3-deoxyglucosone, also known as 3-DG, is a highly reactive sugar derivative that forms through the Maillard reaction, a non-enzymatic process involving the interaction of sugars and amino acids. This compound is found in a variety of foods, including cooked and processed products, as well as in the human body. 3-deoxyglucosone is a significant contributor to the browning and flavor development of many foods. However, it has been implicated in the development of several chronic diseases due to its high reactivity. This reactivity allows it to interact with various biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, and lipids, potentially leading to oxidative stress and cellular damage. 3-deoxyglucosone has been linked to the development of diabetes complications, Alzheimer's disease, and other age-related conditions. Therefore, studying its formation, reactivity, and biological effects is crucial for understanding its role in health and disease. Furthermore, 3-deoxyglucosone is being studied for its potential use in various applications, including food processing, biomaterial development, and drug delivery. Research on 3-deoxyglucosone aims to determine its precise mechanisms of action, develop strategies to mitigate its harmful effects, and explore its potential therapeutic applications.'
3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 114839 |
| CHEBI ID | 60777 |
| SCHEMBL ID | 5048894 |
| MeSH ID | M0066288 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| 3-deoxy-erythro-hexos-2-ulose |
| 3-deoxy-2-ketoglucose |
| 4084-27-9 |
| CHEBI:60777 |
| d-erythro-hexosulose, 3-deoxy- |
| d-3-deoxyglucosone |
| 3-deoxy-d-erythro-hexos-2-ulose |
| d-erythro-hexos-2-ulose, 3-deoxy- |
| ccris 4272 |
| 3-deoxyglucosone |
| 3-deoxy-d-glucosone |
| 0797E864-9E7E-48FF-A385-2CCDC0C15AB6 |
| 2-keto-3-deoxyglucose |
| 3-deoxy-d-erythro-hexosulose |
| (4s,5r)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-oxohexanal |
| erythro-hexosulose, 3-deoxy- |
| 3-deoxy-erythro-hexosulose |
| 30382-30-0 |
| exv5374vey , |
| unii-exv5374vey |
| SCHEMBL5048894 |
| 624740-14-3 |
| DTXSID00193820 |
| AKOS030253181 |
| Q4634133 |
| 3-deoxyglucosulose |
| ZGCHLOWZNKRZSN-NTSWFWBYSA-N |
| HY-N7426 |
| CS-0119604 |
| 3-deoxy glucosone |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " In this study, the changes in the cellular and extracellular concentrations of these alpha-oxoaldehydes were investigated in murine P388D1 macrophages during necrotic cell death induced by median toxic concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB)." | ( Accumulation of alpha-oxoaldehydes during oxidative stress: a role in cytotoxicity. Abordo, EA; Minhas, HS; Thornalley, PJ, 1999) | 0.3 |
| " In PD-fluids GDPs have been shown in many different in vitro assays to be responsible for adverse effects such as growth inhibition, and impaired leukocyte function and impaired wound healing of peritoneal mesothelial cells." | ( 3,4-DGE is important for side effects in peritoneal dialysis what about its role in diabetes. Benito, A; Justo, P; Kjellstrand, P; Linden, T; Ortiz, A; Sanchez-Niño, MD; Santamaria, B; Sanz, A; Wieslander, A, 2006) | 0.33 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " The absorption rate of 3DG was obviously lower in comparison with that of glucose." | ( Metabolism of 3-deoxyglucosone, an intermediate compound in the Maillard reaction, administered orally or intravenously to rats. Hayase, F; Kato, H; Sekiya, F; Shinoda, T; van Chuyen, N, 1990) | 0.64 |
| " These findings suggest that α-DC bioavailability could actually depend not on food content but rather on reactions occurring during digestion." | ( Free α-dicarbonyl compounds in coffee, barley coffee and soy sauce and effects of in vitro digestion. Gazzani, G; Mascherpa, D; Papetti, A, 2014) | 0.4 |
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to investigate the dose-response relationships of a phenolic mixture (catechin, genistein and daidzein) as a pre-thermal processing technique to reduce reactive carbonyl species (RCSs; glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone) in ultra-high temperature (UHT) bovine milk." | ( Response surface methodology as optimization strategy for reduction of reactive carbonyl species in foods by means of phenolic chemistry. Kokkinidou, S; Peterson, DG, 2013) | 0.57 |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| deoxyketohexose | Any ketohexose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen. |
| deoxyglucose | A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen. |
| [compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 2 (1.18) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 43 (25.44) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 43 (25.44) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 64 (37.87) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 17 (10.06) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (31.04) All Compounds (24.57) |
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 8 (4.30%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 16 (8.60%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 0 (0.00%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 1 (0.54%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 161 (86.56%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions. | 2 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes | allergen; epitope; sensitiser |
| gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
| acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aldehyde | carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent |
| betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative | fundamental metabolite |
| carbamates [no description available] | 3.45 | 1 | 1 | amino-acid anion | |
| citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | tricarboxylic acid | antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite |
| gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | trihydroxybenzoic acid | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
| creatine [no description available] | 7.48 | 2 | 0 | glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical |
| lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 4.71 | 2 | 1 | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite |
| diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation. | 2.86 | 3 | 0 | alpha-diketone | Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| glycine [no description available] | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical |
| glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | aldotriose | fundamental metabolite |
| hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity | antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite |
| imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1. | 2.55 | 2 | 0 | imidazole | |
| pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal. | 13.28 | 64 | 5 | 2-oxo aldehyde; propanals | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| phenylacetaldehyde [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; phenylacetaldehydes | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate | coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis. | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid | cofactor; fundamental metabolite |
| sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3). | 2 | 1 | 0 | divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion | |
| thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively. | 2 | 1 | 0 | primary alcohol; vitamin B1 | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide. | 3.87 | 12 | 0 | guanidines; one-carbon compound | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor |
| avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. | 4.62 | 1 | 1 | azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1. | 12.57 | 5 | 2 | guanidines | environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic |
| sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol). | 3.32 | 2 | 0 | glucitol | cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| thymidine [no description available] | 2.93 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine. | 8 | 30 | 3 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar. | 2.59 | 2 | 0 | glycosyl glycoside | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose. | 5.34 | 9 | 0 | D-galactose; galactopyranose | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid | anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector |
| phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2. | 2.55 | 2 | 0 | benzenes; primary alcohol | Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose. | 7.21 | 1 | 0 | lactose | |
| phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5. | 3.97 | 2 | 1 | non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine | algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite |
| arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. | 5.43 | 14 | 1 | arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| acrylamide [no description available] | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide | alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin |
| quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene | |
| 2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | naphthylamine | carcinogenic agent |
| 1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | phenylenediamine | hydrogen donor |
| furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group. | 4.07 | 13 | 0 | aldehyde; furans | Maillard reaction product; metabolite |
| benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | aralkylamine; primary amine | allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| acrolein [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | enal | herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin |
| glyoxal [no description available] | 11.91 | 48 | 3 | dialdehyde | agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator |
| pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alkane; volatile organic compound | non-polar solvent; refrigerant |
| pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. | 4.79 | 7 | 1 | pyrrole; secondary amine | |
| catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite. | 7.31 | 1 | 0 | catechin | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| thiazoles [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES. | 2.91 | 4 | 0 | thiazolidine | |
| copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form. | 2 | 1 | 0 | dialdehyde | biomarker |
| acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary |
| 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid: hypocalcemic action; structure. pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid : A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2. | 2 | 1 | 0 | pyrrolecarboxylic acid | plant metabolite |
| phenylglyoxal [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | phenylacetaldehydes | |
| thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo. | 2 | 1 | 0 | organic chloride salt | fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye |
| furaneol furaneol: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3-one : A member of the class of furans that is 2,5-dimethylfuran carrying additional oxo and hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively. It has been found particularly in strawberries and other such fruits. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cyclic ketone; enol; furans | flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite |
| fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement. | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | ||
| norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally. | 4.79 | 7 | 1 | 2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| perchloric acid [no description available] | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | chlorine oxoacid | |
| sodium sulfite [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt | food preservative; reducing agent |
| ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | iron coordination entity | |
| deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | dihydrogen | |
| phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; phenyl acetates | |
| glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical |
| epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin. | 7.31 | 1 | 0 | flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| repaglinide [no description available] | 8.45 | 1 | 1 | piperidines | |
| girard's reagent t Girard's reagent T: used for separating ketosteroids; RN given refers to chloride | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2,3-diaminonaphthalene [no description available] | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | ||
| 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure | 2.55 | 2 | 0 | catechols; primary alcohol | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite |
