolated from Sorangium cellulosum; structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 5/87; RN from Chemical Abstracts Index Guide		2.110
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		3.0810pyridines
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		1.9510aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methisazone
Methisazone: An antiviral agent effective against pox viruses.		3.0510
phenylthiourea
Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.		1.9410thioureasEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
rhodanine
2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure		3.0510thiazolidinone
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		2.3820barbituratesallergen;
reagent
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		2.6430one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.3520cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.3820thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.1710stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nadp
[no description available]		3.3670
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.8740pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		6.589111alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		5.480carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.071017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thiocarlide
thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent		1.9410thioureas
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		1.9610
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		2.1110alkali metal atom
cystine
[no description available]		1.9810
micronomicin
micronomicin: DE 020 & DE 020 eyedrops both consist of KW 1062, benzalkonium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide & distilled water pH 7.4; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for gentamicin C; structure		3.0510aminoglycoside
prucalopride
prucalopride: a 5-HT4 agonist enterokinetic compound		3.620benzamides
apramycin
apramycin : An aminoglycoside that is 2-deoxystreptamine that is substituted on the oxygen at position 4 by an (8R)-2-amino-8-O-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-D-glycero-alpha-D-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl) group.		2.02102-deoxystreptamine derivative;
aminoglycoside;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
albomycin
albomycin: iron containing antibiotic. albomycin : A mixture of iron(III) hydroxamate antibiotics produced by various Streptomyces species (e.g. Streptomyces subtropicus) and consisting of iron(III) complexed to pentapeptide trihydroxamate siderophores.		2.3820
olivomycins
Olivomycins: A mixture of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics obtained from Actinomyces (or Streptomyces) olivoreticuli. They are used as fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA and prevent both RNA and protein synthesis and are also used as antineoplastic agents.		2.3520
amanitins
Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.		5.91140
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		3.0450organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		1.9310
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		5.64100
sq 109
N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity		4.520
bilirubin
[no description available]		3.67100biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.3720
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		2.1110epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		4.3830prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.0550antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.112011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.1110aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
myricetin
[no description available]		2.02107-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
maytansine
Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.		4.2730alpha-amino acid ester;
carbamate ester;
epoxide;
maytansinoid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organochlorine compound		antimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
ellagic acid
[no description available]		3.1110catechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
cerulenin
Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.		2.3620epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
mycotrienin i
mycotrienin I: from Streptomyces rishiriensis; MF C36-H48-N2-O8; structure given in first source		1.9810azamacrocycle;
lactam
mycolactone
mycolactone: toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence		3.1610macrolide
zinostatin
Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.		3.0410
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		1.951017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		1.9810phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.110antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
herbimycin
herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.		1.98101,4-benzoquinones;
lactam;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
apoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		3.9820metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		1.9510alkali metal atom
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		1.9510alkali metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		4.6830metal atom;
pnictogen
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.420metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.0410cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		2.4320dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
geldanamycin
[no description available]		1.9810
bedaquiline
bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.		5.750aromatic ether;
naphthalenes;
organobromine compound;
quinolines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antitubercular agent;
ATP synthase inhibitor
rifamycin b
[no description available]		7.08650acetate ester;
carboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
rifamycins
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		1.9310butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.9140cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
thyronines
Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.		1.9510thyronine
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		3.0510carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
tiotropium bromide
Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		4.0420
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		2.37201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		3.97140ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		19.2730110acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		3.0510chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		1.9510amidobenzoic acid
simethicone
Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.		2.0510
manumycin
manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source. manumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.		3.1110enamide;
epoxide;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
polyketide;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary alcohol		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor;
marine metabolite
r 761
[no description available]		2.8940
epolactaene
epolactaene: a neuritogenic compound in human neuroblastoma cells; isolated from Penicillium sp. BM1689-P; structure given in first source		3.1310
sudoterb
sudoterb: an antibacterial active against M. tuberculosis; structure in first source		4.0710
beta-escin
[no description available]		1.9510
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.0320imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
6 beta-hydroxycortisol
6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.		1.971011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
6beta-hydroxy steroid;
C21-steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
probe
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		210gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		210cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
evernimicin
[no description available]		3.0510
sitafloxacin
sitafloxacin: structure in first source		3.5520
2-methylproline
2-methylproline: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.1110
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.3920biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		5.6531
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		3.4111magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
cefmenoxime
Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmenoxime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.		1.9610cephalosporinantibacterial drug
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		2.07101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		2.1710
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.9440aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
bremelanotide
bremelanotide: a synthetic peptide analogue of alpha-MSH, is an agonist at melanocortin receptors including the MC3R and MC4R, which are expressed primarily in the central nervous system;		2.2510oligopeptide
fidaxomicin
Fidaxomicin: A narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION.. fidaxomicin : An 18-membered macrolide that is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. A narrow spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related infections.		11.37100
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate		3.8521
bryostatin 7
bryostatin 7: structure in first source		3.1910
holomycin
holomycin: structure. holomycin : A dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic that is 4,5-dihydro[1,2]dithiolo[4,3-b]pyrrole in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 6 have been replaced by oxo and acetamido groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and exhibits antibacterial and antitumour properties.		1.9610acetamides;
dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
chelator;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
marine metabolite
scytophycin c
scytophycin C: structure in first source		3.1910diterpene lactone
carbomycin
carbomycin: from Streptomyces halstedii		1.9310
glycerol phenylbutyrate
glycerol phenylbutyrate: for treating urea cycle disorders		4.7430triglyceride
alnumycin
alnumycin: a naphthoquinone antibiotic from Streptomyces sp; structure given in first source		3.3110
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.0310
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		17.479825
eluxadoline
[no description available]		7.2290amino acid amide;
benzamides;
imidazoles;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
methoxybenzoic acid		delta-opioid receptor antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
technetium tc 99m mebrofenin
technetium Tc 99m mebrofenin: hepatobiliary radiopharmaceutical		2.0510
ibodutant
6-methylbenzo(b)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (1-(2-phenyl-((1-(tetrahydropyran-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl)carbamoyl)ethylcarbamoyl)cyclophenyl)amide: a tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.2510
ru 66647
telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;		4.0420
cgp 43371
CGP 43371: structure given in first source		1.9810
norgestimate
[no description available]		3.4211
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		3.1110
cytotrienin a
cytotrienin A: induces apoptosis in leukemia cells; structure in first source. cytotrienin A : A 21-membered macrocyclic lactam which contains three conjugated double bonds as part of the ring system. It acts as an apoptosis inducer in human leukemia HL-60 cells and is isolated from Streptomyces sp.		4.84100cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
ether;
hydroquinones;
lactam;
macrocycle;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		2.6430
virginiamycin
Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.		2.3720
amlodipine, atorvastatin drug combination
[no description available]		3.1210
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		1.9510
discodermolide
discodermolide: a lactone-bearing polyhydroxylated alkatetraene from the marine sponge Discodermia dissoluta; microtubule-stabilizing agent like taxol		210
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		3.3470organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
saliniketal a
saliniketal A: from the marine actinomycete Salinispora arenicola; structure in first source		3.8730sesquiterpenoid
saliniketal b
saliniketal B: from the marine actinomycete Salinispora arenicola; structure in first source		3.8730sesquiterpenoid
mdl 62873
[no description available]		1.9710
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		3.0610peptide hormone
sboa protein, bacillus subtilis
sboA protein, Bacillus subtilis: 35-amino acid cyclic peptide with three cysteine bridges from Bacillus subtilis 168; peptide from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is idential to that from B. subtilis; has bacteriocidal activity against some Gram-positive bacteria such as Listeria, some species of Bacillus and E.faecium; GenBank AJ430547		1.9610
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		2.0210
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		1.9510
ristocetin
Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.		2.6430glycopeptide;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
tetrasaccharide derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.8840glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.15101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		1.9510chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
bismuth subsalicylate
bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.		4.0420
alpha-amanitin
Alpha-Amanitin: A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.. alpha-amanitin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.		2.0510
chitosan
[no description available]		2.1510
technetium tc 99m sestamibi
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.		2.0510
cholylglycylamidofluorescein
[no description available]		2.0310
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		1.95103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
lithium perchlorate
lithium perchlorate: stabilizes DNA-polycation complex; RN given refers to parent compound		210
sarkosyl
sarkosyl: RN given is for sarkosyl L, the parent cpd; structure		1.9510
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		5.8260
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		2.3620
quinupristin-dalfopristin
quinupristin-dalfopristin: RP 59500 is a combination of RP 57669 & RP 54476, which are water soluble derivatives of pristinamycin IA & pristinamycin IIB, respectively		6.9910organic molecular entity
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		2.0110organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arabinogalactan
[no description available]		2.2510
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.1210
mannans
[no description available]		8.8264
bc-3781
[no description available]		2.2510
bacillithiol
bacillithiol: antioxidant produced by several bacterial species; structure in first source. bacillithiol : A thiol that is the alpha-anomeric glycoside of L-cysteinyl-D-glucosamine with L-malic acid.		2.0710glycoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
thiol		antioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
cofactor
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		3.7930
ornithine phenylacetate
[no description available]		4.1320
bryostatin 1
bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S*-(1R*,3R*,5Z,7S*,8E,11R*,12R*(2E,4E),13E,15R*,17S*(S*),21S*,23S*,25R*))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.		3.1910
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		3.8230
tetronomycin
tetronomycin: from Streptomyces sp. nov.; structure given in first source		3.3110
siponimod
siponimod: S1P receptor modulator		2.2510
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		5.760
methylmalonyl-coenzyme a
[no description available]		3.5420
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		1.9510
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		1.9510
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.6930ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
coumermycin
coumermycin: RN given refers to coumermycin A1; structure. coumermycin A1 : A hydroxycoumarin antibiotic that is obtained from Streptomyces rishiriensis and exhibits potent antibacterial and anticancer activity.		2.6630aromatic amide;
coumarins;
glycoside;
heteroarenecarboxylate ester;
pyrroles		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		8.9130carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		5.53230
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		6.2142
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.3570
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		4.8560
methacycline
Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.		1.9410
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		4.8940monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.3520hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		5.180benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		1.9410
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		1.9410
penimepicycline
penimepicycline : A penicillinate salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of phenoxymethylpenicillin and pipacycline.		2.3420
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.5820
bismuth salicylate
Bismuth Salicylate: MAGNESIUM SALICYLATE was entry term in SALICYLATES 1999-2005, indexed NM to SALICYLIC ACID 1981-1998		2.0510
lymecycline
Lymecycline: A semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE. It is more readily absorbed than TETRACYCLINE and can be used in lower doses.. lymecycline : A tetracycline-based broad-spectrum antibiotic. It is approximately 5000 times more soluble than tetracycline base and is unique amongst tetracyclines in that it is absorbed by the "active transport" process across the intestinal wall.		1.9410
streptolydigin
streptolydigin: antibiotic isolated from culture filtrates of Streptomyces lydicus; active against gram-postive bacteria except micrococci; minor descriptor (75-87); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search ANTIBIOTICS (75-87). streptolydigin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lydicus.		3.0750bridged compound;
cyclic ketal;
enol;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-glycosyl compound;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
pyrrolidinone;
spiro-epoxide		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor
bacitracin a
bacitracin A: cyclic dodecapeptide antibiotic from Bacillus licheniformis; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #942. bacitracin A : A homodetic cyclic peptide consisting of (4R)-2-[(1S,2S)-1-amino-2-methylbutyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid attached head-to-tail to L-leucyl,D-glutamyl, L-lysyl, D-ornityl, L-isoleucyl, D-phenylalanyl, L-histidyl. D-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues coupled in sequence and cyclised by condensation of the side-chain amino group of the L-lysyl residue with the C-terminal carboxylic acid group. It is the major component of bacitracin.		1.9710
nebacetin
Nebacetin: contains bacitracin and neomycin		2.1110
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.6930
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		1.9910ketal
opt 80
OPT 80: has anti-infective activity; no further info available 7/2004		2.0710carboxylic ester;
glycoside;
macrolide antibiotic;
organochlorine compound;
phenols		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor
plecanatide
plecanatide: A uroguanylin analog and guanylate cyclase (GC-C receptor) agonist that activates receptors on gut epithelial cells to maintain barrier function, mucus production, and suppress inflammation. It is used in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation and other gastrointestinal disorders.		2.1310
zorbamycin
zorbamycin: antibiotic related to bleomycin & phleomycin; structure in second source. zorbamycin : A glycopeptide antibiotic found in Streptomyces flavoviridis.		1.9610glycopeptideantimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.6530
naphthomycin
naphthomycin: class of naphthalenic ansamycins; from fermentation broth of a Streptomyces; structure		3.1710
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		1.9510
mycotrienin ii
mycotrienin II: from Streptomyces rishiriensis; MF C36-H50-N2-O8; structure given in first source		1.9810
teixobactin
teixobactin: isolated from an Aquabacteria soil bacterium. teixobactin : A cyclodepsipeptide that is isolated from the previously unculturable bacterial species Eleftheria terrae and is active against gram-positive bacteria.		2.1710cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle;
peptide antibiotic		antibacterial agent
gadoxetic acid disodium
gadolinium ethoxybenzyl DTPA: DTPA covalently linked to the lipoohilic ethoxybenzyl moiety; a contrast agent in MR imaging of hepatobiliary system		210
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		1.9310
kosinostatin
kosinostatin: isolated from Micromonospora; structure in first source		2.2110
gibberellins
[no description available]		1.9510
daptomycin
[no description available]		440
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		3.4211
rifamycin s
rifamycin S: structure		5.83300
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		3.6190
op-1118
OP-1118: antibacterial major metabolite of fidaxomicin		2.0710
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		1.9910
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		1.9810purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.260guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		1.95102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		1.9610inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		20.0320310cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		6.9510nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		12.88231N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin
thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source		3.1410
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		4.2750carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
3'-hydroxy-5'-(4-isobutylpiperazinyl)benzoxazinorifamycin
KRM 1648: structure in first source		14.011169phenoxazine
krm 1657
KRM 1657: structure given in first source		2.940
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		2.1510nitroso compoundalkylating agent
af 013
AF 013: O-n-octyloxime of 3-formylrifamycin SV; inhibitor of nucleic acid polymerases		4.6790
inosine pranobex
Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.		1.9610
streptovaricin c
streptovaricin C: structure given in first source		6.15180
rifametane
rifametane: structure given in first source		10.5951
dibutyryl cyclic gmp
Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.		1.9510
25-deacetylrifampicin
25-deacetylrifampicin: main metabolite of rifampin in biological fluids; structure in first source		3.7621
fce 22250
FCE 22250: active against Mycobacterium		3.2260
paldimycin
paldimycin: used against Chlamydia infections; a complex of paldimycin A and paldimycin B; see also paldimycin A and paldimycin B		1.9710
molybdenum cofactor
molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.		2.0110Mo-molybdopterin cofactor;
organophosphate oxoanion
lipoteichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.		1.9910
avermectin
avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.		3.1110
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		2.1310
kanglemycin a
kanglemycin A: isolated from Nocardia mediterranei var. kanglensis 1747-64; structure given in first source; also found in actinomyces species		3.360
dehydrorifampicin
dehydrorifampicin: RN given for rifampicin quinone		2.1110
rifamdin
rifamdin: sister semisynthetic deriv of rifampin with similar or slightly better antitubercular activity		3.98140
enterocin
enterocin: antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces candidus var. enterostaticus WS-8096 & Streptomyces viridochromogenes M-127; molecular formula: C22-H20-010; structure		3.1110
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		3.65100
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		08.59532
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		08.59532
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		09.3123
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		09.3123
Co-infection
[description not available]		04.6730
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		017.0516011
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		018.933011
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		017.0516011
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		013.933011
Latent Tuberculosis
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.		08.3381
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		021.2521869
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		021.2521869
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		08.4125
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		08.4125
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		04.1550
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		04.1550
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		05.0770
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
[description not available]		09.14422
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		05.0770
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.		09.14422
