Compounds > simethicone
Page last updated: 2024-12-11

simethicone

Description

Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6433516
SCHEMBL ID339371
MeSH IDM0019885

Synonyms (8)

Synonym
simethicone
8050-81-5
simeticone
FT-0674588
SCHEMBL339371
dioxosilane;methoxy-dimethyl-trimethylsilyloxysilane
Q419415
DB09512

Research Excerpts

Overview

Simethicone is a common antifoaming agent that is added to endoscopic rinse solutions, but data regarding its effect on polyp detection rates is lacking. Simethicone has been implicated as a risk factor for transmission of infections due to the formation of simethicone deposits within scope channels.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Simethicone is an adjunct frequently used during bowel preparation before colonoscopy and currently there is no consensus on whether it should be recommended in standard bowel preparation. "( Simethicone decreases bloating and improves bowel preparation effectiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Dang, JT; Dang, TNT; Karmali, S; Moolla, M; Shaw, A; Sultanian, R; Tian, C, 2019)		3.4
"Simethicone (SIM) is a commonly used antifoaming agent in the clinic. "( The Efficacy of Simethicone With Polyethylene Glycol for Bowel Preparation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Fei, S; Li, Z; Liu, X; Yuan, M; Zhao, G, 2021)		2.41
"Simethicone is a common antifoaming agent that is added to endoscopic rinse solutions, but data regarding its effect on polyp detection rates is lacking. "( Influence of Simethicone Added to the Rinse Water during Colonoscopies on Polyp Detection Rates: Results of an Unintended Cohort Study.
Gould, K; Gururatsakul, M; Gurusamy, SR; Holtmann, GJ; Hourigan, L; Kendall, BJ; Kutyla, M; O'Connor, S; Whaley, A, 2018)		2.29
"Simethicone is an anti-foaming agent commonly used during colonoscopy. "( The benefit of adding oral simethicone in bowel preparation regimen for the detection of colon adenoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, TH; Hsu, MH; Huang, RY; Lee, CT; Lin, CW; Tseng, CM; Wang, WL; Yeh, JH, 2019)		2.25
"Simethicone is an antifoaming agent frequently added to endoscopic rinse solutions but has recently been implicated as a risk factor for transmission of infections due to the formation of simethicone deposits within scope channels. "( An in vitro and clinical dose-finding study of antifoaming effects of simethicone during colonoscopy.
Elson, J; Holtmann, GJ; Hourigan, LF; Kutyla, MJ; Meeusen, V; O'Connor, S; Shah, A, 2019)		2.19
"Simethicone is an inert antifoaming able to reduce bloating, abdominal discomfort. "( A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial on efficacy and safety of association of simethicone and Bacillus coagulans (Colinox®) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Casale, C; de Vitis, I; Pistelli, R; Rapaccini, GL; Urgesi, R, 2014)		2.06
"Simethicone is a well-known emulsifying agent that has been used to improve ultrasonographic visualization."( Factors Predictive of Improved Abdominal Ultrasound Visualization after Oral Administration of Simethicone.
Biagini, MR; Casseri, T; Gabbani, T; Marsico, M, 2016)		1.37
"Simethicone is an inert, hydrophobic substance that may reduce reprocessing effectiveness."( Simethicone residue remains inside gastrointestinal endoscopes despite reprocessing.
Heymann, OL; Johnson, EA; Maust, TJ; Ofstead, CL; Shaw, MJ; Wetzler, HP, 2016)		2.6
"Simethicone is a safe and inexpensive medication that may provide anesthesiologists with an effective treatment choice for suspected postoperative abdominal discomfort in infants."( Evaluation of simethicone for the treatment of postoperative abdominal discomfort in infants.
Burke, C; D'Agostino, R; Hadden, SM; Malviya, S; Siewert, M; Tait, AR; Voepel-Lewis, TD, 1998)		2.1
"Simethicone, which is a principal ingredient in the defoaming agent used during gastroscopy, can inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori (MIC, 64-128 mg/l). "( Effect of simethicone on the accuracy of the rapid urease test.
Chow, SL; Kng, C; Lai, KC; Ng, FH; Ng, WF; Wong, SY, 1998)		2.15

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Simethicone is used to enhance visualization during colonoscopy."( Optimal Timing of Simethicone Addition for Bowel Preparation Using Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid.
Goong, HJ; Jeon, SR; Jung, YH; Kim, H; Kim, HG; Ko, BM; Lee, MS, 2019)		1.57

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Treatment with simethicone and placebo in double blind crossover fashion."( Simethicone in the treatment of infant colic: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial.
Irons, TG; Metcalf, TJ; Sher, LD; Young, PC, 1994)		2.08

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In acute and chronic experiments on 5 species of laboratory animals it was shown that polymethylsiloxane had no general toxic action on the animals, no damaging action on their internal organs, did not affect their functions and the state of the biological fluids, had no pyrogenic or allergenic effect."( [Study of general toxic properties and side effects of polymethylsiloxane and gentamicin immobilized on it].
Cherviak, PI; Kaban, AP; Keĭsevich, LV; Samodumova, IM; Znamenskiĭ, VA, 1988)		0.27
"Of the 14 adverse events in 11 patients, only five, which included mild diarrhea and nausea, were considered related to the contrast agent."( Safety and efficacy of a new oral contrast agent for sonography: a phase II trial.
Barone, AE; Chong, WK; Goldberg, BB; Langer, JE; Lev-Toaff, AS; Rubin, DL; Zelch, JV, 1999)		0.3
"SonoRx is a safe and well-tolerated contrast agent that improves the sonographic evaluation of the upper abdomen, with significant improvement in imaging the stomach, duodenum, and pancreas."( Safety and efficacy of a new oral contrast agent for sonography: a phase II trial.
Barone, AE; Chong, WK; Goldberg, BB; Langer, JE; Lev-Toaff, AS; Rubin, DL; Zelch, JV, 1999)		0.3
" Dimethicone, Methicone, and Vinyldimethicone were not acutely toxic following oral exposure."( Final report on the safety assessment of stearoxy dimethicone, dimethicone, methicone, amino bispropyl dimethicone, aminopropyl dimethicone, amodimethicone, amodimethicone hydroxystearate, behenoxy dimethicone, C24-28 alkyl methicone, C30-45 alkyl methico
Nair, B, 2003)		0.32

