Compounds > icodextrin
Page last updated: 2024-12-10

icodextrin

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Description

Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID4471484
SCHEMBL ID21797158
MeSH IDM0275943

Synonyms (6)

Synonym
icodextrin
FT-0626783
BCP19030
SCHEMBL21797158
DTXSID70864156
hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-[hexopyranosyl-(1->6)]hexopyranosyl-(1->4)hexopyranose

Research Excerpts

Overview

Icodextrin (IDX) is an antiadhesive polymer that can be used as a carrier solution for intraperitoneal (IP) delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. It is a colloidal osmotic agent used in peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions to augment ultrafiltration and waste removal.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Icodextrin is a high molecular weight, starch-derived glucose polymer that is used as an osmotic agent in peritoneal dialysis (PD) to promote ultrafiltration. "( Icodextrin use for peritoneal dialysis in Australia: A cohort study using Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry.
Badve, S; Borlace, M; Boudville, N; Clayton, P; Guddattu, V; Johnson, DW; Rangaswamy, D; Sud, K; Webster, AC, 2020)		3.44
"Icodextrin (IDX) is an antiadhesive polymer that can be used as a carrier solution for intraperitoneal (IP) delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs."( Experimental evaluation of icodextrin delivery as pressurized aerosol (PIPAC): Antiadhesive and cytotoxic effects.
Keck, HS; Königsrainer, A; Nadiradze, G; Reymond, MA; Shegokar, R; Weinreich, FJ, 2021)		2.36
"Icodextrin is a starch-derived glucose polymer used in peritoneal dialysis dialysate to treat volume overload by increasing ultrafiltration in patients with end-stage renal disease. "( Eosinophilia in a peritoneal dialysis patient: Answers.
Becker-Cohen, R; Ben-Shalom, E; Frishberg, Y; Rinat, C; Tzvi-Behr, S, 2018)		1.92
"Icodextrin is a glucose polymer derived from starch that is used as an osmotic agent in peritoneal dialysis. "( [Icodextrin: What arguments for and against its use as an osmotic agent in peritoneal dialysis].
Flechon-Meibody, F; Goffin, É; Savenkoff, B, 2018)		2.83
"Icodextrin is a polymer that is already in clinical use because it is slowly eliminated from the peritoneal cavity."( Synthesis and Activity of a Novel Autotaxin Inhibitor-Icodextrin Conjugate.
Allin, SM; Bulman Page, PC; Edwards, MG; Elsegood, MRJ; Fisher, N; Hemming, R; Jones, SM; King-Underwood, J; Mckenzie, MJ; Richardson, A; Wallis, JD, 2018)		1.45
"Icodextrin is a starch-derived, water soluble glucose polymer, which is used as an alternative to glucose in order to enhance dialytic fluid removal in peritoneal dialysis patients. "( Icodextrin-associated generalized exfoliative skin rash in a CAPD patient: a case-report.
Demirtzi, P; Georgianos, PI; Kalathas, T; Liakopoulos, V; Vaios, V; Zebekakis, PE, 2018)		3.37
"Icodextrin is a colloidal osmotic agent used in peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions to augment ultrafiltration and waste removal."( Avoidable iatrogenic hypoglycemia in patients on peritoneal dialysis: the risks of nonspecific glucose monitoring devices and drug-device interaction.
Firanek, CA; Jacob, DT; Sloand, JA, 2014)		1.12
"Icodextrin is a peritoneal dialysis solution that is commonly used to increase ultrafiltration during the long dwell. "( Practical considerations when prescribing icodextrin: a narrative review.
Harel, Z; Perl, J; Silver, SA, 2014)		2.11
"4% icodextrin is a fluid that can be instilled laparoscopically to prevent adhesion formation. "( Postoperative Urinary Retention With Gross Vulvar Edema After Use of 4% Icodextrin.
Reed, B; Robinson, R, 2015)		1.27
"Icodextrin is a solution of glucose polymers developed to provide sustained ultrafiltration over an extended dwell. "( Impact of fill volume on ultrafiltration with icodextrin in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis.
Ackerman, S; Banh, TM; Harvey, EA; Licht, C; Piva, E; Rousso, S, 2016)		2.14
"Icodextrin is a glucose polymer derived by hydrolysis of cornstarch. "( Icodextrin does not impact infectious and culture-negative peritonitis rates in peritoneal dialysis patients: a 2-year multicentre, comparative, prospective cohort study.
Divino Filho, JC; Marrón, B; Michel, C; Remón, C; Rodríguez-Carmona, A; van der Heyden, S; Vonesh, E; Vychytil, A; Williams, P, 2008)		3.23
"Icodextrin is a glucose polymer that can be substituted for dextrose with avoidance of some of the glucose-dependant effects."( Icodextrin: an alternative peritoneal dialysis fluid.
Chhabra, D; Nash, K, 2008)		2.51
"Icodextrin is an effective tool not only for increasing adequacy, but also for removing more sodium in both modalities."( Sodium removal in peritoneal dialysis: the role of icodextrin and peritoneal dialysis modalities.
Dousdampanis, P; Fourtounas, C; Hardalias, A; Papachristopoulos, B; Savidaki, E; Vlachojannis, JG, 2008)		1.32
"Icodextrin is a glucose polymer used to maintain an osmotic gradient in peritoneal dialysis. "( The danger of using inappropriate point-of-care glucose meters in patients on icodextrin dialysis.
Chua, EL; Perera, NJ; Stewart, PM; Twigg, SM; Williams, PF; Yue, DK, 2011)		2.04
"Icodextrin is an important source of interference that sometimes even experienced professionals are unaware of and which leads to clinically significant errors in insulin dose adjustment."( The danger of using inappropriate point-of-care glucose meters in patients on icodextrin dialysis.
Chua, EL; Perera, NJ; Stewart, PM; Twigg, SM; Williams, PF; Yue, DK, 2011)		1.32
"Icodextrin is a glucose polymer osmotic agent used to provide sustained ultrafiltration during long peritoneal dialysis (PD) dwells. "( Pharmacokinetics of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Gehr, T; Hamburger, R; Kucharski, A; Martis, L; Moberly, JB; Mujais, S; Ogrinc, F; Reynolds, R; Sprague, S; Wolfson, M, 2002)		2.08
"Icodextrin (IC) is an osmotic agent that produces sustained ultrafiltration (UF) during long dwell time periods in peritoneal dialysis patients. "( [Use of icodextrin for diurnal exchange in patients undergoing automatic peritoneal dialysis. Comparison with glucose solutions].
Bajo, MA; Castro, MJ; Costero, O; del Peso, G; Gil, F; Hevia, C; Jiménez, C; Olea, T; Selgas, R, 2002)		2.19
"Icodextrin is a glucose polymer osmotic agent used to achieve sustained ultrafiltration during long peritoneal dialysis dwells. "( A rapid assay for icodextrin determination in plasma and dialysate.
Gass, J; Hughes, G; Kunzler, J; Martis, L; Moberly, JB; Mongoven, JW; Patel, H; Shockley, TR; Wang, R, 2002)		2.09
"Icodextrin functions as a competitive inhibitor in the assay for amylase activity, as predicted by the structural similarities between icodextrin and the amylase assay substrate."( Kinetic analysis of icodextrin interference with serum amylase assays.
Leesch, V; Martis, L; Moberly, JB; Turner, P; Wang, R, 2002)		1.36
"Icodextrin is a new peritoneal dialysis fluid, with maltose polymers providing the osmotic drive, that may extend time on peritoneal dialysis in situations in which use of conventional glucose-based peritoneal dialysis fluid (Dianeal) has led to loss of ultrafiltration. "( Relapsing culture-negative peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients exposed to icodextrin solution.
Alexander, G; Cohen, S; Cooney, K; Goldsmith, DJ; MacGinley, R, 2002)		1.98
"Icodextrin is an 7.5% isoosmotic solution of the glucose polymer maltodextrin, recently frequently used in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). "( [Sterile peritonitis after administration of icodextrin].
Dvorsak, B; Ekart, R; Hojs, R; Pecovnik-Balon, B, 2002)		2.02
"Icodextrin (Extraneal) is a high molecular weight glucose polymer developed specifically for use as an alternative osmotic agent to dextrose during the once-daily long-dwell exchange in peritoneal dialysis (PD). "( Icodextrin: a review of its use in peritoneal dialysis.
Frampton, JE; Plosker, GL, 2003)		3.2
"Icodextrin is a glucose polymer obtained from starch hydrolysis. "( Severe peritoneal mononucleosis associated with icodextrin use in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Cirugeda, A; Martín, J; Muñoz, C; Sánchez-Tomero, JA; Sansone, G; Selgas, R, 2003)		2.02
"Icodextrin is a starch-derived, high molecular weight glucose polymer, which has been shown to promote sustained ultrafiltration equivalent to that achieved with hypertonic (3.86%/4.25%) glucose exchanges during prolonged intraperitoneal dwells (up to 16 h). "( Recommendations for the use of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Agar, J; Collins, J; Disney, A; Harris, DC; Ibels, L; Irish, A; Johnson, DW; Saltissi, D; Suranyi, M, 2003)		2.05
"Icodextrin is a glucose polymer used as an alternative osmotic agent in peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions. "( Stability of cefepime in icodextrin peritoneal dialysis solution.
Elwell, RJ; Frye, RF; Volino, LR, 2004)		2.07
"Icodextrin is a starch-derived glucose polymer that causes sustained ultrafiltration in long dwells in peritoneal dialysis. "( Predictors of a favourable response to icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis patients with ultrafiltration failure.
Blizzard, S; Johnson, DW; Rumpsfeld, M; Wiggins, KJ, 2005)		2.04
"Icodextrin is a glucose polymer solution that is absorbed slowly from the peritoneal cavity, allowing prolonged "hydroflotation" of the viscera, thereby decreasing adhesion formation."( Icodextrin reduces postoperative adhesion formation in rats without affecting peritoneal metastasis.
Jeekel, H; Marquet, R; ten Raa, S; van den Tol, P; van Eijck, C; van Grevenstein, H, 2005)		2.49
"Icodextrin is a glucose polymer used as an alternative osmotic agent in peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions. "( Stability of vancomycin in icodextrin peritoneal dialysis solution.
Elwell, RJ; Nornoo, AO, 2006)		2.07
"Icodextrin 7.5% is an iso-osmolar, glucose polymer-containing peritoneal dialysis solution with an ultrafiltration potential similar to glucose 3.86%. "( Icodextrin instead of glucose during the daytime dwell in CCPD increases ultrafiltration and 24-h dialysate creatinine clearance.
Donker, AJ; Oe, PL; Peers, E; Posthuma, N; Sayers, J; ter Wee, PM; Verbrugh, HA, 1997)		3.18
"Icodextrin 7.5% is an isosmolar solution for once-daily use in peritoneal dialysis for patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF). "( Icodextrin provides long dwell peritoneal dialysis and maintenance of intraperitoneal volume.
Gokal, R; Peers, E, 1998)		3.19
"Icodextrin-based PD is a risk factor for hyponatraemia and may produce clinically relevant symptoms if, as in our two cases, the hyponatraemia is compounded by other factors."( Peritoneal dialysis: new developments and new problems.
Ahmad, R; Bell, GM; Gradden, CW, 2001)		1.75
"Icodextrin is a high molecular weight, starch-derived glucose polymer, which is capable of inducing sustained ultrafiltration over prolonged (12-16 hour) peritoneal dialysis (PD) dwells. "( Icodextrin as salvage therapy in peritoneal dialysis patients with refractory fluid overload.
Arndt, M; Hamilton, J; Johnson, DW; O'Shea, A; Vincent, K; Watt, R, 2001)		3.2