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		019.5413552
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		019.5413552
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		03.3310
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		02.4110
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.4110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		08.52191
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		021.317879
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		020.4515567
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		021.317879
Buruli Ulcer Disease
[description not available]		06.2860
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		06.89360
Buruli Ulcer
A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.		06.2860
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		05.6660
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		05.6660
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.8181
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		012.68204
Diverticular Bleeding
[description not available]		05.5170
Diverticular Diseases
Diseases of the DIVERTICULUM often due to infection and/or inflammation (DIVERTICULITIS).		05.5170
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		08.77170
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		08.77170
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		07.29131
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		06.3171
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		014.434020
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		02.2110
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		03.8221
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		02.2110
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		014.434020
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		02.2110
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		03.8221
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		010.88232
Implant Capsular Contracture
The shrinkage of the foreign body encapsulation scar tissue that forms around artificial implants imbedded in body tissues.		02.2510
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.2510
Infection
[description not available]		04.2570
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		010.14162
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		05.3770
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		04.2570
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		010.14162
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		06.7150
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		06.7150
Pleurisy, Tuberculous
[description not available]		02.3820
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.3110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.3121
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.3110
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.3110
Indigestion
[description not available]		07.9663
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		07.9663
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		016.367119
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		016.367119
Recrudescence
[description not available]		017.027127
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.		011.44202
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		011.22143
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		017.496148
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		011.22143
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		017.496148
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.7330
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.7330
Colonic Diverticulitis
[description not available]		013.42317
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		02.1710
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic
[description not available]		02.1510
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex
An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)		02.1510
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		011.68146
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		011.68146
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		02.1710
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		05.6160
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		05.1840
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		05.1840
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		014.71369
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.		011.59115
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		014.71369
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		010.89104
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.3920
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.3920
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		010.89104
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.3920
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.3920
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		05.9360
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.1510
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.3570
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		013.438010
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		02.1510
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		02.3820
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		02.1510
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		013.438010
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		02.1510
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.3570
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		012.882312
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		012.882312
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		012.19272
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		012.19272
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		010.07212
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		012.62317
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		010.07212
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		012.62317
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		013.24288
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		05.6632
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		06.0352
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		06.0352
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		02.1710
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		010.16214
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		010.16214
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.1710
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		05.3160
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		05.3160
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		02.1710
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		02.1710
E coli Infections
[description not available]		010.61175
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		010.61175
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		07.18180
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		07.18180
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Acute conjunctival inflammation in the newborn, usually caused by maternal gonococcal infection. The causative agent is NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE. The baby's eyes are contaminated during passage through the birth canal.		02.1710
Pink Eye
[description not available]		02.420
Genetic Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.420
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.0810
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.0810
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		02.1110
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		04.9640
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.8740
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.8740
Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome
[description not available]		013.563519
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		04.3741
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		04.3741
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		02.0810
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		06.9274
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		06.9274
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.9240
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		02.4620
Foreign-Body Migration
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.		02.0810
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.9240
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		07.3920