| n(alpha)-acetyllysine N(alpha)-acetyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. acetyl-L-lysine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-lysine.. N(2)-acetyl-L-lysine : An acetyl-L-lysine where the acetyl group is located at the N(2)-posiiton. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | acetyl-L-lysine; amino acid zwitterion | human metabolite |
| 1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent |
| deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen. | 15.37 | 169 | 7 | ||
| pentosidine pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively. | 4.81 | 7 | 1 | imidazopyridine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | biomarker; cross-linking reagent |
| 2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-1-norleucine 2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-1-norleucine: formed by Maillard recaction of bovine serum albumin with glucose; RN refers to (S)-isomer. 1-(L-norleucin-6-yl)pyrraline : An N-substituted pyrraline formed via Maillard reaction of L-lysine with glucose.. pyrraline : A pyrrole having formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively; useful as indicator of advanced stages of the Maillard reaction, which produces advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). | 4.79 | 7 | 1 | L-lysine derivative; N-substituted pyrraline; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position. | 6.91 | 14 | 2 | L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | antigen |
| sorbitol 3-phosphate sorbitol 3-phosphate: metabolite of sorbitol | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | alditol 3-phosphate; glucitol phosphate | |
| fructose 3-phosphate fructose 3-phosphate: found in the lens of diabetic rats; RN given is for D-fructose-3-phosphate without isomeric designation | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | ||
| xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | D-xylose | |
| proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. | 2 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species | |
| glucosone glucosone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation | 10.8 | 11 | 0 | ketoaldohexose | |
| fidarestat fidarestat: structure given in first source | 2.93 | 1 | 0 | ||
| threo-pentos-2-ulose threo-pentos-2-ulose: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. 2-keto-D-xylose : A 2-keto-xylose having D-threo configuration; a degradation product of D-ascorbic acid. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 2-keto-xylose | |
| 2-oxo-3-deoxygalactonic acid 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonic acid : The 2-dehydro-3-deoxy derivative of D-galactonic acid. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | hexonic acid; ketoaldonic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite |
| 5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. | 3.99 | 12 | 0 | arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol | indicator; Maillard reaction product |
| 3-deoxy-glycero-pentos-2-ulose 3-deoxy-glycero-pentos-2-ulose: derived form poly(ADP-ribosyl)histones | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sorbinil sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | azaspiro compound; chromanes; imidazolidinone; organofluorine compound; oxaspiro compound | antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor |
| n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | N-acetylneuraminic acids | antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| bradykinin [no description available] | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group. | 2 | 1 | 0 | guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione: structure in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid. | 2 | 1 | 0 | icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid | Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | enal | |
| imidazolidines [no description available] | 3.32 | 2 | 0 | azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent | |
| dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | actinomycin | mutagen |
| ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | acetate salt; ammonium salt | buffer; food acidity regulator |
| cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes | antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent |
| retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. | 7.03 | 1 | 0 | retinal; vitamin A | gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | thiazolidinone | |
| epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines | EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor |
| D-fructopyranose [no description available] | 4.64 | 8 | 0 | cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose | sweetening agent |
| epsilon-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-lysine epsilon-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-lysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nadp [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cystine [no description available] | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 3-deoxyhexulose 3-deoxyhexulose: interacts with the enzymes of fructose metabolism; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91. 3-deoxy-keto-D-fructose : A deoxyketohexose that is keto-D-fructose that is lacking the hydroxy group at position 3. A metabolite of 3-deoxyglucosone, a dicarbonyl sugar synthesised through the Maillard reaction. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | alpha-hydroxy ketone; beta-hydroxy ketone; deoxyketohexose; hexanone | |
| ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines | reagent |
| sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate | |
| icodextrin Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity. | 3.39 | 1 | 1 | ||
| quercetin [no description available] | 2.55 | 2 | 0 | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal: metabolite from senecionine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | fatty aldehyde | |
| 2-nonenal, (trans)-isomer 2-nonenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. non-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-non-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | enal; medium-chain fatty aldehyde; monounsaturated fatty aldehyde | plant metabolite |
| 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | 4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal | |
| ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester | bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug |
| deoxyribose [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | deoxypentose | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3. | 2.57 | 2 | 0 | cysteinium | fundamental metabolite |
| selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11). | 3.19 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent |
| ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | D-ribose; ribopyranose | |
| imidazolone imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source | 4.2 | 6 | 0 | organonitrogen heterocyclic compound | |
| furosine [no description available] | 2.58 | 2 | 0 | alpha-amino acid | |
| 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene: structure in first source | 4.15 | 4 | 0 | ||
| glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | peptide hormone | |
| glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake. | 3.11 | 4 | 0 | ||
| incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| argpyrimidine argpyrimidine: structure given in first source. argpyrimidine : A member of the class of hydroxypyrimidines obtained by cyclocondensation of L-arginine and methylglyoxal; a methyl glyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-product (AGE) in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and human cancers. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | hydroxypyrimidine; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | epitope |
| triazepinone triazepinone: structure in first source | 4.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lactisole lactisole: structure in first source | 2.59 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 3-deoxygalactosone 3-deoxygalactosone: galactose degradation product isolated from milk products; structure in first source | 5.34 | 9 | 0 | ||
| piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines. | 3.45 | 1 | 1 | ||
| ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form. | 4.93 | 4 | 0 | ||
| glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | ||
| muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | ||
| deoxyguanosine [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | guanosines | biomarker |
| glucosepane glucosepane: a protein cross-link; structure in first source | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available] | 0 | 10.08 | 19 | 3 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY. | 0 | 10.08 | 19 | 3 |
| Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available] | 0 | 6.62 | 7 | 3 |
| Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE. | 0 | 8.89 | 13 | 1 |
| Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. | 0 | 6.62 | 7 | 3 |
| Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 4.44 | 8 | 0 |
| Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available] | 0 | 3.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Insulin Sensitivity [description not available] | 0 | 4.64 | 5 | 0 |
| Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE. | 0 | 4.44 | 8 | 0 |
| Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325) | 0 | 3.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION. | 0 | 3.89 | 4 | 0 |
| Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS. | 0 | 4.64 | 5 | 0 |
| Benign Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 3.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM. | 0 | 4.87 | 2 | 0 |
| Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. | 0 | 3.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available] | 0 | 5.7 | 6 | 0 |
| Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. | 0 | 5.7 | 6 | 0 |
| Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available] | 0 | 3.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Diseases, Metabolic [description not available] | 0 | 3.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time. | 0 | 5.06 | 3 | 0 |
| Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed) | 0 | 3.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. | 0 | 8.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Prediabetes [description not available] | 0 | 2.85 | 3 | 0 |
| Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2). | 0 | 2.85 | 3 | 0 |
| Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 9.62 | 1 | 1 |
| Chronic Illness [description not available] | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Dementia Praecox [description not available] | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2). | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiac Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Rheumatism [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed) | 0 | 2.94 | 4 | 0 |
| Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Alloxan Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 4.78 | 12 | 0 |
| Cirrhosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Liver [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues. | 0 | 3.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available] | 0 | 4.77 | 4 | 0 |
| Atherogenesis [description not available] | 0 | 3.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. | 0 | 4.03 | 5 | 0 |
| Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal. | 0 | 5.57 | 6 | 1 |
| Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level. | 0 | 5.57 | 6 | 1 |
| Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA. | 0 | 3.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms. | 0 | 4.42 | 8 | 0 |
| Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available] | 0 | 2.54 | 2 | 0 |
| Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION. | 0 | 2.54 | 2 | 0 |
| Anoxemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.06 | 1 | 0 |
| MODS [description not available] | 0 | 3.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. | 0 | 3.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms. | 0 | 3.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative. | 0 | 3.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 4.31 | 4 | 1 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence. | 0 | 4.31 | 4 | 1 |
| Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA. | 0 | 7.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Primary Peritonitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries. | 0 | 4.01 | 5 | 0 |
| Diathesis [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacterial Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cataract, Membranous [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits. | 0 | 4.3 | 4 | 0 |
| Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Baker Cyst [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |