(4-24)-ply(a)

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

peptide-Gly-Leu-amide: 21-amino acid peptide from skin secretion of Xenopus laevis; amino acid sequence given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	16131010
CHEMBL ID	1240715
MeSH ID	M0133158

Synonyms (11)

Synonym
pgla
(4-24)-ply(a)
peptide-gly-leu-amide
pyl(a), 4-24-
pgl(a)
gla peptide
l-leucinamide, glycyl-l-methionyl-l-alanyl-l-seryl-l-lysyl-l-alanylglylcyl-l-alanyl-l-isoleucyl-l-alanylglycyl-l-lysyl-l-isoleucyl-l-alanyl-l-lysyl-l-valyl-l-alanyl-l-leucyl-l-lysyl-l-alanyl-
gmaskagaiagkiakvalkal-nh2
CHEMBL1240715
AKOS024259107
l-leucinamide,glycyl-l-methionyl-l-alanyl-l-seryl-l-lysyl-l-alanylglycyl-l-alanyl-l-isoleucyl-l-alanylglycyl-l-lysyl-l-isoleucyl-l-alanyl-l-lysyl-l-valyl-l-alanyl-l-leucyl-l-lysyl-l-alanyl-

Research Excerpts

Compound-Compound Interactions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Heparin sodium (HS)-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid-D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (PLGA-TPGS) nanoparticles (HPTNs) were prepared as a sustained and targeting delivery carrier and combined with emodin (EMO)-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles (EPTNs), which were investigated previously to form a combination therapy system for the treatment of liver cancer."	( Emodin-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles Combined with Heparin Sodium-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles to Enhance Chemotherapeutic Efficacy Against Liver Cancer. Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Gao, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Ma, C; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" The apoptosis of HepG2 cells induced by EPTNs in combination with HPTNs was determined by Annexin V-FITC staining and PI labelling."	( Emodin-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles Combined with Heparin Sodium-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles to Enhance Chemotherapeutic Efficacy Against Liver Cancer. Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Gao, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Ma, C; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" EPTNs combined with HPTNs induced HepG2 cell apoptosis with synergistic effects."	( Emodin-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles Combined with Heparin Sodium-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles to Enhance Chemotherapeutic Efficacy Against Liver Cancer. Deng, S; Gao, D; Gao, M; Gao, X; Liu, H; Lv, L; Ma, C; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" A case study was performed to observe the regenerative outcomes of the surgical repair of long-distance peripheral nerve defects in the upper arm with chitosan-poly(glycolide-co-lactide) (PGLA) nerve grafts combined with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs)."	( Combined Use of Chitosan-PGLA Nerve Grafts and Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells to Repair a 50-mm-long Median Nerve Defect Combined with an 80-mm-long Ulnar Nerve Defect in the Human Upper Arm. Deng, A; Gu, J; Gu, X; Liu, H; Xu, L; Yi, S, 2022)	0.72
"These results suggest that chitosan-PGLA nerve grafts combined with BMMCs could effectively repair long-distance nerve defects and achieve good clinical results."	( Combined Use of Chitosan-PGLA Nerve Grafts and Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells to Repair a 50-mm-long Median Nerve Defect Combined with an 80-mm-long Ulnar Nerve Defect in the Human Upper Arm. Deng, A; Gu, J; Gu, X; Liu, H; Xu, L; Yi, S, 2022)	0.72

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The dose-response curves differed widely for these peptides, making it difficult to rank them into an activity order over the whole concentration range."	( Analyses of dose-response curves to compare the antimicrobial activity of model cationic alpha-helical peptides highlights the necessity for a minimum of two activity parameters. Gerstner, GD; Kulenkampff, J; Rautenbach, M; Vlok, NM; Westerhoff, HV, 2006)	0.33

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (30)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID559751	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DSM 498 in presence of silver nanoparticles	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559753	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter helveticus DSM 18396 in presence of silver nanoparticles	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559757	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis DSM 347 in presence of silver nanoparticles	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559744	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter helveticus DSM 18396 in presence of silver nitrate	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559738	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 50090	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559742	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DSM 498 in presence of silver nitrate	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559741	Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus DSM 1790	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559748	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis DSM 347 in presence of silver nitrate	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559745	Antibacterial activity against Aeromonas bestiarum DSM 13956 in presence of silver nitrate	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559759	Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus DSM 1790 in presence of silver nanoparticles	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559749	Antibacterial activity against Kocuria rhizophila DSM 348 in presence of silver nitrate	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559734	Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus DSM 586	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559747	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 50090 in presence of silver nitrate	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID511694	Antiviral activity against HIV1 3B infected in human CEM-SS cells assessed as inhibition of viral replication after 6 days by XTT assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3	Identification of novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1-inhibitory peptides based on the antimicrobial peptide database.
AID559758	Antibacterial activity against Kocuria rhizophila DSM 348 in presence of silver nanoparticles	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559746	Antibacterial activity against Proteus myxofaciens DSM 4482 in presence of silver nitrate	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559735	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter helveticus DSM 18396	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559740	Antibacterial activity against Kocuria rhizophila DSM 348	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559743	Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus DSM 586 in presence of silver nitrate	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID511695	Cytotoxicity against human CEM-SS cells infected with HIV1 3B after 6 days by XTT assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3	Identification of novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1-inhibitory peptides based on the antimicrobial peptide database.
AID559736	Antibacterial activity against Aeromonas bestiarum DSM 13956	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID561113	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DSM 498	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559750	Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus DSM 1790 in presence of silver nitrate	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559755	Antibacterial activity against Proteus myxofaciens DSM 4482 in presence of silver nanoparticles	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559754	Antibacterial activity against Aeromonas bestiarum DSM 13956 in presence of silver nanoparticles	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559752	Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus DSM 586 in presence of silver nanoparticles	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559760	Toxicity in human erythrocytes assessed as hemolysis by serial dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559739	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis DSM 347	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559737	Antibacterial activity against Proteus myxofaciens DSM 4482	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
AID559756	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 50090 in presence of silver nanoparticles	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (115)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	8 (6.96)	18.7374
1990's	14 (12.17)	18.2507
2000's	31 (26.96)	29.6817
2010's	54 (46.96)	24.3611
2020's	8 (6.96)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.16

