A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure.
ChEBI ID: 78433
| Member | Definition | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane | 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane | |
| ammonium hydroxide | An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms. | ammonia |
| bromoethane | A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying a bromo substituent. It is an alkylating agent used as a chemical intermediate in various organic syntheses. | bromoethane |
| butane | A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms. | butane |
| carbon tetrachloride | A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups. | tetrachloromethane |
| chloroform | A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. | chloroform |
| difluoromethane | difluoromethane | |
| ethane | An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms. | ethane |
| ether | An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups. | diethyl ether |
| ethylene | ethene | |
| fluoroform | fluoroform | |
| fluoromethane | A member of the class of fluoromethanes that is methane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a fluorine atom. | fluoromethane |
| hexachloroethane | A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane in which all the hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups. | hexachloroethane |
| isopentane | An alkane that is butane substituted by a methyl group at position 2. | isopentane |
| methyl chloride | A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group. | chloromethane |
| methyl formate | A formate ester resulting from the formal condensation of formic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (31.5 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it has been used as a fumigant and larvicide for tobacco and food crops. | methyl formate |
| methylene chloride | A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea. | dichloromethane |
| nitrous oxide | A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream. | dinitrogen oxide |
| pentane | A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms. | pentane |
| perfluoroethane | hexafluoroethane | |
| propylene | An alkene that is propane with a double bond at position 1. | propene |
| sulfur dioxide | sulfur dioxide | |
| tetrafluoromethane | tetrafluoromethane | |
| trichlorofluoromethane | A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by three chlorine and one fluorine atom. | trichlorofluoromethane |
| Timeframe | Studies, Drugs with This Role(%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 26,162 (34.79) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 9,192 (12.22) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 14,295 (19.01) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 18,810 (25.02) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 6,735 (8.96) | 2.80 |
| Publication Type | Studies, Drugs with this Role (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 2,368 (2.87%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 3,757 (4.56%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 2,470 (3.00%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 74 (0.09%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 73,795 (89.49%) | 84.16% |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| activating transcription factor 6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 24.1814 | 1 | 1 |
| aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 34.9134 | 1 | 3 |
| AR protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 23.6406 | 4 | 4 |
| aryl hydrocarbon receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 57.6219 | 2 | 2 |
| Cellular tumor antigen p53 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 34.0968 | 1 | 1 |
| estrogen nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 40.9813 | 4 | 5 |
| estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 67.1832 | 2 | 4 |
| geminin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 13.3359 | 1 | 1 |
| GLI family zinc finger 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 49.5527 | 2 | 4 |
| glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens] | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 55.7756 | 1 | 1 |
| Glutamate receptor 2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 68.0320 | 1 | 1 |
| heat shock protein beta-1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 4.0291 | 2 | 2 |
| histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.6949 | 1 | 1 |
| Histone H2A.x | Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster) | Potency | 125.8660 | 1 | 1 |
| hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 54.5312 | 1 | 1 |
| interleukin 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 84.1267 | 1 | 1 |
| lamin isoform A-delta10 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 12.0428 | 1 | 3 |
| lethal factor (plasmid) | Bacillus anthracis str. A2012 | Potency | 1.4550 | 1 | 2 |
| Luciferase | Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly) | Potency | 40.5334 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 20.3393 | 2 | 3 |
| nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0030 | 1 | 1 |
| Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 71.6641 | 1 | 3 |
| nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 63.4602 | 2 | 3 |
| peripheral myelin protein 22 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 3.2197 | 1 | 1 |
| peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 55.7988 | 2 | 2 |
| peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 25.9485 | 1 | 2 |
| potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 23.0602 | 1 | 2 |
| pregnane X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 53.5974 | 1 | 1 |
| pregnane X receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 70.7946 | 1 | 2 |
| progesterone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 68.0320 | 1 | 1 |
| RAR-related orphan receptor gamma | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 28.6669 | 2 | 5 |
| retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 40.6170 | 3 | 7 |
| retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 32.8257 | 2 | 6 |
| thyroid stimulating hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.6794 | 2 | 4 |
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 28.3913 | 2 | 2 |
| v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 54.5312 | 1 | 1 |
| vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.8605 | 1 | 1 |
| Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 68.0320 | 1 | 1 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 133.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Bile salt export pump | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 134.0000 | 2 | 2 |
| Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 133.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 2E1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 11.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 133.0000 | 1 | 1 |