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacodynamic parameters were measured for 96 hours."( [Effect of dimethicone on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ethyl biscoumacetate].
Chanteclair, G; Copie, X; de Lauture, D; Letrait, M; Olive, G; Paltiat, MH; Pello, JY; Pinquier, JL; Rey, E; Strauch, G, )		0.13
" The kinetic parameters measured were area under the concentration (AUC), maximum peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach peak concentration (tmax), elimination half-life (t1/2), mean residence time (MRT) and urinary excretion for R and S enantiomers."( Effect of dimethicone (polysilane gel) on the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen.
Bannwarth, B; Gillet, P; Herrmann, MA; Lapicque, F; Netter, P; Presle, N, 1998)		0.3
"Dimethicone reduced the peak concentration of both R and S ketoprofen by about 10% (P<0."( Effect of dimethicone (polysilane gel) on the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen.
Bannwarth, B; Gillet, P; Herrmann, MA; Lapicque, F; Netter, P; Presle, N, 1998)		0.3
" As a part of the fixed-dose combination registration process in Mexico, a pharmacokinetic and relative bioavailability study was carried out to demonstrate nonexistence of pharmacokinetic interaction when mosapride is administered alone or in combination with pancreatin and simethicone using DOSIER® (mosapride) 5-mg tablets as a reference product."( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of a fixed-dose combination tablet of mosapride, pancreatin, and simethicone relative to single-component mosapride tablets in healthy Mexican subjects.
Argüelles Tello, FA; Camarillo Cárdenas, KP; García González, J; Moreno Hernández, JB; Ocampo Ramírez, JA; Pendela, MM, 2022)		1.11

Compound-Compound Interactions

Purgative bowel cleansing combined with simethicone before CE improved the quality of imaging of the entire small bowel as well as the visualization of the mucosa in the proximal and distal small intestine. Three days fasting and oral senna, combined with 20% mannitol and simeth silicone, can reduce the effects of bile on the small bowel.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" These parameters were somewhat higher when ceftibuten was administered with ranitidine, but they were still within the ranges seen in normal healthy volunteers."( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction study: administration of ceftibuten concurrently with the antacid mylanta double- strength liquid or with ranitidine.
Affrime, M; Cutler, D; Lin, CC; Nomeir, A; Radwanski, E, 1998)		0.3
"Ninety patients referred for CE were prospectively randomized to three equal groups according to the preparation used: (a) a control group, in which patients were requested to drink 1 L of clear liquids only, 12 h before the examination; (b) a purgative group, in which patients were requested to ingest 1 L of a polyethylene glycol (PEG)/electrolyte solution only, 12 h before the examination; or (c) a purgative combined with simethicone group (P-S group), in which patients were requested to ingest 1 L of PEG, 12 h before the examination, and 300 mg of simethicone, 20 min before the examination."( Purgative bowel cleansing combined with simethicone improves capsule endoscopy imaging.
Gao, YJ; Ge, ZZ; Hu, YB; Lu, H; Wei, W; Xiao, SD, 2008)		0.78
"Purgative bowel cleansing combined with simethicone before CE improved the quality of imaging of the entire small bowel as well as the visualization of the mucosa in the proximal and distal small intestine."( Purgative bowel cleansing combined with simethicone improves capsule endoscopy imaging.
Gao, YJ; Ge, ZZ; Hu, YB; Lu, H; Wei, W; Xiao, SD, 2008)		0.88
"Three days fasting and oral senna, combined with 20% mannitol and simethicone, before CE, can reduce the effects of bile on the small bowel and improve small bowel cleansing, especially in the distal small intestine."( Randomized controlled trial of 3 days fasting and oral senna, combined with mannitol and simethicone, before capsule endoscopy.
Chen, HB; Chun, H; Lian-Xiang, P; Rong-Pang, L; Shu-Ping, X; Xiao-Lin, L; Xiao-Zong, W; Yue, H, 2017)		0.91

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The aim of the study was to compare the bioavailability of progesterone dissolved in almond oil or dimethicone, and administered by nasal spray."( Progesterone administration by nasal spray in menopausal women: comparison between two different spray formulations.
Cagnazzo, I; Cicinelli, E; Galantino, P; Savino, F; Scorcia, P, 1992)		0.28
" The bioavailability of cimetidine was not significantly affected by metoclopramide and it was marginally reduced by the antacid."( Effects on cimetidine bioavailability of metoclopramide and antacids given two hours apart.
Barzaghi, N; Crema, F; Mescoli, G; Perucca, E, 1989)		0.28
"The effect of two antacids on the bioavailability of paracetamol has been investigated in 12 young healthy volunteers."( Effect of two antacids on the bioavailability of paracetamol.
Albin, H; Bedjaoui, A; Begaud, B; Demotes-Mainard, F; Vinçon, G, 1985)		0.27
"To investigate the effect of antacid on the bioavailability and disposition of ranitidine six healthy volunteers were studied on two occasions one week apart."( High dose of antacid (Mylanta II) reduces bioavailability of ranitidine.
Jones, DB; Louis, WJ; Marino, AT; Mihaly, GW; Smallwood, RA; Webster, LK, 1982)		0.26
" 2 The bioavailability of phenytoin when given concomitantly with Asilone was decreased in five of six volunteer subjects (by greater than 30% in three subjects) although this decrease was not shown to be statistically significant."( The effect of activated dimethicone and a proprietary antacid preparation containing this agent on the absorption of phenytoin.
Collier, PS; McElnay, JC; Uprichard, G, 1982)		0.26
"The effect of Mylanta on naproxen bioavailability was studied in 11 healthy volunteers."( Effect of Mylanta on naproxen bioavailability.
Bankhurst, AD; Ding, TL; Mroszczak, E; Weber, SS, 1981)		0.26
" The slight increase of the ethyl biscoumacetate bioavailability with dimeticone in repeated dosing might have pharmacodynamic consequence; a clinical trial should address this question."( [Effect of dimethicone on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ethyl biscoumacetate].
Chanteclair, G; Copie, X; de Lauture, D; Letrait, M; Olive, G; Paltiat, MH; Pello, JY; Pinquier, JL; Rey, E; Strauch, G, )		0.13
" However, this treatment had no significant effect on the bioavailability and the elimination of R and S enantiomers, as shown by AUC, t1/2 and MRT values."( Effect of dimethicone (polysilane gel) on the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen.
Bannwarth, B; Gillet, P; Herrmann, MA; Lapicque, F; Netter, P; Presle, N, 1998)		0.3
" Dimethicone did not significantly alter the bioavailability of ketoprofen, chosen as an example of an NSAID, especially that of the pharmacologically active S enantiomer."( Effect of dimethicone (polysilane gel) on the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen.
Bannwarth, B; Gillet, P; Herrmann, MA; Lapicque, F; Netter, P; Presle, N, 1998)		0.3
" Bioavailability parameters, maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve to infinity of ceftibuten were unaffected by treatment with antacid."( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction study: administration of ceftibuten concurrently with the antacid mylanta double- strength liquid or with ranitidine.
Affrime, M; Cutler, D; Lin, CC; Nomeir, A; Radwanski, E, 1998)		0.3
" As a part of the fixed-dose combination registration process in Mexico, a pharmacokinetic and relative bioavailability study was carried out to demonstrate nonexistence of pharmacokinetic interaction when mosapride is administered alone or in combination with pancreatin and simethicone using DOSIER® (mosapride) 5-mg tablets as a reference product."( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of a fixed-dose combination tablet of mosapride, pancreatin, and simethicone relative to single-component mosapride tablets in healthy Mexican subjects.
Argüelles Tello, FA; Camarillo Cárdenas, KP; García González, J; Moreno Hernández, JB; Ocampo Ramírez, JA; Pendela, MM, 2022)		1.11

