Page last updated: 2024-09-20

pyridoxamine

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID1052
CHEMBL ID593019
CHEBI ID16410
SCHEMBL ID30408
MeSH IDM0018243

Synonyms (57)

Synonym
EU-0067145 ,
BB 0260463
CHEBI:16410 ,
4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol
NSC21278 ,
3-pyridinemethanol, 4-(aminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-
NCI60_001792 ,
nsc-21278
4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-3-pyridinol
CBDIVE_013510 ,
einecs 201-640-5
4-(aminomethyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-pyridinemethanol
2-methylpyridin-3-ol-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol
NCGC00013273 ,
OPREA1_400404 ,
pxm ,
85-87-0
PYRIDOXAMINE ,
C00534 ,
NCI21278 ,
NCISTRUC2_000537 ,
NCISTRUC1_000457 ,
LS-187660 ,
LS-187048 ,
NCGC00096392-01
NCHEMBIO.93-COMP3 ,
STK503617
48DD06CB-7B30-4F04-8D74-6F84BDBF5AA9
AKOS000264716
BMSE000130
pyridoxylamine
CHEMBL593019
CCG-38056
NCGC00013273-02
6466nm3w93 ,
unii-6466nm3w93
4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol dihydrochloride hydrate
SCHEMBL30408
pyridoxamine [mi]
pyridoxamine [who-dd]
DTXSID6046929
4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-3-pyridinol #
3-pyridinol, 2-methyl-4-aminomethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-
mfcd00464815
SR-01000392002-1
sr-01000392002
GS-3241
4-(aminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-pyridinemethanol
2-methyl-4-aminomethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-3-pyridinol
HY-B1745
CS-0013764
DB11673
Q2541149
A936529
F82068
4-aminomethyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-pyridinemethanol
EN300-254254

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Pyridoxamine (PM) is a promising drug candidate for treating various chronic conditions/diseases in which oxidative stress and carbonyl compounds are important factors affecting pathogenicity. "( Lee, SH; Matsunaga, A; Oe, T, 2018)
"Pyridoxamine is a derivate of vitamin B6, which has been shown to reduce AGE formation."( Almeida, F; Crisóstomo, J; Gonçalves, L; Matafome, P; Rodrigues, T; Santos-Silva, D; Seiça, R; Sena, C, 2013)
"Pyridoxamine (PM) is a prospective drug for the treatment of diabetic complications. "( Amarnath, K; Amarnath, V; Avance, J; Stec, DF; Voziyan, P, 2015)
"Pyridoxamine (PM) is a structural analog of vitamin B6 that interferes with oxidative macromolecular damage via a number of different mechanisms and is in a phase 3 clinical efficacy trial to delay CKD progression in patients with diabetic kidney disease."( de Caestecker, CR; de Caestecker, MP; Drouin, M; Harris, RC; Hudson, B; Skrypnyk, NI; Theberge, MC; Voziyan, P; Yang, H, 2016)
"Pyridoxamine is a vitamin B(6) derivative involved in biological reactions such as transamination, and can also act as inhibitor in protein glycation. "( Adrover, M; Donoso, J; Muñoz, F; Vilanova, B, 2009)
"Pyridoxamine (PM) is an effective inhibitor of the formation of the carcinogen acrylamide (AA) from its precursors in low-moisture model systems. "( Arribas-Lorenzo, G; Morales, FJ; Pintado-Sierra, M, 2011)
"Pyridoxamine is an inhibitor of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation derived from vitamin B(6)."( Tuttle, KR; Williams, ME, 2005)
"Pyridoxamine is a post-Amadori AGE inhibitor-that is, an "Amadorin"-whereas aminoguanidine primarily scavenges reactive dicarbonyl precursors to AGEs."( Chen, Y; Khalifah, RG; Wassenberg, JJ, 2005)
"Pyridoxamine is an efficient AGE inhibitor in experimental diabetes."( Williams, ME, 2006)
"Pyridoxamine (PM) is a promising drug candidate for treatment of diabetic nephropathy. "( Chetyrkin, SV; Hudson, BG; Serianni, AS; Voziyan, PA; Zhang, W, 2008)
"Pyridoxamine is a potent drug against protein glycation, and can act on several pathways in the glycation process."( Adrover, M; Donoso, J; Frau, J; Muñoz, F; Vilanova, B, 2008)

Effects

ExcerptReference
"Pyridoxamine (PM) has been reported to protect renal tubular epithelial cells against oxidative damage and delay or inhibit the development and generation of glucose-induced renal insufficiency at the early stage of disease."( Chang, J; Chi, Y; Han, N; Li, Y; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Yang, Z; Zhang, T; Zhao, K, 2019)
"Pyridoxamine (PM) has long been known to inhibit protein glycation via various mechanisms of action. "( Adrover, M; Donoso, J; Frau, J; Muñoz, F; Vilanova, B, 2009)