Effects

Icodextrin has been shown in randomized controlled trials to benefit fluid management in peritoneal dialysis (PD) It has no effect on the permeability characteristics of thePeritoneal membrane, but increases convective flow through the small-pore system.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Icodextrin has been shown in randomized controlled trials to benefit fluid management in peritoneal dialysis (PD). "( International Icodextrin Use and Association with Peritoneal Membrane Function, Fluid Removal, Patient and Technique Survival.
Badve, SV; Davies, S; Kanjanabuch, T; Kawanishi, H; Kim, YL; McCullough, KP; Mehrotra, R; Perl, J; Pisoni, R; Robinson, B; Wang, AY; Zhao, J, 2022)		2.52
"Icodextrin has been used as a hyperosmotic agent in PD."( Falsely Elevated Glucose Concentrations in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Using Icodextrin.
Azak, A; Ceylan, G; Dogan, K; Duranay, M; Kayalp, D; Senes, M; Yucel, D, 2016)		1.38
"Icodextrin has been widely used as an alternative osmotic agent."( Glucose-based PD solution, but not icodextrin-based PD solution, induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue-type plasminogen activator in human peritoneal mesothelial cells via ERK1/2.
Ito, T; Katsutani, M; Kohno, N; Masaki, T; Yorioka, N, 2007)		1.34
"Icodextrin has been used to improve ultrafiltration volume without increasing dextrose load."( Favorable changes in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular parameters after icodextrin use in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Furuta, S; Hiramatsu, T; Kakuta, H, 2007)		1.29
"Icodextrin has no effect on the permeability characteristics of the peritoneal membrane, but increases convective flow through the small-pore system. "( Icodextrin's effects on peritoneal transport.
Ho-dac-Pannekeet, MM; Imholz, AL; Krediet, RT; Struijk, DG, )		3.02

Actions

Icodextrin can enhance ultrafiltration and consequently improve fluid balance. It can control blood pressure and reduce left ventricular mass for peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Icodextrin can enhance ultrafiltration and consequently improve fluid balance and can control blood pressure and reduce left ventricular mass for peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. "( Icodextrin reduces the risk of congestive heart failure in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Lin, CL; Lin, SY; Sung, FC; Wang, IK; Yao-Lung, L; Yen, TH, 2018)		3.37
"Icodextrin may allow greater ultrafiltration during the daytime period in APD, enhancing fluid control."( Effects of icodextrin in automated peritoneal dialysis on blood pressure and bioelectrical impedance analysis.
Brownjohn, AM; Gibson, J; Oldroyd, B; Stables, G; Turney, JH; Woodrow, G, 2000)		1.42
"Icodextrins (Icos) produce constant linear ultrafiltration (UF). "( Ultrafiltration with icodextrins in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and automated peritoneal dialysis.
Cappelletti, A; Cavalli, PL; Gandolfo, C; Neri, L; Viglino, G, 2000)		2.07

Treatment

Icodextrin treatment resulted in a decreasing trend in adhesiolysis time. In icodextrin-treated patients, serum disaccharide (maltose) concentrations increased from 0.05 +/- 0.01 (mean +/- SEM) at baseline, to an average concentration in the follow-up visits of 1.14 +/-0.13 mg/mL.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Icodextrin treatment resulted in a decreasing trend in adhesiolysis time. "( The effect of 4% icodextrin solution on adhesiolysis surgery time at the Hartmann's reversal: a pilot, multicentre, randomized control trial vs lactated Ringer's solution.
Crowe, A; Grönlund, S; Keränen, U; Knight, A; Kössi, J; Uotila-Nieminen, M, 2009)		2.14
"In icodextrin-treated patients, serum disaccharide (maltose) concentrations increased from 0.05 +/- 0.01 (mean +/- SEM) at baseline, to an average concentration in the follow-up visits of 1.14 +/- 0.13 mg/mL (p < 0.001). "( Serum disaccharides and osmolality in CCPD patients using icodextrin or glucose as daytime dwell.
Donker, AJ; Oe, PL; Peers, EM; Posthuma, N; ter Wee, PM; van Dorp, W; Verbrugh, HA, )		1
"In icodextrin-treated patients, ultrafiltration rose from 246.5 +/- 60.5 ml (mean +/- SEM) at time 0 to 593.1 +/- 87.4 ml; p < 0.01, at time 1, to 547 +/- 67 ml; p < 0.05, at time 2, and to 586.7 +/- 58.8 ml; p < 0.01, at time 3, the icodextrin administration led to a rise in maltose from 0.02 +/- 0.01 g/l at time 0 to 0.1 +/- 0.1 g/l; p < 0.01, at time 1, to 1.0 +/- 0.09 g/l; p < 0.01, at time 2, and to 1.1 +/- 0.09 g/l; p < 0.01, at time 3, with a fall to zero values at time 4 (NS)."( [Effect of a dialysis solution with icodextrin on ultrafiltration and selected metabolic parameters in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis].
Opatrná, S; Opatrný, K; Racek, J; Sefrna, F; Senft, V; Stehlík, P; Topolcan, O, 2002)		1.1
"Treatment with icodextrin resulted in elevated plasma levels of maltose (range: 500-1600 mg/L), while levels of isomaltose declined to 9.8 +/- 5.2 mg/L (P < 0.0001 vs."( Maltose and isomaltose in uremic plasma following icodextrin administration.
Burke, RA; Martis, L; Moberly, JB; Patel, H; Shockley, TR, 1998)		0.89