Dosage Studied

The combination of simethicone plus Colyte administered the night before colonoscopy improves visibility by diminishing bubbles. The method can be found in the USP monographs for several dosage forms of Simethicone-containing pharmaceutical products.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" These data indicate that (a) the combination of simethicone plus Colyte administered the night before colonoscopy improves visibility by diminishing bubbles; (b) this dosage of simethicone is not effective in diminishing haziness when administered the night before colonoscopy; and (c) patients with diverticulosis are likely to have feculent debris in the rectosigmoid colon, and a precolonoscopy enema may be helpful when the diagnosis is known."( The effect of simethicone on colonic visibility after night-prior colonic lavage. A double-blind randomized study.
Maydonovitch, CL; McNally, PR; Wong, RK, 1989)		0.89
"A long-acting dosage form for local use of gentamicin immobilized on polymethylsiloxane, a silicon organic adsorbent was developed."( [Study of general toxic properties and side effects of polymethylsiloxane and gentamicin immobilized on it].
Cherviak, PI; Kaban, AP; Keĭsevich, LV; Samodumova, IM; Znamenskiĭ, VA, 1988)		0.27
" This is possibly due to a higher dosage of dimethycon in Paractol."( [Premedication for abdominal sonography--comparison of the efficacy of 2 dimethicone preparations].
Elfner, R; Gladisch, R; Massner, B; Ulrich, H, 1985)		0.27
"5 micrograms/ml were maintained for the entire dosing interval in seven of 10 subjects."( Effect of antacids on predicted steady-state cimetidine concentrations.
Doering, PL; Guild, RT; Lopez, LM; Normann, SA; Russell, WL, 1984)		0.27
"Over a 15-month period, 75 critically ill patients at risk of acute gastrointestinal bleeding were randomized into two groups: one group (38 patients) received the H2-blocker cimetidine intravenously at an initial dosage of 300 mg every six hours, and the other group (37 patients) received antacid (Mylanta II) through a nasogastric tube at an intial dosage of 30 ml every hour."( Antacid versus cimetidine in preventing acute gastrointestinal bleeding. A randomized trial in 75 critically ill patients.
Bushnell, LS; Long, PC; Priebe, HJ; Silen, W; Skillman, JJ, 1980)		0.26
" Twice a day dosage is likely to improve patient compliance, costs less, and may reduce dose-related side effects."( Twice-a-day dosage of cimetidine in the short-term treatment of peptic ulcer.
Eaves, R; Korman, MG, 1982)		0.26
" The slight increase of the ethyl biscoumacetate bioavailability with dimeticone in repeated dosing might have pharmacodynamic consequence; a clinical trial should address this question."( [Effect of dimethicone on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ethyl biscoumacetate].
Chanteclair, G; Copie, X; de Lauture, D; Letrait, M; Olive, G; Paltiat, MH; Pello, JY; Pinquier, JL; Rey, E; Strauch, G, )		0.13
" No adverse reactions were found in rabbits following short-term dermal dosing with 6% to 79% Dimethicone, yet adverse effects were noted with a hand cream formulation containing 1% Dimethicone, suggesting something else in the preparation was toxic."( Final report on the safety assessment of stearoxy dimethicone, dimethicone, methicone, amino bispropyl dimethicone, aminopropyl dimethicone, amodimethicone, amodimethicone hydroxystearate, behenoxy dimethicone, C24-28 alkyl methicone, C30-45 alkyl methico
Nair, B, 2003)		0.32
" The method can be found in the USP monographs for several dosage forms of Simethicone-containing pharmaceutical products."( Improvements in soft gelatin capsule sample preparation for USP-based simethicone FTIR analysis.
Hargis, AD; Whittall, LB, 2013)		0.85
" However, the optimal dose, volume, and dosing time for the premedication regimen are still unclear."( Efficacy of simethicone and N-acetylcysteine as premedication in improving visibility during upper endoscopy.
Chang, WK; Chen, HW; Hsu, HC; Hu, MK; Yeh, MK, 2014)		0.78
" Utilizing a 90-day BUD, lidocaine can be packaged separately from other magic mouthwash ingredients in individual dosage units and applied to the oral cavity using the swish-and-spit method."( Beyond-use dating of lidocaine alone and in two "magic mouthwash" preparations.
Brown, SD; Huffman, J; Kirk, LM; Lewis, PO; Luu, Y; Ogle, A, 2017)		0.46
" After 10 s, photographs were taken and the visible bubbles were semi-quantitatively rated by independent assessors blinded to the dosing of simethicone."( An in vitro and clinical dose-finding study of antifoaming effects of simethicone during colonoscopy.
Elson, J; Holtmann, GJ; Hourigan, LF; Kutyla, MJ; Meeusen, V; O'Connor, S; Shah, A, 2019)		0.95
" The rate of total BBPS score ≥6 remained significantly higher in the SIM group when a single-dose laxative regimen or a SIM dosage of ≥320 mg was employed; and ADR, PDR and CIR were significantly increased in the SIM group among colonoscopy clinicians who achieved an ADR <31%, PDR <45% and CIR <96%, respectively."( Effect of oral simethicone on the quality of colonoscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Cao, RR; Gao, C; Li, HY; Pan, JH; Qi, XS; Wang, L; Yoshida, EM, 2022)		1.07
"Oral SIM can improve bowel preparation quality, especially in patients receiving a SIM dosage of ≥320 mg or a single-dose laxative regimen."( Effect of oral simethicone on the quality of colonoscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Cao, RR; Gao, C; Li, HY; Pan, JH; Qi, XS; Wang, L; Yoshida, EM, 2022)		1.07
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (27 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product CategoryProducts
Other4
Alimentos e bebidas à base de plantas,Alimentos à base de plantas,Gorduras,Gorduras vegetals,Produtos de oliveira,Olios vegetais,Azeite de oliva,Azeites virgem extra1
Condiments, Sauces, Sauces samouraï1
en:stuffed-pastas1
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux, Aliments d'origine végétale, Condiments, Epices, Poivres, Poivres noirs, Poivres moulus, Poivre noir moulu, en:groceries1
Beauty & Personal Care19

Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Good Clean Love Rebalance Moisturizing & Cleansing Wipes -- 30 WipesGood Clean LoveBeauty & Personal Caregoldenseal, gluconic acid, lactic acid, propanediol, simethicone, sodium benzoate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Good Clean Love Rebalance Personal Moisturizing & Cleansing Wipes -- 12 WipesGood Clean LoveBeauty & Personal Caregoldenseal, gluconic acid, lactic acid, propanediol, simethicone, sodium benzoate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Herbatint Permanent Hair Color Gel 10C Swedish Blonde -- 135 mLHerbatintBeauty & Personal Careisopropyl alcohol, citric acid, cetyl alcohol, citric acid, ethanolamine, etidronic acid, imidazolidinyl urea, oleic acid, propylene glycol, simethicone, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite2024-11-29 10:47:42
Herbatint Permanent Hair Color Gel 2N Brown -- 135 mLHerbatintBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, p-phenylenediamine, cetyl alcohol, citric acid, ethanolamine, etidronic acid, imidazolidinyl urea, oleic acid, propylene glycol, simethicone, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite2024-11-29 10:47:42
Herbatint Permanent Hair Color Gel 3N Dark Chestnut -- 135 mLHerbatintBeauty & Personal Careisopropyl alcohol, P-phenylenediamine, cetyl alcohol, ethanolamine, etidronic acid, imidazolidinyl urea, propylene glycol, simethicone, sodium benzoate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Herbatint Permanent Hair Color Gel 4M Mahogany Chestnut -- 135 mLHerbatintBeauty & Personal Care2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine, m-aminophenol, p-aminophenol, p-phenylenediamine, cetyl alcohol, ethanolamine, etidronic acid, imidazolidinyl urea, methyl benzoate, propylene glycol, simethicone2024-11-29 10:47:42
Herbatint Permanent Hair Color Gel 4N Chestnut -- 135 mLHerbatintBeauty & Personal Carep-phenylenediamine, cetyl alcohol, ethanolamine, etidronic acid, imidazolidinyl urea, oleic acid, propylene glycol, simethicone, sodium benzoate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Herbatint Permanent Hair Color Gel 5N Light Chestnut -- 135 mLHerbatintBeauty & Personal Carep-phenylenediamine, ethanolamine, oleic acid, propylene glycol, simethicone, sodium metabisulfite2024-11-29 10:47:42
Herbatint Permanent Hair Color Gel 6N Dark Blonde -- 135 mLHerbatintBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, cetyl alcohol, citric acid, ethanolamine, etidronic acid, imidazolidinyl urea, oleic acid, propylene glycol, simethicone, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite2024-11-29 10:47:42
Herbatint Permanent Hair Color Gel 7N Blonde -- 135 mLHerbatintBeauty & Personal Careisopropyl alcohol, citric acid, p-phenylenediamine, cetyl alcohol, citric acid, ethanolamine, etidronic acid, imidazolidinyl urea, oleic acid, propylene glycol, simethicone, sodium metabisulfite2024-11-29 10:47:42
Herbatint Permanent Hair Color Gel 8N Light Blonde -- 135 mLHerbatintBeauty & Personal Careisopropyl alcohol, citric acid, cetyl alcohol, citric acid, ethanolamine, etidronic acid, imidazolidinyl urea, oleic acid, propylene glycol, simethicone, sodium benzoate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Herbatint Permanent Hair Color Gel 9N Honey Blonde -- 135 mLHerbatintBeauty & Personal Careisopropyl alcohol, citric acid, p-phenylenediamine, cetyl alcohol, citric acid, etidronic acid, oleic acid, propylene glycol, simethicone, sodium metabisulfite2024-11-29 10:47:42
MyChelle Dermaceuticals Protect Sun Shield Sunscreen SPF 28 Coconut -- 2.3 fl ozMyChelle DermaceuticalsBeauty & Personal Careallantoin, cetearyl alcohol, glycerin, simethicone, squalane, Titanium Dioxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vanicream Cleansing Bar Soap Fragrance Free -- 3.9 ozVanicreamBeauty & Personal Carecetearyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, propanediol, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, simethicone, sorbitol, stearic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vanicream HC 1% Hydrocortizone Anti-Itch Cream For Sensitive Skin -- 2 ozVanicreamBeauty & Personal Carecetearyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, propanediol, simethicone, sorbic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vanicream Moisturizing Cream -- 16 ozVanicreamBeauty & Personal Carecetearyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, propylene glycol, simethicone, sorbic acid, sorbitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vanicream Moisturizing Cream For Sensitive Skin Travel Tube -- 2 fl ozVanicreamBeauty & Personal CareBHT, cetearyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, propylene glycol, simethicone, sorbic acid, sorbitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vanicream Moisturizing Lotion -- 16 fl ozVanicreamBeauty & Personal Carecetearyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, propylene glycol, simethicone, sorbic acid, sorbitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vanicream Moisturizing Skin Cream with Pump Dispenser Fragrance Free -- 16 ozVanicreamBeauty & Personal Carecetearyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, propylene glycol, simethicone, sorbic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42

Research

Studies (364)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990108 (29.67)18.7374
1990's65 (17.86)18.2507
2000's62 (17.03)29.6817
2010's95 (26.10)24.3611
2020's34 (9.34)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials167 (42.17%)5.53%
Reviews35 (8.84%)6.00%
Case Studies26 (6.57%)4.05%
Observational1 (0.25%)0.25%
Other167 (42.17%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (49)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
The Effects of Moviprep With Simethicone on Colonic Bubbles [NCT01209806]140 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Optimization of Simethicone Administration Strategy Before Esophagogastroscopy [NCT03776916]311 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-01Completed
Multicenter, Randomized, Parallel-group, Open-label, Comparative Clinical Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Mebeverine+Simethicone Fixed-dose Combination Versus Duspatalin® (Mebeverine) and Versus Espumisan® (Simethicone) in Patients With Functiona [NCT05175131]Phase 3465 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-27Completed
Effects of Simethicone and Vivatlac Baby in Infantile Colic [NCT04487834]Phase 287 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-04-16Completed
Effect of Domperidone on Completion Rate of Vedio Capsule Endoscopy: a Prospective Randomized Controlled Study [NCT03662113]200 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-01Completed
Effect of Simethicone on Reducing Bowel Interference During Minilaparotomy for Tubal Resection : a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03429621]Phase 3120 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-08Completed
Simethicone Pretreatment With Low-volume Polyethylene Glycol-3350 and Bisacodyl in an Effort to Improve Bowel Wall Visualization During Colonoscopy [NCT03410524]Phase 3250 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-09Completed
Efficacy of Combination Therapy vs Placebo for Pediatric Functional Abdominal Pain [NCT01269671]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to PI has left institution)
Ingestion of Simethicone After Capsule Ingestion and Its Impact on Quality of Video Capsule Endoscopy- a Pilot Study [NCT03166605]36 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-05-03Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effect of Simethicone on Postoperative Ileus in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery: A Pilot Study [NCT02161367]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Sodium Sulfate/Potassium Sulfate/Magnesium Sulfate Bowel Preparation With and Without Simethicone for Routine Colonoscopy: A Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02523911]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to investigator graduated and is not longer at this institution)
Use of Simethicone to Improve the Bowel Cleansing Effects of Polyethylene Glycol With Ascorbic Acid for Colonoscopy [NCT02548403]Phase 3260 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
A Relative Bioavailability Study of Loperamide HCl 2 mg and Simethicone 125 mg Tablets to Imodium® Advanced Caplets Under Fasting Condition [NCT00778115]26 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-11-30Completed
[NCT02540239]590 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
An Open-Label, 3-Period, Fixed-Sequence, Study to Examine the Effect of Aluminum Hydroxide/Magnesium Hydroxide/Simethicone and Omeprazole on the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Tebipenem Pivoxil Hydrobromide (TBPM-PI-HBr) in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT04368585]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-07-01Completed
Pre-medication With N-acetylcysteine and Simethicone to Improve Mucosal Visibility During Gastroduodenoscopy: A Double Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT05951712]800 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-06-16Completed
A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Pilot Study to Evaluate the Appropriateness of Multiple Endpoints in Measuring the Onset of Clinical Efficacy of Loperamide-Simethicone Caplets in the Treatment of Acute Non-specific Diarrhea [NCT00685607]Phase 445 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Efficacy of Fixed-dose Combination of Bromopride and Simethicone Versus Isolated Bromopride in Participants With Functional Dyspepsia. [NCT02604576]Phase 3339 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-17Completed
A Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial for the Management of Pediatric Community Acquired Skin Abscesses - To Treat or Not to Treat With Antibiotics [NCT00679302]Phase 4161 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
The Effectiveness of Simethicone In Improving Visibility During Colonoscopy: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study [NCT00615303]Phase 4194 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Completed
A Randomized, Parallel Group Comparison of Loperamide/Simeticone Caplet, Loperamide/Simeticone Chewable Tablet (IMODIUM® PLUS) and a Probiotic (Saccharomyces Boulardii) in the Treatment of Acute Diarrhea in Adults [NCT00807326]Phase 4415 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
Effects of Simethicone and Multilac Baby on Fecal Calprotectin Levels Infantile Colic [NCT04666324]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-31Not yet recruiting
Trimebutine Maleate (NEWBUTIN SR 300 mg Tab) as a Prophylactic Anti-emetic Drug for Patients Who Underwent Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: a Randomized Controlled Study [NCT01984931]Phase 345 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-10-31Recruiting
A Pilot Study of the Effect of Simethicone in Adult Subjects With a Common Cold on Eustachian Tube Dysfunction [NCT01312038]Phase 225 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
An Open-label, Randomized, Fasting, Two-period, Single-dose, Crossover Study to Assess Bioequivalence Between a Combination Caplet With Loperamide Hydrochloride and Simethicone (Janssen-Cilag, France), and Imodium® Express Tablets-lyophilizate (Janssen-Ci [NCT04186936]Phase 148 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-12-05Completed
Gastric Preparation of Magnetic-controlled Capsule Endoscopy: A Prospective, Single Blinded and Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02846155]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-05-31Recruiting
Assessment of Combined Bowel Preparation for Capsule Endoscopy Study [NCT01243736]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
Comparison of Low-volume Versus High-volume Polyethylene Glycol Based Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopy in People Receiving Hemodialysis: a Randomized Non-inferiority Trial [NCT04709770]Phase 4264 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-01Not yet recruiting
The Impact of Air Travel on Passenger Cognitive Functions [NCT04802785]Phase 2/Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-30Not yet recruiting
Effect of Adding Simethicone to a Split Regimen of Polyethylene Glycol for Bowel Preparation in a Colorectal Cancer Screening Colonoscopy Setting: an Endoscopist-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03816774]412 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-15Completed
Efficacy of a Standardized Extract of Matricariae Chamomilla L., Melissa Officinalis L. and Tyndallized Lactobacillus Acidophilus (H122) Compared With Lactobacillus Reuteri (DSM 17938) and With Simethicone for the Treatment of Infantile Colic [NCT02708238]Phase 4180 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
Effectiveness of Premedication With Simethicone or Simethicone Plus N-acetylcysteine vs. Placebo in Improving Visibility During Upper Endoscopy. [NCT01653171]Phase 4230 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Simethicone and Gynecological Laparoscopies: Does it Improve Operative Field and Postoperative Pain? [NCT02984176]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
EFFICACY, TOLERABILITY, AND SAFETY OF DIFFERENT BOWEL PREPARATIONS FOR COLONOSCOPY IN CHILDREN [NCT01711437]Phase 4400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-01-31Recruiting
Efficacy of the Combination Therapy With Alverine-simeticone and i3.1 Probiotic Formula in the Quality of Life of Patients With IBS-D or IBS-M in Hospital Juarez Mexico [NCT04145856]Phase 455 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-03Completed
A Three-Part Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Potential Drug Interaction Between ACH-0144471 and Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Antacids, and Omeprazole in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT05109390]Phase 172 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-27Completed
Evaluation of Two Different Regimens of Colon Preparations for Advanced Cleaning Using a 2lt PEG-CS With Simethicone: a Randomized Controlled Study. [NCT05570669]Phase 4321 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-05-25Completed
Nutritional Intervention, Multicenter, Randomized, Blind, Parallel Groups Study to Assess the Effect of Consumption of Bifidobacterium Breve CECT7263 and Lactobacillus Fermentum CECT5716 on Infant Colic [NCT03467334]Phase 2156 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-31Completed
[NCT03009604]Phase 390 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-31Recruiting
Benefits of Premedication With Small Volume Simethicone Solution Before Diagnostic Gastroscopy: A Randomized Endoscopist-blinded Prospective Study [NCT02555228]Phase 2/Phase 354 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
The Effect Of Adding High Dose Simethicone To A Standard Polyethylene Glycol Preparation On Adenoma Detection Rate During Screening Colonoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial [NCT03119168]Phase 4268 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-15Completed
Oral Iohexol for Fecal/Fluid Tagging for CT Colonography: A Study to Improve Image Quality by Preventing Colonic Bubbles [NCT01790139]84 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
Comparison Between Asymmetric (Low Dose In The Morning) And Standard Split-Dose Regimen Of Polyethylene Glycol Plus Bisacodyl For Bowel Preparation For Screening And Surveillance Colonoscopy: A Randomized Non-Inferiority Clinical Trial. [NCT03146052]81 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-27Completed
Premedication With Simethicone and N-acetylcysteine in Improving Mucosal Visibility During Upper Endoscopy - a Prospective Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02357303]Phase 4300 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
The Role of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Lactose Intolerance (LION Trial): Protocol of a Multicentre Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT05100719]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-30Not yet recruiting
A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, and Parallel Controlled Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Loperamide Hydrochloride/Simethicone Chewable Tablet in the Treatment of Acute Diarrhea With Abdominal Discomfort and Flat [NCT02340481]Phase 3217 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of High Volume Simethicone to Improve Visualization During Capsule Endoscopy [NCT02334631]Phase 4159 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Completed
Addition of Oral Simethicone to Bowel Preparation in Colonoscopy [NCT03157791]Phase 4471 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-05Completed
A Pilot Study to Assess Dimethyl Fumarate (Tecfidera) Related GI Symptom Mitigation Via Food Bolus Alteration and Simethicone/Loperamide Administration [NCT02217982]Phase 45 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Study did not meet required enrollment numbers)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00679302 (2) [back to overview]New Lesion Development and Spread of Skin Abscesses (on Subject)
NCT00679302 (2) [back to overview]Skin Abscess Resolution
NCT01312038 (1) [back to overview]Fraction of Middle Ear (ME) Pressure Equilibrated (FGE)
NCT02217982 (2) [back to overview]Diarrhea Reduction
NCT02217982 (2) [back to overview]Reported GI Symptoms
NCT02555228 (4) [back to overview]Adverse Events in Each Group Which May or May Not be Related to Simethicone Solution
NCT02555228 (4) [back to overview]Total Cumulative Mucosal Visibility Score
NCT02555228 (4) [back to overview]Volume of Additional Manual Flushes Required During Endoscopy in Mls
NCT02555228 (4) [back to overview]Mucosal Visibility Score Per Area as Determined by Mc Nally Score:
NCT02708238 (2) [back to overview]Median Daily Crying Time at the End of the Treatment
NCT02708238 (2) [back to overview]Number of Responders
NCT03119168 (4) [back to overview]Adenoma Detection Rate
NCT03119168 (4) [back to overview]Intraprocedural Use of Simethicone
NCT03119168 (4) [back to overview]Withdrawal Times
NCT03119168 (4) [back to overview]Colon Preparation
NCT04487834 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Reduction of Average Duration of Evening Crying Equal or More Than 50 Percent
NCT04487834 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Reduction of Average Number of Crying Phases Per Day Equal or More Than 50 Percent
NCT04487834 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Reduction of Days Crying Equal or More Than 50 Percent From Baseline

New Lesion Development and Spread of Skin Abscesses (on Subject)

The secondary outcomes of interest included the development of new lesions at a different site (>5cm away from original skin abscess) on day 10 clinical follow-up or self-report and 3 month telephone follow-up. (NCT00679302)
Timeframe: 10-14 days and 3 month

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo Group15
Antibiotic Group13

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Skin Abscess Resolution

(NCT00679302)
Timeframe: 10-14 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo Group4
Antibiotic Group3

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Fraction of Middle Ear (ME) Pressure Equilibrated (FGE)

The proportion of the pressure chamber-ME pressure gradient equilibrated with 1 swallow (NCT01312038)
Timeframe: After achieving the desired ME-pressure chamber gradient at baseline and 30 min post treatment

,
Interventionratio (Mean)
Pre treatment FGE at -200 daPapost-treatment FGE at -200 daPaPre -treatment FGE at 200 daPaPost-treatment FGE at 200 daPa
Placebo0.240.230.300.34
Simethicone-treated0.170.190.240.24

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Diarrhea Reduction

The secondary objective is to assess the reduction in diarrhea in the treatment group compared to the control. (NCT02217982)
Timeframe: 7 Weeks

Intervention ()
Control Group0
Treatment Arm0

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Reported GI Symptoms

The primary endpoint will be severity of GI events as measured by the MAGIS scale for subjects in the treatment arm compared to the standard therapy arm. (NCT02217982)
Timeframe: 7 Weeks

Intervention ()
Control Group0
Treatment Arm0

[back to top] [back to top]

Total Cumulative Mucosal Visibility Score

"Total cumulative mucosal visibility score (TMVS) of all areas during the gastroscopy as determined by Mc Nally score:~Score of 1: no bubbles Score of 2: minimal-occasional bubbles; must actively look for them Score of 3: moderate-obviously present Score of 4: severe-so many bubbles that vision is obscured~Total areas covered:~(E) esophagus (D) duodenum (A) Antrum and angularis (B) body and fundus" (NCT02555228)
Timeframe: This will be calculated during the diagnostic gastroscopy, an expected duration of 10 minutes.

Interventionunits (Mean)
Simethicone Premedication5.78
Placebo8.89

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Volume of Additional Manual Flushes Required During Endoscopy in Mls

The volume of additional water (in mls) flushed during the gastroscopy in order to remove obscuring foam or bubbles. (NCT02555228)
Timeframe: This will be calculated during the diagnostic gastroscopy, an expected duration of 10 minutes.

Interventionmls (Mean)
Simethicone Premedication3.89
Placebo84.81

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Mucosal Visibility Score Per Area as Determined by Mc Nally Score:

"Area E: esophagus~Area D: duodenum~Area A: antrum and angularis~Area B: body and fundus~Mc Nally score per area:~Score of 1: no bubbles Score of 2: minimal-occasional bubbles; must actively look for them Score of 3: moderate-obviously present Score of 4: severe-so many bubbles that vision is obscured" (NCT02555228)
Timeframe: This will be calculated during the diagnostic gastroscopy, an expected duration of 10 minutes.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Area E (esopahgus)Area D (duodenum)Area A (antrum and angularis)Area B (body and fundus)
Placebo1.592.262.562.44
Simethicone Premedication1.481.261.301.74

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Median Daily Crying Time at the End of the Treatment

Median daily crying at the end of treatment (day 28). (NCT02708238)
Timeframe: 28 days of treatment

Interventionminutes (Median)
Group A50
Group B55
Group C80

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Number of Responders

Number of responders defined as the number of patients who experienced a decrease in the daily average crying time of 50% from baseline (NCT02708238)
Timeframe: 28 days of treatment

Interventionnumber of responders (Number)
Group A57
Group B47
Group C38

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Adenoma Detection Rate

The number of adenomatous polyps removed at colonoscopy (NCT03119168)
Timeframe: 25 minutes

Interventionadenomas (Number)
Simethicone Solution + Polyethylenglycol43
Polyethylenglycol54

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Intraprocedural Use of Simethicone

The number of colonoscopies during which the endoscopist requested simethicone to be flushed through the endoscope. (NCT03119168)
Timeframe: 6-10 minutes

Interventioncolonoscopies (Number)
Simethicone Solution + Polyethylenglycol2
Polyethylenglycol68

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Withdrawal Times

Amount spent withdrawing the scope during the colonoscopy (NCT03119168)
Timeframe: 6-10 minutes

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Simethicone Solution + Polyethylenglycol395.7
Polyethylenglycol399

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Colon Preparation

"Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS): scale that rates the quality of the colon preparation based on the amount of stool present. 0:solid stool that cannot be cleared; 1:areas not well seen due to residual stool and/or opaque liquid; 2:small fragments of stool and/or opaque liquid, but mucosa seen well; 3:no residual stool or opaque liquid seen. Score determined by adding the score of each individual segment of the colon (right side, transverse and left side). Scores range from 0 to 3 in each segment, therefore, a total composite score ranges from 0 (poor) to 9 (excellent).~Bubble Score (BS): scale that rates the amount of bubbles present in the colon. 0:no or minimal bubbles; 1:bubbles covering up to half the luminal diameter; 2:bubbles covering the circumference of the lumen; 3:bubbles filling the entire lumen. Score determined the same way as BBPS score but in this case a total score of 0 is excellent and 9 is poor." (NCT03119168)
Timeframe: 25 minutes

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Boston Bowel Preparation ScaleBubble Scale
Polyethylenglycol8.92.1
Simethicone Solution + Polyethylenglycol8.90.1

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Number of Participants With a Reduction of Average Duration of Evening Crying Equal or More Than 50 Percent

Measurement of average duration of evening crying during last three weeks before enrollment and before the end of treatment. Treatment success was determined by calculation the percentage of patients for whom the measurement was reduced by the respective treatment by equal or more than 50 percent, compared to the value at the time of enrollment. (NCT04487834)
Timeframe: Three weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Simethicone Solution13
Vivatlac Baby46

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Number of Participants With a Reduction of Average Number of Crying Phases Per Day Equal or More Than 50 Percent

Measurement average number of crying phases per day during last three weeks before enrollment and before the end of treatment. Treatment success was determined by calculation the percentage of patients for whom the measurement was reduced by the respective treatment by equal or more than 50 percent, compared to the value at the time of enrollment. (NCT04487834)
Timeframe: Three weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Simethicone Solution14
Vivatlac Baby27

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Number of Participants With a Reduction of Days Crying Equal or More Than 50 Percent From Baseline

Measurement of days of crying during last three weeks before enrollment and before the end of treatment. Treatment success was determined by calculation the percentage of patients for whom the measurement was reduced by the respective treatment by equal or more than 50 percent, compared to the value at the time of enrollment. (NCT04487834)
Timeframe: Three weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Simethicone Solution6
Vivatlac Baby39