Actions

ExcerptReference
"Pyridoxamine was found to suppress weight increases and M1 polarization, and to increase Glo-1 expression through the RAGE pathway in perivascular and visceral fat tissues of HFD-induced obese rats."( Ahn, H; Byun, K; Hwang, D; Lee, JI; Lee, S; Oh, S; Park, H; Park, KY; Son, KH, 2019)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"Pyridoxamine treatment prevents large artery stiffening with advancing age, but the effects of pyridoxamine treatment on the cerebral vasculature or cognition is unknown."( Colton Bramwell, R; Cullen, AE; Henson, GD; Khurana, A; Kronquist, EK; Lee, B; Machin, DR; Meza, A; Peterson, JA; Pham, H; Reeve, EH; Villasana, L; Walker, AE; Wolf, JR, 2023)
"Pyridoxamine treatment was associated with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA transcripts in the liver."( Daliry, A; Flores, EEI; Pereira, ENGDS; Rodrigues, KL; Silvares, RR, 2020)
"Pyridoxamine treatment also prevented the loss in secondary structure induced by glycation."( Abdullah, KM; Ahmad, I; Hasan, H; Naseem, I; Qais, FA, 2018)
"Pyridoxamine treatment decreased glycation and restored the activation of JNK and Akt during ischemia."( Almeida, F; Crisóstomo, J; Gonçalves, L; Matafome, P; Rodrigues, T; Santos-Silva, D; Seiça, R; Sena, C, 2013)
"Pyridoxamine treatment resulted in significantly lower (by approximately 50%) levels of urinary glycolate and oxalate excretion compared to untreated hyperoxaluric animals. "( Belmont, JM; Chetyrkin, SV; Hudson, BG; Kim, D; Scheinman, JI; Voziyan, PA, 2005)
"Pyridoxamine treatment, as single therapy, decreased the progression of albuminuria and glomerular lesions."( Berho, M; Elliot, SJ; Plati, AR; Potier, M; Striker, GE; Striker, LJ; Zeng, YJ; Zheng, F, 2006)
"Pyridoxamine treatment did not restore erythrocyte glutathione (which was reduced by almost half) in diabetic animals, but it enhanced erythrocyte glyoxalase I activity."( Biemel, KM; Lederer, MO; Mally, A; Nagaraj, RH; Padayatti, PS; Sarkar, P, 2002)
"Treatment with pyridoxamine (an inhibitor of advanced glycation end-products) may represent a strategy to counter these injurious pathways."( Goldsmith, DJ; Hajhosseiny, R; Jivraj, N; Khavandi, K; Malik, RA; Mashayekhi, S, 2014)

Roles (7)

RoleDescription
human metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metaboliteAny fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Escherichia coli metaboliteAny bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
plant metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
mouse metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
iron chelatornull
nephroprotective agentAny protective agent that is able to prevent damage to the kidney.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (4)

ClassDescription
hydroxymethylpyridineAny member of the class of pyridines carrying a hydroxymethyl substituent at unspecified position.
monohydroxypyridineA hydroxypyridine carrying a single hydroxy substituent.
aminoalkylpyridine
vitamin B6Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (11)

pyridoxamine is involved in 11 pathway(s), involving a total of 1765 unique proteins and 1511 unique compounds

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Metabolism14961108
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors146155
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors102114
Vitamin B6 activation to pyridoxal phosphate318
Vitamin B6 Metabolism515
Hypophosphatasia515
Vitamin B6228
Vitamin B6 metabolism ( Vitamin B6 metabolism )417
pyridoxamine anabolism08
Superpathway of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate biosynthesis and salvage014
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvage pathway112
Pyridoxamine anabolism17

Protein Targets (5)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency12.58930.035520.977089.1251AID504332
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRAHomo sapiens (human)Potency89.12510.354828.065989.1251AID504847
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.251215.843239.8107AID504327
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.44670.891312.067628.1838AID1487
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Pyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)Km130.00005.00007.45009.9000AID464423
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (3)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvagePyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
pyridoxal metabolic processPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
pyridoxamine metabolic processPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (9)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
magnesium ion bindingPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
pyridoxal kinase activityPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
pyridoxal phosphate bindingPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
potassium ion bindingPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion bindingPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
lithium ion bindingPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (7)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular regionPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
secretory granule lumenPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
specific granule lumenPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomePyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolPyridoxal kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (10)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID450165Cytoprotective activity against MG-induced cytotoxicity in human EAhy926 cells assessed as viable cells at 1 mM after overnight incubation by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 17, Issue:6
N-Terminal 2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dap) peptides as efficient methylglyoxal scavengers to inhibit advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) formation.
AID626542Inhibition of Cu2-amyloid beta (1 to 20) complex-induced dopamine oxidation by spectrophotometry2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21
Vitamin B6s inhibit oxidative stress caused by Alzheimer's disease-related Cu(II)-β-amyloid complexes-cooperative action of phospho-moiety.
AID464423Activity at human PKH kinase expressed in Escherichia coli by affinity chromatography2010Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 73, Issue:1
Ginkgo biloba and ginkgotoxin.
AID626543Competitive inhibition of full-length Cu2-amyloid beta (1 to 40) complex-induced dopamine oxidation by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21
Vitamin B6s inhibit oxidative stress caused by Alzheimer's disease-related Cu(II)-β-amyloid complexes-cooperative action of phospho-moiety.
AID450158Inhibition of alpha-dicarbonyls-induced advanced glycation end product formation assessed as protection against 50 eq. MG-induced insulin degradation at 3.75 mM after 24 hrs by RP-HPLC2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 17, Issue:6
N-Terminal 2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dap) peptides as efficient methylglyoxal scavengers to inhibit advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) formation.
AID626540Inhibition of Cu2-amyloid beta (1 to 16) complex-induced dopamine oxidation by spectrophotometry2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21
Vitamin B6s inhibit oxidative stress caused by Alzheimer's disease-related Cu(II)-β-amyloid complexes-cooperative action of phospho-moiety.
AID781325pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by Liao ref: J Chem Info Model 20092014Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID450166Cytotoxicity in human EAhy926 cells assessed as viable cells at 1 mM after overnight incubation by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 17, Issue:6
N-Terminal 2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dap) peptides as efficient methylglyoxal scavengers to inhibit advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) formation.
AID626541Inhibition of Cu2-amyloid beta (1 to 40) complex-induced dopamine oxidation by spectrophotometry2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21
Vitamin B6s inhibit oxidative stress caused by Alzheimer's disease-related Cu(II)-β-amyloid complexes-cooperative action of phospho-moiety.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (636)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990267 (41.98)18.7374
1990's72 (11.32)18.2507
2000's137 (21.54)29.6817
2010's129 (20.28)24.3611
2020's31 (4.87)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials9 (1.34%)5.53%
Reviews51 (7.59%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (0.15%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other611 (90.92%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (7)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center, Phase 2b Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Pyridorin (Pyridoxamine Dihydrochloride) in Patients With Nephropathy Due to Type 2 Diabetes[NCT00734253]Phase 2317 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Pyridorin (Pyridoxamine Dihydrochloride) in Subjects With Nephropathy Due to Type 2 Diabetes (PIONEER)[NCT02156843]Phase 3328 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Terminated
Effects of Pyridoxamine on Oxalate Excretion in Stone Disease and Hyperoxaluria[NCT00490113]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Drug unavailable)
The Effect of Pyridoxamine Supplementation on Vascular Function and Insulin Sensitivity; a Double-blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial in Abdominally Obese Subjects.[NCT02954588]112 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-14Completed
Advanced Glycation Endproducts and Bone Material Strength in Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Pyridoxamine[NCT03778580]55 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Escalating Dose, Pilot Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Biologic Activity of Pyridorin (Pyridoxamine Dihydrochloride) in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy Associated With Type 1 or Type 2 Diab[NCT00320021]Phase 280 participants Interventional2002-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center, 24-Week Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Pyridorin (Pyridoxamine Dihydrochloride) in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy Associated With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes[NCT00320060]Phase 2128 participants Interventional2001-10-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Research Highlights

Safety/Toxicity (2)

ArticleYear
Pyridoxamine analogues scavenge lipid-derived gamma-ketoaldehydes and protect against H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity.
Biochemistry, Dec-26, Volume: 45, Issue: 51
2006
Vitamin B6 phototoxicity induced by UVA radiation.
Archives of dermatological research, Volume: 292, Issue: 11
2000
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Pharmacokinetics (1)

ArticleYear
Relationship between body store of vitamin B6 and plasma pyridoxal-P clearance: metabolic balance studies in humans.
The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, Volume: 106, Issue: 5
1985
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioavailability (3)

ArticleYear
Determination and evaluation of in vitro bioaccessibility of the pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine forms of vitamin B
Food chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 298
2019
The Sulforaphane and pyridoxamine supplementation normalize endothelial dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes.
Scientific reports, 10-30, Volume: 7, Issue: 1
2017
Comparative human intestinal bioavailability of vitamin B-6 from a synthetic and a natural source.
The Journal of nutrition, Volume: 106, Issue: 10
1976
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Dosage (4)

ArticleYear
Modeling studies on the role of vitamins B1 (thiamin), B3 (nicotinamide), B6 (pyridoxamine), and caffeine as potential leads for the drug design against COVID-19.
Journal of molecular modeling, Nov-07, Volume: 28, Issue: 12
2022
Effect of pyridoxamine on acrylamide formation in a glucose/asparagine model system.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 57, Issue: 3
2009
Growth response of the yeasts Saccharomyces uvarum and Kloeckera brevis to the free biologically active forms of vitamin B-6.
The Journal of nutrition, Volume: 110, Issue: 5
1980
Transport and metabolism of pyridoxamine and pyridoxamine phosphate in the small intestine of the rat.
The Journal of nutrition, Volume: 109, Issue: 9
1979
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Interactions (1)

ArticleYear
Adverse renal effects of the AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine in combination with ACEi in non-diabetic adriamycin-induced renal damage in rats.
Kidney & blood pressure research, Volume: 31, Issue: 5
2008
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]