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Clinical adverse effects did not accompany these findings."( Assessment of the effectiveness, safety, and biocompatibility of icodextrin in automated peritoneal dialysis. The Dextrin in APD in Amsterdam (DIANA) Group.
Donker, AJ; Oe, PL; Peers, EM; Posthuma, N; ter Wee, PM; Verbrugh, HA, 2000)		0.54
"Safety and tolerability (laboratory variables, adverse events, clinical follow-up) were good with no difference between treatments."( A randomized, controlled pilot study of the safety and efficacy of 4% icodextrin solution in the reduction of adhesions following laparoscopic gynaecological surgery.
Brown, CB; diZerega, GS; Kettel, M; Kobak, W; Martin, D; Peers, EM; Sanfilippo, J; Scrimgeour, A; Verco, SJ; Young, P, 2002)		0.55
" There were no statistically significant differences between groups for the incidence and severity of adverse events."( A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis.
Hamburger, RJ; Morton, AR; Piraino, B; Wolfson, M, 2002)		0.55
" There were 15 adverse events considered treatment-related in the LRS patients (7."( Gynaecological endoscopic evaluation of 4% icodextrin solution: a European, multicentre, double-blind, randomized study of the efficacy and safety in the reduction of de novo adhesions after laparoscopic gynaecological surgery.
Audebert, A; Chapron, C; Coccia, ME; Crowe, A; Dallay, D; Degueldre, M; Dewilde, R; Dizerega, G; Ford, I; Knight, A; Konincxk, P; Korell, M; Landi, S; Lower, A; McConnachie, A; McVeigh, E; Mettler, L; Nappi, C; Pados, G; Pistofidis, G; Pouly, JL; Rimbach, S; Röemer, T; Schmidt, E; Trew, G; Wallwiener, D, 2011)		0.63
"The pre-planned safety analysis of the first 300 patients enrolled in this randomized trial did not show any differences in adverse effects related to the use of icodextrin."( Role of icodextrin in the prevention of small bowel obstruction. Safety randomized patients control of the first 300 in the ADEPT trial.
Karlbom, U; Påhlman, L; Sakari, T; Sjödahl, R, 2016)		1.06

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Plasma levels of icodextrin and metabolites rose during the dwell and declined after drain, closely corresponding to the one-compartment pharmacokinetic model assuming zero-order absorption and first-order elimination."( Pharmacokinetics of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Gehr, T; Hamburger, R; Kucharski, A; Martis, L; Moberly, JB; Mujais, S; Ogrinc, F; Reynolds, R; Sprague, S; Wolfson, M, 2002)		0.97

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The effective lymphatic absorption rate was not different."( Icodextrin with nitroprusside increases ultrafiltration and peritoneal transport during long CAPD dwells.
de Waart, DR; Douma, CE; Hiralall, JK; Krediet, RT; Struijk, DG, 1998)		1.74
" No differences in peritoneal fluid absorption rate were observed among the four treatment groups."( Peritoneal fluid kinetics: comparison between polyglucose solution and albumin solution.
Bergström, J; Cheng, HH; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Wang, T, 1999)		0.3
" (3) Peritonitis results in increased degradation of icodextrin and a faster increase in dialysate osmolality and therefore better ultrafiltration, whereas the fluid absorption rate does not change."( Effect of peritonitis on peritoneal transport characteristics: glucose solution versus polyglucose solution.
Bergström, J; Cheng, HH; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Wang, T; Waniewski, J, 2000)		0.56

Dosage Studied

4% icodextrin was significantly more effective than RLS at preventing adhesion formation, irrespective of the dosing regimen. Until these results are confirmed with appropriate in vivo studies, intermittent intraperitoneal dosing of ceftazidime admixed with icodesxtrin should be used with caution.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"77 U (bolus) showed that 4% icodextrin was significantly more effective than RLS at preventing adhesion formation, irrespective of the dosing regimen."( Prevention of chemotherapy-induced intraperitoneal adhesion formation in rats by icodextrin at a range of concentrations.
Baines, L; Conroy, SE; Deviren, F; Rodgers, K; Verco, SJ, 2003)		0.84
" We calculated dose-response curves for peptidoglycan-induced interleukin 6 elaboration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors and for sterile peritonitis in rats."( Aseptic peritonitis due to peptidoglycan contamination of pharmacopoeia standard dialysis solution.
Costigan, A; Denjoy, N; Giertych, J; Goud, N; Martis, L; Mendoza, O; Mongoven, J; Owen, WF; Patel, M; Perrier, MA; Taminne, M; Verger, C, )		0.13
"5% icodextrin PD-bags were dosed with gentamicin 20 mg/L (n = 9), vancomycin 1,000 mg/L (n = 9), cefazolin 500 mg/L (n = 9) and ceftazidime 500 mg/L (n = 9) as for intermittent dosing."( Stability of Antibiotics for Intraperitoneal Administration in Extraneal 7.5% Icodextrin Peritoneal Dialysis Bags (STAB Study).
Lipman, J; Naicker, S; Ranganathan, D; Ratanjee, SK; Roberts, JA; Wallis, SC, )		0.98
"Until these results are confirmed with appropriate in vivo studies, intermittent intraperitoneal dosing of ceftazidime admixed with icodextrin should be used with caution and appropriate clinical monitoring or a suitable alternative antibiotic should be used."( High Pyridine Generation in Ceftazidime-Icodextrin Admixtures Used to Treat Peritoneal Dialysis-associated Peritonitis.
Castelino, RL; Harmanjeet, H; Jose, MD; Kaur, H; Patel, RP; Peterson, GM; Sud, K; Wanandy, T, 2019)		0.99
" Of these, 9 have intraperitoneal dosing recommendations in the recent International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) peritonitis guidelines, and 7 of the 9 had stability data applicable to clinical practice."( Culture-directed antibiotics in peritoneal dialysis solutions: a systematic review focused on stability and compatibility.
Castelino, R; Ling, CW; Patel, R; Peterson, G; Sud, K; Van, C; Wanandy, T; Yeoh, SF, 2023)		0.91
"Physicochemical stability has not been demonstrated for all antibiotics with intraperitoneal dosing recommendations in the ISPD peritonitis guidelines."( Culture-directed antibiotics in peritoneal dialysis solutions: a systematic review focused on stability and compatibility.
Castelino, R; Ling, CW; Patel, R; Peterson, G; Sud, K; Van, C; Wanandy, T; Yeoh, SF, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (402)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's32 (7.96)18.2507
2000's206 (51.24)29.6817
2010's138 (34.33)24.3611
2020's26 (6.47)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 47.22

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index47.22 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.43 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.91 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index75.75 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (47.22)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials75 (13.81%)5.53%
Reviews91 (16.76%)6.00%
Case Studies75 (13.81%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.37%)0.25%
Other300 (55.25%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (25)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
[NCT01170858]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Does Icodextrin Reduce the Risk of Small Bowel Obstruction? [NCT02318888]1,808 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Active, not recruiting
The Measurement of Insulin Resistance in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients [NCT01119196]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
Symptomatic Improvement by Peritoneal Dialysis in Patients With End Stage Congestive Heart Failure [NCT01124227]Phase 326 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Due to very specific inclusion criteria the anticipated number of patients was not reached. Inclusion stopped at N=26, allowing for analyzing primary outcomes.)
"Effects of Non-Glucose-Based Peritoneal Dialysis Solution EXTRANEAL on Changes in Leptin Levels and Sympathetic Activity Induced by Conventional Glucose-Based Dialysate DIANEAL in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis" [NCT01228279]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
Multi-center, Prospective, Randomized Trial to Demonstrate Improved Metabolic Control of Dianeal, Extraneal, Nutrineal (D-E-N) Versus Dianeal Only in the Treatment of Diabetic CAPD Patients [NCT01219959]Phase 371 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
[NCT02166359]22 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
Icodextrin Postpones the Shift of Low Dose to Full Dose Dialysis in the First Year of Incremental Peritoneal Dialysis: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05721404]Phase 4194 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-24Recruiting
Multi-center,Prospective, Randomized Trial ToDemonstrate Improved Metabolic Control of PEN VS Dianeal In Diabetic CAPD and APD Patients - The Impendia Trial [NCT00567398]Phase 343 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Ultrafiltration Efficacy of a PD Solution Containing Icodextrin-Xylitol-Carnitine Compared to Icodextrin Alone, an Exploratory Study. [NCT04086212]Phase 210 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-30Not yet recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of a 7.5% Icodextrin Peritoneal Dialysis Solution in Once-Daily Long Dwell Exchange in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients, Compare to 2.5% Dianeal Peritoneal Dialysis Solution. [NCT00725517]Phase 42 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
A Study to Evaluate the Effects of Icodextrin vs 2.5% Dianeal Used for the Long Dwell in Apd: a Randomized, Open-label Clinical Trial to Analyse the Insulin Resistance Using the Homa Index in Prevalent, Non-diabetic Patients [NCT01021878]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Multi-Center, Prospective, Randomized Trial To Demonstrate Improved Metabolic Control of PEN VS Dianeal Only in Diabetic CAPD and APD Patients - The Impendia Trial [NCT00567489]Phase 4137 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Effect of Icodextrin on the Treatment Outcome of Peritoneal Dialysis Patients [NCT01044446]Phase 456 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of a Double Icodextrin Dose in Elderly Incident CAPD Patients on Incremental Peritoneal Dialysis Therapy: the DIDo Study [NCT01944852]Phase 4117 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
Safety Study of Polylactide-Caprolactone-Trimethylenecarbonate Copolymer for Post-Operative Adhesion Prophylaxis [NCT00597662]Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Treatment-Resistant Heart Failure (HF) and Peritoneal Ultrafiltration (PUF): A Randomized Prospective Trial of Standard Care Versus Standard Care With Peritoneal Ultrafiltration in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Severe Heart Failure [NCT00368641]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Enrollment)
A Phase I Study to Evaluate the Short-term Safety of and Tolerability to a Sodium-free Peritoneal Dialysis Solution With 30% Icodextrin and 10% Dextrose in Patients in Peritoneal Dialysis, on a Preliminary Basis [NCT05780086]Phase 110 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-03Recruiting
[NCT01758627]7 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
Changes in Cardiovascular Hemodynamics During Peritoneal Dialysis; the Effect of Different Dialysates [NCT00119990]15 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-01-31Terminated
Randomized Controlled Trial of Bimodal Solution for Peritoneal Dialysis: 24-Hour UF Efficiency Using Bimodal PD Solutions During the Long Dwell [NCT01242904]Phase 236 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
Open-label Study to Evaluate the Effects of Once Daily Extraneal (7.5% Icodextrin) Peritoneal Dialysis Solution on Triglyceride Levels in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients [NCT00397358]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of enrollment)
A Phase 1 Interventional Study to Test Short-Term Safety, Tolerability and Preliminary Efficacy of Sodium-Free Intraperitoneal 30% Icodextrin/10% Dextrose Solution in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients [NCT05185999]Phase 110 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-17Recruiting
The Difference Between Daily and Alternative Day Use of Icodextrin in Peritoneal Dialysis [NCT05943470]Phase 474 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-01Not yet recruiting
Initiation of Incremental Dialysis With Single Daily Icodextrin Exchange: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06119373]72 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-01Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00368641 (1) [back to overview]All-cause Hospitalization (Unadjusted)
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Waist Circumference at Month 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Number of Severe Hypoglycemic Event Requiring Medical Intervention
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Glycemic Control Medication Usage at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the Diabetes Symptom Checklist (DSC) at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the EQ 5D Quest Health Status at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in QOL Based pm the EQ 5D Questionnaire Index at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) End Diastolic and Systolic Volume as Determined by MRI at Month 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) Mass Without and With Pap Muscles as Determined by MRI at Month 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Insulin Action of Insulin and C-peptide at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Albumin and Total Protein (Labs) at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Insulin Action of Pro-Insulin at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Lipid Profile and Triglycerides at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Lipoproteins at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of MRI Body Composition at Month 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants by Change From Baseline Score in Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) Class at Month 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From the Baseline Value in HbA1c at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Protein and Calories at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Pre-albumin (Labs) at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by PNA and nPNA (Labs) at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Drained Body Weight at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Body Mass Index (BMI) at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567398 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) Ejection Fraction as Determined by MRI at Month 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Insulin Action of Insulin and C-peptide at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Insulin Action of Pro-Insulin at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Lipid Profile and Triglycerides at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Lipoproteins at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Albumin and Total Protein (Labs) at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Body Mass Index (BMI) at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Drained Body Weight at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by PNA and nPNA (Labs) at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Pre-albumin (Labs) at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Protein and Calories at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From the Baseline Value in HbA1c at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants by Change From Baseline Score in Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) Class at Month 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of MRI Body Composition at Month 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the Diabetes Symptom Checklist (DSC) at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) Ejection Fraction as Determined by MRI at Month 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Waist Circumference at Month 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Number of Severe Hypoglycemic Event Requiring Medical Intervention
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Glycemic Control Medication Usage at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the EQ 5D Quest Health Status at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the EQ 5D Questionnaire Index at Month 3 and 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) End Diastolic and Systolic Volume as Determined by MRI at Month 6
NCT00567489 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) Mass Without and With Pap Muscles as Determined by MRI at Month 6
NCT01021878 (5) [back to overview]Glycated Hemoglobin
NCT01021878 (5) [back to overview]Oral Fasting Serum Glucose
NCT01021878 (5) [back to overview]Serum Insulin
NCT01021878 (5) [back to overview]Total Ultrafiltration
NCT01021878 (5) [back to overview]Adjusted HOMA Index Score at 3 Months Using Baseline Values as a Covariate and Groups as the Fixed Factor
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) Ejection Fraction as Determined by MRI at Month 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Waist Circumference at Month 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Number of Severe Hypoglycemic Event Requiring Medical Intervention
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Glycemic Control Medication Usage at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the Diabetes Symptom Checklist (DSC) at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the EQ 5D Quest Health Status at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in QOL Based pm the EQ 5D Questionnaire Index at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) End Diastolic and Systolic Volume as Determined by MRI at Month 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) Mass Without and With Pap Muscles as Determined by MRI at Month 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Insulin Action of Pro-Insulin at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Lipid Profile and Triglycerides at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Lipoproteins at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of MRI Body Composition at Month 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Insulin Action of Insulin and C-peptide at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants by Change From Baseline Score in Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) Class at Month 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From the Baseline Value in HbA1c at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Protein and Calories at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Pre-albumin (Labs) at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Albumin and Total Protein (Labs) at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by PNA and nPNA (Labs) at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Drained Body Weight at Month 3 and 6
NCT01219959 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Body Mass Index (BMI) at Month 3 and 6

All-cause Hospitalization (Unadjusted)

All-cause hospitalization was defined as (1) hospitalization for any cause of any duration or (2)any ER visit or any clinic visit specifically for congestive heart failure requiring intravenous administration of an inotrope, vasodilator or diuretic. (NCT00368641)
Timeframe: 6 to 24 months

Interventionhospitalizations per year (Mean)
Intervention Group5.33
Standard Therapy1.69

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Waist Circumference at Month 6

Values for Waist Circumference are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

Interventioncm (Mean)
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.4

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Number of Severe Hypoglycemic Event Requiring Medical Intervention

Severe hypoglycemia is defined by DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial) as any episode requiring external assistance to aid recovery or resulted in seizures or coma and included, as part of the definition, that the subject's blood glucose concentration had to have been documented as < 50mg/dL (<2.8mmol/L) for hypoglycemia, and/or the clinical manifestations had to have been reversed with oral carbohydrate, intramuscular glucagon, or intravenous glucose. Descriptive statistics were done, no inferential statistical analyses were performed. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 6 (End of Study)