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	10.16 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	4.79 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	4.95 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (10.16)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1 (0.85%)	5.53%
Reviews	3 (2.54%)	6.00%
Case Studies	2 (1.69%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (0.85%)	0.25%
Other	111 (94.07%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2	1	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.11	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.41	2	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.43	2	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
histamine [no description available]	2.6	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
cilostazol [no description available]	2.07	1	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.13	1	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2	1	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	1.97	1	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2	1	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	2	1	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.11	1	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.4	2	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.69	3
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	1.99	1	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	1.99	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2	1	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
fluoroform fluoroform: structure	2.03	1	fluoromethanes	refrigerant
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.17	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	1.96	1	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.6	1
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.13	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.07	1	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.1	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	2.02	1	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	2.02	1	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.02	1	calcium phosphate
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.05	1	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.03	1	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.44	2	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.05	1	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.17	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p [no description available]	2.6	1	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.	2.69	3	phosphatidylglycerol
distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol: a surface-active agent. distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both stearoyl.	2.43	2	phosphatidylglycerol
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2.01	1
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	tocol
gramicidin s [no description available]	2.05	1	homodetic cyclic peptide
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	1.98	1	dialkyl phosphate
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.11	1	oligopeptide
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available]	3.15	5
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	2.02	1
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.08	1
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.06	1	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/88. 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are palmitoyl and oleoyl respectively.	2.45	2	(18R,21S)-24-amino-21-hydroxy-21-oxido-15-oxo-16,20,22-trioxa-21lambdalambda(5)-phosphatetracosan-18-yl icosanoate; phosphatidylethanolamine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol [no description available]	2.46	2	phosphatidylglycerol
undecaprenyl phosphate undecaprenyl phosphate: RN's in Chemline for diphosphate esters: 31589-58-9, 31867-59-1	2.08	1	undecaprenyl phosphate
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	2.1	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.02	1	alkatriene	fluorochrome
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	3.83	11	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.61	2
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.05	1	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
pnu 200577 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine: a metabolite of tolterodine	2.08	1	diarylmethane
xenopsin xenopsin: peptide containing 8 amino acids from Xenopus laevis and other organisms	3.07	5
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.4	2
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	3.06	5	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
magainin 2 peptide, xenopus magainin 2 peptide, Xenopus: from skin of Xenopus laevis; 23-amino acid sequence given in first source; differs from magainin 1 by substitution of Lys instead of Gly at position 10 & Asn instead of Lys at position 22; also used to prevent development of malarial oocysts in mosquito vector; Z-12 is magainin 2 with Lys and Phe residues replaced with their respective D-isomers; homologue of the Xenopus laevis cement; GenBank AF004262 (mouse), AF007791, AF038451-2 (human)	5.12	14
drosocin drosocin: amino acid sequence given in first source for drosocin and its precursor; GenBank Z21942	2.05	1
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.05	1
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.48	2
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.08	1
parasin i [no description available]	2.05	1
ropocamptide ropocamptide: from granulocytes & keratinocytes, precursor to cathelicidins; MW 16-18 kDa; GenBank AJ224927 (eCATH-1). cathelicidin : A group of small, cationic polypeptides (consisting of 12-97 amino acids) that are found in humans and other species, including farm animals (E.g. cattle, horses, pigs, sheep etc). They show a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi.	2.05	1
spinigerin spinigerin: antimicrobial peptide isolated from the fungus-growing termite Pseudacanthotermes spiniger (heterometabole insect, Isoptera); GenBank P82357	2.05	1
isracidin isracidin: the N-terminal segment (1-23) of alpha(S1)-casein B; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.05	1
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.31	6	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chitosan [no description available]	2.69	2
lycotoxin i lycotoxin I: an antimicrobial peptide from the venom of Wolf spider, Lycosa carolinensis; amino acid sequence in first source	2.05	1
melectin melectin: isolated from the venom of the cleptoparasitic bee Melecta albifrons	2.05	1
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.	2.21	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.03	1
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.13	1
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.11	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	2.21	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	3.59	1	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	3.59	1	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.52	2	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.15	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.17	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.1	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.1	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.1	1	0
Zygomatic Fractures Fractures of the zygoma.	2.11	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.13	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.05	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.07	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	2.47	2	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	2.08	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Infections, Respirovirus [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.03	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	2.03	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.95	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Deficiency, Protein C [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	1.99	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2	1	0

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