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		09.79106
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		09.79106
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.4220
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.4220
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.8940
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.6930
Pouch Ileitis
[description not available]		08.69131
Pouchitis
Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).		08.69131
Allodynia
[description not available]		04.9640
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		07.5361
Cutaneous Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.		03.5930
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.0810
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		03.2160
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		02.0810
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		05.6970
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.0810
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		03.2160
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.110
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.7230
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		02.110
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.7230
Flatus
[description not available]		08.6897
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		08.6897
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		04.7621
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		04.9150
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		010.77119
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		010.77119
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		011.16114
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		011.16114
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		05.2380
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		03.3720
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		03.3720
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		05.2141
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		07.1951
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		03.2920
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		04.4951
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		04.411
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.411
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.110
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.6930
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		03.4580
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.110
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.6930
Diverticula
[description not available]		08.4871
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.5220
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.5220
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.110
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.110
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.110
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.110
Ache
[description not available]		06.7753
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		06.7753
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.240
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		02.1110
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.1110
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		03.3920
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		02.1110
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.1110
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		03.3920
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		05.240
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.1110
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.1110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.1110
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.1110
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.4920
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.4920
Malnourishment
[description not available]		03.0310
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		03.0310
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		03.0310
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		03.4120
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		03.420
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		03.4120
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		03.420
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.3540
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		03.0310
Colon Diverticula
[description not available]		011.1223
Diverticulum, Colon
A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.		011.1223
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		010.66312
Gastric Stasis
[description not available]		03.0310
Gastroparesis
Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.		03.0310
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		03.8640
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		03.0410
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		05.6132
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		03.4220
Infections, Yersinia
[description not available]		03.0410
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		03.0410
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		05.6132
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		02.1310
AIDS, Simian
[description not available]		02.1310
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		02.1310
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		03.0410
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0410
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		03.0410
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		03.0410
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		06.1941
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		02.4520
Bacterial Infections, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.1110
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		06.1941
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		02.1310
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		03.8921
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		03.8921
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		04.8421
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		03.0410
Visceral Pain
Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.		03.4620
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.520
Colonic Diverticulosis
[description not available]		07.3493
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.7130
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.7130
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		03.5311
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		03.5311
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		02.1310
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		03.5311
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.		03.420
Belching
[description not available]		04.4511
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior
[description not available]		02.1510
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.420
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.420
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.1510
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		02.1510
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		05.2441
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		05.2441
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		05.3990
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections
[description not available]		02.0410
Bifidobacteriales Infections
Infections with BACTERIA of the order Bifidobacteriales. This includes infections in the genera BIFIDOBACTERIUM and GARDNERELLA, in the family Bifidobacteriaceae.		02.0510
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		05.9531
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		04.3511
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		05.9531
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		04.9140
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		04.9140
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		03.5730
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		03.580
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.68100
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		06.83142
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		03.580
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.68100
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		05.6621
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		02.9610
Marasmus
[description not available]		02.9610
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		02.9610
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.6630
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.6630
Mushroom Poisoning
Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.		02.0510
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4520
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		02.4520
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.9710
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.9710
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.7230
Root Resorption
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.0510
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.7430
Hepatic Insufficiency
Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		02.0510
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		04.0331
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		04.0331
Neglected Diseases
Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).		02.9810
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.3920
Actinomyces Infections
[description not available]		02.9710
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.9710
Mandibular Fractures
Fractures of the lower jaw.		02.9710
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		05.9733
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		05.9733
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		03.4511
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		04.3711
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		04.3711
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.0610
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		02.0610
Actinomycetales Infections
Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.		02.0610
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0610
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		02.0610
Corneal Edema
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.		02.0610
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		04.3711
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		04.3711
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		03.4511
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.4511
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.0610
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		03.4511
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		03.4511
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.3920
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.0610
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.0610
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.9910
Post-Cholecystectomy Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4511
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.9910
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		02.9910
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.0710
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		06.8840
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.0710
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		02.0710
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.0810
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.0810
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		04.5961
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		04.5961
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		02.6630
Joint Pain
[description not available]		02.0110
Christmas Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.0110
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		06.3382
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.		02.0110
Hemophilia B
A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)		02.0110
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		02.0110
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		06.3382
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		02.0110
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		02.0110
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		02.0110
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.0110
External Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		03.411
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.		03.411
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		04.8381
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		04.8381
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		04.7171
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		04.7171
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		02.3420
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		02.3420
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		01.9310
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		01.9310
Icterus
[description not available]		02.6330
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		02.6330
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.8540
Pyoderma
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).		02.3420
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.8540
Empyema, Pleural, Tuberculous
[description not available]		02.8540
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		03.0350
Tuberculosis, Female Genital
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.6330
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
[description not available]		02.3420
Bone Tuberculosis
[description not available]		01.9310
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		02.3520
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.3420
Empyema, Thoracic
[description not available]		01.9310
Bronchial Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.		02.8540
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		02.3420
Empyema, Pleural
Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.		01.9310
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		03.7740
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		03.7740
Tuberculosis, Urogenital
A general term for MYCOBACTERIUM infections of any part of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.		01.9310
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		01.9310
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		01.9310
Sprains
[description not available]		01.9310
Sprains and Strains
A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.		01.9310
Abscess, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9310
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		03.5530
Lung Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		01.9310
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		01.9310
Infection, Puerperal
[description not available]		01.9310
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		02.6430
Pyelitis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.		01.9310
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		01.9310
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		01.9310
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		01.9310
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		01.9310
Cellulitis, Pelvic
[description not available]		01.9310
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		01.9310
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		01.9310
Parametritis
Inflammation of the parametrium, the connective tissue of the pelvic floor, extending from the subserous coat of the uterus laterally between the layers of the BROAD LIGAMENT.		01.9310
Phlegmon
[description not available]		01.9310
Pus
[description not available]		03.0450
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		01.9310
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		02.3420
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		02.3420
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		01.9310
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		01.9310
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		01.9310
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		05.1741
Toxoplasmosis, Animal
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.		01.9310
Ocular Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		01.9310
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular
Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.		01.9310
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		01.9310
Gallbladder Dyskinesia
[description not available]		01.9310
Biliary Dyskinesia
A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.		01.9310
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		01.9310
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		02.3420
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		02.3420