Interventionevents (Number)
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions1
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions3

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Change From Baseline in Glycemic Control Medication Usage at Month 3 and 6

This data used diabetic prescription drug information from insulin and oral glycemic control concomitant medications reported. Glycemic control medications classes allowed were limited to insulin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones. Subjects were provided with a paper diary on which they recorded doses of all glycemic control medications taken for 1 day prior to the Screening visit and for 8 days prior to the study visits at Month 3 and Month 6. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Insulin: Month 3Insulin: Month 6Oral hypoglycemic: Month 3Oral hypoglycemic: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-3.3-3.856.4
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions3.52.91.3-0.5

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Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the Diabetes Symptom Checklist (DSC) at Month 3 and 6

"The Diabetes Symptoms Checklist was designed to assess the presence and perceived burden of diabetes-related symptoms. Respondents were to consider troublesomeness of 34 symptoms on a 5-point scale ranging from 5=extremely to 1=not at all. For symptoms/side-effects not experienced, the item was scored as 0. Symptoms were grouped into the following subscales: psychological fatigue, psychological cognitive, neurology pain, neurology sensory, cardiology, ophthalmology, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia. Subscale scores were calculated as the sum of the given subscale divided by the total number of items in the scale. Total score was computed from the sum of the 8 subscales and ranged from 0 to 40. Higher scores indicate greater symptom burden. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0." (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Psychology, fatigue: Month 3Psychology, fatigue: Month 6Psychology, cognitive: Month 3Psychology, cognitive: Month 6Neurology, pain: Month 3Neurology, pain: Month 6Neurology, sensory: Month 3Neurology, sensory: Month 6Cardiology: Month 3Cardiology: Month 6Ophthalmology: Month 3Ophthalmology: Month 6Hypoglycemia: Month 3Hypoglycemia: Month 6Hyperglycemia: Month 3Hyperglycemia: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions2.39-0.492.661.700.32-1.750.55-3.590.870.292.240.230.12-1.62-1.79-2.82
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions2.342.480.162.23-3.46-1.57-2.25-0.191.183.601.53-0.260.490.50-2.07-0.79

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Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the EQ 5D Quest Health Status at Month 3 and 6

"Visual analogue scale to generate a self-perceived rating of health status. Visual analogue scale is the second part of the questionnaire, asking to mark health status on the day of the interview on a 20 cm vertical scale with end points of 0 and 100. There are notes at the both ends of the scale that the bottom rate (0) corresponds to the worst health you can imagine, and the highest rate (100) corresponds to the best health you can imagine. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0." (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionScore on a Scale (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-2.580.92
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-2.33-1.60

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Change From Baseline in QOL Based pm the EQ 5D Questionnaire Index at Month 3 and 6

European Quality of Life, 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) generates a single index score based on a descriptive system that defines health in terms of 5 dimensions, consisting of mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. The possible range for each dimension is 1 to 3, where 1=no problems, 2=moderate problems, 3=extreme problems. Higher score implies more problems (worsening). According to this classification, 243 potential health states are defined. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.04-0.03
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.01-0.04

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Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) End Diastolic and Systolic Volume as Determined by MRI at Month 6

Values for Left Ventricular (LV) End Diastolic and Systolic Volume are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionmL (Mean)
LV End Diastolic VolumeLV End Systolic Volume
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.7-0.2
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions2.13.3

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Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) Mass Without and With Pap Muscles as Determined by MRI at Month 6

Values for Left Ventricular (LV) Mass Without and With Pap Muscles are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventiongrams (Mean)
LV Mass Without Pap MusclesLV Mass With Pap Muscles
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions3.33.5
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.61.1

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Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Insulin Action of Insulin and C-peptide at Month 3 and 6

Values for Insulin and C-peptide are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Insulin: Month 3Insulin: Month 6C-peptide: Month 3C-peptide: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions69.496.670.5504.1
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions70.3146.3340.8388.3

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Albumin and Total Protein (Labs) at Month 3 and 6

Values for Albumin and Total Protein are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventiong/L (Mean)
Albumin: Month 3Albumin: Month 6Total Protein: Month 3Total Protein: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.6-0.80.2-0.9
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.10.50.10.7

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Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Insulin Action of Pro-Insulin at Month 3 and 6

Values for Pro-Insulin are provided. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
Pro-Insulin: Month 3Pro-Insulin: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions130.4
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-1.83

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Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Lipid Profile and Triglycerides at Month 3 and 6

Values for Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDLC), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDLC), Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), and Triglycerides are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Cholesterol: Month 3Cholesterol: Month 6LDLC: Month 3LDLC: Month 6HDLC: Month 3HDLC: Month 6VLDL: Month 3VLDL: Month 6Triglycerides: Month 3Triglycerides: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.5-0.4-0.2-0.100-0.3-0.3-0.7-0.6
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.100.10.100-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.3

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Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Lipoproteins at Month 3 and 6

Values for Lipoprotein A (Lp(a)), Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), and Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Lp(a): Month 3Lp(a): Month 6Apo A1: Month 3Apo A1: Month 6Apo B: Month 3Apo B: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions3.36.8-9.3-10.5-8.5-3.6
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions2.36.7-2.1-3.85.35.2

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Change From Baseline of MRI Body Composition at Month 6

Values for Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Volume and Abdominal Visceral Fat Volume are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionmL (Mean)
Abdominal Visceral Fat Volume: Month 6Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Volume: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-64.8-3.3
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-49-12

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Number of Participants by Change From Baseline Score in Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) Class at Month 6

Nutritional Status by SGA include the following: (a) Weight change over 6 months, (b) dietary history of food intake over the previous 24-hour period with a determination by the subject as to whether this was a typical or atypical diet for the subject, (c) significant and sustained gastrointestinal distress, (d) functional status, (e) metabolic stress including frequent infections, fever, peritonitis, uncontrolled diabetes and active inflammatory bowel disease. The SGA used a 7-point scale, where a decrease score in the change from baseline shows signs of increased malnourishment, and an increased score (e.g., +2) is improved nourishment. Scale: 6 - 7 = very mild risk to well-nourished; 3 - 5 = no clear sign of normal status or severe malnutrition; 1 - 2 = severely malnourished (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
+2 Score+1 Score0 Score-1 Score-2 Score-3 Score
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions224571740
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions119762031

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Change From the Baseline Value in HbA1c at Month 3 and 6

HbA1c is a specific glycohemoglobin, and adduct of glucose attached to the beta-chain terminal valine residue. Measured using a Tina-quant immunological assay suitable for samples from end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and with icodextrin metabolites or equivalent. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.6-0.6
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.20

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Protein and Calories at Month 3 and 6

Values for Protein and Calories are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventiongrams (Mean)
Protein: Month 3Protein: Month 6Calories: Month 3Calories: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-4.94.5-199.1108
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-5.6-0.1-76.830.9

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Pre-albumin (Labs) at Month 3 and 6

Values for Pre-albumin are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-1.9-2.9
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.4-1.0

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by PNA and nPNA (Labs) at Month 3 and 6

Values for Protein Nitrogen Appearance (PNA) and normalized protein nitrogen appearance (nPRNA) are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventiong/kg/day (Mean)
PNA: Month 3PNA: Month 6nPNA: Month 3nPNA: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions12.812.90.20.2
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.8100

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Drained Body Weight at Month 3 and 6

Values for Drained Body Weight are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionkg (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.2-0.7
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.20.2

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Body Mass Index (BMI) at Month 3 and 6

Values for BMI are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionkg/m2 (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.1-0.3
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.10.1

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Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) Ejection Fraction as Determined by MRI at Month 6

Values for Left Ventricular (LV) Ejection Fraction are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567398)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.3
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.9

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Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Insulin Action of Insulin and C-peptide at Month 3 and 6

Values for Insulin and C-peptide are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Insulin: Month 3Insulin: Month 6C-peptide: Month 3C-peptide: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions69.496.670.5504.1
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions70.3146.3340.8388.3

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Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Insulin Action of Pro-Insulin at Month 3 and 6

Values for Pro-Insulin are provided. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
Pro-Insulin: Month 3Pro-Insulin: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions130.4
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-1.83