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
allantoin
[no description available]		3.3511imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		10.321910tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.4120sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		3.7921alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		5.6573carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		5.4544elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		4.3311long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		1.9610imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.3920acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		3.411benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		9.197diarylmethane
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		7.691711aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		5.8164benzamides
clotrimazole
[no description available]		1.9610conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		1.9810diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		7.7190carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.0610ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		1.9510piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		3.4511benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		10.21431,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		1.9910benzoate ester
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.6630
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		1.9610monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.7821methoxybenzenes
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		3.3511bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		6.0432benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		7.675tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		1.9610aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		9.4111benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		1.9910dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.3811benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		8.0265monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		6.7164benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		4.3822C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		3.3511dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		5.0733aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		4.4322aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		3.411barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		6.1332inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		2.610phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		1.9610naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
propyl gallate
Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.		1.9810trihydroxybenzoic acid
roxatidine acetate
roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source		3.3811piperidines
sennoside a&b
[no description available]		3.710
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		1.9710fluoride saltmutagen
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.4511glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		1.97104-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.06102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.021017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.0210formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
mannitol
[no description available]		6.4733mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		1.9610gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
phosgene
Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.		1.9610acyl chloride
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		3.3611amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
oxyphenisatin acetate
Oxyphenisatin Acetate: A laxative that undergoes enterohepatic circulation. It may cause jaundice.		1.9510benzoate ester;
phenols
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		3.5911adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		1.9610calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9610bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		4.6921carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		9.67116acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
potassium citrate
Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.		3.4511potassium saltdiuretic
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		210
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		4.0631zinc molecular entity
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.0110alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		2.0110
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		4.2641carbon oxoanion
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		1.9810titanium group element atom
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		10.5498sodium phosphate
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		1.9610iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		6.4781barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		210epoxide
hexamethyldisiloxane
dimethicone: a linear silicone; an ingredient of SIMETHICONE; lotion of dimeticone in a volatile silicone base has been used to treat LICE		2.0710organosiloxane
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		1.9810titanium oxidesfood colouring
pinaverium
pinaverium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		8.6411monoterpenoid
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		1.9910alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
aluminum phosphate
aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt		1.9710
anisodamine
anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant		1.9610
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		3.3811cephalosporinfungal metabolite
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.59111,2,3-triazole
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		2.6530anthocyanidin chloride
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		3.710aryl sulfate;
pyridines
octylonium
octylonium: RN given refers to bromide; structure		3.5911benzamides
zofenopril
zofenopril: structure given in first source; SQ 26900 refers to K salt & SQ 26991 to Ca salt. zofenopril : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.		1.9910aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thioester		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug;
vasodilator agent
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		4.7621D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
foxes
Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.		2.0110
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		1.9910dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
mosapride
4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.		8.811aromatic ether;
benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		1.9610methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.1310biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		4.8821
bradykinin
[no description available]		1.9910oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		1.9810octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		6.88136one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		3.3511triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		3.3511cyclic peptide
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		1.9510
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		1.9910capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.3620cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		3.3611bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		7.08103C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
zinc oxide
Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.		4.322
riopan
[no description available]		1.9710
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		3.3811organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		1.9710D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.3811cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
arbaprostil
Arbaprostil: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and can inhibit the growth of experimental tumors.		3.3511prostanoid
magnesium trisilicate
magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		4.2941boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		3.7621metal atom;
pnictogen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		1.9910dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		1.9710monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
magnesium citrate
magnesium citrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.. trimagnesium dicitrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.		9.5520magnesium saltlaxative
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		2.0410alkaline earth metal atom
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture		11.95022
alginate, aluminium hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate, sodium bicarbonate drug combination
alginate, aluminium hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate, sodium bicarbonate drug combination: foaming antacid containing aluminum hydroxide gel, magnesium trisilicate, sodium bicarbonate & alginic acid		4.632
ferrous fumarate
ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt		1.9610dicarboxylic acid
l 084
L 084: an oral carbapenem with a 1-(1,3-thiazolin-2-yl)azetidin-3-ylthio group at the C-2 position; structure in first source		3.9911carbapenems;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		2.610
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		9.9733
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		5.0152nystatins
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.411
rifamycins
[no description available]		2.0510
icatibant
icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.		1.9910
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		3.0810peptide hormone
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		7.6696glycoside
cimetropium
[no description available]		5.4720
urushiol
[no description available]		3.3811
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		5.243
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		1.9810
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		10.421313ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		3.3711
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		1.9610
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.0510monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		1.9710benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
bismuth salicylate
Bismuth Salicylate: MAGNESIUM SALICYLATE was entry term in SALICYLATES 1999-2005, indexed NM to SALICYLIC ACID 1981-1998		2.0510
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		2.3720aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
doravirine
[no description available]		3.5911
rome
Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.		8.48112-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-olEC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		2.0210
eye
[no description available]		1.9510
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.1710
aluminum magnesium silicate
aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition		3.3511
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		013.772115
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		013.772115
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		03.811
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		03.811
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		014.92819
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		014.92819
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		02.610
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.610
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.610
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		012.621614
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		012.621614
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		07.02137
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		07.02137
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		017.866844
Neglected Diseases
Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).		02.2510
Infections, Nematomorpha
[description not available]		02.2510
Schistosoma haematobia Infection
[description not available]		02.2510
Helminthiasis
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.		02.2510
Schistosomiasis haematobia
A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.		02.2510
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		02.3110
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		07.1785
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		07.1785
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		04.6211
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		09.02116
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3220
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		03.0610
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.3220
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		03.0610
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		07.2963
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		03.5311
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		04.4122
Flatus
[description not available]		08.46154
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		03.5311
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		04.4122
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		08.46154
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		04.4922
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		04.4922
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		011.121310
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		03.5611
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		03.5611
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		03.5611
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.4420
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.1710
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.7330
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		02.4420
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.1710
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		03.7821
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		03.7821
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		08.5611
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		04.2731
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.1710
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.1710
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.1710
Intestinal Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		04.0410
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		05.453
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		04.6232
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.2510
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.2510
Gall Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.2510
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		03.1210
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		03.1210
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		02.2110
Disorder, Borderline Personality
[description not available]		02.2110
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		02.2110
Borderline Personality Disorder
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)		02.2110
Binge-Eating Disorder
A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.2110
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		09.03118
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		09.48119
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		014.48119
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		09.03118
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		02.0810
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		02.4220
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.0810
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.110
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		03.3720
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.4720
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
[description not available]		02.0810
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		07.4720
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
A congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the RIGHT VENTRICLE wall and loss of myocardial cells. Primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		02.0810
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		07.8155
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		07.8155
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		06.8593
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		012.554
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		012.554
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		02.110
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		02.110
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.1110
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.1110
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		03.4320
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		03.4320
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		03.511
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		03.511
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		06.853
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		07.1472
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		06.853
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		07.1472
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		08.9187
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		013.9287
Allergy, Milk
[description not available]		04.1130
Milk Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.		04.1130
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		02.1510
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		03.4311
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		03.4311
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.		03.4411
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis
[description not available]		02.9710
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis
A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.		02.9710
Embolus
[description not available]		02.6730
Retrolental Fibroplasia
[description not available]		02.0510
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		02.6730
Retinopathy of Prematurity
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Indigestion
[description not available]		08.18139
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		08.18139
Cretinism
[description not available]		02.0610
Congenital Hypothyroidism
A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.		02.0610
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		02.0110
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		02.0110
Lip Diseases
Diseases involving the LIP.		02.0110
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		05.2143
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		05.2143
Esophageal Stricture
[description not available]		02.0110
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.0110
Esophageal Stenosis
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.		02.0110
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		03.5830
Belching
[description not available]		02.9310
Aerophagy
Spasmodic swallowing of air.		03.320
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0110
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.0110
Infections, Nematode
[description not available]		02.0110
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		02.0110
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.6530
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		07.6530
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.9140
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.9140
Alactasia
[description not available]		02.9310
Lactose Intolerance
The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.		02.9310
Ache
[description not available]		04.7321
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		04.7321
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.0210
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.0210
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.0210
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.0210
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		03.4111
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		04.6432
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		03.4111
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		02.0410
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		02.0410
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		02.0410
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		02.0410
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		02.0410
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		02.0410
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		03.4311
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		03.4311
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		03.4311
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		03.4311
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		05.7964
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		04.0431
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		05.7964
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		01.9610
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		01.9610
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		01.9610
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		01.9610
Recrudescence
[description not available]		04.3322
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		05.6354
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		05.6354
Diaper Rashes
[description not available]		04.322
Diaper Rash
A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.		04.322
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.3511
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.7621
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.7621
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.3511
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		04.0431
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		03.7621
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		03.7621
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9610
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		01.9610
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		04.632
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		04.632
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		04.8342
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		01.9610
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		01.9610
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0431
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		04.0431
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.7521
Cramp
[description not available]		03.3411
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		03.3411
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.3720
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		01.9610
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		01.9610
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		01.9610
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		03.2820
Dermatomycoses
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.		01.9610
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9610
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		04.3222
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		04.3222
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		01.9810
Rachitis
[description not available]		02.3820
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		01.9810
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		09.421010
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		03.3711
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.6630
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		01.9810
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.3820
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		01.9910
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		01.9910
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		01.9910
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		03.3811
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		03.3811
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		04.632
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		03.7921
Dermatitis, Poison Ivy
[description not available]		03.3811
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		04.632
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.311
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		04.311
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		0210
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		0210
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		0210
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		0210
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.		03.3811
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		0210
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		02.0110
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		02.0110
Corns
[description not available]		01.9510
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		01.9510
Callosities
Localized hyperplasia of the horny layer of the epidermis due to pressure or friction. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Xeroderma
[description not available]		01.9510
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		03.7421
Dermatitis Seborrheica
[description not available]		03.7421
Dermatoses
[description not available]		03.7421
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		01.9510
Ichthyosis
Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.		01.9510
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		03.7421
Dermatitis, Seborrheic
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.		03.7421
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		03.7421
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9510
Granulomas
[description not available]		01.9510
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.6530
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		01.9510
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		01.9510
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.6530
Carotid Artery Thrombosis
Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.		01.9510
Embolism, Fat
Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.		01.9510
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		01.9510
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.3720
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		01.9510
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.3720
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		01.9810
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		01.9810
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		03.3611
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.3720
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		01.9710
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.3720
Dental Deposit
[description not available]		01.9710
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		01.9710
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		01.9710
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		03.3611
Laryngeal Spasm
[description not available]		01.9710
Laryngismus
A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.		01.9710
Atelectasis
[description not available]		01.9710
Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9710
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		01.9710
Colon Diverticula
[description not available]		04.2711
Diverticulum, Colon
A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.		04.2711
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		01.9710
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		01.9710
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		01.9610
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		01.9610
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		01.9710
Esophageal Spasm
[description not available]		01.9710
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		01.9710
Bed Sores
[description not available]		03.3511
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		03.3511
Pyrosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Heartburn
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.		01.9710
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		01.9610
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		01.9610
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		01.9610
Candida Infection
[description not available]		03.3311
Dermatophytoses
[description not available]		03.3311
Pruritus Vulvae
Intense itching of the external female genitals.		03.3311
Pruritus Ani
Intense chronic itching in the anal area.		03.3311
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3311
Intertrigo
A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation.		03.3311
Tinea
Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.		03.3311
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