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.3520
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		01.9410
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		03.67100
Cyst
[description not available]		01.9410
Cystic Echinococcosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Pyrexia
[description not available]		01.9410
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic
[description not available]		01.9410
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		01.9410
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		03.67100
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		03.0550
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		03.0550
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		01.9410
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		01.9410
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		01.9410
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		01.9410
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		01.9410
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		02.3520
Mange, Sarcoptic
[description not available]		01.9410
Dermatitis Seborrheica
[description not available]		01.9410
Impetigo Contagiosa
[description not available]		01.9410
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		01.9410
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		01.9410
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		02.3520
Impetigo
A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.		01.9410
Scabies
A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.		01.9410
Dermatitis, Seborrheic
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.		01.9410
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9410
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		01.9410
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		01.9410
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		01.9410
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		02.3520
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		01.9410
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		01.9410
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		02.3520
Chronic Bronchitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Bronchitis, Chronic
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.		01.9410
Ornithosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Psittacosis
Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.		01.9410
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		01.9410
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.0110
Bronchial Cyst
[description not available]		02.0110
Mediastinal Cyst
Cysts of one of the parts of the mediastinum: the superior part, containing the trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct and thymus organs; the inferior middle part, containing the pericardium; the inferior anterior part containing some lymph nodes; and the inferior posterior part, containing the thoracic duct and esophagus.		02.0110
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		03.8221
Scrofuloderma
[description not available]		02.0210
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.0210
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.0210
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.0210
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		02.9310
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		04.3630
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		04.3630
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		02.9410
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		02.9410
Alactasia
[description not available]		03.8221
Lactose Intolerance
The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.		03.8221
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.9410
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		03.820
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.9410
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		03.820
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		02.0210
Discitis
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.		02.0210
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		02.0210
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		02.0310
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		02.0310
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.9240
Allergy, Latex
[description not available]		02.0310
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		03.8220
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.9410
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.9410
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		03.8220
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.0310
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.0310
Adenitis
[description not available]		03.3220
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0310
Tauopathies
Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.		02.9410
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		03.4211
Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease
[description not available]		03.821
Infections, Ureaplasma
[description not available]		03.4211
Urethritis
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.		03.4211
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial
Bacterial diseases transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.		03.821
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.0310
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4120
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		02.4120
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		03.8710
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		07.8571
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		03.8710
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.0310
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		02.0310
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		03.4211
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		03.4211
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0410
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		02.0410
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		03.7921
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		07.66201
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		07.66201
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		03.8710
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		03.8710
Abscess, Amebic
[description not available]		02.3620
Amebiasis
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.		02.3620
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		05.23120
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		05.23120
Shingles
[description not available]		04.632
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.632
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		01.9610
Pseudarthrosis
A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Fractures, Compound
[description not available]		01.9610
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		01.9610
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		01.9610
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		01.9610
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		04.5961
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.3720
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		03.5630
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		03.5630
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		01.9610
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		01.9610
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.8840
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary
Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.		02.3720
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		07.0594
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		07.0594
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		01.9610
Dental Focal Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		01.9610
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		01.9610
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		01.9610
Tuberculoma
A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.		02.3720
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		02.6530
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		02.6530
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		03.260
Tuberculosis, Avian
A variety of TUBERCULOSIS affecting various birds, including chickens and ducks. It is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM and characterized by tubercles consisting principally of epithelioid cells.		01.9810
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		01.9810
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		01.9810
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		01.9810
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		01.9810
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		01.9810
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		08.31152
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		08.31152
Female Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Ageusia
Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by OLFACTION DISORDERS.		01.9810
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.		02.910
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		01.9910
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		01.9910
E chaffeensis Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		01.9910
Alveolalgia
[description not available]		01.9910
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		0210
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		0210
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		0210
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		0210
Ear Infection
[description not available]		03.3811
Blastocystis hominis Infections
[description not available]		03.3811
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		01.9910
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		0210
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		0210
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		05.58180
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		01.9510
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		01.9510
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.4350
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		04.4350
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		02.3720
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		03.3370
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		03.3370
Adnexal Diseases
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).		01.9510
Gas Gangrene
A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.		02.8610
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.8610
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.8610
Hydrophobia
[description not available]		02.8610
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.8610
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		02.8610
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		02.8610
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		02.8610
Glomerular Necrosis
[description not available]		02.8610
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		02.8610
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.8610
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.8610
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		01.9510
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		01.9510
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A
[description not available]		01.9510
Meningitis, Meningococcal
A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)		01.9510
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		02.3620
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.3620
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		03.260
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.0550
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.3620
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		01.9510
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		02.3620
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		02.3620
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		01.9510
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		01.9510
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.8710
Chicken Pox
[description not available]		03.3411
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.7421
Chickenpox
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3411
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		03.7421
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		01.9510
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		01.9510
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		01.9510
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3520
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		01.9510
Abscess, Subdiaphragmatic
[description not available]		01.9510
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		01.9510
Furrow Keratitis
[description not available]		01.9510
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		01.9510
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		01.9510
Epiphora
[description not available]		01.9510
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		01.9510
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		01.9510
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		01.9510
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		01.9510
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		03.7721
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		01.9810
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.8940
Hives
[description not available]		02.3820
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.8940
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.3820
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		01.9810
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		01.9810
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		01.9810
Johne Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Choked Disk
[description not available]		01.9710
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		01.9710
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		01.9710
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.3620
ARC
[description not available]		04.4551
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		01.9710
AIDS-Related Complex
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.		04.4551
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.3620
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9710
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		03.3611
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		03.3611
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
[description not available]		01.9710
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)		01.9710
Bacterial Conjunctivitides
[description not available]		03.3611
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial
Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.		03.3611
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9710
Otitis Media, Purulent
[description not available]		01.9710
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		01.9710
Otitis Media, Suppurative
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.		01.9710
Ritter Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		01.9710
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		01.9710
Infections, Meningococcal
[description not available]		01.9710
Meningococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.		01.9710
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		01.9610
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		01.9510
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		02.3520
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		01.9510
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.6430
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9510
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		02.6430
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		01.9510
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		01.9510
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		01.9510
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		01.9510
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		02.3520
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8610
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		02.8610
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		01.9410
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		01.9410
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		01.9410
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		01.9410
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9510
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		01.9510
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		01.9510
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		01.9510
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		01.9510
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		01.9410
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		01.9410