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Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Lipid Profile and Triglycerides at Month 3 and 6

Values for Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDLC), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDLC), Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), and Triglycerides are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Cholesterol: Month 3Cholesterol: Month 6LDLC: Month 3LDLC: Month 6HDLC: Month 3HDLC: Month 6VLDL: Month 3VLDL: Month 6Triglycerides: Month 3Triglycerides: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.5-0.4-0.2-0.100-0.3-0.3-0.7-0.6
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.100.10.100-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.3

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Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Lipoproteins at Month 3 and 6

Values for Lipoprotein A (Lp(a)), Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), and Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Lp(a): Month 3Lp(a): Month 6Apo A1: Month 3Apo A1: Month 6Apo B: Month 3Apo B: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions3.36.8-9.3-10.5-8.5-3.6
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions2.36.7-2.1-3.85.35.2

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Albumin and Total Protein (Labs) at Month 3 and 6

Values for Albumin and Total Protein are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventiong/L (Mean)
Albumin: Month 3Albumin: Month 6Total Protein: Month 3Total Protein: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.6-0.80.2-0.9
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.10.50.10.7

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Body Mass Index (BMI) at Month 3 and 6

Values for BMI are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionkg/m2 (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.1-0.3
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.10.1

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Drained Body Weight at Month 3 and 6

Values for Drained Body Weight are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionkg (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.2-0.7
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.20.2

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by PNA and nPNA (Labs) at Month 3 and 6

Values for Protein Nitrogen Appearance (PNA) and normalized protein nitrogen appearance (nPRNA) are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventiong/kg/day (Mean)
PNA: Month 3PNA: Month 6nPNA: Month 3nPNA: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions12.812.90.20.2
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.8100

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Pre-albumin (Labs) at Month 3 and 6

Values for Pre-albumin are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-1.9-2.9
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.4-1.0

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Protein and Calories at Month 3 and 6

Values for Protein and Calories are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventiongrams (Mean)
Protein: Month 3Protein: Month 6Calories: Month 3Calories: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-4.94.5-199.1108
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-5.6-0.1-76.830.9

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Change From the Baseline Value in HbA1c at Month 3 and 6

HbA1c is a specific glycohemoglobin, and adduct of glucose attached to the beta-chain terminal valine residue. Measured using a Tina-quant immunological assay suitable for samples from end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and with icodextrin metabolites or equivalent. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.6-0.6
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.20

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Number of Participants by Change From Baseline Score in Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) Class at Month 6

"Nutritional Status by SGA include the following: (a) Weight change over 6 months, (b) dietary history of food intake over the previous 24-hour period with a determination by the subject as to whether this was a typical or atypical diet for the subject, (c) significant and sustained gastrointestinal distress, (d) functional status, (e) metabolic stress including frequent infections, fever, peritonitis, uncontrolled diabetes and active inflammatory bowel disease.~The SGA used a 7-point scale, where a decrease score in the change from baseline shows signs of increased malnourishment, and an increased score (e.g., +2) is improved nourishment. Scale: 6 - 7 = very mild risk to well-nourished; 3 - 5 = no clear sign of normal status or severe malnutrition; 1 - 2 = severely malnourished" (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
+2 Score+1 Score0 Score-1 Score-2 Score-3 Score
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions224571740
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions119762031

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Change From Baseline of MRI Body Composition at Month 6

Values for Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Volume and Abdominal Visceral Fat Volume are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionmL (Mean)
Abdominal Visceral Fat Volume: Month 6Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Volume: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-64.8-3.3
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-49-12

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Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the Diabetes Symptom Checklist (DSC) at Month 3 and 6

"The Diabetes Symptoms Checklist was designed to assess the presence and perceived burden of diabetes-related symptoms. Respondents were to consider troublesomeness of 34 symptoms on a 5-point scale ranging from 5=extremely to 1=not at all. For symptoms/side-effects not experienced, the item was scored as 0. Symptoms were grouped into the following subscales: psychological fatigue, psychological cognitive, neurology pain, neurology sensory, cardiology, ophthalmology, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia. Subscale scores were calculated as the sum of the given subscale divided by the total number of items in the scale. Total score was computed from the sum of the 8 subscales and ranged from 0 to 40. Higher scores indicate greater symptom burden. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0." (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Psychology, fatigue: Month 3Psychology, fatigue: Month 6Psychology, cognitive: Month 3Psychology, cognitive: Month 6Neurology, pain: Month 3Neurology, pain: Month 6Neurology, sensory: Month 3Neurology, sensory: Month 6Cardiology: Month 3Cardiology: Month 6Ophthalmology: Month 3Ophthalmology: Month 6Hypoglycemia: Month 3Hypoglycemia: Month 6Hyperglycemia: Month 3Hyperglycemia: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions2.39-0.492.661.700.32-1.750.55-3.590.870.292.240.230.12-1.62-1.79-2.82
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions2.342.480.162.23-3.46-1.57-2.25-0.191.183.601.53-0.260.490.50-2.07-0.79

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Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) Ejection Fraction as Determined by MRI at Month 6

Values for Left Ventricular (LV) Ejection Fraction are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.3
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.9

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Waist Circumference at Month 6

Values for Waist Circumference are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

Interventioncm (Mean)
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.4

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Number of Severe Hypoglycemic Event Requiring Medical Intervention

Severe hypoglycemia is defined by DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial) as any episode requiring external assistance to aid recovery or resulted in seizures or coma and included, as part of the definition, that the subject's blood glucose concentration had to have been documented as < 50mg/dL (<2.8mmol/L) for hypoglycemia, and/or the clinical manifestations had to have been reversed with oral carbohydrate, intramuscular glucagon, or intravenous glucose. Descriptive statistics were done, no inferential statistical analyses were performed. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 6 (End of Study)

Interventionevents (Number)
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions1
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions3

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Change From Baseline in Glycemic Control Medication Usage at Month 3 and 6

This data used diabetic prescription drug information from insulin and oral glycemic control concomitant medications reported. Glycemic control medications classes allowed were limited to insulin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones. Subjects were provided with a paper diary on which they recorded doses of all glycemic control medications taken for 1 day prior to the Screening visit and for 8 days prior to the study visits at Month 3 and Month 6. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Insulin: Month 3Insulin: Month 6Oral hypoglycemic: Month 3Oral hypoglycemic: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-3.3-3.856.4
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions3.52.91.3-0.5

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Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the EQ 5D Quest Health Status at Month 3 and 6

"Visual analogue scale to generate a self-perceived rating of health status. Visual analogue scale is the second part of the questionnaire, asking to mark health status on the day of the interview on a 20 cm vertical scale with end points of 0 and 100. There are notes at the both ends of the scale that the bottom rate (0) corresponds to the worst health you can imagine, and the highest rate (100) corresponds to the best health you can imagine. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0." (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionScore on a Scale (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-2.580.92
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-2.33-1.60

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Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the EQ 5D Questionnaire Index at Month 3 and 6

European Quality of Life, 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) generates a single index score based on a descriptive system that defines health in terms of 5 dimensions, consisting of mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. The possible range for each dimension is 1 to 3, where 1=no problems, 2=moderate problems, 3=extreme problems. Higher score implies more problems (worsening). According to this classification, 243 potential health states are defined. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.04-0.03
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.01-0.04

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Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) End Diastolic and Systolic Volume as Determined by MRI at Month 6

Values for Left Ventricular (LV) End Diastolic and Systolic Volume are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionmL (Mean)
LV End Diastolic VolumeLV End Systolic Volume
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.7-0.2
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions2.13.3

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Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) Mass Without and With Pap Muscles as Determined by MRI at Month 6

Values for Left Ventricular (LV) Mass Without and With Pap Muscles are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT00567489)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventiongrams (Mean)
LV Mass Without Pap MusclesLV Mass With Pap Muscles
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions3.33.5
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.61.1

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Glycated Hemoglobin

"Adjusted glycated hemoglobin was obtained and compared between groups using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The baseline values of HbA1c was used as covariate, the groups as the fixed factor and the value obtained at 90 days as the dependent variable.~Glycated hemoglobin was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography." (NCT01021878)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionpercentage of haemoglobin (Mean)
Icodextrin4.97
Dextrose4.86

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Oral Fasting Serum Glucose

"Serum glucose measured in oral fasting but not peritoneal fasting.~For this outcome we compared groups using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using the baseline values as covariate, groups as the fixed factor and the value obtained at 90 days as the dependent variable. Significance level for alpha was setting at < 0.05." (NCT01021878)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Icodextrin92.8
Dextrose94.5

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Serum Insulin

Serum insulin was log-transformed to meet all criteria for ANCOVA. The baseline value was treated as covariate, groups as the fixed factor and the serum insulin at 3 months as the dependent variable. Serum insulin was measured in oral fasting by chemioluminescense. (NCT01021878)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionlog(mmol/L) (Mean)
Icodextrin0.79
Dextrose0.90

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Total Ultrafiltration

Total ultrafiltration obtained in 24 hours was obtained and compared between groups using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The baseline values of total ultrafiltration was used as covariate, the groups as the fixed factor and the value obtained at 90 days as the dependent variable. (NCT01021878)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionmillilitre (Mean)
Icodextrin958
Dextrose656

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Adjusted HOMA Index Score at 3 Months Using Baseline Values as a Covariate and Groups as the Fixed Factor

"Adjusted HOMA index score at 3 months using baseline values as a covariate and groups as the fixed factor. HOMA index was calculated as follows:~(fasting glucose(mg/dl) x fasting serum insulin (μU/mL))/405" (NCT01021878)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionIR score (Mean)
Icodextrin1.49
Dextrose1.89

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Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) Ejection Fraction as Determined by MRI at Month 6

Values for Left Ventricular (LV) Ejection Fraction are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.3
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.9

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Waist Circumference at Month 6

Values for Waist Circumference are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

Interventioncm (Mean)
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.4

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Number of Severe Hypoglycemic Event Requiring Medical Intervention

Severe hypoglycemia is defined by DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial) as any episode requiring external assistance to aid recovery or resulted in seizures or coma and included, as part of the definition, that the subject's blood glucose concentration had to have been documented as < 50mg/dL (<2.8mmol/L) for hypoglycemia, and/or the clinical manifestations had to have been reversed with oral carbohydrate, intramuscular glucagon, or intravenous glucose. Descriptive statistics were done, no inferential statistical analyses were performed. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 6 (End of Study)

Interventionevents (Number)
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions1
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions3

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Change From Baseline in Glycemic Control Medication Usage at Month 3 and 6

This data used diabetic prescription drug information from insulin and oral glycemic control concomitant medications reported. Glycemic control medications classes allowed were limited to insulin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones. Subjects were provided with a paper diary on which they recorded doses of all glycemic control medications taken for 1 day prior to the Screening visit and for 8 days prior to the study visits at Month 3 and Month 6. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Insulin: Month 3Insulin: Month 6Oral hypoglycemic: Month 3Oral hypoglycemic: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-3.3-3.856.4
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions3.52.91.3-0.5

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Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the Diabetes Symptom Checklist (DSC) at Month 3 and 6

"The Diabetes Symptoms Checklist was designed to assess the presence and perceived burden of diabetes-related symptoms. Respondents were to consider troublesomeness of 34 symptoms on a 5-point scale ranging from 5=extremely to 1=not at all. For symptoms/side-effects not experienced, the item was scored as 0. Symptoms were grouped into the following subscales: psychological fatigue, psychological cognitive, neurology pain, neurology sensory, cardiology, ophthalmology, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia. Subscale scores were calculated as the sum of the given subscale divided by the total number of items in the scale. Total score was computed from the sum of the 8 subscales and ranged from 0 to 40. Higher scores indicate greater symptom burden. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0." (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Psychology, fatigue: Month 3Psychology, fatigue: Month 6Psychology, cognitive: Month 3Psychology, cognitive: Month 6Neurology, pain: Month 3Neurology, pain: Month 6Neurology, sensory: Month 3Neurology, sensory: Month 6Cardiology: Month 3Cardiology: Month 6Ophthalmology: Month 3Ophthalmology: Month 6Hypoglycemia: Month 3Hypoglycemia: Month 6Hyperglycemia: Month 3Hyperglycemia: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions2.39-0.492.661.700.32-1.750.55-3.590.870.292.240.230.12-1.62-1.79-2.82
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions2.342.480.162.23-3.46-1.57-2.25-0.191.183.601.53-0.260.490.50-2.07-0.79

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Change From Baseline in QOL Based on the EQ 5D Quest Health Status at Month 3 and 6

"Visual analogue scale to generate a self-perceived rating of health status. Visual analogue scale is the second part of the questionnaire, asking to mark health status on the day of the interview on a 20 cm vertical scale with end points of 0 and 100. There are notes at the both ends of the scale that the bottom rate (0) corresponds to the worst health you can imagine, and the highest rate (100) corresponds to the best health you can imagine. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0." (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionScore on a Scale (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-2.580.92
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-2.33-1.60

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Change From Baseline in QOL Based pm the EQ 5D Questionnaire Index at Month 3 and 6

European Quality of Life, 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) generates a single index score based on a descriptive system that defines health in terms of 5 dimensions, consisting of mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. The possible range for each dimension is 1 to 3, where 1=no problems, 2=moderate problems, 3=extreme problems. Higher score implies more problems (worsening). According to this classification, 243 potential health states are defined Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.04-0.03
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.01-0.04

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Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) End Diastolic and Systolic Volume as Determined by MRI at Month 6

Values for Left Ventricular (LV) End Diastolic and Systolic Volume are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionmL (Mean)
LV End Diastolic VolumeLV End Systolic Volume
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.7-0.2
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions2.13.3

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Change From Baseline of Left Ventricular (LV) Mass Without and With Pap Muscles as Determined by MRI at Month 6

Values for Left Ventricular (LV) Mass Without and With Pap Muscles are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventiongrams (Mean)
LV Mass Without Pap MusclesLV Mass With Pap Muscles
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions3.33.5
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.61.1

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Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Insulin Action of Pro-Insulin at Month 3 and 6

Values for Pro-Insulin are provided. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
Pro-Insulin: Month 3Pro-Insulin: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions130.4
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-1.83

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Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Lipid Profile and Triglycerides at Month 3 and 6

Values for Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDLC), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDLC), Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), and Triglycerides are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Cholesterol: Month 3Cholesterol: Month 6LDLC: Month 3LDLC: Month 6HDLC: Month 3HDLC: Month 6VLDL: Month 3VLDL: Month 6Triglycerides: Month 3Triglycerides: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.5-0.4-0.2-0.100-0.3-0.3-0.7-0.6
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.100.10.100-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.3

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Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Lipoproteins at Month 3 and 6

Values for Lipoprotein A (Lp(a)), Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), and Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Lp(a): Month 3 (n=118,120)Lp(a): Month 6Apo A1: Month 3Apo A1: Month 6Apo B: Month 3Apo B: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions3.36.8-9.3-10.5-8.5-3.6
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions2.36.7-2.1-3.85.35.2

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Change From Baseline of MRI Body Composition at Month 6

Values for Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Volume and Abdominal Visceral Fat Volume are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionmL (Mean)
Abdominal Visceral Fat Volume: Month 6Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Volume: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-64.8-3.3
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-49-12

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Change From Baseline of Metabolic Control Determined by Insulin Action of Insulin and C-peptide at Month 3 and 6

Values for Insulin and C-peptide are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Insulin: Month 3Insulin: Month 6C-peptide: Month 3C-peptide: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions69.496.670.5504.1
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions70.3146.3340.8388.3

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Number of Participants by Change From Baseline Score in Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) Class at Month 6

Nutritional Status by SGA include the following: (a) Weight change over 6 months, (b) dietary history of food intake over the previous 24-hour period with a determination by the subject as to whether this was a typical or atypical diet for the subject, (c) significant and sustained gastrointestinal distress, (d) functional status, (e) metabolic stress including frequent infections, fever, peritonitis, uncontrolled diabetes and active inflammatory bowel disease. The SGA used a 7-point scale, where a decrease score in the change from baseline shows signs of increased malnourishment, and an increased score (e.g., +2) is improved nourishment. Scale: 6 - 7 = very mild risk to well-nourished; 3 - 5 = no clear sign of normal status or severe malnutrition; 1 - 2 = severely malnourished. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
+2 Score+1 Score0 Score-1 Score-2 Score-3 Score
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions224571740
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions119762031

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Change From the Baseline Value in HbA1c at Month 3 and 6

HbA1c is a specific glycohemoglobin, and adduct of glucose attached to the beta-chain terminal valine residue. Measured using a Tina-quant immunological assay suitable for samples from end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and with icodextrin metabolites or equivalent. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.6-0.6
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.20

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Protein and Calories at Month 3 and 6

Values for Protein and Calories are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventiongrams (Mean)
Protein: Month 3Protein: Month 6Calories: Month 3Calories: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-4.94.5-199.1108
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-5.6-0.1-76.830.9

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Pre-albumin (Labs) at Month 3 and 6

Values for Pre-albumin are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-1.9-2.9
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions0.4-1.0

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Albumin and Total Protein (Labs) at Month 3 and 6

Values for Albumin and Total Protein are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventiong/L (Mean)
Albumin: Month 3Albumin: Month 6Total Protein: Month 3Total Protein: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.6-0.80.2-0.9
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.10.50.10.7

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by PNA and nPNA (Labs) at Month 3 and 6

Values for Protein Nitrogen Appearance (PNA) and normalized protein nitrogen appearance (nPRNA) are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventiong/kg/day (Mean)
PNA: Month 3PNA: Month 6nPNA: Month 3nPNA: Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions12.812.90.20.2
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.8100

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Drained Body Weight at Month 3 and 6

Values for Drained Body Weight are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionkg (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.2-0.7
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.20.2

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Change From Baseline of Nutritional Status Determined by Body Mass Index (BMI) at Month 3 and 6

Values for BMI are included. Statistical analysis includes estimates of Least Squares (LS) comparing differences between treatment groups by visit and p-value using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) testing that the differences=0. (NCT01219959)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (End of Study)

,
Interventionkg/m2 (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.1-0.3
Non-Glucose Sparing Prescriptions-0.10.1

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.0110halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		6.71702-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		4.3330alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		9.62181carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4220
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		4.34412-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		3.1510acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		1.9910monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		7.2110azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
taurine
[no description available]		3.6220amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		7.4320uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		5.2362isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.4420aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		2.0210monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		210dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
dapsone
[no description available]		210substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		7.7230nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.0410chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.7230
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		210monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
ioxaglate
Ioxaglic Acid: A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.. ioxaglic acid : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.		210benzenedicarboxamide;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		3.4110C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0310aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		7.1510mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		3.7921aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0310azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		7.9510D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.0710amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
mannitol
[no description available]		2.420mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		3.7921arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		210chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.0210quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
glyoxal
[no description available]		3.3911dialdehydeagrochemical;
allergen;
pesticide;
plant growth regulator
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.0210azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.0210diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.0210monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
thymoquinone
thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.		7.15101,4-benzoquinonesadjuvant;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite
isomaltose
[no description available]		6.9910
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.7330glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		2.0810
dimethindene
Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.		3.1750indene
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		2.4110magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		2.0410diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
taurolidine
[no description available]		7.1510thiadiazinane
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		21011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		210
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		7.0110beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.0310amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		210taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2105-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		210
caloreen
caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.		2.4320
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.4320cephalosporinfungal metabolite
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.41102-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		3.1510carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		3.411iditolfungal metabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		7.0210amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.4220
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		3.3911
3-deoxyglucosone
3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.		3.3911deoxyglucose;
deoxyketohexose
pentosidine
pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.		3.7921imidazopyridine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
cross-linking reagent
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		7.9510D-xylose
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		210secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		2.0310
maltotriose
Porcelite: a light-cured composite resin. alpha-maltotriose : A maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the pyranose ring form and has alpha configuration at the anomeric carbon atom..		2.730maltotriose trisaccharidehuman metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.7130bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
bortezomib
[no description available]		2.0210amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.0810inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		3.1510peptide
maltotetraose
alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A maltotetraose tetrasaccharide consisting of three alpha-D-glucopyranose residues and a D-glucopyranose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.		4.0831maltotetraose tetrasaccharide
linezolid
[no description available]		3.1510acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		1.9910icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		1.9910one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		210organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
bucillamine
[no description available]		210organic molecular entity
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		210cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
ubiquinone q2
Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.1510ubiquinones
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		1.9910prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.1510ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		210cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		210cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		2.1510monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		7.0210cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		2.0210azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		5.8281alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		3.5320
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		3.8321polypeptide
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		4.0810glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.15101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.1510
glycolipids
[no description available]		3.1210
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		4.9342polypeptide
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		210
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		6.9960
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		1.99103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.0810guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		2.0210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		4.8350
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3110
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.3110
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		03.1650
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		03.1650
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		014.79636
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		013.29373
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		013.29373
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		011.64426
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		011.64426
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		05.6332
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		05.6332
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		08.3350
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		05.4380
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		010.4380
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		07.4110
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.4110
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		0881
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		016.6911219
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		0881
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		016.6911219
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		06.75121
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		06.75121
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		04.8320
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		03.920
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		04.8320
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		05.0630
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		03.2310
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		03.2310
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.3260
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.1710
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.1710
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.1710
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		02.520
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		08.53181
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.93120
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		03.8110
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.5611
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.5611
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		07.91105
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		06.482
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		06.482
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.1710
Exanthem
[description not available]		07.7330
Exfoliation Glaucoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		07.7330
Exfoliation Syndrome
The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)		02.1710
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.2110
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		07.2110
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.2110
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		07.2110
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		04.5250
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.7530
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		07.34153
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		02.520
Recrudescence
[description not available]		03.1150
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.8940
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		03.8940
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.4920
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		03.84110
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		03.84110
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		03.6730
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		03.6430
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		03.6730
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		05.3970
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		05.3970
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.7730
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.7730
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.0810
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0810
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		08.12164
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		07.4620
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.0810
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.0810
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		08.12164
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.4620
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		02.0810
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		05.0431
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.730
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		08.730
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		02.110
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.110
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		03.0110
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.0110
Anastomotic Leak
Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.		03.0110
Abscess, Abdominal
[description not available]		03.3620
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		03.0110
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		03.0110
Abdominal Abscess
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3620
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		03.0110
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		05.4651
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.7230
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.110
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.7230
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		07.110
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		02.110
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		02.4620
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		02.110
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		05.661
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		05.661
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.1110
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)		02.1110
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		02.1110
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		07.1110
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		05.4351
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		05.4351
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		05.0631
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		05.8642
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		05.0631
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.7730
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		02.1510
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		07.7730
Abdominal Hernia
[description not available]		02.1510
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.4720
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		03.3820
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		02.4420
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		07.4720
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		03.3820
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		02.4420
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.4520
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		02.4520
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		04.7421
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.7421
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		02.0410
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		02.4420
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.4420
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.0510
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.0510
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.4320
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.0510
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		02.0510
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Fallopian Tube Diseases
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.		02.0510
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		02.0510
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		02.0510
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		02.0510
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.7230
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		012.14119
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		02.9710
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		02.9710
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.0510
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.0510
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.4411
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		03.4411
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		06.9761
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.4411
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		02.0610
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		07.4420
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.9540
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.0610
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		02.0610
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.9540
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.0610
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		02.0610
Myoma
A benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.4511
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		02.4420
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.4320
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		02.4420
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.4320
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		03.8640
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.0810
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.9910
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		03.8320
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		03.8320
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.9910
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.4950
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.0110
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.0110
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		03.3911
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		03.3911
Ventral Hernia
[description not available]		02.0110
Hernia, Ventral
A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.		02.0110
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.3420
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.3420
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.0110
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.0110
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		02.0110
Cecal Diseases
Pathological developments in the CECUM.		02.0110
Ache
[description not available]		02.9310
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		02.9310
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		03.6430
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		03.820
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.9310
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.		02.9310
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		03.820
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.9310
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.0210
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.0210
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		07.0210
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.411
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		02.0210
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		02.0210
Diabetic Coma
A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.		02.0310
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.0310
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		01.9910
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		01.9910
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		03.6130
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		0210
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		0210
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		0210
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		0210
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		03.7920
Infection
[description not available]		0210
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		0210
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		02.9210
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		02.9210
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		02.9210
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		07.9210
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		0210